2280:
710:
822:
265:
814:
2203:
870:
526:
560:. In April 1906, he saw Bulgarian rebels being deported who even being deported shouted a Bulgarian nationalist slogan. He reasoned that the day his nation shows this spirit, his nation will be saved. Later that year, he became the 11th member of the Ottoman Freedom Committee (which in 1907 would become the CUP). For his successful service, he was promoted to the rank of
935:
beliefs, began to rise against the government because they thought that the government would abolish religion after it ended the caliphate. Struggling with the rebellion, Turkey agreed to leave Kirkuk to Iraq, which was under the
British mandate. Such conflicts prompted tensions between Karabekir and
892:
in
October 1922 and continued to serve in the parliament as Deputy of Edirne. He was still the acting commander of the Eastern Army when he was elected Deputy of Constantinople on 29 June 1923. Six months later, he was appointed Inspector of the First Army. He received the highest Turkish award by
571:
On 15 April 1911, Kâzım applied to change his family name from Zeyrek to
Karabekir. Until then, he had been called Kâzım Zeyrek, after the place in which he lived with his mother, a custom in the Ottoman Empire as family names were not used. From then on, he adopted the name Karabekir, the name of
981:
In 1939, Kâzım
Karabekir returned to politics and re-entered parliament as an MP from Istanbul. He was elected speaker of the parliament on 5 August 1946. He died in office at the age of 66 on 26 January 1948 in Ankara after a heart attack. His remains were later relocated to the
805:, which was signed on 3 December 1920. Although the treaty was technically invalid, as the government that Khatisian's delegation represented had ceased to exist the previous day, Turkey's territorial gains as stipulated in the treaty were confirmed in the
742:, which he refused to obey. Contrary to the orders of the British to demobilize the Ottoman army in Eastern Anatolia, he provided the Turkish rural population with weapons. He stayed in the region and, on the eve of the
1924:
3191:
912:. Even though he agreed with Mustafa Kemal on the subject, he did not agree with him on immediate action. For Karabekir, the timing was inappropriate because British forces stood at the border of southeastern
1958:
809:
of 1921. Karabekir's army displaced and massacred tens of thousands of
Armenian civilians during the campaign against Armenia, with conservative estimates placing the number killed at approximately 60,000.
801:, in Alexandropol. Although Karabekir's terms were extremely harsh, the Armenian delegation had little recourse but to agree to them. Karabekir affixed his signature under the peace agreement, the
789:. Sarikamish was taken the following day, and the rest of the Turkish advance continued unchecked. Throughout October, Armenian resistance progressively collapsed, and the Turkish armies captured
53:
3186:
1503:
2637:
341:
797:, Armenia's largest city at the time, on 6 November. A ceasefire was concluded on 18 November, and negotiations were carried out between Karabekir and a peace delegation, led by
2191:
2778:
2930:
2809:
781:, but as the Turkish offensive elicited virtually no reaction from the Allied powers, Karabekir continued the offensive. On 28 September, he sent four divisions from the
2169:
3196:
2910:
2642:
2647:
3156:
3146:
2567:
963:
with many of his party members but later acquitted and released. Following those developments, all relations were broken between
Karabekir and Mustafa Kemal.
2900:
2617:
1554:
3161:
2184:
2834:
2705:
110:
3216:
3181:
2880:
2627:
951:), which had several prominent current and former military commanders as its members. Afterwards, the party's recent members were blamed for the
2940:
2915:
2115:
2562:
3201:
2592:
2177:
1592:
When the
Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930.
989:
Kâzım
Karabekir was survived by his wife İclal and three daughters Hayat, Emel, and Timsal. The four-story mansion in the Erenköy quarter of
754:, he secured the city with a cavalry brigade under his command to protect him and the congressmen. He pledged with Mustafa Kemal to join the
478:
Karabekir was born in 1882 as the son of an
Ottoman general, Mehmet Emin Pasha, in the Kocamustafapaşa quarter of the Kuleli neighborhood of
2151:
463:
2199:
458:'s first opposition party to Atatürk, though he and his party would be purged following the Sheikh Said revolt. He was rehabilitated with
3221:
3131:
3126:
2350:
1583:
3206:
3121:
290:
3141:
3136:
337:
893:
the parliament, the "Order of
Independence" for his meritorious and distinguished service in the military and politics during the
3241:
658:. In April 1916, he took over the command of the 18th Corps, which gained a great victory over the British forces led by General
152:
2207:
1034:
The aim of all Turks is to unite with the Turkic borders. History is affording us today the last opportunity. In order for the
874:
2698:
2050:
2013:
1904:
1550:
944:
509:. Karabekir was put into Fatih Military Secondary School the next year. After finishing his education there, he attended the
451:
67:
1666:"Macedonians in Anatolia: The Importance of the Macedonian Roots of the Unionists for their Policies in Anatolia after 1914"
628:
264:
1021:
was agreeing to this view, Kâzım Karabekir told them that he was a supporter of the republic, and was against a personal
353:
654:, he was decorated in December 1915 by both the Ottoman and the German Commands and was contemporaneously promoted to
3151:
1966:
1869:
1811:
1169:
1152:
1135:
1118:
1101:
1084:
834:
589:
467:
31:
2691:
2078:
1896:
1620:
2714:
541:
As a junior officer, he was commissioned in January 1906 after two months to the Third Army in the region around
2370:
580:
During his service in Edirne, Karabekir was promoted to the rank of major on 27 April 1912. He took part in the
3176:
3166:
2783:
1988:
659:
3236:
3211:
305:
643:
in the summer of 1915. In October 1915, he was appointed chief staff officer at the First Army in Istanbul.
3035:
402:
345:
2612:
2602:
497:
Karabekir toured several places in the Ottoman Empire while his father served in the army. He returned to
3246:
967:
894:
850:
830:
763:
714:
510:
443:
392:
2582:
2577:
357:
2925:
2597:
2345:
1527:
2804:
2773:
2264:
2072:
1614:
1524:
Turkey: origins of the Kemalist movement and the government of the Grand National Assembly, 1919–1923
782:
774:
755:
530:
447:
361:
349:
17:
3020:
3010:
3226:
2144:
725:
554:
514:
397:
2950:
2733:
2471:
2234:
1955:
The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus
901:
747:
2652:
3055:
3005:
2536:
1803:
1797:
971:
905:
2587:
1853:
1793:
993:
district in Istanbul, where he lived for almost 15 years, was converted into a museum in 2005.
983:
802:
759:
721:
435:
365:
252:
3060:
3045:
2920:
2481:
1884:
3231:
2970:
2824:
2748:
2622:
1580:
975:
960:
959:. The party was closed on 5 June 1925 by the government, and Karabekir was imprisoned by the
952:
564:
in 1907. In the following years, he served in Constantinople and again in the Second Army in
459:
242:
1930:
966:
Retiring temporarily from politics, Karabekir devoted himself to writing his memoirs of the
3116:
3111:
1635:
924:. Karabekir did not believe that the caliphate should be abolished before this was solved.
2632:
2506:
2067:
1799:
The Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV: Between Crescent and Sickle, Partition and Sovietization
8:
2466:
2129:
2119:
798:
640:
585:
369:
2895:
2829:
2819:
2516:
2400:
2249:
2244:
731:
709:
133:
2960:
2667:
1771:
1701:
1693:
885:
773:
In early September 1920, Karabekir commenced the first military operations against the
632:
3090:
3085:
3050:
3040:
2546:
2531:
2854:
2526:
2365:
2046:
2009:
1984:
1962:
1950:
1900:
1865:
1807:
1763:
1705:
1685:
1546:
1165:
1148:
1131:
1114:
1097:
1080:
785:
across the Armenian border with the objective of capturing the strategic fortress of
682:
670:
550:
3030:
2985:
2672:
2541:
2360:
2355:
1609:
1046:
circles that the campaign should be pursued with greater determination and severity.
786:
35:
2814:
2607:
2521:
2304:
2259:
2161:
1755:
1677:
1039:
1018:
940:
743:
581:
546:
145:
3080:
3065:
2935:
2859:
2511:
2410:
1013:
was rushed, and the most correct form of government would be the one in which the
3171:
2945:
2844:
2491:
2395:
1936:
1681:
1587:
858:
854:
767:
617:
593:
52:
3025:
2980:
2965:
2955:
2753:
2496:
2486:
1926:
A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility
2839:
2768:
2501:
2269:
2108:
842:
821:
806:
739:
694:
674:
613:
561:
483:
439:
431:
327:
2995:
2885:
2864:
2758:
2405:
1920:
897:. He retired from military service in October 1924 and then entered politics.
3105:
3070:
1767:
1689:
491:
3000:
2657:
2975:
2905:
2849:
2799:
2763:
2728:
2662:
1939:
1043:
1035:
990:
846:
813:
663:
647:
506:
309:
2683:
869:
3075:
2990:
2890:
2743:
2390:
2239:
698:
636:
621:
609:
387:
382:
1697:
1665:
3015:
2572:
2476:
2440:
1775:
1744:"Beiträge zur Geschichte des Kampfes der Türkei um ihre Unabhängigkeit"
1743:
1038:
not to be forever fragmented it is necessary that the campaign against
1006:
487:
3192:
Recipients of the Medal of Independence with Red-Green Ribbon (Turkey)
1861:
1042:
be not allowed to abate. As a matter of fact drive the point home in
1022:
909:
735:
678:
651:
597:
557:
1759:
681:
forces for almost ten months. In September 1917, he was promoted to
525:
1010:
881:
635:. After a short time on the southeastern front, he was sent to the
513:
from which he graduated in 1899. He continued his education at the
498:
479:
214:
173:
1858:
The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity
1504:
List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence
956:
701:, he began to prepare his forces for a war against the Armenians.
751:
690:
689:. In May 1918 he became the commander of the 15th Army Corps in
655:
534:
517:, which he finished on 6 December 1902 at the top of his class.
486:. The Karabekir family traced its heritage back to the medieval
2210:
2202:
1014:
917:
913:
889:
838:
794:
686:
565:
542:
455:
231:
939:
On 17 November 1924, several politicians around Karabekir and
1779:
1709:
1610:"KÂZIM KARABEKİR (1882-1948) Türk kumandanı ve devlet adamı."
974:. After Kemal Atatürk died in 1938, Karabekir's close friend
932:
929:
925:
639:. As commander of the 14th Division, Karabekir fought in the
624:. In July 1914, he returned home, as a world war was likely.
502:
955:
and the assassination attempt made against Mustafa Kemal in
627:
Back in Constantinople, Karabekir was assigned the chief of
921:
790:
778:
777:. There were brief small-scale skirmishes in the region of
529:
Kâzım Karabekir was appointed the commander of the Ottoman
1391:
Why Was the Principals of Our War of Independence Written?
1381:
Union Progress and Enver Pasha in Our War of Independence
669:
Karabekir was appointed commander of the 2nd Corps on the
2043:
Turkey's Politics: The Transition to a Multi-Party System
857:
forces and in the process, massacred and displaced many
490:, in central Anatolia, where his family belonged to the
446:, and fought a successful military campaign against the
3187:
Turkish military personnel of the Turkish–Armenian War
2006:
Romantic Communist: The Life and Work of Nazım Hikmet
1802:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
462:'s ascension to the presidency in 1938 and served as
1570:
Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Empire...
434:
general and politician. He was the commander of the
34:. For the district of Karaman Province, Turkey, see
908:, one of the most important being the abolition of
616:and was then sent to some European countries like
3197:Progressive Republican Party (Turkey) politicians
2065:
1607:
1543:The Ottoman Empire in World War I: Prelude to war
1377:İstiklal Harbimizde İttihad Terakki ve Enver Paşa
650:front to join the Sixth Army. For his success at
501:in 1893 with his mother after his father died in
3103:
2152:Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
111:Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
1893:Destroying the Armenians: History of a Genocide
1371:Turkish-German Relations Throughout the History
888:was proclaimed. Kâzım Karabekir Pasha moved to
631:at the General Staff. Soon, he was promoted to
2045:. Princeton University Press. pp. 47–48.
2028:Heper, Metin; Landau, Jacob M. (1991), p.72–73
1913:
1889:Détruire les Arméniens. Histoire d'un génocide
1451:Intelligence from the Service at General Staff
704:
30:For other people with the name and title, see
3157:Balkan Wars prisoners of war held by Bulgaria
3147:Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars
2699:
2185:
1568:, Vol.7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3;
1537:
1535:
880:After the defeat of Greek forces in Western
2713:
1978:
1852:
1792:
1387:İstiklal Harbimizin Esasları Neden Yazıldı?
693:and as he began to grasp the defeat of the
2706:
2692:
2192:
2178:
2003:
1944:
900:Karabekir had differences of opinion with
430:in English; 1882 – 26 January 1948) was a
68:Leader of the Progressive Republican Party
51:
3162:Ottoman military personnel of World War I
2091:Karabekir, Istiklâl Harbimiz/n.2/, p. 631
1981:Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey
1883:
1532:
1361:Germans in Turkey and in the Turkish Army
1261:Committee of Union and Progress 1896–1909
738:gave Karabekir the order to surrender to
450:. He was the a founder and leader of the
1526:, American University, 26 January 1959,
1158:Birinci Cihan Harbini Nasıl İdare Ettik?
1141:Birinci Cihan Harbini Nasıl İdare Ettik?
868:
820:
812:
708:
549:. There, he was involved in fights with
524:
186:26 March 1939 – 26 January 1948
123:5 August 1946 – 26 January 1948
1979:Heper, Metin; Landau, Jacob M. (1991).
1741:
1663:
1481:Captivity in Bulgaria - Memories, Notes
1477:Bulgaristan Esareti - Hatıralar, Notlar
80:17 November 1924 – 5 June 1925
14:
3217:Leaders of political parties in Turkey
3182:Commanders of the First Army of Turkey
3104:
2040:
1633:
1491:The Address and Replies From Karabekir
1447:Erkan-i Harbiye Vezaifinden İstihbarat
1351:Germans in the History and German Army
873:Kâzım Karabekir as the speaker of the
849:on 23 October 1921. He then conquered
841:to sign also the friendship agreement
2687:
2173:
2036:
2034:
1919:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1357:Türkiye'de ve Türk Ordusunda Almanlar
1311:Principals of Our War of Independence
1257:İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti 1896–1909
153:Member of the Grand National Assembly
3202:Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey
2004:Göksu, Saime; Timms, Edward (1999).
1737:
1735:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1545:, Turkish Historical Society, 2006,
1401:Bursa During the War of Independence
1009:stated that the proclamation of the
1972:
1367:Tarih Boyunca Türk-Alman İlişkileri
1124:Birinci Cihan Harbine Nasıl Girdik?
1107:Birinci Cihan Harbine Neden Girdik?
864:
833:back. He was designated by the new
588:forces but was captured during the
24:
3222:Leaders of the Opposition (Turkey)
3132:Kuleli Military High School alumni
3127:People from Constantinople vilayet
2556:Interim speakers of the parliament
2124:21 October 1923 – 26 October 1924
2031:
1877:
1596:
1471:Liberation of Erzincan and Erzurum
1441:Attack Concept of the Ottoman Army
1281:British, Italian and Ethiopian War
1162:How Did We Manage the World War I?
1145:How Did We Manage the World War I?
520:
217:, Istanbul Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
25:
3258:
3207:Burials at Turkish State Cemetery
2208:Speakers of the Parliament of the
1732:
1652:
1128:How Did We Enter the World War I?
1111:Why Did We Enter the World War I?
996:
875:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
829:In 1924, he was assigned to take
468:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
3122:Military personnel from Istanbul
2278:
2201:
2156:5 August 1946 – 26 January 1948
1897:Presses Universitaires de France
1467:Erzincan ve Erzurum'un Kurtuluşu
1347:Tarihte Almanlar ve Alman Ordusu
1277:İngiltere, İtalya ve Habeş Harbi
949:Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası
673:and fought bitterly against the
592:on 22 April 1913. He remained a
263:
3142:Ottoman Military College alumni
3137:Ottoman Military Academy alumni
2085:
2059:
2041:Karpat, Kemal H. (2015-12-08).
2022:
1997:
1846:
1833:
1820:
1786:
1487:Nutuk ve Karabekir'den Cevaplar
1437:Osmanlı Ordusunun Taarruz Fikri
1056:
3242:Armenian genocide perpetrators
1716:
1627:
1574:
1559:
1516:
1028:
603:
575:
27:Turkish general and politician
13:
1:
2081:, Centre for Islamic Studies.
1623:, Centre for Islamic Studies.
1509:
904:about the realization of the
825:Gürbüz Çocuklar Ordusu, 1919.
758:and then took command of the
473:
1983:. I.B. Tauris. p. 120.
1957:. New York: Berghahn Books,
1841:Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV
1828:Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV
1682:10.1080/00263206.2014.933422
1307:İstiklal Harbimizin Esasları
1096:1–4), 4 books 1320 pp.
1001:
945:Progressive Republican Party
452:Progressive Republican Party
448:Armenian Democratic Republic
165:1920 – 20 July 1927
7:
2130:Ali Said Pasha (Akbaytogan)
1634:Gavoor, Mark (2024-07-30).
1566:The Encyclopædia Britannica
1497:
1077:A Duel and An Assassination
968:Turkish War of Independence
793:on 30 October and occupied
764:Turkish War of Independence
715:Turkish War of Independence
713:Kâzım Karabekir during the
705:Turkish War of Independence
646:He was commissioned to the
511:Kuleli Military High School
444:Turkish War of Independence
393:Turkish War of Independence
10:
3263:
2079:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
2066:Cevdet Küçük (1988–2016).
1742:Jäschke, Gotthard (1957).
1727:Bütünüyle Erzurum Kongresi
1664:Zürcher, Erik Jan (2014).
1621:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
1608:Cevdet Küçük (1988–2016).
1461:Sarıkamış, Kars and Beyond
1431:Serbian-Bulgarian Campaign
1063:Ankara'da Savaş Rüzgarları
719:
288:Ottoman Empire (1902–1919)
29:
2873:
2792:
2784:Fevzi Lütfi Karaosmanoğlu
2721:
2613:Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu
2555:
2449:
2423:
2379:
2334:
2316:in period of Bicameralism
2313:
2287:
2276:
2217:
2158:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2126:
2113:
2105:
2100:
2073:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam
1615:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam
1341:Our Principals of Economy
1164:), 384 pp. 4th book
1147:), 272 pp. 3rd book
1130:), 464 pp. 2nd book
1113:), 199 pp. 1st book
1073:Bir Düello ve Bir Suikast
756:Turkish national movement
413:
375:
333:
323:
315:
299:
284:
279:
271:
259:
248:
238:
221:
207:
202:
198:
190:
179:
169:
158:
151:
139:
127:
116:
108:
96:
84:
73:
66:
62:
50:
43:
3152:Ottoman prisoners of war
2288:House of Representatives
2145:Mustafa Abdulhalik Renda
2077:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
1725:M. Fahrettin Kırzıoğlu,
1619:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
1457:Sarıkamış, Kars ve Ötesi
928:, more radical in their
515:Ottoman Military College
239:Cause of death
2715:Party leaders in Turkey
2638:Kamil Tuğrul Coşkunoğlu
2450:Grand National Assembly
2371:İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil
2314:Grand National Assembly
2218:Grand National Assembly
1794:Hovannisian, Richard G.
1397:Millî Mücadele'de Bursa
1331:Our Industrial Projects
1221:Reckoning of the Pashas
1201:Our War of Independence
1191:History of the Republic
1181:History of the Republic
835:Grand National Assembly
748:Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)
730:In compliance with the
608:Before the outbreak of
338:1st Expeditionary Force
2335:Senate of the Republic
1670:Middle Eastern Studies
1301:The Child, Our Problem
1231:Assassination in İzmir
1217:Paşaların Hesaplaşması
1211:Struggle of the Pashas
1067:Winds of War in Ankara
1054:
984:Turkish State Cemetery
961:Independence Tribunals
877:
826:
818:
817:Gürbuz Çocuklar Ordusu
803:Treaty of Alexandropol
722:Eastern Front (Turkey)
717:
620:, Germany, France and
612:, Karabekir served in
538:
505:. They settled in the
488:Karamanid principality
253:Turkish State Cemetery
3177:Turkish Army generals
3167:Ottoman Army generals
2734:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
2578:Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan
2424:Consultative Assembly
2321:Çift Meclisli Dönemde
2235:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
2008:. Hurst. p. 54.
1032:
1017:would preside. While
953:Sheikh Said rebellion
872:
824:
816:
712:
664:Siege of Kut-al Amara
590:Battle of Edirne-Kale
528:
316:Years of service
243:Myocardial infarction
3237:Ethnic Afshar people
3212:Deputies of Istanbul
3006:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
2779:Ekrem Hayri Üstündağ
2603:Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın
2453:Büyük Millet Meclisi
2319:Büyük Millet Meclisi
2221:Büyük Millet Meclisi
1854:Hovannisian, Richard
1581:Britannica, Istanbul
1522:Elaine Diana Smith,
750:had just arrived in
726:Turkish–Armenian War
600:of 21 October 1913.
420:Musa Kâzım Karabekir
403:Turkish-Georgian War
398:Turkish–Armenian War
91:Position established
45:Musa Kâzım Karabekir
3061:Temel Karamollaoğlu
3046:Selahattin Demirtaş
2921:Hüsamettin Cindoruk
2583:Necip Asım Yazıksız
2482:Hüsamettin Cindoruk
2467:Necmettin Karaduman
2338:Cumhuriyet Senatosu
2291:Temsilciler Meclisi
1895:] (in French).
1748:Die Welt des Islams
1640:The Armenian Weekly
1636:"Death of an enemy"
1541:Stanford Jay Shaw,
1337:İktisat Esaslarımız
1327:Sanayi Projelerimiz
1090:Birinci Cihan Harbi
978:rehabilitated him.
895:War of Independence
799:Alexander Khatisian
775:Republic of Armenia
685:by a decree of the
641:Battle of Gallipoli
3247:Sayfo perpetrators
3036:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu
2926:Aydın Güven Gürkan
2648:Süleyman Arif Emre
2643:Ali Rıza Septioğlu
2598:Ali Münif Yeğenağa
2346:Suat Hayri Ürgüplü
2211:Republic of Turkey
2137:Political offices
1951:Dadrian, Vahakn N.
1586:2007-12-18 at the
1427:Sırp-Bulgar Seferi
1411:Italy and Ethiopia
1241:Advice to Children
906:Republican reforms
886:Republic of Turkey
878:
827:
819:
718:
633:lieutenant colonel
539:
470:before his death.
295:Turkey (1923–1924)
103:Position abolished
3099:
3098:
3021:Yaşar Nuri Öztürk
3011:İsmail Cem İpekçi
2931:Ülkü Söylemezoğlu
2901:Ahmet Nusret Tuna
2855:Necmettin Erbakan
2681:
2680:
2633:Fahrettin Özdilek
2618:Orhan Seyfi Orhon
2588:Besim Ömer Akalın
2568:Abdurrahman Şeref
2432:(1981–1983)
2419:
2418:
2380:National Assembly
2326:(1961–1980)
2226:(1920–1960)
2168:
2167:
2159:Succeeded by
2127:Succeeded by
2101:Military offices
2052:978-1-4008-7942-7
2015:978-1-85065-371-4
1906:978-2-13-062617-6
1885:Nichanian, Mikaël
1551:978-975-16-1881-8
1237:Çocuklara Öğütler
1207:Paşaların Kavgası
1197:İstiklal Harbimiz
1187:Cumhuriyet Tarihi
1177:Cumhuriyet Tarihi
972:Atatürk's reforms
734:, Ottoman Sultan
683:brigadier general
660:Charles Townshend
417:
416:
354:I Caucasian Corps
291:Ankara Government
213:Kocamustafapaşa,
57:Karabekir in 1939
16:(Redirected from
3254:
2971:Murat Karayalçın
2951:Yıldırım Akbulut
2830:Turhan Feyzioğlu
2825:Alparslan Türkeş
2820:Süleyman Demirel
2815:Mehmet Ali Aybar
2708:
2701:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2608:Ali Fuat Cebesoy
2517:Mehmet Ali Şahin
2477:İsmet Kaya Erdem
2472:Yıldırım Akbulut
2460:
2459:
2454:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2401:Sabit Osman Avcı
2384:
2339:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2282:
2281:
2260:Ali Fuat Cebesoy
2250:Abdülhalik Renda
2228:
2227:
2222:
2206:
2205:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2162:Ali Fuat Cebesoy
2142:Preceded by
2106:Preceded by
2098:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2038:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1976:
1970:
1948:
1942:
1934:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1850:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1661:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1605:
1594:
1578:
1572:
1563:
1557:
1539:
1530:
1520:
1421:Armenian Outrage
1271:Armenian Dossier
1193:Set 2), 12 books
1183:Set 1), 13 books
1079:), 272 pp.
1052:
1019:Ali Fuat Cebesoy
941:Ali Fuat Cebesoy
865:Political career
744:Erzurum Congress
732:Treaty of Sèvres
582:First Balkan War
537:on 19 April 1919
456:Turkish Republic
280:Military service
267:
255:, Ankara, Turkey
228:
203:Personal details
184:
163:
146:Ali Fuat Cebesoy
142:
134:Abdülhalik Renda
130:
121:
99:
87:
78:
55:
41:
40:
21:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3227:Turkish Muslims
3102:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3056:Binali Yıldırım
3051:Ahmet Davutoğlu
3041:Numan Kurtulmuş
2946:Necdet Karababa
2869:
2845:Ferruh Bozbeyli
2805:Ragıp Gümüşpala
2788:
2774:Osman Bölükbaşı
2739:Kâzım Karabekir
2717:
2712:
2682:
2677:
2551:
2547:Numan Kurtulmuş
2537:Binali Yıldırım
2532:İsmail Kahraman
2492:Mustafa Kalemli
2457:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2427:Danışma Meclisi
2426:
2425:
2415:
2396:Ferruh Bozbeyli
2382:
2381:
2375:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2265:Şükrü Saracoğlu
2255:Kâzım Karabekir
2225:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2200:
2198:
2164:
2155:
2147:
2132:
2123:
2111:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2039:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1977:
1973:
1949:
1945:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1899:. p. 238.
1882:
1878:
1872:
1864:, p. 110,
1851:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1791:
1787:
1760:10.2307/1570253
1740:
1733:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1632:
1628:
1606:
1597:
1588:Wayback Machine
1579:
1575:
1564:
1560:
1540:
1533:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1500:
1417:Ermeni Mezalimi
1407:İtalya ve Habeş
1291:Kurdish Problem
1059:
1053:
1051:Kâzım Karabekir
1050:
1031:
1004:
999:
936:Mustafa Kemal.
867:
768:Kuva-yi Milliye
728:
720:Main articles:
707:
618:Austria-Hungary
606:
594:prisoner-of-war
578:
572:his ancestors.
547:North Macedonia
523:
521:Military career
476:
409:
308:
306:Army of the GNA
304:
294:
289:
230:
226:
225:26 January 1948
212:
185:
180:
164:
159:
140:
128:
122:
117:
97:
85:
79:
74:
58:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3260:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3031:Süleyman Soylu
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:Devlet Bahçeli
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2840:Mustafa Timisi
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2769:Adnan Menderes
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2673:Devlet Bahçeli
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2542:Mustafa Şentop
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2383:Millet Meclisi
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2361:Tekin Arıburun
2358:
2356:Şevki Atasagun
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2329:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2270:Refik Koraltan
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2215:
2214:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2112:
2109:Nurettin Pasha
2107:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2084:
2058:
2051:
2030:
2021:
2014:
1996:
1989:
1971:
1943:
1912:
1905:
1876:
1870:
1845:
1843:, pp. 394–396.
1832:
1830:, pp. 237–282.
1819:
1812:
1785:
1754:(1/2): 25–26.
1731:
1729:, 1993, p. 12.
1715:
1651:
1626:
1595:
1573:
1558:
1531:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1414:
1404:
1394:
1384:
1374:
1364:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1314:
1304:
1297:Çocuk, Davamız
1294:
1284:
1274:
1267:Ermeni Dosyası
1264:
1254:
1244:
1234:
1227:İzmir Suikastı
1224:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1155:
1138:
1121:
1087:
1070:
1058:
1055:
1048:
1030:
1027:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:Personal views
995:
866:
863:
843:Treaty of Kars
807:Treaty of Kars
740:Entente powers
706:
703:
695:Ottoman Empire
671:Caucasus front
614:Constantinople
605:
602:
577:
574:
562:senior captain
533:and landed at
522:
519:
507:Zeyrek Quarter
484:Ottoman Empire
475:
472:
440:Ottoman Empire
415:
414:
411:
410:
408:
407:
406:
405:
400:
390:
385:
379:
377:
373:
372:
335:
331:
330:
325:
321:
320:
317:
313:
312:
301:
300:Branch/service
297:
296:
286:
282:
281:
277:
276:
273:
269:
268:
261:
257:
256:
250:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
229:(aged 66)
223:
219:
218:
209:
205:
204:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
188:
187:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
156:
155:
149:
148:
143:
137:
136:
131:
125:
124:
114:
113:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
88:
82:
81:
71:
70:
64:
63:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
44:
36:Kazımkarabekir
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3259:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Muharrem İnce
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:Fatih Erbakan
3069:
3067:
3066:Meral Akşener
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:Doğu Perinçek
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:Rahşan Ecevit
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:Yıldırım Avcı
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Turgut Sunalp
2879:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:Bülent Ecevit
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:Hüseyin Balan
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:Durmuş Yılmaz
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Şükrü Elekdağ
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Kinyas Kartal
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:Köksal Toptan
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2422:
2412:
2411:Cahit Karakaş
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2333:
2330:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2286:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2099:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2035:
2025:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1967:1-57181-666-6
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1873:
1871:0-203-00493-0
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1839:Hovannisian.
1836:
1829:
1826:Hovannisian.
1823:
1815:
1813:0-520-08804-2
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1728:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
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1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1398:
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1303:1–2), 2 books
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3232:Pan-Turkists
3026:Masum Türker
2981:Hikmet Çetin
2976:Deniz Baykal
2966:Tansu Çiller
2956:Mesut Yılmaz
2941:Mehmet Yazar
2916:Ahmet Tekdal
2906:Cezmi Kartay
2874:1980–present
2850:Behice Boran
2800:Ekrem Alican
2764:Hikmet Bayur
2754:Nuri Demirağ
2738:
2729:Talaat Pasha
2663:Deniz Baykal
2527:İsmet Yılmaz
2507:Bülent Arınç
2497:Hikmet Çetin
2487:İsmet Sezgin
2458:(since 1983)
2366:Sırrı Atalay
2254:
2150:
2114:
2087:
2075:(44+2 vols.)
2071:
2061:
2042:
2024:
2005:
1999:
1980:
1974:
1954:
1946:
1940:Google Books
1925:
1921:Akçam, Taner
1915:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1860:, New York:
1857:
1848:
1840:
1835:
1827:
1822:
1798:
1788:
1778:– via
1751:
1747:
1726:
1723:(in Turkish)
1718:
1708:– via
1673:
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1643:. Retrieved
1639:
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1617:(44+2 vols.)
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1057:Bibliography
1036:Muslim world
1033:
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943:founded the
938:
916:and claimed
899:
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729:
668:
645:
629:intelligence
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496:
492:Afshar tribe
477:
436:Eastern Army
427:
423:
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418:
376:Battles/wars
310:Turkish Army
303:Ottoman Army
227:(1948-01-26)
191:Constituency
181:
170:Constituency
160:
141:Succeeded by
118:
102:
98:Succeeded by
90:
75:
3117:1948 deaths
3112:1882 births
3076:Ali Babacan
2996:Altan Öymen
2991:Recai Kutan
2896:Erdal İnönü
2891:Necdet Calp
2886:Turgut Özal
2865:Kemal Satır
2759:Celâl Bayar
2749:İsmet İnönü
2744:Fethi Okyar
2722:Before 1960
2623:İsmet İnönü
2593:Suphi Artel
2522:Cemil Çiçek
2406:Kemal Güven
2391:Fuat Sirmen
2305:Kâzım Orbay
2245:Kâzım Özalp
2240:Fethi Okyar
1959:pp. 360–361
1929:. pp.
1094:World War I
1029:Pan-Turkism
986:in Ankara.
976:İsmet İnönü
762:during the
699:World War I
662:during the
637:Dardanelles
622:Switzerland
610:World War I
604:World War I
576:Balkan Wars
460:İsmet İnönü
442:during the
388:World War I
383:Balkan Wars
293:(1920–1923)
129:Preceded by
86:Preceded by
32:Kâzım Pasha
3106:Categories
3091:Özgür Özel
3086:Ümit Özdağ
3016:Zeki Sezer
3001:Ahmet Türk
2810:Ahmet Oğuz
2658:Oktay Ekşi
2573:Hasan Saka
2441:Sadi Irmak
2120:First Army
1990:1850433003
1937:Profile at
1676:(6): 961.
1645:2024-08-06
1510:References
1069:), 448 pp.
1007:Rauf Orbay
787:Sarikamish
596:until the
558:komitadjis
474:Early life
346:18th Corps
285:Allegiance
2563:Şerif Bey
2502:Ömer İzgi
2351:Enver Aka
2116:Inspector
2068:"Türkiye"
1862:Routledge
1768:0043-2539
1706:144491725
1690:0026-3206
1023:sultanate
1002:Caliphate
920:, now in
910:caliphate
859:Assyrians
853:from the
845:with the
736:Mehmed VI
666:in Iraq.
652:Gallipoli
598:armistice
586:Bulgarian
555:Bulgarian
482:, in the
358:XIV Corps
319:1902–1924
260:Signature
182:In office
161:In office
119:In office
76:In office
18:Karabekir
1953:(2003).
1923:(2007).
1887:(2015).
1856:(2005),
1796:(1996).
1698:24585700
1584:Archived
1498:See also
1049:—
1040:Karabagh
1011:republic
882:Anatolia
855:Assyrian
679:Armenian
584:against
531:XV Corps
499:Istanbul
480:İstanbul
370:1st Army
362:XV Corps
350:II Corps
334:Commands
272:Nickname
234:, Turkey
215:Istanbul
194:Istanbul
174:Istanbul
2793:1960–80
2118:of the
1804:184–195
1776:1570253
1555:p. 119.
1528:p. 171.
1251:My Life
1247:Hayatım
1189:Set 2 (
1179:Set 1 (
991:Kadıköy
851:Hakkari
831:Hakkari
766:by the
752:Erzurum
746:, when
691:Erzerum
675:Russian
656:colonel
535:Trabzon
466:of the
464:Speaker
438:of the
432:Turkish
328:General
3172:Pashas
2296:(1961)
2049:
2012:
1987:
1965:
1903:
1868:
1810:
1774:
1766:
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1168:
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1083:
1015:caliph
918:Kirkuk
914:Turkey
890:Ankara
884:, the
839:Ankara
687:Sultan
566:Edirne
543:Bitola
454:, the
428:Kiazim
422:(also
275:Zeyrek
232:Ankara
1891:[
1780:JSTOR
1772:JSTOR
1710:JSTOR
1702:S2CID
1694:JSTOR
1379:1–2 (
1299:1–2 (
1199:1–5 (
1092:1–4 (
1044:Azeri
957:İzmir
933:Sunni
930:Shafi
926:Kurds
648:Iraqi
551:Greek
503:Mecca
424:Kazim
2047:ISBN
2010:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1764:ISSN
1686:ISSN
1547:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1115:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1081:ISBN
970:and
922:Iraq
791:Kars
779:Oltu
724:and
677:and
553:and
324:Rank
222:Died
211:1882
208:Born
109:5th
1931:327
1756:doi
1678:doi
1553:,
837:in
697:in
545:in
426:or
3108::
2070:.
2033:^
1961:.
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1806:.
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1734:^
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