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357:, but continued to correspond with Bragg. From 1929 to 1934, she started a family and largely stayed at home while continuing her work calculating structure factors. Her husband Thomas Lonsdale was a textile chemist who supported his wife's research. He encouraged his wife to work from home and to go back to work when offered. He worked at Silk Research Association in Leeds after they were married.
737:"What I was not prepared for was the general insanity of an administrative system in which lip service is paid to the idea of segregation and the ideal of reform, when in practice the opportunities for contamination and infection are innumerable, and those responsible for re-education practically nil"
309:, Essex, England, when she was five years old. The family's financial troubles meant the four older children left school early to support the family. For the same reason, her brother Fred was unable to take up an educational scholarship, though he later become one of the first wireless operators.
854:
1528:
It's Part of What We Are - Volumes 1 and 2 - Volume 1: Richard Boyle (1566-1643) to John
Tyndall (1820-1893); Volume 2: Samuel Haughton (18210-1897) to John Stewart Bell (1928-1990): Some Irish Contributors to the Development of the Chemical and Physical
297:
She was the youngest of ten children, four of whom died in infancy. During her time living in
Newbridge she attended St. Patrick's National School, and her earliest memories were of the local Church of Ireland service and the Methodist Sunday school.
615: : an account of a visit to the Soviet Union in July 1951 by seven British Quakers, 145 pages. Published by the East-West Relations Group of the Friends Peace Committee. Other authors: Margaret Ann Backhouse, B Leslie Metcalfe,
301:
Kathleen's father had issues with alcohol, which meant her family was often short on money. As the unrest in
Ireland became more severe Kathleen's mother separated from her father and took the rest of the family to England.
387:. In 1949, she was appointed Professor of Chemistry and head of the Department of Crystallography at UCL. She was the first woman to be made a professor at UCL, an appointment she held until 1968 when she was named
2568:
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for Boys to study mathematics and science, because the girls' school did not offer these subjects. Kathleen had the highest score in physics that any student at London
University ever had. She graduated with a
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because she refused to register for civil defence duties, or to pay a fine for refusing to register. During this time she experienced a range of issues which would eventually result in
Lonsdale becoming a
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After beginning her research career, in 1927 Yardley married Thomas
Jackson Lonsdale. They had three children – Jane, Nancy, and Stephen. Stephen became a medical doctor and worked for several years in
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in 1936 while at the Royal
Institution. In addition to discovering the structure of benzene and hexachlorobenzene, Lonsdale worked on the synthesis of diamonds. She was a pioneer in the use of
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Crystallography specialist Dame
Professor Kathleen Lonsdale, the first woman to be elected a fellow of the Royal Society and UCL's first female Professor
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in 2003, 100 years after her birth. The home, Charlotte House, was the post office at the time of her birth and is now the
Newbridge Business Centre.
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As a keen table tennis player, Lonsdale made use of ping pong balls to demonstrate the molecular structure to her students. One such model—of the
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1775:"'Where are your intelligent mothers to come from?': marriage and family in the scientific career of Dame Kathleen Lonsdale FRS (1903–71)"
757:, she wrote about peaceful dialogue and was appointed the first secretary of Churches' Council of Healing by the Archbishop of Canterbury
312:
Kathleen attended
Downshall Elementary school from 1908 to 1914. She studied at Ilford County High School for Girls, then transferred to
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in 1931. During her career she attained several firsts for female scientists, including being one of the first two women elected a
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2149:"These Strange Criminals": An Anthology of Prison Memoirs by Conscientious Objectors from the Great War to the Cold War
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Simplified Structure Factor and Electron Density Formulae for the 230 Space Groups of Mathematical Crystallography
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1967, active in encouraging young people to study science, she was elected as the first woman president of the
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In 1934, Lonsdale returned to work with Bragg at the Royal Institution as a researcher. She was awarded a
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2561:"Princess Diana's life to be honoured with an English Heritage blue plaque - but the site is a mystery"
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During her later career, she became interested in stones and minerals produced in the human body e.g.
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Chemistry Prize for the best chemistry PhD thesis in Ireland has been named in her honour since 2000.
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Though she had been brought up in the Baptist denomination as a child, Kathleen Lonsdale became a
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An overview of the scope and content of the collection of Lonsdale's papers that are kept at
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Crystallographer and Campaigner: The life and work of Dame Kathleen Lonsdale FRS (1903-1971)
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2535:"Blue Plaques: Princess Diana and Kathleen Lonsdale among those honoured - CBBC Newsround"
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Frondel, C.; U.B. Marvin (1967). "Lonsdaleite, a new hexagonal polymorph of diamond".
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Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
998:"An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method"
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Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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Frondel, C.; U.B. Marvin (1967). "Lonsdaleite, a hexagonal polymorph of diamond".
1992:
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1320:"Charlotte House, Charlotte Street, Eyre Street, GREATCONNELL, Newbridge, KILDARE"
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2591:"Dame Kathleen Lonsdale | Crystallographer and Peace Campaigner | Blue Plaques"
1658:"Dame Kathleen Lonsdale (1903–1971): Her Early Career in X-ray Crystallography"
1573:
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2427:"Applying for The Kathleen Lonsdale RIA Chemistry Prize | Royal Irish Academy"
383:
Lonsdale returned to University College London (UCL) in 1946 with the rank of
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709:, both were attracted to Quakerism for this reason. She was a Sponsor of the
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820:, was named in her honour; it is a rare harder form of diamond found in
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Out of the Shadows: Contributions of Twentieth-Century Women to Physics
513: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
287:
129:
855:
National Committee for Commemorative Plaques in Science and Technology
609:”, Science Vol. 159, Issue 3820, pp. 1199-1207, 15 Mar 1968
2480:"Newbridge Business Centre to light up in green for St Patrick's Day"
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Rayner-canham, Marelene; Rayner-canham, Geoffrey (30 December 2019).
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Several universities have names buildings in her honour including at
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to study crystals. Lonsdale was one of the first two women elected a
255:
2505:"Diana, Princess of Wales, to be celebrated with London blue plaque"
806:
1969, she was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) by the
488:
2663:
Lonsdale's crystallographic models in the Science Museum, London -
853:
A plaque was erected on Lonsdale's family home in Newbridge by the
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423:. Some of her crystallographic models are in the collection of the
291:
219:
1878:"Teaching model showing Si2 O5 | Science Museum Group Collection"
283:
227:
1501:
Pioneering British Women Chemists: Their Lives And Contributions
1221:"Papers and correspondence of Dame Kathleen Lonsdale, 1903–1971"
778:
In 1946 Kathleen Lonsdale was elected an Honorary Member of the
683:
93:
673:
Pamphlet written by Kathleen Lonsdale on Prison Reform in 1943
369:
2375:"Dictionary of Irish Biography – Cambridge University Press"
705:
in 1935, simultaneously with her husband. Already committed
2263:"Honorary Graduates 1966 to 1988 | University of Bath"
2660:
Kathleen Lonsdale's papers in the Royal Society's archives
2404:
DCU names three buildings after inspiring women scientists
1497:
1085:
Hudson, G. (2004). "Lonsdale, Dame Kathleen (1903–1971)".
792:
1966, she was elected as the first woman president of the
361:
2828:
Presidents of the International Union of Crystallography
2788:
People educated at Woodford County High School For Girls
286:. She was born to English born Harry Yardley, the town
2122:
Feminism and Criminal Justice: A Historical Perspective
1393:"Newbridge school marks 150 years of serving community"
2009:
Forth in Thy Name: The Life and Work of Godfrey Mowatt
868:, London where she lived from 1911 to 1927, aged 8–24.
639:
Forth in Thy Name: The Life and Work of Godfrey Mowatt
1463:
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in recognition of her "brilliant and important work".
769:
Lonsdale died on 1 April 1971, aged 68, from cancer.
2067:(Doctoral thesis). UCL (University College London).
1424:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
912:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
907:"Kathleen Lonsdale (28 January 1903 – 1 April 1971)"
1420:"Kathleen Lonsdale, 28 January 1903 - 1 April 1971"
353:. Following her marriage in 1927, she moved to the
2768:Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
2330:
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1969:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
1958:
1849:"Female Firsts: a celebration of pioneering women"
1557:
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801:British Association for the Advancement of Science
268:British Association for the Advancement of Science
2093:Some Account of Life in Holloway Prison for Women
1296:"Archival material relating to Kathleen Lonsdale"
787:Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire
613:Quakers visit Russia, Edited by Kathleen Lonsdale
16:British crystallographer and activist (1903–1971)
2679:
592:"Divergent Beam X-ray Photography of Crystals,"
214:; 28 January 1903 – 1 April 1971) was a British
1559:"Lonsdale [née Yardley], Dame Kathleen"
594:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
2738:Alumni of Royal Holloway, University of London
1344:Byers, Nina; Williams, Gary (17 August 2006).
2798:Presidents of the British Science Association
2090:Lonsdale, Dame Kathleen; Page, Roger (1943).
1343:
860:On 1 April 2021, English Heritage unveiled a
2783:People educated at Ilford County High School
2089:
1999:
1829:. University College London. 8 February 2023
1568:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1253:"Kathleen Lonsdale – Famous Irish Scientist"
1091:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2233:"Most influential British women in science"
1907:Lonsdale, Kathleen (1968). "Human Stones".
1753:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1350:. Cambridge University Press. p. 198.
273:
2032:"Quakers in the World – Kathleen Lonsdale"
1815:
1469:"Paper-Research: Bio of Kathleen Lonsdale"
1304:
864:at her childhood home in 19 Colenso Road,
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573:Learn how and when to remove this message
374:Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1945
248:Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1945
2005:
1906:
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226:activist. She proved, in 1929, that the
1966:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1772:
1616:
1565:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1418:Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (1975).
1417:
1250:
1088:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
945:"The Structure of the Benzene Ring in C
901:
2723:Academics of University College London
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1227:from the original on 23 September 2012
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794:International Union of Crystallography
336:
264:International Union of Crystallography
234:methods to elucidate the structure of
2813:20th-century British women scientists
2793:People from Newbridge, County Kildare
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2210:from the original on 16 November 2020
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2042:from the original on 21 November 2018
1888:from the original on 16 November 2021
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1735:from the original on 19 December 2018
1372:"Film about Newbridge-born scientist"
1190:"Kathleen Yardley Lonsdale 1903–1971"
1159:"Chemistry World: Woman of substance"
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743:Yearly Meeting of the British Quakers
206:
2728:Academics of the University of Leeds
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1882:collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk
1525:Mollan, Charles (15 November 2007).
511:adding citations to reliable sources
482:
2773:Female fellows of the Royal Society
2743:Alumni of University College London
2452:Mulvihill, Mary (27 January 2003).
2385:from the original on 10 August 2019
2061:Wilson, J. M. (28 September 2017).
1620:Early Days of X-ray Crystallography
1269:from the original on 30 August 2021
1126:from the original on 1 October 2012
1122:. Encyclopedia of World Biography.
1071:
602:, G. Bell & Sons, London, 1948.
589:, G. Bell & Sons, London, 1936.
266:, and first woman president of the
13:
2243:from the original on 25 March 2017
2222:
2172:Lonsdale, Kathleen Yardley. 1957.
1773:Baldwin, Melinda (20 March 2009).
1761:
1556:Hudson, Gill (23 September 2004).
1039:"Diamonds, Natural and Artificial"
933:
886:
649:The Kathleen Lonsdale building at
14:
2844:
2733:Alumni of Bedford College, London
2642:
2601:from the original on 1 April 2021
2571:from the original on 1 April 2021
2541:from the original on 1 April 2021
2515:from the original on 1 April 2021
2189:. McClelland & Stewart. p. 76
2096:. Prison Medical Reform Council.
2071:from the original on 1 April 2021
1662:Interdisciplinary Science Reviews
1317:
1218:
1187:
1169:from the original on 3 March 2016
278:She was born Kathleen Yardley in
2269:from the original on 25 May 2016
2006:Lonsdale, Dame Kathleen (1959).
1723:January 2003, Chemistry World1.
1682:10.1179/0308018815Z.000000000117
1656:Wilson, Jennifer (3 July 2015).
1617:Authier, André (1 August 2013).
1532:. Charles Mollan. p. 1595.
875:, London, UK is named after her.
656:
487:
2808:20th-century British physicists
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2152:. University of Toronto Press.
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1279:This article first appeared in
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498:needs additional citations for
262:, first woman president of the
242:while solving the structure of
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989:
871:The Kathleen Lonsdale room at
731:Howard League for Penal Reform
376:(the other was the biochemist
1:
2803:20th-century British chemists
2758:Deaths from cancer in England
2119:Logan, A. (3 November 2008).
1929:10.1126/science.159.3820.1199
879:
329:(MSc) degree in physics from
2669:magnesium ammonium phosphate
1993:UK public library membership
1604:UK public library membership
1105:UK public library membership
745:, she delivered the keynote
729:activist and she joined the
475:Resources in other libraries
456:Resources in other libraries
7:
2818:Women's Engineering Society
2778:British Christian pacifists
1120:"Kathleen Lonsdale profile"
780:Women's Engineering Society
696:
238:. She was the first to use
135:Fellow of the Royal Society
10:
2849:
1163:Royal Society of Chemistry
751:Removing the Causes of War
665:Lonsdale plaque, Newbridge
627:Removing the Causes of War
2833:Graduate Women in Science
2698:British crystallographers
2653:University College London
1251:Reville, William (2004).
1239:University College London
829:University College London
651:University College London
470:Resources in your library
451:Resources in your library
331:University College London
323:Bedford College for Women
314:Ilford County High School
280:Newbridge, County Kildare
260:University College London
187:
175:
162:University College London
157:
147:
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125:
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110:University College London
106:Bedford College for Women
101:
82:
75:Newbridge, County Kildare
56:
44:
23:
2718:British women physicists
1960:"Margaret Ann Backhouse"
1194:University of California
764:
425:Science Museum in London
345:research team headed by
274:Early life and education
240:Fourier spectral methods
2454:"An Irishwoman's Diary"
2414:RaidiĂł TeilifĂs Éireann
2409:5 December 2017 at the
1975:10.1093/ref:odnb/103381
1260:University College Cork
341:In 1924 she joined the
290:, and Jessie Cameron a
2713:British women chemists
2478:reporter, KildareNow.
2176:. Penguin Books. p. 95
1792:10.1098/rsnr.2008.0026
1574:10.1093/ref:odnb/31376
1473:www.paper-research.com
1436:10.1098/rsbm.1975.0014
1157:Staff (January 2003).
1097:10.1093/ref:odnb/31376
1023:10.1098/rspa.1931.0166
982:10.1098/rspa.1929.0081
926:10.1098/rsbm.1975.0014
837:Dublin City University
833:University of Limerick
739:
716:She served a month in
674:
666:
653:
294:of Scottish descent.
230:ring is flat by using
194:Dame Kathleen Lonsdale
2763:Converts to Quakerism
2658:Science in the Making
2484:www.leinsterleader.ie
2333:American Mineralogist
2146:Brock, Peter (2004).
2036:quakersintheworld.org
1223:. ArchivesHub.ac.uk.
1037:Lonsdale, K. (1944).
996:Lonsdale, K. (1931).
943:Lonsdale, K. (1929).
735:
672:
664:
648:
431:Selected publications
120:X-ray crystallography
2823:20th-century Quakers
2200:"The Woman Engineer"
1725:"Woman of substance"
1504:. World Scientific.
1324:Buildings of Ireland
1300:UK National Archives
753:. A self-identified
507:improve this article
464:By Kathleen Lonsdale
366:University of London
305:Her family moved to
2345:1967Natur.214..587F
2302:1967Natur.214..587F
2185:Harpur, Tom. 2013.
1921:1968Sci...159.1199L
1915:(3820): 1199–1207.
1823:"Kathleen Lonsdale"
1674:2015ISRv...40..265W
1397:Kildare Nationalist
1285:, 13 December 2001.
1143:25 May 2011 at the
1055:1944Natur.153..669L
1014:1931RSPSA.133..536L
973:1929RSPSA.123..494L
848:Royal Irish Academy
841:Maynooth University
818:allotrope of carbon
785:1956, she was made
600:Crystals and X-Rays
522:"Kathleen Lonsdale"
355:University of Leeds
347:William Henry Bragg
337:Career and research
319:Bachelor of Science
182:William Henry Bragg
170:University of Leeds
2693:British physicists
2187:The Uncommon Touch
2174:Is peace possible?
1855:. 14 December 2018
1399:. 16 November 2018
1138:alternative source
808:University of Bath
773:Legacy and honours
755:Christian pacifist
749:, under the title
747:Swarthmore Lecture
711:Peace Pledge Union
675:
667:
654:
633:Is peace possible?
619:, Paul S Cadbury,
389:professor emeritus
378:Marjory Stephenson
321:(BSc) degree from
252:Marjory Stephenson
2748:British pacifists
2511:. 31 March 2021.
2379:dib.cambridge.org
2296:(5088): 587–589.
1991:(Subscription or
1779:Notes and Records
1602:(Subscription or
1583:978-0-19-861412-8
1539:978-0-86027-055-3
1511:978-1-78634-770-1
1357:978-0-521-82197-1
1200:on 5 October 2016
1103:(Subscription or
693:and teetotaller.
596:240A: 219 (1947).
583:
582:
575:
557:
442:Kathleen Lonsdale
437:Library resources
351:Royal Institution
327:Master of Science
244:hexachlorobenzene
236:hexamethylbenzene
232:X-ray diffraction
191:
190:
166:Royal Institution
142:Scientific career
28:Kathleen Lonsdale
2840:
2688:British chemists
2636:
2635:
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2595:English Heritage
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2105:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1794:
1770:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1561:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1292:
1286:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1257:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1196:. Archived from
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1154:
1148:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1082:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:10.1038/153669a0
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
993:
987:
986:
984:
967:(792): 494–515.
940:
931:
930:
928:
899:
741:In 1953, at the
722:Second World War
578:
571:
567:
564:
558:
556:
515:
491:
483:
407:
254:), first female
216:crystallographer
210:
204:
177:Doctoral advisor
152:Crystallographer
89:
70:
68:
61:Kathleen Yardley
51:Lonsdale in 1968
49:
39:
21:
20:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2753:British Quakers
2678:
2677:
2649:Lonsdale Papers
2645:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2621:"Meeting Rooms"
2619:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2458:The Irish Times
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2411:Wayback Machine
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2329:
2325:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2204:www2.theiet.org
2198:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2012:. Wykeham Press
2004:
2000:
1990:
1985:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1771:
1762:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1729:Chemistry World
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1631:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1593:
1591:
1584:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1316:
1312:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1282:The Irish Times
1272:
1270:
1266:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1230:
1228:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1155:
1151:
1145:Wayback Machine
1129:
1127:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1083:
1072:
1035:
1031:
994:
990:
956:
952:
948:
941:
934:
903:Hodgkin, D.M.C.
900:
887:
882:
775:
767:
718:Holloway prison
699:
689:Lonsdale was a
659:
623:, Frank Edmead.
579:
568:
562:
559:
516:
514:
504:
492:
481:
480:
479:
461:
460:
445:
444:
440:
433:
406:
402:
398:
343:crystallography
339:
276:
196:
168:
164:
133:
108:
102:Alma mater
97:
91:
87:
78:
72:
71:28 January 1903
66:
64:
63:
62:
52:
40:
31:
29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2846:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2676:
2675:
2673:hydroxyapatite
2661:
2655:
2644:
2643:External links
2641:
2638:
2637:
2612:
2582:
2552:
2526:
2496:
2470:
2444:
2418:
2396:
2366:
2323:
2280:
2265:. Bath.ac.uk.
2254:
2221:
2191:
2178:
2165:
2158:
2138:
2131:
2111:
2082:
2053:
2023:
1998:
1983:
1950:
1899:
1869:
1840:
1814:
1760:
1715:
1668:(3): 265–278.
1648:
1629:
1623:. OUP Oxford.
1609:
1582:
1545:
1538:
1517:
1510:
1490:
1457:
1410:
1384:
1363:
1356:
1336:
1310:
1287:
1243:
1211:
1180:
1149:
1118:Staff (2004).
1110:
1070:
1029:
988:
954:
950:
946:
932:
884:
883:
881:
878:
877:
876:
869:
858:
851:
844:
825:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
774:
771:
766:
763:
759:William Temple
698:
695:
658:
655:
643:
642:
636:
630:
624:
610:
603:
597:
590:
581:
580:
495:
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486:
478:
477:
472:
466:
462:
459:
458:
453:
447:
446:
435:
434:
432:
429:
410:Science Museum
404:
400:
396:silicate group
338:
335:
275:
272:
189:
188:
185:
184:
179:
173:
172:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
138:
137:
127:
123:
122:
117:
116:Known for
113:
112:
103:
99:
98:
92:
90:(aged 68)
84:
80:
79:
73:
60:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
30:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
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2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
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2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
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2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2626:
2625:Friends House
2622:
2616:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2433:. 1 July 2020
2432:
2428:
2422:
2416:, 5 July 2017
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2339:(5088): 587.
2338:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2182:
2175:
2169:
2161:
2159:9780802086617
2155:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2132:9780230584136
2128:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1984:9780198614111
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1750:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1636:
1632:
1630:9780191635014
1626:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1297:
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1284:
1283:
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1254:
1247:
1240:
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1191:
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1168:
1164:
1160:
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1142:
1139:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:(3892): 669.
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
939:
937:
927:
922:
918:
914:
913:
908:
904:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
885:
874:
873:Friends House
870:
867:
863:
859:
856:
852:
849:
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
823:
819:
815:
812:
809:
805:
802:
798:
795:
791:
788:
784:
781:
777:
776:
770:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
738:
734:
732:
728:
727:prison reform
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
694:
692:
687:
685:
681:
671:
663:
657:Personal life
652:
647:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
621:Mildred Creak
618:
617:Gerald Bailey
614:
611:
608:
604:
601:
598:
595:
591:
588:
585:
584:
577:
574:
566:
555:
552:
548:
545:
541:
538:
534:
531:
527:
524: –
523:
519:
518:Find sources:
512:
508:
502:
501:
496:This section
494:
490:
485:
484:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
465:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
443:
438:
428:
426:
422:
418:
417:kidney stones
413:
411:
397:
392:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
334:
332:
328:
325:in 1922, and
324:
320:
315:
310:
308:
303:
299:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:prison reform
221:
217:
213:
209:
203:
199:
195:
186:
183:
180:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
160:
156:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
136:
131:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
95:
85:
81:
76:
59:
55:
48:
43:
38:
34:
22:
19:
2628:. Retrieved
2624:
2615:
2603:. Retrieved
2594:
2585:
2573:. Retrieved
2564:
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2509:The Guardian
2508:
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2483:
2473:
2461:. Retrieved
2457:
2447:
2435:. Retrieved
2430:
2421:
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2378:
2369:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2271:. Retrieved
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2236:
2212:. Retrieved
2203:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2148:
2141:
2125:. Springer.
2121:
2114:
2104:24 September
2102:. Retrieved
2092:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2063:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2035:
2026:
2014:. Retrieved
2008:
2001:
1964:
1953:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1881:
1872:
1864:
1857:. Retrieved
1852:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1826:
1817:
1785:(1): 81–94.
1782:
1778:
1737:. Retrieved
1728:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1665:
1661:
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1619:
1612:
1592:. Retrieved
1563:
1527:
1520:
1500:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1472:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1401:. Retrieved
1396:
1387:
1375:. Retrieved
1366:
1346:
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1323:
1313:
1290:
1280:
1271:. Retrieved
1246:
1229:. Retrieved
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1198:the original
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1152:
1128:. Retrieved
1113:
1086:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1008:(822): 536.
1005:
1001:
991:
964:
960:
916:
910:
768:
750:
740:
736:
715:
700:
688:
676:
638:
632:
626:
612:
607:Human Stones
606:
599:
593:
586:
569:
563:January 2023
560:
550:
543:
536:
529:
517:
505:Please help
500:verification
497:
463:
441:
414:
412:collection
393:
382:
359:
340:
311:
304:
300:
296:
277:
250:(along with
211:
193:
192:
158:Institutions
141:
88:(1971-04-01)
86:1 April 1971
18:
2708:1971 deaths
2703:1903 births
2463:10 December
2016:24 December
1892:16 November
1739:19 December
1594:15 February
1430:: 447–484.
866:Seven Kings
862:blue plaque
814:Lonsdaleite
720:during the
421:gall stones
408:—is in the
307:Seven Kings
2682:Categories
2489:26 January
2437:26 January
2431:www.ria.ie
2389:1 December
2273:31 October
2247:1 December
2046:1 December
1995:required.)
1859:2 November
1833:2 November
1641:2 November
1606:required.)
1403:26 January
1377:26 January
1329:26 January
1273:20 October
1231:20 October
1204:20 October
1173:20 October
1130:20 October
1107:required.)
919:: 447–26.
880:References
822:meteorites
691:vegetarian
533:newspapers
288:postmaster
130:Davy Medal
67:1903-01-28
2630:3 January
1801:0035-9149
1698:146373963
1690:0308-0188
1444:0080-4606
1192:. CWP at
835:, and at
831:, at the
707:pacifists
680:Nyasaland
333:in 1924.
256:professor
96:, England
77:, Ireland
2599:Archived
2569:Archived
2565:Sky News
2539:Archived
2513:Archived
2407:Archived
2383:Archived
2267:Archived
2241:Archived
2208:Archived
2098:Archived
2069:Archived
2040:Archived
1945:34902612
1886:Archived
1853:UCL News
1809:19579358
1749:cite web
1733:Archived
1702:Archived
1635:Archived
1588:Archived
1529:Sciences
1483:29 March
1477:Archived
1452:73380010
1264:Archived
1225:Archived
1167:Archived
1141:Archived
1124:Archived
905:(1975).
697:Pacifism
220:pacifist
2605:1 April
2575:1 April
2545:1 April
2519:1 April
2361:4184812
2341:Bibcode
2318:4184812
2298:Bibcode
2075:3 April
1937:4886077
1917:Bibcode
1909:Science
1708:3 April
1670:Bibcode
1318:FUSIO.
1219:Staff.
1188:Staff.
1136:Or see
1051:Bibcode
1010:Bibcode
969:Bibcode
629:, 1953.
547:scholar
349:at the
292:Baptist
284:Ireland
228:benzene
212:Yardley
2359:
2316:
2290:Nature
2214:24 May
2156:
2129:
1989:
1981:
1943:
1935:
1827:Astrea
1807:
1799:
1696:
1688:
1627:
1600:
1580:
1536:
1508:
1450:
1442:
1354:
1101:
1043:Nature
839:, and
703:Quaker
684:Malawi
641:(1959)
635:(1957)
549:
542:
535:
528:
520:
439:about
385:reader
370:X-rays
222:, and
148:Fields
132:(1957)
126:Awards
94:London
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