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1117:(Amenhotep IV) constructed on the site was located east of the main complex, outside the walls of the Amun-Re precinct. It was destroyed immediately after the death of its builder, who had attempted to overcome the powerful priesthood who had gained control over Egypt before his reign. It was so thoroughly demolished that its full extent and layout is unknown. The priesthood of that temple regained their powerful position as soon as Akhenaten died, and were instrumental in destroying many records of his existence.
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527:. This would be a time-consuming process and also would require great balance to get to such heights. A common alternative theory regarding how they were moved is that large ramps were constructed of sand, mud, brick or stone and that the stones were then towed up the ramps. If stone had been used for the ramps, they would have been able to use much less material. The top of the ramps presumably would have employed either wooden tracks or cobblestones for towing the megaliths.
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it to reach a size, complexity, and diversity not seen elsewhere. Few of the individual features of Karnak are unique, but the size and number of features are vast. The deities represented range from some of the earliest worshipped to those worshipped much later in the history of the
Ancient Egyptian culture. Although destroyed, it also contained an early temple built by Amenhotep IV (
493:), the pharaoh who later would celebrate a nearly monotheistic religion he established that prompted him to move his court and religious center away from Thebes. It also contains evidence of adaptations, where the buildings of the ancient Egyptians were used by later cultures for their own religious purposes, such as Coptic churches.
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The key difference between Karnak and most of the other temples and sites in Egypt is the length of time over which it was developed and used. Construction of temples started in the Middle
Kingdom and continued into Ptolemaic times. Approximately thirty pharaohs contributed to the buildings, enabling
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In 2006, Bryan presented her findings of a festival that included apparent intentional overindulgence in alcohol. Participation in the festival included the priestesses and the population. Historical records of tens of thousands attending the festival exist. These findings were made in the temple of
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The Great
Hypostyle Hall in the Precinct of Amun-Re has an area of 50,000 sq ft (5,000 m) with 134 massive columns arranged in 16 rows. One hundred and twenty-two of these columns are 10 metres (33 ft) tall, and the other 12 are 21 metres (69 ft) tall with a diameter of over
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of Upper Egypt, created her from a fiery eye gained from his mother, to destroy mortals who conspired against him (Lower Egypt). In the myth, Sekhmet's blood-lust was not quelled at the end of the battle and led to her destroying almost all of humanity, so Ra had tricked her by turning the Nile as
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There is an unfinished pillar in an out-of-the-way location that indicates how it would have been finished. Final carving was executed after the drums were put in place so that it was not damaged while being placed. Several experiments moving megaliths with ancient technology were made at other
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shrine and originally may have stood between her two obelisks. She later ordered the construction of two more obelisks to celebrate her sixteenth year as pharaoh; one of the obelisks broke during construction, and thus, a third was constructed to replace it. The broken obelisk was left at its
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and its changing role in the culture. Religious centers varied by region, and when a new capital of the unified culture was established, the religious centers in that area gained prominence. The city of Thebes does not appear to have been of great significance before the
876:). It is rather inaccurate, and can be quite confusing to modern eyes. Lucas travelled in Egypt during 1699–1703. The drawing shows a mixture of the Precinct of Amun-Re and the Precinct of Montu, based on a complex confined by the three huge Ptolemaic gateways of
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describes the complex in rather great detail in his work of 1785; especially in light of the fact that it is a fictional account of a pretend journey to Upper Egypt, composed out of information from other travellers. Savary did visit
588:. Early building was destroyed by invaders. The earliest known artifact found in the area of the temple is a small, eight-sided column from the Eleventh Dynasty, which mentions Amun-Re. Amun (sometimes called Amen) was long the local
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temples throughout the Roman empire, into which Egypt had been annexed in 30 BC. Karnak was by this time mostly abandoned, and
Christian churches were founded among the ruins, the most famous example of this is the reuse of the
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799:, had been circulating in Europe since the late 14th century, all of them showing Thebes' (Diospolis) location. Despite this, several European authors of the 15th and 16th centuries who visited only
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485:, although another pharaoh built around it in order to change the focus or orientation of the sacred area. Many portions of it may have been carried away for use in other buildings.
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red as blood (the Nile turns red every year when filled with silt during inundation) so that
Sekhmet would drink it. The trick, however, was that the red liquid was not blood, but
702:. The last major change to the Precinct of Amun-Re's layout was the addition of the First Pylon and the massive enclosure walls that surround the precinct, both constructed by
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near Cairo receives more visits. It consists of four main parts, of which only the largest is currently open to the public. The term Karnak often is understood as being the
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481:. The Precinct of Mut is very ancient, being dedicated to an Earth and creation deity, but not yet restored. The original temple was destroyed and partially restored by
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along with the rest of the city. Karnak gets its name from the nearby, and partly surrounded, modern village of El-Karnak, 2.5 kilometres (1.6 miles) north of Luxor.
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1021:, who became identified as the wife of Amun-Re in the Eighteenth Dynasty Theban Triad. It has several smaller temples associated with it and has its own
445:, meaning "The Most Select of Places". The complex's modern name "Karnak" comes from the nearby village of el-Karnak, which means "fortified village".
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100 miles (161 km) south on the Nile river. It also has one of the largest obelisks, weighing 328 tons and standing 29 metres (95 ft) tall.
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and previous temple building there would have been relatively small, with shrines being dedicated to the early deities of Thebes, the Earth goddess
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missionary brothers, Protais and
Charles François d'Orléans, travelled though the area. Protais' writing about their travel was published by
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mixed with pomegranate juice so that it resembled blood, making her so drunk that she gave up slaughter and became an aspect of the gentle
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Obelisks of
Hatshepsut: a tall obelisk stands above a field of rubble and bricks; in the foreground lies the top of another obelisk. (1906)
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607:, when Thebes became the capital of the unified Ancient Egypt. Almost every pharaoh of that dynasty added something to the temple site.
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1514:"Ancient Egypt Brought To Life With Virtual Model Of Historic Temple Complex", Science Daily, 30 April 2009, retrieved 12 June 2009
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erected an enclosure wall connecting the Fourth and Fifth pylons, which comprise the earliest part of the temple still standing
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which is 10.5 metres (34 ft) tall. The sandstone for this temple, including all of the columns, was transported from
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of Thebes. He was identified with the ram and the goose. The
Egyptian meaning of Amun is "hidden" or the "hidden god".
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launched a website dedicated to virtual reality digital reconstructions of the Karnak complex and other resources.
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The first
European description of the Karnak temple complex was by unknown Venetian in 1589 and is housed in the
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Die
Toponyme Vorarabischen Ursprungs im Modernen Ägypten: Ein Katalog (Göttinger Miszellen Beihefte Nr. 8)
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Luxor dromos, an avenue of human-headed sphinxes which once connected the temples of Karnak and Luxor.
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www.karnak3d.net :: "Web-book" The 3D reconstruction of the Great Temple of Amun in Karnak. Marc
1566:"The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World", edited by Chris Scarre (1999) Thames & Hudson, London
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Temple excavations at Luxor discovered a "porch of drunkenness" built onto the temple by the pharaoh
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Stewert, Desmond and editors of the Newsweek Book Division "The Pyramids and Sphinx" 1971 pp. 60–62
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also may have begun during the Eighteenth Dynasty (although most new building was undertaken under
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Karnak ("Carnac") as a village name, and name of the complex, is first attested in 1668, when two
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1073:. The complex interweaving of deities occurred over the thousands of years of the culture.
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Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile (1993) pp. 53–54
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927:(1792–93), and finally by a number of scientists of the Napoleon expedition, including
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Open papyrus umbel capitals and architrave on the central columns of the Hypostyle Hall
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Located to the south of the newer Amun-Re complex, this precinct was dedicated to the
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Gate at Karnak. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection (before 1923)
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only, because this is the only part most visitors see. The three other parts, the
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Lehner, Mark The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson (1997) pp.202–225
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This is the largest of the precincts of the temple complex, and is dedicated to
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The sun god's shrine was built so that it has light focused upon it during the
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Photograph of the temple complex taken in 1914, Cornell University Library
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Major construction work in the Precinct of Amun-Re took place during the
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Karnak, Egypt; Great Statues., n.d., Goodyear. Brooklyn Museum Archives
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Hypostyle hall of the Precinct of Amun-Re, as it appeared in 1838 in
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This portion of the site is dedicated to the son of Mut and Amun-Re,
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one must travel to reach it. Maps of Egypt, based on the 2nd century
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411:("The Most Selected of Places") and the main place of worship of the
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Thebes' exact placement was unknown in medieval Europe, though both
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Ancient Greek and Roman writers wrote about a range of monuments in
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Temple of Amun, numerous photos & schemes (comments in russian)
1348:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
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and his travel companion Pierre Laurent Pincia (1718 and 1720–21),
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CFEETK – Centre Franco-Égyptien d'Étude des Temples de Karnak (en)
403:(305–30 BCE), although most of the extant buildings date from the
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rose to greater prominence, Mut absorbed the warrior goddesses,
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This article is about the temple complex. For the commune, see
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Karnak, Egypt; Gate and Pylon., n.d., Brooklyn Museum Archives
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These architraves may have been lifted to these heights using
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Hieroglyphs from the great obelisk of Karnak, transcribed by
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Another of her projects at the site, Karnak's Red Chapel or
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The history of the Karnak complex is largely the history of
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Walker, Charles, 1980 "Wonders of the Ancient World" pp24–7
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Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century BC
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1440:(in German). Göttingen: Universität Göttingen. p. 56
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Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition
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765:'s central hall, where painted decorations of saints and
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had monuments constructed and also restored the original
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384:. Construction at the complex began during the reign of
1486:"Everything You Need to Know About the Winter Solstice"
834:, although his account gives no name for the complex.
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The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia
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give the exact location of Thebes and how long up the
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second-tallest ancient obelisk still standing on Earth
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by Peter Tyson March 16, 1999 NOVA online adventure
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Closed papyrus umbel capitals of the Hypostyle Hall
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899:Karnak was visited and described in succession by
422:as its head. It is part of the monumental city of
407:. The area around Karnak was the ancient Egyptian
1218:Open papyrus umbel capitals of the Hypostyle Hall
940:in 1777–78, and published a work about that too.
453:The complex is a vast open site and includes the
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1103:Temple of Amenhotep IV (deliberately dismantled)
1041:, as some of her aspects. First, Mut became Mut-
921:Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt
896:thick, First Pylon of the Precinct of Amun-Re.
772:
531:locations – some of which are amongst the
1458:Egypt: Engineering an empire engineering feats
2013:
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803:and published their travel accounts, such as
1410:. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 154.
1376:. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 154.
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2006:
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1146:The Sacred Lake of the Precinct of Amun-Re
1576:"Sex and booze figured in Egyptian rites"
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1407:The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt
1373:The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt
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1342:"Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis"
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874:Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas au Levant
666:(1857, Rijksmuseum, The Netherlands)
559:History of the Karnak Temple complex
441:The original name of the temple was
376:, chapels, and other buildings near
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1492:. December 21, 2015. Archived from
1174:Ram-headed sphinx statues at Karnak
847:Relations de divers voyages curieux
651:, where it still remains. Known as
24:
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1162:of the temple of Amun-Re at Karnak
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763:Festival Hall of Thutmose III
426:, and in 1979 it was added to the
266:Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis
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2130:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
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1331:. Merriam-Webster, 2007. p. 1550
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388:(reigned 1971–1926 BCE) in the
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1404:Wilkinson, Richard H. (2000).
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1080:Ruins in the Precinct of Montu
744:In 323 AD, Roman emperor
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1:
1760:Festival Hall of Thutmose III
1645:Karnak Temple picture gallery
1594:Karnak: Evolution of a Temple
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1242:Karnak Temple pillar up-close
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2458:Tourist attractions in Egypt
1346:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
956:as seen from the Sacred Lake
811:, put Thebes in or close to
773:European knowledge of Karnak
516:3 metres (9.8 ft). The
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2315:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations
2135:Population history of Egypt
1902:Luxor International Airport
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872:' travel account of 1704, (
849:, 1670s–1696 editions) and
475:Temple of Amenhotep IV
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855:The Present State of Egypt
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36:Karnak (disambiguation)
1809:Temple of Amenhotep IV
1536:The Unfinished Obelisk
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455:Karnak Open Air Museum
34:. For other uses, see
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2041:Glossary of artifacts
1368:Wilkinson, Richard H.
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933:Claude-Étienne Savary
925:William George Browne
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843:Melchisédech Thévenot
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752:religion, and in 356
746:Constantine the Great
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473:, and the dismantled
330:Karnak Temple Complex
141:25.71861°N 32.65861°E
1952:Valley of the Queens
1917:Mummification Museum
1740:Great Hypostyle Hall
931:, during 1798–1799.
690:on the walls of the
682:in the Nineteenth).
672:Great Hypostyle Hall
670:Construction of the
664:Great Hypostyle Hall
642:, was intended as a
511:Great Hypostyle Hall
459:Giza pyramid complex
397: 2000–1700 BCE
332:, commonly known as
55:Great Hypostyle Hall
2187:Cursive hieroglyphs
1972:Tombs of the Nobles
1947:Valley of the Kings
1922:Winter Palace Hotel
1639:Digital Karnak UCLA
1496:on 24 February 2021
1490:National Geographic
1203:Colossal statue of
967:Precinct of Amun-Re
961:Precinct of Amun-Re
954:Precinct of Amun-Re
791:Claudius Ptolemaeus
463:Precinct of Amun-Re
431:World Heritage List
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2160:Funerary practices
1158:View of the first
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824:Ippolito Rosellini
696:Avenue of Sphinxes
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605:Eighteenth Dynasty
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299:Reference no.
242:Public access
146:25.71861; 32.65861
86:Shown within Egypt
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2170:Great Royal Wives
2140:Prehistoric Egypt
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1987:Colossi of Memnon
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1603:978-0-203-96837-6
1417:978-0-500-05100-9
1383:978-0-500-05100-9
1091:Precinct of Montu
1085:Precinct of Montu
1029:Mut because when
805:Joos van Ghistele
723:Colossi of Memnon
708:Thirtieth Dynasty
533:largest monoliths
471:Precinct of Montu
401:Ptolemaic Kingdom
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100:Luxor Governorate
16:(Redirected from
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741:, and others.
692:Cachette Court
640:Chapelle Rouge
590:tutelary deity
557:Main article:
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18:Karnak temple
2463:Theban Triad
2069:Architecture
1957:Medinet Habu
1912:Luxor Museum
1906:
1897:Luxor Temple
1840:White Chapel
1681:
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1498:. Retrieved
1494:the original
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1442:. Retrieved
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1387:. Retrieved
1372:
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1350:. Retrieved
1345:
1336:
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1320:
1187:
1112:
1094:
1055:
1027:
1012:
1009:and Amun-Re.
977:Theban Triad
970:
929:Vivant Denon
898:
873:
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854:
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836:
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809:André Thévet
794:
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700:Luxor Temple
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479:Luxor Temple
452:
442:
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416:Theban Triad
408:
333:
329:
327:
165:Part of
2407:WikiProject
2221:Mathematics
2182:Hieroglyphs
2096:Portraiture
2064:Agriculture
2051:Main topics
1802:Aten Temple
1500:22 December
1352:7 September
1023:sacred lake
1005:Map of the
938:Lower Egypt
917:James Bruce
911:(1737–38),
801:Lower Egypt
715:Upper Egypt
688:Sea Peoples
676:Seti I
518:architraves
405:New Kingdom
313:Arab states
188:Nectanebo I
144: /
120:Coordinates
114:Upper Egypt
98:El-Karnak,
2422:Categories
2337:Egyptology
2305:Technology
2268:Philosophy
2216:Literature
2108:Chronology
1312:References
1266:Statue of
1058:Hatshepsut
944:Main parts
870:Paul Lucas
796:Geographia
617:Hatshepsut
609:Thutmose I
483:Hatshepsut
386:Senusret I
290:1979 (3rd
287:Designated
282:I, III, VI
229:Site notes
184:Senusret I
132:32°39′31″E
2241:Mythology
2165:Geography
2155:Dynasties
2103:Astronomy
1940:West Bank
1890:East Bank
1724:Precincts
1270:in Karnak
1205:Ramses II
1115:Akhenaten
892:high and
857:, 1678).
779:Herodotus
750:Christian
698:) to the
684:Merneptah
545:In 2009,
491:Akhenaten
443:Ipet-isut
409:Ipet-isut
234:Condition
160:Sanctuary
129:25°43′7″N
57:from the
2377:Category
2298:District
2293:Capitals
2278:Religion
2261:Titulary
2251:Pharaohs
2231:Military
2226:Medicine
2209:Hieratic
2199:Language
2125:Clothing
2079:Obelisks
1444:21 March
1389:21 March
1370:(2000).
1325:"Karnak"
1300:See also
923:(1777),
919:(1769),
915:(1738),
907:(1731),
839:capuchin
735:Kom Ombo
629:obelisks
449:Overview
279:Criteria
274:Cultural
194:Material
95:Location
2397:Outline
2387:Commons
2347:Museums
2283:Scribes
2273:Pottery
2204:Demotic
2194:History
2145:Cuisine
2074:Revival
1982:Malkata
1818:Related
1732:Amun-Re
1696:History
1689:General
1121:Gallery
1062:sun god
1051:Nekhbet
1035:Sekhmet
973:Amun-Re
905:Granger
826:in 1828
813:Memphis
706:of the
613:in situ
553:History
370:temples
292:session
215:Periods
202:Founded
180:Builder
175:History
2246:People
2113:Cities
2031:topics
1792:
1780:
1682:Karnak
1600:
1471:
1414:
1380:
1268:Khepri
1071:Hathor
1047:Menhit
1043:Wadjet
1031:Thebes
888:long,
783:Strabo
767:Coptic
739:Philae
644:barque
625:Hyksos
573:Thebes
525:levers
469:, the
428:UNESCO
424:Thebes
374:pylons
334:Karnak
309:Region
169:Thebes
110:Region
42:Karnak
32:Carnac
2310:Trade
2288:Sites
2236:Music
2150:Dance
2084:Pylon
2046:Index
1883:Luxor
1775:Montu
1438:(PDF)
1160:pylon
1097:Montu
886:113 m
758:pagan
719:Nubia
649:Aswan
586:Montu
382:Egypt
378:Luxor
197:Stone
104:Egypt
2256:List
2175:List
2118:List
1598:ISBN
1502:2022
1469:ISBN
1446:2024
1412:ISBN
1391:2024
1378:ISBN
1354:2021
1067:beer
1039:Bast
1037:and
952:The
894:15 m
890:43 m
807:and
787:Nile
781:and
731:Edfu
727:Esna
717:and
678:and
662:The
584:and
547:UCLA
437:Name
420:Amun
328:The
271:Type
237:Ruin
157:Type
2091:Art
1787:Mut
1019:Mut
582:Mut
349:ɑːr
245:Yes
221:to
2424::
1488:.
1344:.
1327:.
1053:.
1017:,
880:/
815:.
737:,
733:,
729:,
725:,
710:.
615:.
542:.
394:c.
380:,
372:,
303:87
206:c.
102:,
2021:e
2014:t
2007:v
1874:e
1867:t
1860:v
1674:e
1667:t
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