284:
47:
211:
255:
587:
228:
872:
The division failed, with the
Karenni fighting alongside the other Karen peoples against the Myanmar dictatorship. Their military organisation, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA), had 20 000 members by the 1980s. However, the political branch of the KNLA, the Karen National Union (KNU), sought
884:
Under the
Burmese government control, the states subjected to changes throughout the small state. Resources like the hydropower and mining led to massive military presence around the state; thus, leading many of its people without a home and more problems to arise. The heavy military presence
724:
insisted in their demands on the
Karenni territories, the British granted recognition to four states, Kyebogyi, Namekan (Nammekon), Naungpale and Bawlake, which became independent under British protection on 21 June 1875. Kantarawadi state, however, remained independent without official protection.
919:
In
February 2010, reports said the Burmese army was continuously burning Karen villages, displacing thousands of people. Many Karen, including people such as Padoh Mahn Sha Lah Phan, former KNU secretary, and his daughter Zoya Phan, have accused the Myanmar military government of
715:
for his state, but the
British authorities did not show any interest. After the death of this prince in 1869 his two sons renewed the petition claiming that they feared Burmese ambitions on their state. The British refused again, but agreed to arbitrate before the
1238:
Fratticcioli, Alessio (2011). "Karen
Refugees in Thailand (abridged)" (PDF). Asian Research Center for Migration - Institute of Asian studies (IAS), Chulalongkorn University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 January
989:
State was also known as "Eastern
Karenni". It had an area of 2,500 square miles or 6,500 square kilometres and a population of 26,333 in 1901. More than half of its territory was located east of the
691:
There are no historical data on the
Karenni States before the 19th century. According to local tradition in the early times of the Karenni states there was a principality led by a
2026:
1963:
1282:
186:
2071:
1987:
2066:
2031:
908:, citing aid agencies, estimated that up to 200,000 Karen, including Karenni, had been displaced during the decades-long war, with a further 160,000 living in
440:
885:
had created issues that people of the state faces as consequences. Mistreatment of the local people include land taken away by the military,
878:
732:
in 1892, when their rulers agreed to accept a stipend from the
British government. An Assistant Superintendent of the Shan States was based at
699:
prince. This state finally became independent in the 18th century. In the 19th century the
Karenni state was divided into five principalities
1308:
2076:
2036:
1855:
615:
1790:
1865:
1785:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1469:
1823:
1770:
1715:
2081:
528:
478:
1286:
683:, but on 29 April 1959 both the Shan and the Kayah rulers formally surrendered their ruling powers to the Burmese government.
1417:
1172:
1145:
1061:
680:
1385:
1095:
1188:
522:
900:
The armed conflict did not end there, however, with the KNU's new headquarters being established in Mu Aye Pu, on the
1135:
925:
841:
in 1947 proclaimed that the three Karenni States be amalgamated into a single constituent state of the union, called
2061:
608:
516:
510:
1334:
484:
2056:
2051:
534:
490:
448:
901:
601:
568:
553:
548:
504:
845:. It also provided for the possibility of secession from the Union after 10 years. In 1952, the former
367:
1410:
1249:
Burma army burns more than 70 houses of Karen people". Archived from the original on 25 December 2010
740:. He was exercising control over the local Karenni Rulers, being supervised by the Superintendent at
737:
573:
1312:
558:
2046:
1390:
1283:"Refugees International: Articles: " Human Rights in Burma: Fifteen Years Post Military Coup ""
1958:
791:
760:
653:
649:
466:
293:
1260:
877:
as its international ambassador, whose diplomatic efforts led to the KNU's admission to the
813:
Thailand left the territories in 1945, but officially relinquished its claim over the trans-
2041:
1403:
767:. This arrangement survived the constitutional changes of 1923 and 1937. By the 1930s, the
712:
434:
8:
1896:
1860:
1849:
1810:
1395:
913:
408:
359:
1045:
660:
563:
472:
420:
341:
309:
275:
874:
1359:
Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs:
1168:
1141:
807:
378:
264:
1031:
897:
and overall safety of the people resulting from landmine planted around the state.
1886:
1838:
1248:
921:
798:, in December the same year the Thai administration occupied Kengtung and parts of
721:
454:
1940:
1921:
1780:
1553:
1524:
1494:
1380:
1213:
1162:
1002:
945:
894:
795:
756:
671:, by which both parties recognised the area as belonging neither to Burma nor to
428:
388:
313:
299:
29:
1968:
1916:
1795:
1760:
1720:
1705:
1613:
1608:
1543:
1430:
1099:
1012:
858:
838:
822:
783:
637:
591:
394:
332:
235:
283:
2020:
2002:
1989:
1670:
1638:
1563:
1558:
1529:
1449:
990:
949:
890:
729:
717:
676:
672:
400:
382:
372:
353:
46:
33:
928:
has also accused the Burmese government of suppressing religious freedom.
1926:
1800:
1603:
1593:
1514:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1444:
909:
886:
862:
779:
752:
664:
322:
259:
916:, Tak (ตาก) province, Thailand, which hosts around 50,000 Karen refugees.
1944:
1891:
1818:
1695:
1665:
1426:
1007:
986:
866:
854:
846:
826:
818:
787:
696:
641:
414:
243:
204:
191:
254:
1881:
912:
on the Thai side of the border. The largest refugee camp is located in
873:
to resolve the conflict through political means. In 1992, it appointed
803:
763:, established in 1900. under a commissioner who also administered the
668:
965:, 200 square miles or 520 square kilometres, population 5,701 in 1901.
959:, 350 square miles or 910 square kilometres, population 9,867 in 1901.
825:
and the withdrawal of all wartime sanctions for having sided with the
675:. Consequently, the Karenni States were never fully incorporated into
258:
Territories claimed by Thailand in the Shan and Karenni States during
1911:
1901:
1775:
1628:
1309:"Committee on International Relations, U.S. House of Representatives"
977:, 50 square miles or 130 square kilometres, population 2,629 in 1901.
764:
971:, 30 square miles or 78 square kilometres, population 1,265 in 1901.
636:, was the name formerly given to the states inhabited mainly by the
1843:
1833:
1765:
1725:
1568:
1548:
1538:
1474:
1073:
850:
772:
748:
741:
247:
109:
1041:
1039:
1828:
1710:
1700:
1685:
1623:
1618:
1598:
1573:
1534:
1519:
821:
State only in 1946 as part of the condition for admission to the
814:
799:
239:
227:
133:• Independence of the feudatory Karenni predecessor state.
1973:
1931:
1906:
1740:
1730:
1690:
1680:
1656:
1643:
1633:
1036:
768:
733:
747:
On 10 October 1922 the administrations of the Karenni states (
1735:
1675:
790:. Following a previous agreement between Thai Prime Minister
645:
232:
993:, an area that was annexed by Thailand during World War II.
679:. The Karenni states formed for a time the "Kayah State" in
1114:
1425:
936:
There were five Karenni states, divided into two regions.
857:, possibly with the intent of driving a wedge between the
667:
of the Karenni States in an 1875 treaty with Burmese King
1189:"Igazolt szabadságharcos – Cey-Bert Róbert védelmében I."
905:
771:
Mine in Bawlake was one of the most important sources of
1164:
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook
1137:
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook
948:
States were the four Karenni states located west of the
2027:
States and territories established in the 18th century
1120:
David Porter Chandler & David Joel Steinberg eds.
879:
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)
810:northern province was formalized on 1 August 1943.
728:The Karenni States were recognized as tributary to
786:was invaded and its capital captured by the Thai
711:In 1864 a Karenni prince requested the status of
2072:Military history of Thailand during World War II
2018:
1386:"Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan states"
759:) were placed under the administration of the
2067:Military history of Burma during World War II
2032:States and territories disestablished in 1959
1411:
1122:In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History
609:
1418:
1404:
1062:Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 36.
832:
616:
602:
45:
706:
253:
226:
1160:
1133:
2019:
695:that was under the over lordship of a
143:• Abdication of the Kayah rulers
1399:
1057:
1055:
1053:
69:8,106 km (3,130 sq mi)
2077:18th-century establishments in Asia
2037:Former countries in Burmese history
1261:"Burma Karen families 'on the run'"
1096:"Thailand and the Second World War"
861:in Kayah State and the rest of the
13:
1050:
939:
869:, both fighting for independence.
14:
2093:
1374:
1311:. 10 October 2006. Archived from
1066:
853:was added, and the whole renamed
648:. They were located south of the
1046:Shan and Karenni States of Burma
585:
282:
209:
184:
1381:The Imperial Gazetteer of India
1353:
1327:
1301:
1285:. 11 March 2007. Archived from
1275:
1253:
1242:
1232:
1206:
1167:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
1140:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
738:Agent of the British government
2082:1959 disestablishments in Asia
1181:
1154:
1127:
1088:
1025:
981:
663:recognised and guaranteed the
51:1917 map of the Karenni States
1:
1964:List of rulers of Shan states
1018:
640:, in the area of present-day
1194:(in Hungarian). 31 July 2023
7:
1875:Related states and outliers
1161:Simmons, Mary Kate (1997).
1134:Simmons, Mary Kate (1997).
996:
10:
2098:
686:
1954:
1874:
1809:
1749:
1652:
1582:
1503:
1437:
1032:Map of Shan States c.1910
931:
250:standing in the back row.
163:
159:
155:
151:
141:
131:
127:
119:
115:
103:
99:
95:
85:
81:
73:
63:
55:
44:
39:
28:
23:
837:The Constitution of the
16:Former states in Myanmar
2062:20th century in Myanmar
1753:Kengtung & Yawnghwe
887:human rights violations
833:Post-independence Burma
778:On 27 May 1942, during
467:British colonial period
238:in 1903. The rulers of
231:Karenni princes at the
681:post-independent Burma
269:
251:
2057:19th century in Burma
2052:18th century in Burma
1959:Federated Shan states
1218:Minority Rights Group
792:Plaek Phibunsongkhram
761:Federated Shan States
707:British rule in Burma
650:Federated Shan States
441:Nyaungyan Restoration
368:Warring states period
294:Prehistory of Myanmar
257:
230:
1750:Southern Shan States
1653:Southern Shan States
1583:Southern Shan States
1504:Southern Shan States
1438:Northern Shan States
713:British protectorate
485:Nationalist movement
449:Restored Hanthawaddy
435:First Toungoo Empire
411:1287–1539, 1550–1552
1999: /
1897:Siamese Shan States
1811:Chinese Shan States
1365:2001-2009.state.gov
1074:"Myanmar Divisions"
926:US State Department
517:Ne Win dictatorship
491:Japanese occupation
479:Resistance movement
409:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
360:Early Pagan Kingdom
1335:"Credo: Zoya Phan"
1315:on 10 October 2006
1102:on 27 October 2009
661:British government
592:Myanmar portal
523:SLORC / SPDC junta
473:Anglo-Burmese Wars
421:Kingdom of Mrauk U
342:Arakanese kingdoms
310:Sri Ksetra Kingdom
276:History of Myanmar
270:
268:northern province.
252:
2003:18.500°N 98.000°E
1982:
1981:
1391:Karenni Ethnicity
1174:978-90-411-0223-2
1147:978-90-411-0223-2
902:Burma-Thai border
808:Saharat Thai Doem
626:
625:
529:Political reforms
302:200 BCE – 1050 CE
265:Saharat Thai Doem
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
197:
196:
105: • Type
40:18th century–1959
2089:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1887:Singaling Hkamti
1586:Central Division
1507:Eastern Division
1420:
1413:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1368:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1289:on 11 March 2007
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1257:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1098:. Archived from
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1070:
1064:
1059:
1048:
1043:
1034:
1029:
922:ethnic cleansing
722:Burmese monarchy
634:Red Karen States
632:, also known as
618:
611:
604:
590:
589:
588:
569:Military history
564:Royal chronicles
554:List of capitals
511:AFPFL government
455:Konbaung dynasty
336:
317:
286:
272:
271:
213:
212:
201:
200:
188:
187:
181:
180:
165:
164:
106:
49:
21:
20:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2017:
2016:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1950:
1941:Western Karenni
1870:
1805:
1751:
1745:
1657:Myelat Division
1654:
1648:
1584:
1578:
1505:
1499:
1433:
1424:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1339:The Independent
1333:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1003:Princely States
999:
984:
946:Western Karenni
942:
940:Western Karenni
934:
904:. In 2004, the
895:sexual violence
875:Róbert Cey-Bert
835:
806:by Thailand as
796:Japanese Empire
709:
689:
622:
586:
584:
429:Toungoo dynasty
389:Sagaing Kingdom
330:
314:Tagaung Kingdom
307:
300:Pyu city-states
210:
185:
144:
134:
104:
88:
66:
50:
30:Princely States
17:
12:
11:
5:
2095:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2008:18.500; 98.000
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1969:Princely state
1966:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1937:Karenni States
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:petty kingdoms
1423:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1375:External links
1373:
1370:
1369:
1352:
1326:
1300:
1274:
1252:
1241:
1231:
1220:. 19 June 2015
1205:
1180:
1173:
1153:
1146:
1126:
1113:
1087:
1065:
1049:
1035:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
998:
995:
983:
980:
979:
978:
972:
966:
960:
941:
938:
933:
930:
839:Union of Burma
834:
831:
823:United Nations
784:Kengtung State
775:in the world.
708:
705:
688:
685:
630:Karenni States
624:
623:
621:
620:
613:
606:
598:
595:
594:
581:
580:
579:
578:
577:
576:
566:
561:
556:
551:
543:
542:
541:
540:
539:
538:
532:
526:
520:
514:
499:
498:
497:
496:
495:
494:
488:
482:
476:
461:
460:
459:
458:
452:
446:
445:
444:
438:
426:
425:
424:
418:
412:
406:
405:
404:
398:
395:Kingdom of Ava
392:
386:
383:Pinya Kingdoms
365:
364:
363:
348:
347:
346:
345:
338:
337:
333:Thaton Kingdom
327:
326:
319:
318:
304:
303:
297:
296:11,000–200 BCE
288:
287:
279:
278:
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
207:
198:
195:
194:
189:
177:
176:
171:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
113:
112:
107:
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
25:
24:Karenni States
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2094:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Karen history
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2015:
2012:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:(17c. - 20c.)
1851:
1848:
1846:(13c. - 15c.)
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
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1263:. 16 May 2006
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991:Salween River
988:
976:
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950:Salween River
947:
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910:refugee camps
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843:Karenni State
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726:
723:
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718:King of Burma
714:
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677:British Burma
674:
673:Great Britain
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574:Military rule
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507:1948–present
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401:Prome Kingdom
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373:Upper Myanmar
371:
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354:Pagan Kingdom
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325:825?–1057? CE
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34:British Burma
31:
27:
22:
19:
1984:
1936:
1752:
1655:
1585:
1515:Kehsi Mansam
1506:
1465:South Hsenwi
1460:North Hsenwi
1445:Hsenwi State
1429:and related
1364:
1360:
1355:
1345:20 September
1343:. Retrieved
1341:. 9 May 2009
1338:
1329:
1319:20 September
1317:. Retrieved
1313:the original
1303:
1293:20 September
1291:. Retrieved
1287:the original
1277:
1267:20 September
1265:. Retrieved
1255:
1244:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1217:
1208:
1198:20 September
1196:. Retrieved
1191:
1183:
1163:
1156:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:the original
1090:
1078:. Retrieved
1068:
1027:
985:
974:
968:
962:
956:
943:
935:
918:
899:
891:forced labor
883:
871:
863:Karen people
842:
836:
812:
780:World War II
777:
753:Kantarawaddy
746:
727:
720:. Since the
710:
700:
692:
690:
665:independence
658:
652:and east of
633:
629:
627:
537:2021–present
323:Mon kingdoms
263:
260:World War II
174:Succeeded by
173:
168:
137:18th century
87:• 1901
18:
2042:Kayah State
2006: /
1945:Kantarawadi
1892:Hkamti Long
1819:Chiang Hung
1666:Hsamonghkam
1427:Shan States
1008:Shan States
987:Kantarawadi
982:Kantarawadi
881:in 1993.
867:Karen State
855:Kayah State
827:Axis powers
819:Kantarawadi
788:Phayap Army
642:Kayah State
415:Shan States
244:Kantarawadi
205:Kayah State
192:Shan States
169:Preceded by
65:• 1901
2021:Categories
1882:Hsawnghsup
1856:Mong-Santa
1224:13 October
1106:27 October
1076:. Statoids
1019:References
804:annexation
701:(sawphyas)
669:Mindon Min
644:, eastern
505:Modern era
469:1824–1948
431:1510–1752
375:1297–1555
74:Population
1912:Mongkawng
1902:Wa States
1791:Hsenmawng
1781:Mongyawng
1776:Kengcheng
1629:Nawngwawn
1554:Mongnawng
1525:Kengtawng
1495:Tawngpeng
1214:"Karenni"
1192:Demokrata
1013:Red Karen
969:Naungpale
849:state of
782:, nearby
765:Wa States
693:"Sawphya"
638:Red Karen
535:SAC junta
531:2011–2015
525:1988–2010
519:1962–1988
513:1948–1962
493:1942–1945
487:1900–1948
481:1885–1895
475:1824–1885
457:1752–1885
451:1740–1757
443:1599–1752
437:1510–1599
423:1429–1785
417:1215–1563
403:1482–1542
397:1365–1555
391:1315–1365
385:1297–1365
379:Myinsaing
356:849–1297
344:788?–1406
1917:Mongyang
1866:Mong-Yin
1861:Mangshih
1844:Mong Mao
1834:Mong Lem
1796:Monghsat
1786:Hsenyawt
1766:Yawnghwe
1761:Kengtung
1726:Pangtara
1614:Mongping
1609:Lawksawk
1569:Mongpawn
1549:Kenghkam
1544:Mongkung
1539:Mongsang
1490:Mongtung
1485:Monglong
1480:Mongleng
1470:Hsumhsai
1124:. p. 388
1080:10 April
997:See also
975:Nammekon
957:Kyebogyi
851:Mong Pai
817:part of
794:and the
773:tungsten
757:Kyebogyi
742:Taunggyi
549:Timeline
362:849–1044
248:Kyebogyi
110:Monarchy
1994:98°00′E
1991:18°30′N
1850:Mengmao
1839:Mong-La
1824:Hsikwan
1771:Hsihkip
1716:Namhkom
1711:Namhkai
1701:Mawnang
1686:Loilong
1671:Kyawkku
1624:Namhkok
1619:Mongpai
1599:Hsatung
1574:Mongsit
1564:Mongpan
1559:Mongnai
1535:Monghsu
1530:Mawkmai
1520:Kenglon
1475:Manglon
1450:Mongmit
963:Bawlake
859:Karenni
815:Salween
800:Möngpan
749:Bawlake
687:History
559:Leaders
240:Bawlake
120:History
1974:Saopha
1932:Wuntho
1927:Wanmaw
1907:Kokang
1829:Momien
1801:Mongpu
1741:Yengan
1731:Pangmi
1721:Namtok
1706:Mawson
1691:Loimaw
1681:Loi ai
1644:Wanyin
1604:Laihka
1594:Hopong
1455:Hsipaw
1171:
1144:
932:States
924:. The
914:Mae La
802:. The
769:Mawchi
755:, and
734:Loikaw
236:Durbar
123:
91:45,795
77:
59:
1736:Poila
1676:Kyong
1639:Samka
1634:Sakoi
1361:Burma
1239:2016.
889:like
646:Burma
233:Delhi
1922:Pong
1347:2023
1321:2023
1295:2023
1269:2023
1226:2020
1200:2023
1169:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1108:2009
1082:2009
944:The
893:and
847:Shan
697:Shan
659:The
628:The
381:and
262:and
246:and
147:1959
56:Area
1696:Maw
906:BBC
865:in
736:as
32:of
2023::
1367:.
1363:.
1337:.
1216:.
1052:^
1038:^
952::
829:.
751:,
744:.
703:.
656:.
312:,
242:,
1947:)
1943:/
1939:(
1537:/
1419:e
1412:t
1405:v
1349:.
1323:.
1297:.
1271:.
1228:.
1202:.
1177:.
1150:.
1110:.
1084:.
617:e
610:t
603:v
335:)
331:(
316:)
308:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
