57:
1158:
1055:
Karikala won the battle and captured the Telugu country. During that time period, southern Andhra was covered with big forests which is not fit for cultivation. So, Karikala destroyed the forests and planted many villages. One of the villages is
Pottapi, which was the most important village and hence the whole locality acquired in course of time the name Pottapi Nadu. Unlike Trilochana Pallava, Karikala Chola donated lands not only to Brahmins but also to the cultivators.
1114:
994:
and Chera countries, eleven minor chieftains took the opposing side in the campaign and shared defeat at the hands of
Karikala. The Chera king, who was wounded on his back in the battle, committed suicide by starvation. Venni was the watershed in the career of Karikala which established him firmly on his throne and secured for him some sort of hegemony among the three crowned monarchs. Venni is also known as Vennipparandalai and now it is known as
1064:
1101:, also known as the Kallanai was built by Karikala and is considered one of the oldest water-diversion or water-regulator structures in the world which is still in use. The Kallanai is a massive dam of unhewn stone, 329 metres (1,080 ft) long and 20 metres (60 ft) wide, across the main stream of the Kaveri. A later
993:
suffered a defeat. Although we know very little about the circumstances leading to this battle, there can be no doubt that it marked the turning point in
Karikala’s career, for in this battle he broke the back of the powerful confederacy formed against him. Besides the two crowned kings of the Pandya
926:
princess from
Azhundur and she became pregnant and gave birth to Karikala. Ilamcetcenni died soon after. Due to his young age, Karikala's right to the throne was overlooked and there was political turmoil in the country. Karikala was exiled. When normality returned, the Chola ministers sent a state
1024:
mentions this incident without giving any information on the cause of the conflict. According to legends
Karikala was one of the few Chola kings who won the whole of Ceylon (Lanka). The Grand anicut was built after his conquest over the Sinhalese kingdom and he used Sinhalese war prisoners for the
952:
Like the Tiger cub with its sharp claws and its curved stripes growing (strong) within the cage, his strength came to maturity (like wood in grain) while he was in the bondage of his enemies. As the large-trunked elephant pulls down the banks of the pit, and joins its mate, even so after deep and
1054:
after losing Kanchi in the battle. The inscriptions also says that
Karikala ordered Trilochana Pallava to come and assist him in building the flood banks along the Kaveri river. But the Pallava king who was ruling from Kalahasti declined to obey which made Karikala to declare war against him.
939:). His political opponents arrested and imprisoned him. The prison was set on fire that night. Karikala escaped the fire and, with the help of his uncle Irum-pitar-thalaiyan, defeated his enemies. Karikala's leg was scorched in the fire and from thence Karikala became his name.
943:
Old Sangam Age inscriptions and also sthala puranam of great ancient Saiva shrine at
Parasalur, near Mayavaram says that in order to escape the murder plot hatched by conspirators Karikal Valavan stayed there in disguise of a vedic and agama sastra lecturer for eight years.
1029:
also describes the destruction caused by
Karikala’s armies in the territories of his enemies and adds that as the result of these conflicts, the "Northerners and Westerners were depressed… and his flushed look of anger caused the Pandya’s strength to give way…".
843:
which mentions
Karikala and his conquests and the construction of flood banks along the Kaveri river. Many rulers and petty chiefs who came after him claimed him as their ancestor and decorated themselves as belonging to the
885:
The above lines are translated as: "In the clan of
Karikala, who was the Mandara tree on the Mandara mountain, viz., the solar clan; who was the worker of many wonders like controlling the daughter of Kaveri"
1971:
1463:
1018:, Karikala had other opportunities to exercise his arms. He defeated the confederacy of nine minor chieftains in the battle of Vakaipparandalai. Paranar, a contemporary of Karikala, in his poem from
898:. The name Karikalan has been held to mean "the man with the charred leg" and perpetuates the memory of a fire accident in the early years of his life. Some scholars also hold the view
1215:
Based on the literature, epigraphic evidence, and copper plate increptions, below are the various dynasties who clamed descendants of Karikala Chola, and few used the title Lord of
1165:
Karikala Cholan Manimandapam (memorial hall) was built in honour of the king who built the Grand Anicut. The hall designed as per Chola architecture style was built at a cost of
1094:(he who caused the banks of the Kaveri to be constructed by all the subordinate kings led by the Pallava Trilochana whose third eye was blinded by his lotus foot).
1042:
inscriptions found in Andhra, Karikala seems to have battled against a Pallava king named Trilochana Pallava or Mukhanti Pallava or Mukhanti Kaduvetti and captured
1207:
The copper-plate charters and stone inscription of the 10th and 11th centuries also mention two different Karikala thus unable to determine his exact reign.
1350:
415:
1772:
1747:
953:
careful consideration, he drew his sword, effected his escape by overpowering the strong guard and attained his glorious heritage in due course.
1082:
to Karikala. The raising of the banks of the river Kaveri by Karikala is also mentioned by the Malepadu plates (seventh century CE) of the
1947:
1877:
1676:
718:
1075:, Karikala, with a large army, invaded the island and took away 12,000 Sinhalese men to work as slaves to build the Kaveri Dam.
1416:. Printed by the Director of Print. and Stationery at the Govt. Secretariat Press; , 1977 – Andhra Pradesh (India). p. 19.
1860:
1833:
1315:
1130:
816:
1520:
1349:
Cite error: The named reference "Rama Shankar Tripathi 478" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
2057:
2008:
1989:
1660:
1574:
1105:
record from Tiruvaduturai refers to this event that is raising the banks of the Kaveri by Parakesari Karikala Chola.
806:. The period covered by the extant literature of the Sangam is not easy to determine with any measure of certainty.
1564:
948:, written in praise of Karikala also describes this incident, but without mention of the fable of the burnt limb:
615:
17:
1650:
810:
1310:
1185:
711:
690:
1293:
in Andhra is said to have originated from Telugu Cholas who themselves claim descendant from Karikala.
1121:
After his victory over the Northern kingdoms of Vatsa, Magadha and Avantika, Karikala returned back to
1092:
karuna – saroruha vihita – vilochana – pallava – trilochana pramukha kilapritvisvara karita kaveri tira
650:
635:
1935:. Printed by the Director of Print. and Stationery at the Govt. Secretariat Press; , 1976. p. 60.
1652:
Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment
1915:
655:
1200:
has nothing to do with Trilocana Pallava and nothing prevents another Karikala having flourished in
1900:
1726:
1590:
History of ancient India, page 478: ..raising the banks of the Kaveri by Parakesari Karikala Chola
2067:
2027:
1966:
1797:
1594:
1458:
1320:
704:
675:
1635:
1712:
572:
2097:
1083:
512:
502:
1145:(sanctification ritual) of the temple through hundred golden vessels. A famous text named
822:
8:
1201:
1087:
990:
482:
1396:
1887:
1687:
1623:
532:
462:
435:
425:
345:
2053:
2004:
1985:
1856:
1829:
1656:
1570:
1516:
1193:
1072:
803:
588:
405:
395:
102:
1046:, leaving the southern Telugu country to the Pallava king. The Pallava king who had
786:. He is recognised as the greatest of the Early Cholas. In Thiruvalangadu plates of
1229:
1178:
1142:
787:
640:
620:
385:
355:
285:
1679:
This is the oldest stone water-diversion or water-regulator structure in the world
1025:
hard task of moving stones from the mountains to the river bed of the Kaveri. The
802:
The story of Karikala is mixed with legend and anecdotal information gleaned from
1850:
1613:
1223:
1015:
982:
978:
968:
919:
791:
315:
276:
56:
1272:
1239:
1197:
1189:
1157:
1043:
840:
763:
735:
625:
580:
223:
178:
832:
have been the main source for the information that is attributed to Karikala.
2091:
1249:
1039:
999:
986:
858:
846:
755:
645:
564:
472:
232:
134:
1615:
History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 03, The Classical Age p.265
1141:. Karikala was an ardent devotee of Lord Shiva. He is said to have done the
1972:
A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar
1802:
A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar
1464:
A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar
1362:
1360:
1290:
1098:
1051:
895:
751:
670:
522:
453:
365:
325:
241:
214:
144:
123:
70:
1930:
1411:
1078:
Later Chola kings attributed the building of dikes along the banks of the
1282:
1253:
1149:
was composed by Kachiyappa Munivar in Tamil on the origin of the temple.
1047:
927:
elephant to look for the prince. The elephant finds the prince hiding in
492:
305:
169:
1357:
1298:
1138:
995:
936:
836:
828:
630:
375:
205:
196:
111:
107:
84:
80:
1435:: 339 – via Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India.
1226:, ruled south India, Sri Lanka and South East Asia during 848–1279 CE.
1113:
1243:
1233:
1122:
1020:
1003:
783:
775:
759:
685:
680:
660:
910:
describes the back-formed origin legend of this incident as follows:
873:
Kavera-tanaya-velollamghanaprasamana-pramukn-adyanak-atisaya-karinah
1294:
1266:
850:
595:
335:
295:
46:
1790:
1583:
1366:
1033:
1216:
928:
915:
770:. He is credited with the construction of the flood banks of the
767:
665:
153:
2072:
History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
1386:. Sundeep Prakashan, 1980 – Art, Indic – 184 pages. p. 140.
1063:
1601:
Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Volume 39, page 156
1371:. University of Madras, 1932 - History - 210 pages. p. 68.
1134:
1079:
779:
771:
747:
1397:
Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
1346:. Motilal Banarsidass, 1967 – India – 605 pages. p. 478.
1126:
1102:
932:
923:
853:
94:
1259:
Pottapi Chodas, ruled Ralalaseema, 8th and 9th centuries CE.
1246:, their increption began during the 12th and 14th centuries.
857:. The following lines are taken from the Malepadu plates of
1808:
1553:. Madras: V. Ramaswamy Sastrulu & Sons. pp. 65–69.
1337:
1335:
1814:
The Śilappadikāram by V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, page 24
1090:-Mutturaju Punyakumara, who claims descent from Karikala:
1332:
1648:
1196:
are two different kings and the Karikala mentioned in
1009:
835:
There are many inscriptions and records found both in
1278:
Kunduru Chodas, ruled Telangana region 1080–1260 A.D.
1262:
Konidena Chodas, ruled of Kammanadu, 950 to 1300 A.D.
1169:
21 million. It features a bronze statue of the king.
1381:
1979:
1642:
1427:Hultzsch, Eugene (1911–1912). "Epigraphia Indica".
27:
Historical Chola king who ruled over southern India
1848:
2083:. Chidambaram: Annamalai University Publications.
1569:. International Centre for Ethnic Studies. 2007.
1341:
794:listed Karikala Chola as one of their ancestors.
2089:
2038:
2026:
1931:Andhra Pradesh (India), Bh Sivasankaranarayana.
1713:"Cauvery River – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
1412:Andhra Pradesh (India), Bh Sivasankaranarayana.
1219:, which was a capital ruled by Karikala.
1071:Sometime between the reign of Sinhalese monarch
1067:Kallanai built by Karikala Chola on river Kaveri
2078:
1949:The History Of Andhra Country 1000 A D 1500 A D
1879:The History Of Andhra Country 1000 A D 1500 A D
1773:"Karikalan Manimandapam ready for inauguration"
1669:
1515:. New Delhi: Kalinga Publications. p. 21.
1152:
1034:Conquest of Tondainadu and Andhra from Pallavas
906:are Tamil words meaning "slayer of elephants".
866:"Dinakara-kula-mandar-achala-mandara-padapassya
1727:"Arulmigu Patteeswarar Swamy Temple - History"
1611:
880:Trairajya-sthitim-atmasat-kritavatah-karikala"
1476:
1474:
1426:
1414:Andhra Pradesh district gazetteers, Volume 16
712:
1945:
1933:Andhra Pradesh district gazetteers, Volume 1
1875:
1855:. New Age International, 1999. p. 414.
1649:Singh, Vijay P.; Ram Narayan Yadava (2003).
1108:
2052:. India: Motilal Banarsidass Publications.
2003:. India: Motilal Banarsidass Publications.
1497:
1495:
1420:
1618:. Public Resource. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
1471:
1369:Studies in Cōḷa history and administration
719:
705:
55:
1913:
1529:
1275:ruled south Andhra from 1100 to 1350 A.D.
2047:
2022:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.
2017:
1998:
1513:Studies in the History of the Sangam Age
1504:
1492:
1367:Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri.
1156:
1112:
1062:
820:and a number of individual poems in the
2066:
1852:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
1748:"Karikalan cholan memorial inaugurated"
1612:R. C. Majumdar, General Editor (1970).
1301:consider Karikala Chola as their hero.
14:
2090:
1980:Hermann, Kulke; Rothermund D (2001) .
1483:
1188:states that the Karikala mentioned in
1038:Based on numerous village records and
1826:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History
1551:Trilochana Pallava And Karikala Chola
957:
1316:Tamil history from Sangam literature
1256:, 5th century CE and 9th century CE.
1050:as his capital moved the capital to
1920:. Karnatak University. p. 151.
1823:
1348:
1265:Nannuru Chodas ruled the region of
1010:Further Wars and Conquest of Ceylon
879:
872:
865:
24:
1959:
1796:
1655:. Allied Publishers. p. 508.
1548:
1510:
1172:
962:
25:
2109:
2081:Pattinapalai, Research Monograph
1828:. Primus Books. pp. 46–49.
977:, Karikala Chola fought a great
61:Bronze statue of Karikāla Chōḻaṉ
2039:Nilakanta Sastri, K.A (2002) .
2034:. Madras: University of Madras.
1939:
1924:
1907:
1869:
1842:
1817:
1765:
1740:
1719:
1705:
1605:
1557:
1542:
1501:See Kulke and Rothermund, p 104
1058:
2048:Tripathi, Rama Sankar (1967).
1549:N., Venkata Ramanayya (1929).
1451:
1439:
1405:
1390:
1375:
1297:caste in Andhra also known as
1210:
1133:located at the banks of river
13:
1:
1917:The Cholas of Nidugal a Study
1384:Art and culture of Tamil Nadu
1326:
889:
258:
159:
2079:Raghava Iyengar, R. (1951).
1181:Karikala reigned in 190 CE.
1161:Karikala Cholan Manimandapam
1153:Karikala Cholan Manimandapam
7:
1965:
1849:Sailendra Nath Sen (1999).
1457:
1399:Indian Antiquary, Volume 38
1311:Legendary early Chola kings
1304:
1186:V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar
691:Legendary early Chola kings
10:
2114:
1382:Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi.
966:
797:
762:(Modern day Tamil Nadu in
651:Great Living Chola Temples
636:Chola art and architecture
1117:Perur Patteeswarar Temple
1109:Perur Patteeswarar Temple
922:) Ilamcetcenni married a
739:
119:
101:
90:
76:
66:
54:
39:
34:
2068:Iyengar, P. T. Srinivasa
2050:History of Ancient India
2041:A History of South India
1537:A History of South India
1344:History of Ancient India
1131:Perur Pateeswarar Temple
894:Karikala was the son of
742:), often referred to as
2018:Mudaliar, A.S (1984) .
1967:Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta
1824:Sen, Sailendra (2013).
1798:Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta
1459:Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta
1342:Rama Shankar Tripathi.
1204:a few centuries later.
849:of Karikala and of the
1999:Majumdar, R.C (1987).
1535:See Nilakanta Sastri,
1321:List of Tamil monarchs
1162:
1118:
1068:
955:
941:
676:Gangaikonda Cholapuram
346:Parantaka II (Sundara)
2028:Nilakanta Sastri, K.A
1946:Yashoda Devi (1993).
1876:Yashoda Devi (1993).
1566:Walking to Kataragama
1511:V., Balambal (1998).
1285:region 1120–1330 A.D.
1160:
1116:
1086:sovereign of Renadu,
1066:
998:and is situated near
950:
912:
792:Medieval Tamil Cholas
596:Rajahnate of Sanmalan
1192:and the Karikala in
1125:and worshipped Lord
356:Aditya II (Karikala)
97:princess from Nangur
2020:Abithana Chintamani
1489:See Tripathi, p 458
1480:See Majumdar, p 137
1281:Eruva Cholas ruled
1232:, ruled Andhra and
991:Uthiyan Cheralathan
1982:A History of India
1952:. p. 420-517.
1914:Kavitha R (1993).
1895:Unknown parameter
1752:The Times of India
1715:. 11 January 2024.
1693:on 6 February 2007
1634:has generic name (
1242:, Ruled a part of
1163:
1119:
1069:
958:Military conquests
861:king Punyakumara,
758:who ruled ancient
744:Karikala the Great
137:Kings and Emperors
2043:. New Delhi: OUP.
1862:978-81-224-1198-0
1835:978-9-38060-734-4
1429:Epigraphia Indica
1295:Karikala Bhaktulu
1194:Sangam literature
1073:Vankanasika Tissa
1002:, 25km away from
975:Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai
973:According to the
908:Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai
817:Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai
804:Sangam literature
729:
728:
656:Solesvara Temples
616:Ganges Expedition
601:
600:
589:Rajahnate of Cebu
557:Related dynasties
541:
540:
444:
443:
249:
248:
129:
128:
16:(Redirected from
2105:
2084:
2075:
2063:
2044:
2035:
2023:
2014:
1995:
1976:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1686:. Archived from
1685:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1455:
1449:
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1437:
1436:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1230:Kakatiya dynasty
1179:Nilakanta Sastri
1168:
1143:Kumbhabhishekham
881:
874:
867:
788:Rajendra Chola I
774:and conquest of
741:
721:
714:
707:
641:Chola literature
621:Chola government
561:
560:
459:
458:
282:
281:
267:
263:
260:
164:
161:
150:
149:
131:
130:
59:
32:
31:
21:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2088:
2087:
2060:
2011:
1992:
1962:
1960:Further reading
1957:
1944:
1940:
1929:
1925:
1912:
1908:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1647:
1643:
1631:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1425:
1421:
1410:
1406:
1401:. pp. 7–8.
1395:
1391:
1380:
1376:
1365:
1358:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1307:
1289:
1224:Imperial Cholas
1213:
1175:
1173:Dating Karikala
1166:
1155:
1137:in present day
1111:
1061:
1036:
1016:battle of Venni
1012:
979:Battle of Venni
971:
969:Battle of Venni
965:
963:Battle of Venni
960:
920:Tiruchirappalli
892:
800:
740:Karikāla Chōḻaṉ
725:
696:
695:
611:
603:
602:
558:
543:
542:
456:
446:
445:
316:Rajaditya Chola
279:
277:Medieval Cholas
265:
261:
251:
250:
162:
147:
114:
110:
62:
44:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2111:
2101:
2100:
2086:
2085:
2076:
2064:
2058:
2045:
2036:
2024:
2015:
2009:
1996:
1990:
1977:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1938:
1923:
1906:
1882:. p. 119.
1868:
1861:
1841:
1834:
1816:
1807:
1804:. p. 119.
1789:
1764:
1739:
1718:
1704:
1668:
1661:
1641:
1604:
1593:
1582:
1575:
1556:
1541:
1528:
1522:978-8185163871
1521:
1503:
1491:
1482:
1470:
1450:
1438:
1419:
1404:
1389:
1374:
1356:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1273:Nellore Chodas
1270:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1247:
1240:Nidugal Cholas
1237:
1227:
1212:
1209:
1198:Silappadikaram
1190:Silappadikaram
1174:
1171:
1154:
1151:
1110:
1107:
1060:
1057:
1035:
1032:
1011:
1008:
981:in which both
967:Main article:
964:
961:
959:
956:
891:
888:
841:Andhra Pradesh
799:
796:
764:Southern India
727:
726:
724:
723:
716:
709:
701:
698:
697:
694:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
626:Chola military
623:
618:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
599:
598:
592:
591:
585:
584:
581:Nidugal Cholas
577:
576:
569:
568:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
545:
544:
539:
538:
535:
529:
528:
525:
519:
518:
515:
513:Kulothunga III
509:
508:
505:
503:Rajadhiraja II
499:
498:
495:
489:
488:
485:
479:
478:
475:
469:
468:
465:
457:
452:
451:
448:
447:
442:
441:
438:
432:
431:
428:
422:
421:
418:
412:
411:
408:
402:
401:
398:
392:
391:
388:
382:
381:
378:
372:
371:
368:
362:
361:
358:
352:
351:
348:
342:
341:
338:
332:
331:
328:
322:
321:
318:
312:
311:
308:
302:
301:
298:
292:
291:
288:
280:
275:
274:
271:
270:
253:
252:
247:
246:
244:
238:
237:
235:
229:
228:
226:
224:Kopperuncholan
220:
219:
217:
211:
210:
208:
202:
201:
199:
193:
192:
190:
184:
183:
181:
179:Ilamchetchenni
175:
174:
172:
166:
165:
163: 161 BCE
156:
148:
143:
142:
139:
138:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
105:
99:
98:
92:
88:
87:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
43:Thirumāvaḷavan
41:Peruvaḷatthaān
37:
36:
26:
18:Karikala Chola
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2110:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2059:81-208-0018-4
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2010:81-208-0436-8
2006:
2002:
2001:Ancient India
1997:
1993:
1991:0-415-32920-5
1987:
1984:. Routledge.
1983:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1728:
1722:
1714:
1708:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1672:
1664:
1662:81-7764-548-X
1658:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1586:
1578:
1576:9789555801102
1572:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1532:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1498:
1496:
1486:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1250:Renati Chodas
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1236:1163–1323 CE.
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1177:According to
1170:
1159:
1150:
1148:
1147:Perur Puranam
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1028:
1027:Pattinappalai
1023:
1022:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1001:
1000:Needamangalam
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
970:
954:
949:
947:
946:Paṭṭiṉappālai
940:
938:
934:
930:
925:
921:
917:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
887:
883:
882:
876:
875:
869:
868:
862:
860:
856:
855:
852:
848:
842:
838:
833:
831:
830:
825:
824:
819:
818:
813:
812:
811:Paṭṭiṉappālai
807:
805:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:Chola dynasty
753:
749:
745:
737:
733:
722:
717:
715:
710:
708:
703:
702:
700:
699:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
646:Flag of Chola
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
610:Chola society
607:
606:
597:
594:
593:
590:
587:
586:
582:
579:
578:
574:
571:
570:
566:
565:Telugu Chodas
563:
562:
554:
553:
550:
547:
546:
536:
534:
531:
530:
526:
524:
521:
520:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
494:
491:
490:
486:
484:
483:Kulothunga II
481:
480:
476:
474:
471:
470:
466:
464:
461:
460:
455:
450:
449:
439:
437:
434:
433:
429:
427:
424:
423:
419:
417:
414:
413:
409:
407:
404:
403:
399:
397:
394:
393:
389:
387:
384:
383:
379:
377:
374:
373:
369:
367:
364:
363:
359:
357:
354:
353:
349:
347:
344:
343:
339:
337:
334:
333:
329:
327:
324:
323:
319:
317:
314:
313:
309:
307:
304:
303:
299:
297:
294:
293:
289:
287:
284:
283:
278:
273:
272:
269:
266: 848 CE
257:Interregnum (
255:
254:
245:
243:
240:
239:
236:
234:
233:Kochchenganan
231:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
191:
189:
186:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
157:
155:
152:
151:
146:
141:
140:
136:
133:
132:
125:
122:
118:
113:
109:
106:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
58:
53:
50:
48:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2080:
2071:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2019:
2000:
1981:
1970:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1916:
1909:
1878:
1871:
1851:
1844:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1782:14 September
1780:. Retrieved
1776:
1767:
1757:14 September
1755:. Retrieved
1751:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1721:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1688:the original
1678:
1671:
1651:
1644:
1632:|first=
1614:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1585:
1565:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1531:
1512:
1506:
1485:
1462:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1413:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1368:
1343:
1291:Kapu (caste)
1288:
1214:
1206:
1183:
1176:
1164:
1146:
1120:
1099:Grand Anicut
1096:
1091:
1084:Telugu Chola
1077:
1070:
1059:Grand Anicut
1040:Telugu Chola
1037:
1026:
1019:
1013:
974:
972:
951:
945:
942:
931:(modern day
914:The king of
913:
907:
903:
899:
896:Ilamcetcenni
893:
884:
878:
877:
871:
870:
864:
863:
859:Renadu Chola
845:
834:
827:
821:
815:
809:
808:
801:
772:river Kaveri
752:Early Cholas
750:king of the
743:
731:
730:
671:Melakadambur
583:of Karnataka
548:
533:Rajendra III
523:Rajaraja III
463:Kulothunga I
454:Later Cholas
436:Athirajendra
426:Virarajendra
416:Rajamahendra
326:Gandaraditya
256:
242:Perunarkilli
215:Killivalavan
187:
145:Early Cholas
124:Ilamcetcenni
71:Ilamcetcenni
45:Parakesari (
40:
29:
2098:Chola kings
1897:|note=
1732:14 December
1283:Rajahmundry
1254:Rayalaseema
1252:, ruled of
1211:Descendents
573:Chodagangas
493:Rajaraja II
406:Rajendra II
396:Rajadhiraja
306:Parantaka I
170:Kulakkottan
67:Predecessor
1539:, p112-113
1446:Purananuru
1327:References
1299:Sengunthar
1139:Coimbatore
1123:Tamil land
1044:Tondainadu
1014:After the
996:Kovilvenni
937:Tamil Nadu
890:Early life
847:Chola clan
837:Tamil Nadu
829:Purananuru
631:Chola Navy
575:of Kalinga
386:Rajendra I
376:Rajaraja I
286:Vijayalaya
264: – c.
262: 200
206:Nalankilli
197:Nedunkilli
115:Māvalattān
112:Nedunkilli
108:Nalankilli
85:Nalankilli
81:Nedunkilli
2032:The CōĻas
2030:(1984) .
1899:ignored (
1888:cite book
1777:The Hindu
1624:cite book
1351:help page
1244:Karnataka
1234:Telangana
1184:However,
1052:Kalahasti
1021:Agananuru
1004:Thanjavur
823:Akanaṉūṟu
784:Sri Lanka
776:Tamilakam
760:Tamilakam
686:Tiruvarur
681:Thanjavur
661:Poompuhar
567:of Andhra
537:1246–1279
527:1216–1256
517:1178–1218
507:1166–1178
497:1146–1173
487:1133–1150
477:1118–1135
467:1070–1120
440:1067–1070
430:1063–1070
420:1060–1063
410:1051–1063
400:1018–1054
390:1012–1044
158:205 BCE–
77:Successor
2092:Category
2070:(1929).
1305:See also
1267:Pakanadu
851:Kashyapa
746:, was a
732:Karikala
380:985–1014
336:Arinjaya
296:Aditya I
290:848–871?
188:Karikala
47:Sanskrit
35:Karikala
1217:Uraiyur
1129:at the
983:Pandyan
929:Karuvur
916:Uraiyur
798:Sources
768:Uraiyur
766:) from
754:of the
666:Uraiyur
549:Related
473:Vikrama
370:971–987
360:966–971
350:950–980
340:955–956
330:949–962
320:935–949
310:907–955
300:871–907
154:Ellalan
2056:
2007:
1988:
1859:
1832:
1697:27 May
1659:
1573:
1519:
1135:Noyyal
1088:Erigal
1080:Kaveri
1048:Kanchi
987:Cheran
780:Andhra
366:Uttama
120:Father
1691:(PDF)
1684:(PDF)
1448:– 266
1202:Puhar
1127:Shiva
1103:Chola
989:king
933:Karur
924:Velir
904:kalan
854:gotra
748:Tamil
736:Tamil
135:Chola
103:Issue
95:Velir
91:Queen
2054:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1901:help
1857:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1784:2016
1759:2016
1734:2016
1699:2007
1657:ISBN
1636:help
1571:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1097:The
985:and
902:and
900:kari
839:and
826:and
782:and
83:and
935:in
2094::
1969:.
1892::
1890:}}
1886:{{
1800:.
1775:.
1750:.
1628::
1626:}}
1622:{{
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1334:^
1006:.
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738::
259:c.
160:c.
2074:.
2062:.
2013:.
1994:.
1975:.
1903:)
1865:.
1838:.
1786:.
1761:.
1736:.
1701:.
1681:"
1677:"
1665:.
1638:)
1579:.
1525:.
1467:.
1269:.
1167:₹
918:(
734:(
720:e
713:t
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268:)
49:)
20:)
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