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448:. These donor-recipient relationships arise due to the fact that type O-negative blood possesses neither antigens of blood group A nor of blood group B. Therefore, the immune systems of persons with blood group A, B or AB do not refuse the donation. Further, because persons with blood group AB do not form antibodies against either the antigens of blood group A or B, they can accept red blood cells from persons with these blood groups, as well as from persons with blood group O-negative.
378:, where he published 75 papers, dealing with issues in serology, bacteriology, virology and pathological anatomy. In addition he did some 3,600 autopsies in those ten years. Weichselbaum was Landsteiner's tutor for his postdoctoral lecture qualification in 1903. From 1908 to 1920 Landsteiner was prosector at the Wilhelminenspital in Vienna and in 1911 he was sworn in as an associate professor of pathological anatomy. During that time he discovered – in co-operation with
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495:, who was familiar with Landsteiner's work, to work for the Rockefeller Institute. He arrived there with his family in the spring of 1923. Throughout the 1920s Landsteiner worked on the problems of immunity and allergy. In 1927 he discovered new blood groups: M, N and P, refining the work he had begun 20 years before. Shortly thereafter, Landsteiner and his collaborator,
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36:
414:. Landsteiner also found out that blood transfusion between persons with the same blood group did not lead to the destruction of blood cells, whereas this occurred between persons of different blood groups. Based on his findings, the first successful blood transfusion was performed by
373:
at the
Hygienic Institute. In his studies he concentrated on the mechanism of immunity and the nature of antibodies. From November 1897 to 1908 Landsteiner was an assistant at the pathological-anatomical institute of the University of Vienna under
471:
as a whole was in a desolate economic state, a situation in which
Landsteiner did not see any possibilities to carry on with his research work. He decided to move to the Netherlands and accepted a post as prosector in the small Catholic
989:
322:, died at age 56, when Karl was 6. The boy became very close to his mother Fanny (née Hess; 1837–1908). After graduating with the Matura exam from a Vienna secondary school, he took up the study of medicine at the
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488:). He also published a number of papers, five of them being published in Dutch by the Royal Academy of Sciences. Yet working conditions proved to be not much better than in post-war Vienna.
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donations of the other blood groups, and that persons with blood group O-negative can donate red blood cells to all other groups. Individuals with blood group AB are referred to as
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and isolated the polio virus. In recognition of this groundbreaking discovery, which proved to be the basis for the fight against polio, he was posthumously inducted into the
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326:. Landsteiner wrote his doctoral thesis in 1891. While still a student he published an essay on the influence of diets on the composition of blood.
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251:. He emigrated with his family to New York in 1923 at the age of 55 for professional opportunities, working for the Rockefeller Institute.
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is celebrated on
Landsteiner's birthday anniversary. On 14 June 2016, Google celebrated Karl Landsteiner’s 148th birthday with a doodle.
875:
Landsteiner, Karl (1900). "Zur
Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe".
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He was born into a Jewish family. His father
Leopold Landsteiner (1818–1875), a renowned Viennese journalist and editor-in-chief of
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1083:"... meldet den Austritt aus dem mosaischen Glauben". 18000 Austritte aus dem Judentum in Wien, 1868–1914: Namen – Quellen – Daten
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In 1937, Landsteiner unsuccessfully initiated legal action against an
American publisher who had included him in the book
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in 1900, having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups from his identification of the presence of
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in recognition of these achievements. For his pioneering work, he is recognized as the father of transfusion medicine.
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570:. Landsteiner said that "it will be detrimental to me to emphasize publicly the religion of my ancestors."
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Today, whole blood transfusions are rare. It is now well known that persons with blood group AB can accept
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353:. He had a number of publications from that period, some of them in co-operation with his professors.
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and, in order to improve his financial situation also took a job in a small factory, producing old
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It's in the Blood! A Documentary
History of Linus Pauling, Hemoglobin, and Sickle Cell Anemia
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So
Landsteiner accepted the invitation that reached him from New York, initiated by
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406:, and in 1901 he found that this effect was due to contact of blood with
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In 1900 Landsteiner found out that the blood of two people under contact
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35:
877:
Centralblatt für
Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten
811:(3rd ed.). Berlin: Blackwell Ueberreuter Wissenschaft. p. 24.
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Karl
Landsteiner: Entdecker der Blutgruppen und Pionier der Immunologie
481:
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in 1946, and has been described as the father of transfusion medicine.
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the three blood groups A, B and O, which he labelled C, of human blood
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Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
858:
Zeitschrift für Immunitätsforschung und experimentelle Therapie
768:"Karl Landsteiner: Father of Blood Grouping and Immunochemistry"
741:
Shurin, Michael R.; Shurin, Galina V.; Shurin, Ken M. (2022).
3036:
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
1108:
The Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives
606:"Karl Landsteiner and his major contributions to haematology"
525:
Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh
144:
Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh
108:
945:
825:
3041:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
243:; 14 June 1868 – 26 June 1943) was an Austrian-American
563:
woman who converted to her husband's Catholic faith.
459:
Research work in the Netherlands and the United States
357:
Research work in Vienna; discovery of the polio virus
429:
Karl Landsteiner depicted on a medal awarded by the
369:
After returning to Vienna he became an assistant to
329:
From 1891 to 1893, Landsteiner studied chemistry in
1122:"Dr. Landsteiner Sues to Escape Being Labelled Jew"
1016:"14 June: Remembering Karl Landsteiner on Birthday"
444:and those with blood group O-negative are known as
740:
559:. In 1916, he married Leopoldine Helene Wlasto, a
531:in 1941. In 1946, he was posthumously awarded the
1104:"Concise Dictionary of American Jewish Biography"
843:
2947:
1186:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
709:Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1922–1941
658:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
656:Rous, P. (1947). "Karl Landsteiner. 1868–1943".
850:"Übertragung der Poliomyelitis acuta auf Affen"
604:Dorner, Friedrich; Schwarz, Hans Peter (2003).
397:
2763:
1153:including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1930
711:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company. 1965
533:Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
529:Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)
150:Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
3061:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2749:
1206:
1168:A Biographical Memoir by Michael Heidelberger
951:
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806:
603:
274:without endangering the patient's life. With
119:Research of blood group system, discovery of
807:Speiser, Paul; Smekal, Ferdinand G. (1990).
315:
3051:Expatriates from Austria-Hungary in Germany
874:
410:. As a result, he succeeded in identifying
301:
3011:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
2756:
2742:
1213:
1199:
1148:
895:"Homage to scientist on Blood Donor's Day"
730:"Karl Landsteiner", Jewish Virtual Library
198:Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
34:
2966:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
783:
621:
1155:On Individual Differences in Human Blood
424:
360:
305:
3056:Austrian expatriates in the Netherlands
2981:Austrian emigrants to the United States
1172:1946 Lasker award for clinical medicine
772:Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae
699:
697:
695:
394:, which was dedicated in January 1958.
3026:People educated at Gymnasium Wasagasse
2948:
765:
743:Basic and Clinical Immunology by Names
2737:
1226:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1194:
925:[Who was Karl Landsteiner?].
651:
649:
513:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
506:
453:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
292:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
238:
138:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
3046:Foreign members of the Royal Society
2976:Nobel laureates from Austria-Hungary
1013:
692:
655:
451:In 1930 Landsteiner was awarded the
555:in 1890, and was baptised into the
13:
1177:Key Participants: Karl Landsteiner
646:
294:. He was posthumously awarded the
290:in 1926. In 1930, he received the
14:
3077:
3066:Pathologists from Austria-Hungary
1138:
1062:Karl Landsteiner's 148th birthday
1014:Desk, OV Digital (13 June 2023).
515:, Landsteiner was elected to the
16:Austrian immunologist (1868–1943)
623:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04295.x
542:
476:hospital (now HMC Westeinde) in
216:
1114:
1096:
1075:
1053:
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957:
915:
887:
868:
745:. Springer Nature. p. 83.
3021:Scientists from Baden bei Wien
837:
800:
759:
734:
723:
610:British Journal of Haematology
597:
580:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
521:American Philosophical Society
382:– the infectious character of
270:, thus enabling physicians to
254:He had distinguished the main
1:
590:
517:National Academy of Sciences
398:Research of the blood groups
262:in the blood. In 1937, with
7:
2318:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
1081:Staudacher, Anna L. (2009)
923:"Wie was Karl Landsteiner?"
573:
568:Who's Who in American Jewry
547:Landsteiner converted from
511:In addition to winning the
10:
3082:
1166:Karl Landsteiner 1868—1943
929:(in Dutch). Archived from
527:in 1937. He was elected a
240:[kaʁlˈlantˌʃtaɪnɐ]
2873:
2854:
2835:
2816:
2792:
2773:
2391:
2056:
1717:
1515:Charles Scott Sherrington
1491:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1453:
1232:
1127:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1085:. Peter Lang, Frankfurt,
952:Speiser & Smekal 1990
832:Speiser & Smekal 1990
785:10.1017/s112096230001249x
523:in 1935, and awarded the
286:in 1909. He received the
215:
210:
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187:
170:
163:
130:
115:
100:
93:United States (from 1929)
83:
67:
42:
33:
23:
3016:Austrian Roman Catholics
2971:Austrian Nobel laureates
2505:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
519:in 1932, elected to the
302:Early life and education
469:new republic of Austria
3006:Austrian immunologists
3001:Jewish Nobel laureates
2879:Nobel Prize recipients
2856:Physiology or Medicine
1286:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
766:Wiener, A. S. (1968).
670:10.1098/rsbm.1947.0002
486:tuberculinum pristinum
433:
366:
365:Landsteiner in the lab
351:Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch
316:
311:
310:Landsteiner as a child
2991:Austrian pathologists
1787:Dickinson W. Richards
1471:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
927:Landsteiner Instituut
852:[Transmission of
537:World Blood Donor Day
431:Netherlands Red Cross
428:
422:in New York in 1907.
392:Warm Springs, Georgia
364:
309:
2210:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1571:Albert Szent-Györgyi
994:search.amphilsoc.org
990:"APS Member History"
442:universal recipients
420:Mount Sinai Hospital
335:Hermann Emil Fischer
324:University of Vienna
282:, he discovered the
266:, he identified the
194:University of Vienna
105:University of Vienna
2602:William C. Campbell
2513:Elizabeth Blackburn
2350:Robert F. Furchgott
2342:Stanley B. Prusiner
2334:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
2234:George H. Hitchings
2198:Joseph L. Goldstein
2158:Bengt I. Samuelsson
1987:Earl Sutherland Jr.
933:on 16 December 2018
854:Poliomyelitis acuta
276:Constantin Levaditi
264:Alexander S. Wiener
2662:William Kaelin Jr.
2658:Peter J. Ratcliffe
2401:Leland H. Hartwell
2290:Richard J. Roberts
2170:Barbara McClintock
2114:Godfrey Hounsfield
2015:Nikolaas Tinbergen
1947:Marshall Nirenberg
1915:Charles B. Huggins
1704:Tadeusz Reichstein
1692:António Egas Moniz
1487:Christiaan Eijkman
1147:on Nobelprize.org
1045:has generic name (
965:"Karl Landsteiner"
705:"Karl Landsteiner"
507:Awards and honours
474:St. Joannes de Deo
434:
388:Polio Hall of Fame
376:Anton Weichselbaum
367:
312:
2996:Jewish physicians
2943:
2942:
2731:
2730:
2696:Ardem Patapoutian
2545:Ralph M. Steinman
2541:Jules A. Hoffmann
2529:Robert G. Edwards
2497:Harald zur Hausen
2421:H. Robert Horvitz
2322:Eric F. Wieschaus
2258:E. Donnall Thomas
2242:J. Michael Bishop
2230:Gertrude B. Elion
2102:Hamilton O. Smith
2027:Christian de Duve
1763:Frederick Robbins
1640:Alexander Fleming
1579:Corneille Heymans
1425:Frederick Banting
1330:Allvar Gullstrand
1091:978-3-631-55832-4
969:www.nasonline.org
856:to monkeys].
844:Landsteiner, K.;
818:978-3-89412-084-9
752:978-3-031-14528-5
467:, Vienna and the
247:, physician, and
224:
223:
165:Scientific career
78:New York City, US
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2864:Karl Landsteiner
2826:Nathan Söderblom
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2677:Michael Houghton
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2654:Gregg L. Semenza
2648:
2642:James P. Allison
2636:
2634:Michael W. Young
2620:
2618:Yoshinori Ohsumi
2612:
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2578:Thomas C. Südhof
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2517:Carol W. Greider
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2330:Peter C. Doherty
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2302:Alfred G. Gilman
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2246:Harold E. Varmus
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2017:
2001:
1989:
1981:
1965:
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1939:Robert W. Holley
1933:
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1843:Georg von Békésy
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1811:Joshua Lederberg
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1783:Werner Forssmann
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1672:Bernardo Houssay
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1499:Karl Landsteiner
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1463:Johannes Fibiger
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1437:Willem Einthoven
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1302:Élie Metchnikoff
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1294:Alphonse Laveran
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446:universal donors
416:Reuben Ottenberg
321:
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227:Karl Landsteiner
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38:
25:Karl Landsteiner
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2809:(United States)
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2732:
2727:
2712:
2701:
2686:
2681:Charles M. Rice
2673:Harvey J. Alter
2667:
2651:
2639:
2630:Michael Rosbash
2626:Jeffrey C. Hall
2623:
2615:
2599:
2590:May-Britt Moser
2583:
2567:
2562:Shinya Yamanaka
2555:
2534:
2526:
2521:Jack W. Szostak
2510:
2494:
2489:Oliver Smithies
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2454:
2442:
2437:Peter Mansfield
2430:
2425:John E. Sulston
2414:
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2339:
2327:
2314:Edward B. Lewis
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2239:
2223:
2218:Susumu Tonegawa
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2078:Roger Guillemin
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2070:Daniel Gajdusek
2066:Baruch Blumberg
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1162:. Pathology SNT
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1130:. 6 April 1937.
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664:(15): 294–324.
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501:paternity suits
461:
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359:
343:Eugen Bamberger
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272:transfuse blood
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2226:James W. Black
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2201:
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2186:César Milstein
2182:Georges Köhler
2173:
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2149:
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2142:David H. Hubel
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2002:
1995:Gerald Edelman
1990:
1982:
1979:Julius Axelrod
1966:
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1959:Alfred Hershey
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1139:External links
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1020:Observer Voice
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903:. 15 June 2006
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778:(4): 641–646.
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616:(4): 556–565.
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561:Greek Orthodox
544:
541:
535:. Since 2005,
508:
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438:red blood cell
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75:(aged 75)
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2028:
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2019:
2016:
2012:
2011:Konrad Lorenz
2008:
2003:
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1999:Rodney Porter
1996:
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1975:Ulf von Euler
1972:
1967:
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1932:
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1923:Ragnar Granit
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1903:Jacques Monod
1900:
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1875:Andrew Huxley
1872:
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1851:Francis Crick
1847:
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1835:Peter Medawar
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966:
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954:, p. 63.
953:
948:
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882:
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863:
860:(in German).
859:
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834:, p. 33.
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543:Personal life
540:
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498:
497:Philip Levine
494:
493:Simon Flexner
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384:poliomyelitis
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288:Aronson Prize
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268:Rhesus factor
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45:
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37:
32:
22:
19:
2909:
2863:
2783:Hans Fischer
2707:Svante Pääbo
2692:David Julius
2646:Tasuku Honjo
2594:Edvard Moser
2586:John O'Keefe
2549:posthumously
2548:
2485:Martin Evans
2461:Robin Warren
2445:Richard Axel
2392:2001–present
2270:Bert Sakmann
2138:Roger Sperry
2130:George Snell
2126:Jean Dausset
2094:Werner Arber
2047:Howard Temin
1971:Bernard Katz
1955:Max Delbrück
1911:Francis Rous
1887:Feodor Lynen
1883:Konrad Bloch
1871:Alan Hodgkin
1855:James Watson
1831:Frank Burnet
1819:Severo Ochoa
1807:Edward Tatum
1795:Daniel Bovet
1708:Philip Hench
1620:Edward Doisy
1551:Hans Spemann
1539:George Minot
1519:Edgar Adrian
1507:Otto Warburg
1498:
1429:John Macleod
1398:August Krogh
1390:Jules Bordet
1306:Paul Ehrlich
1258:Niels Finsen
1242:Emil Behring
1180:
1154:
1125:
1116:
1098:
1082:
1077:
1066:, retrieved
1061:
1055:
1023:. Retrieved
1019:
1009:
997:. Retrieved
993:
984:
972:. Retrieved
968:
959:
947:
935:. Retrieved
931:the original
926:
917:
905:. Retrieved
898:
889:
880:
876:
870:
861:
857:
853:
839:
827:
808:
802:
775:
771:
761:
742:
736:
725:
713:. Retrieved
708:
661:
657:
613:
609:
599:
567:
565:
553:Christianity
546:
510:
490:
485:
473:
462:
450:
445:
441:
435:
404:agglutinates
401:
380:Erwin Popper
368:
328:
313:
296:Lasker Award
280:Erwin Popper
256:blood groups
253:
249:immunologist
226:
225:
188:Institutions
164:
73:(1943-06-26)
71:26 June 1943
53:14 June 1868
18:
2961:1943 deaths
2956:1868 births
2845:C. V. Raman
2766:Nobel Prize
2558:John Gurdon
2473:Craig Mello
2469:Andrew Fire
2382:Eric Kandel
2358:Ferid Murad
2266:Erwin Neher
2178:Niels Jerne
1943:Har Khorana
1931:George Wald
1899:André Lwoff
1867:John Eccles
1755:John Enders
1727:Max Theiler
1688:Walter Hess
1680:Paul Müller
1644:Ernst Chain
1314:Emil Kocher
1274:Robert Koch
1266:Ivan Pavlov
1250:Ronald Ross
1043:|last=
937:13 December
900:The Tribune
465:World War I
408:blood serum
284:polio virus
260:agglutinins
84:Citizenship
2950:Categories
2794:Literature
2409:Paul Nurse
1743:Hans Krebs
1668:Gerty Cori
1616:Henrik Dam
1563:Otto Loewi
1559:Henry Dale
907:14 January
883:: 357–362.
864:: 377–390.
846:Popper, E.
591:References
585:Jan Janský
482:tuberculin
318:Die Presse
154:posthumous
125:poliovirus
49:1868-06-14
2866:(Austria)
2785:(Germany)
2775:Chemistry
2768:laureates
2610:Tu Youyou
2162:John Vane
2057:1976–2000
1718:1951–1975
1664:Carl Cori
1454:1926–1950
1233:1901–1925
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