121:(NTR), abolished the hereditary offices of Karanam, Munasubu and instead replaced them with the Village Revenue Officer (VRO). The move was initiated in pursuance of the recommendations of the Unnitan Committee of 1964 and Narsimha Rao Committee. It was noted that NTR’s decision to abolish the Karanam system in revenue administration was one of the reasons for the
114:. They possessed knowledge of land use, dispute settlement, and local history. The more successful Karanams like kombattulas became 'Mantris' (ministers). In late medieval era, Niyogi Brahmins dominated as Karanams in Andhra, while in Telangana areas of Golkonda kingdom, Vyapari Brahmins were Karanams.
339:
Rao and
Subrahmanyam also stress that this specific genre of niti texts was composed and read by the group of scholar-bureaucrats whom they refer to broadly as karanam. These were usually Niyogi Brahmins(Kombattlas etc) or Kayasthas who worked as ministers or advisers to minor princes or feudatories
193:
language which was the language variant used by scholars (Pandits) in literary texts. Both varieties enjoyed similar social status. The language of the
Karanams was more suitable for day-to-day affairs. The balance between the two variants was changed when western missionaries started using Pandit's
109:
appointed the village officials who were traditionally known as 'Karanam' and 'Munasubu' (Munsif) in Andhra region. The
Munsiff maintained law and order while Karanams maintained land records and collected taxes. Karanams were skilled in writing administrative documents, accounting and file-keeping.
38:. Traditionally, Karanam was an official who maintained the accounts and records of the villages and collected the taxes. Karanam was one of the two village-level administrative posts that existed in Andhra along with 'Munasabu' (Munsiff). The Karanam kept an elaborate system of village accounts.
468:
The term Reddy, though it has a connotation of caste to it, also meant the headman. The
Kannada equivalent is Patel or Gauda. Likewise the traditional village accountant, referred to in Telugu as Karnam or as Shanubhog in Kannada, was responsible for all record
198:'s disciples who monopolised Telugu instructor posts and editor roles at major publishing houses. They preferred Chinnaya Suri's Pandit style, and Karanam Telugu used for writing prose was rejected by them as non-standard. In opposition to this,
502:
On the basis of
English records, he gives an elaborate account of the village officials like Karnam (village accountant), the role of the Deshastha brahmans etc . which can be compared with similar officials and castes in Maratha
164:
Samprati or Sthala
Karanam, who was a counterpart of Karanam at higher level, was usually held by Deshastha Brahmins. The post of Sthala Karanam, who was the district revenue official was sometimes replaced by
682:
267:
578:
435:
The last word has probably come to the North from South India since, in
Kannada (language), a peasant is called kul and kulkarni is called karnam.
293:
86:
866:
839:
812:
768:
665:
559:
529:
368:
332:
549:
519:
802:
758:
893:
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461:
428:
358:
235:
Patwari / Karanam shall be the additional secretary to the gram panchayat for keeping the record concerning lands
856:
829:
785:
655:
93:, abolished the hereditary office of Karanam and instead replaced it with the Village Revenue Officer (VRO).
595:
During the then Chief
Minister NT Rama Rao's regime, the nomenclature of 'Karanam' was changed to 'VRO'.
279:
888:
199:
46:
247:
195:
451:
322:
182:
726:
Guntur
District, 1788-1848:A History of Local Influence and Central Authority in South India
263:
122:
8:
633:
126:
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808:
764:
661:
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555:
525:
491:
457:
424:
364:
328:
54:
50:
402:
Caste
Mobilisation Processes and Political Power: A Study of Kapus in Andhra Pradesh
741:
724:
707:
485:
418:
385:
228:
186:
146:
111:
70:
23:
298:
118:
90:
42:
31:
521:
Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies
882:
787:
Document Raj: Scribes and Writing Under Early Colonial Rule Madras, 1771-1860
712:. Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh. 1977. p. 65.
629:
387:
Document Raj: Scribes and Writing Under Early Colonial Rule Madras, 1771-1860
101:
The origin of village officers like Karanam is traceable to the evolution of
683:"2024 AP polls: Jagan woos OBCs to counter TDP's Kamma-Kapu caste coalition"
58:
453:
In Search of Sustainable Livelihood Systems: Managing Resources and Change
150:
74:
637:
613:
169:. Deshpande post was usually held by Deshasthas and also sometimes by
166:
158:
82:
35:
142:
102:
66:
233:. National Institute of Community Development. 1971. p. 334.
324:
Lineages of Political Society: Studies in Postcolonial Democracy
202:
fought for a language closer to Karanam Telugu (which he called
190:
170:
743:
Studies in the Socio-economic History of Medieval Andhra Desa
614:"Abolition of Village Officers: Revolutionary on the Surface"
449:
106:
294:"Karanam, Munisif system to return: CM YS Jagan Mohon Reddy"
230:
Community Development and Panchayati Raj Digest, Volumes 3-5
189:
language patronized by Karanam writers. There was also the
858:
India's Literary History: Essays on the Nineteenth Century
831:
India's Literary History: Essays on the Nineteenth Century
657:
India's Literary History: Essays on the Nineteenth Century
551:
Rethinking State Politics in India: Regions Within Regions
760:
Minds Without Fear: Philosophy in the Indian Renaissance
252:. Government of Andhra Pradesh. 2000. pp. 185, 186.
194:
language for printing purposes. Also, instrumental were
487:
Marathas and the Marathas Country: Medieval Maharashtra
30:
was an office and title native to the Indian states of
804:
Under the Bhasha Gaze: Modernity and Indian Literature
722:
420:
The Village Cart: Translation of T.N. Atre's Gaav Gada
416:
16:
Traditional office and title of village accountants
450:Ruedi Baumgartner; Ruedi Hogger (10 August 2004).
739:
404:, University of Hyderabad. pp. 10, 14, Chapter 5.
320:
880:
757:Bhushan, Nalini; Garfield, Jay L. (2017-05-26).
117:In 1985, then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh,
61:also held the Karanam post sometimes. The title
854:
827:
756:
653:
483:
360:Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective
855:Blackburn, Stuart H.; Dalmia, Vasudha (2004).
828:Blackburn, Stuart H.; Dalmia, Vasudha (2004).
654:Blackburn, Stuart H.; Dalmia, Vasudha (2004).
517:
680:
579:"MROs' power to reduce under new Revenue Act"
518:Jaffrelot, Christophe; Kumar, Sanjay (2012).
383:
314:
611:
554:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 341, 371.
327:. Columbia University Press. pp. 56–.
800:
861:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 161, 162.
660:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 149, 150.
125:communities to rally behind his party,
881:
834:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 153–155.
790:. University of Michigan. p. 118.
456:. SAGE Publishing India. p. 530.
356:
321:Partha Chatterjee (29 November 2011).
783:
649:
647:
607:
605:
603:
573:
571:
547:
543:
541:
513:
511:
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477:
445:
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390:. University of Michigan. p. 85.
262:
746:. Research India Press. p. 180.
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352:
350:
348:
223:
221:
219:
13:
644:
600:
568:
538:
508:
474:
440:
249:Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers
110:Many Karanams were reported to be
14:
905:
681:Gali Nagaraja (2 November 2022).
490:. Books & Books. p. 28.
423:. Popular Prakashan. p. 49.
407:
345:
340:in Andhra, Karnataka, and Orissa.
216:
176:
132:
87:Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
848:
821:
794:
777:
750:
733:
723:Robert Eric Frykenberg (1965).
716:
700:
674:
417:Trimbaka Nārāyaṇa Ātre (2000).
729:. Clarendon Press. p. 15.
394:
377:
286:
256:
240:
1:
618:Economic and Political Weekly
268:"A Telugu-English Dictionary"
209:
41:The post was usually held by
7:
807:. Oxford University Press.
763:. Oxford University Press.
10:
910:
801:Raveendran, P. P. (2023).
740:Ravula Soma Reddy (2007).
524:. Routledge. p. 294.
400:Satish Kumar, Ch. (2014),
280:Digital South Asia Library
96:
47:Golkonda Vyapari Brahmins
894:Indian words and phrases
612:Eashvaraiah, P. (1985).
548:Kumar, Ashutosh (2016).
484:A. Rā Kulakarṇī (1996).
363:. Partridge Publishing.
45:, and also sometimes by
784:Raman, Bhavani (2007).
357:Pandey, Alpana (2015).
196:Paravastu Chinnaya Suri
583:The New Indian Express
384:Bhavani Raman (2007).
105:system. Zamindars and
264:Brown, Charles Philip
181:Karanam Telugu was a
302:. 30 November 2019
127:Telugu Desam Party
51:Deshastha Brahmins
868:978-81-7824-056-5
841:978-81-7824-056-5
814:978-0-19-269944-2
770:978-0-19-067299-7
667:978-81-7824-056-5
561:978-1-315-39145-8
531:978-1-136-51661-0
370:978-1-4828-5017-8
334:978-0-231-52791-0
200:Gidugu Ramamurthi
901:
889:Indian feudalism
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85:. In 1985, then
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709:Itihas Volume 5
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624:(10): 393–395.
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71:North Karnataka
43:Niyogi Brahmins
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299:The Hans India
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270:(2nd ed.)
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177:Karanam Telugu
175:
141:is similar to
134:
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119:N. T. Rama Rao
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91:N. T. Rama Rao
65:is similar to
32:Andhra Pradesh
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690:. Retrieved
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587:. Retrieved
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304:. Retrieved
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278:– via
272:. Retrieved
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136:
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687:The Federal
204:vyavaharika
151:Maharashtra
75:Maharashtra
57:districts,
26:: కరణం) or
883:Categories
210:References
137:The title
630:0012-9976
167:Deshpande
159:Karnataka
155:Shanbhaug
112:polyglots
107:Jagirdars
103:Zamindari
83:Karnataka
79:Shanbhaug
53:. In the
36:Telangana
503:country.
469:keeping.
266:(1903).
191:Pandit's
143:Kulkarni
67:Kulkarni
55:Godavari
692:9 April
638:4374153
589:9 April
306:9 April
274:9 April
183:variety
171:Velamas
139:Karanam
129:(TDP).
97:History
63:Karanam
20:Karanam
865:
838:
811:
767:
664:
636:
628:
558:
528:
494:
460:
427:
367:
331:
187:Telugu
28:Karnam
24:Telugu
634:JSTOR
59:Kapus
863:ISBN
836:ISBN
809:ISBN
765:ISBN
694:2023
662:ISBN
626:ISSN
591:2023
556:ISBN
526:ISBN
492:ISBN
458:ISBN
425:ISBN
365:ISBN
329:ISBN
308:2023
276:2023
153:and
149:and
77:and
73:and
49:and
34:and
206:).
185:of
157:in
145:in
123:OBC
81:in
69:in
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685:.
646:^
632:.
622:20
620:.
616:.
602:^
593:.
581:.
570:^
540:^
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500:.
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433:.
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337:.
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173:.
161:.
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