145:
stay there. Parasurama requested Lord Shiva to provide a solution. Shiva told
Parasurama to start worshipping Manasa, Anantha and Vasuki the king of snakes. Parasurama did so and they advised him to start snake worship in Kerala and provide some forest especially for snakes in the form of Sarppakkavu (Snake forests). Parasurama later installed the idols of Goddess Manasa, Anantha and Vasuki at Mannarassala (near Harippadu in Alappuzha district) and Vettikkottu (near Kayamkulam in Alappuzha district) and started worshipping them. The Brahmins also worshipped Goddess Manasa, Anantha and Vasuki and the pleased snake deities made Kerala suitable for living.
175:
163:
374:, which means, "forests of the goddess of prosperity", consists of dense forests and groves. From the former, people would collect dry wood, leaves, forest produce and a limited amount of timber, though natural ecosystem would not be unnecessarily disturbed. Groves were considered as spaces of forests from where harvesting could be done. Sometimes, specific trees like mango trees could be planted and nurtured here. Groves were associated with religious rites, festivals and recreation. Typical recreational activities associated with these groves included
187:
199:
626:.Thus, a Gurjjar settlement appears like a human-inhabited sacred grove. Similarly Mangar Bani, last surviving natural forest of Delhi is protected by Gurjars of nearby area. 14,000 sacred groves have been reported from all over India, which act as reservoirs of rare fauna, and more often rare flora, amid rural and even urban settings. Experts believe that the total number of sacred groves could be as high as 100,000.
91:
76:
59:
22:
1892:
1901:
236:
collection are sometimes allowed on a sustainable basis. Sacred groves did not enjoy protection via federal legislation in India. Some NGOs work with local villagers to protect such groves. Traditionally, and in some cases even today, members of the community take turns to protect the grove. However,
150:
Sarpa Kavus even help in soil and water conservation besides preserving its rich biological wealth. The ponds and streams adjoining the groves are perennial water sources. These are the last resorts to many of the animals and birds for their water requirements, especially during summer. Sacred groves
1316:
and excessive firewood collection), and environmental destruction due to religious practices. While many of the groves are looked upon as abodes of Hindu gods, in the recent past a number of them have been partially cleared for construction of shrines and temples. Other threats to the sacred groves
1895:
By
Kailash C. Malhotra, Yogesh Gokhale, Sudipto Chatterjee, Sanjeev Srivastava. Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi & Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Bhopal; June, 2001. Published by: Indian National Science Academy, Bhopal. Printed at : Nirmal Vijay Printer, New Delhi.
144:
Mythology says that Kerala was created from the
Arabian Sea and given to the Brahmins (Namboothiris) as a "donation" by Parasurama to save himself from the sins of killing numerous kshathriya kings. The land was full of forests and poisonous snakes were found in plenty. So the Brahmins refused to
1367:
A large number of distinct local art forms and folk traditions are associated with the deities of sacred groves, and are an important cultural aspect closely associated with sacred traditions. Ritualistic dances and dramatizations based on the local deities that protect the groves are called
1296:, and hunting. Sacred groves often contain plant and animal species that have become extinct in neighboring areas. They therefore harbor great genetic diversity. Besides this, sacred groves in urban landscapes act as "lungs" to the city as well, providing much needed vegetation cover.
393:, the science of plant life and also a 10th-century treatise of that title on the subject ascribed to Surapala, dealt with various species of trees and their growth. Verses 9-23 from this text indicate how mystical beliefs and conservation of ecology was inter-connected.
227:
are forest fragments of varying sizes, which are communally protected, and which usually have a significant religious connotation for the protecting community. Hunting and logging are usually strictly prohibited within these patches. Other forms of forest usage like
1269:
medicines. Other uses involved a source of replenishable resources like fruits and honey. However, in most sacred groves it was taboo to hunt or chop wood. The vegetation cover helps reduce soil erosion and prevents
151:
also enrich the soil through its rich litter composition. The nutrients generated thus are not only recycled within the sacred grove ecosystem but also find their way into the adjoining agroeco systems.
1868:
1904:; By Kailash C. Malhotra, Yogesh Gokhale, Ketaki Das. INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY AND DEVELOPMENT ALLIANCE; © Development Alliance, New Delhi (www.dev-alliance.com); August, 2001. PDF
1846:
Ram Kumar Bhakat, Socio-religious and ecological perspective of a sacred grove from
Midnapore district, West Bengal, Science and Culture (Sci. Cult.), 2003, vol. 69, no 11-12, pp. 371-374
1479:, Presented at "Crossing Boundaries", the seventh annual conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 10–14 June 1998
1633:
1884:
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of the
Government of India. Starred numbers are likely to increase. The centre also maintains a complete list of identified sacred groves in India, most of which is online.
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Sacred groves are scattered all over the country, and are referred to by different names in different parts of India. Sacred groves occur in a variety of places – from
618:
in the south are specifically known for their large numbers of sacred groves. The
Kodavas of Karnataka alone maintained over 1000 sacred groves in their region. The
238:
386:, or a cluster of five trees that represented the forests, were maintained. These trees represented the five elements of Earth, Water, Fire, Air and Space.
1571:
Malhotra, K. C., Ghokhale, Y., Chatterjee, S. and
Srivastava, S., Cultural and Ecological Dimensions of Sacred Groves in India, INSA, New Delhi, 2001
1912:
1830:
1675:
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1932:; ENVIS; C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre is a Centre of Excellence of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Home page
1516:
1631:
1278:. The groves are often associated with ponds and streams, and meet water requirements of local communities. They sometimes help in recharging
1966:
287:
Typically, such groves are associated with the concept of a "presiding deity". While most of these sacred deities are associated with local
1503:
Vrukshayurveda, authored by
Surapala, translated by Nalini Sadhale, Agri-History Bulletin No.1, Asian Agri-History Foundation, Secunderabad
1351:
889:
2900:
1919:; ENVIS; C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre is a Centre of Excellence of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.
2917:
1888:
1472:
653:
242:
121:. The site is believed to be inhabited by snakes, and the area usually contains a representation of Manasa ('Goddess of the Snakes'),
1897:
1470:
Community Forest
Management and Joint Forest Management: An Ecological, Economic and Institutional Assessment in Western Ghats, India
646:
435:
One who has planted dhatri has performed several sacrifices. They have donated the earth. They would be considered liberated forever.
1905:
669:
549:
By planting all kinds of other trees, useful for fruits and flowers, a person gets a reward of thousand cows adorned with jewels.
248:
Indian sacred groves are sometimes associated with temples / monasteries / shrines or with burial grounds (which is the case in
1795:, Biomedical and Life Sciences and Earth and Environmental Science, Volume 12, Number 2 / February, 2003, Springer Netherlands
629:
It is estimated that around 1000 km of unexploited land is inside sacred groves. Some of the more famous groves are the
1728:
1653:
The
Arguments for Protection Series - Beyond Belief: Linking faiths and protected areas to support biodiversity conservation
1409:
1553:
245:
has introduced legislation for providing government protection to community held lands, which could include sacred groves.
137:), where offerings and rites are performed during special ceremonies. This is a Hindu ritual performed by certain sects of
1817:
M. Amirthalingam, Sacred Groves of Tamil Nadu – A Survey, CPR Environmental Education Centre, Chennai, India, p. 191, 1998
1598:
1935:
1925:
3074:
1585:
3089:
1959:
1740:
1660:
1421:
3094:
1715:, Lifestyle and Ecology, edited by Baidyanath Saraswati. New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts 1998
1491:
Ranchor Prime, Vedic Ecology: Practical Wisdom for Surviving the 21st Century, Mandala Publishing, Novato, CA, 2002
1708:
622:
people of Rajasthan have a unique practice of neem (Azadirachta indica) planting and worshipping as abode of God
428:
One who plants even a single asvattha, wherever it may be, as per the prescribed mode, goes to the abode of Hari.
141:, and all castes hold the Sarpa Kavu in reverence, with access forbidden to the area unless for due ceremonies.
1456:
260:). Sacred groves may be loosely used to refer to other natural habitat protected on religious grounds, such as
1455:
Gadgil, M. and Vartak, V.D. ; Sacred groves of India : A plea for continued conservation Journal of
1752:
Waghchaure, Chandrakant K.; Tetali, Pundarikakshudu; Gunale, Venkat R.; Antia, Noshir H.; Birdi, Tannaz J.,
1735:, Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development, Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram (
1416:, Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development, Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram (
1265:: One of the most important traditional uses of sacred groves was that it acted as a repository for various
542:
One who has knowingly or unknowingly planted ambu is respected as a recluse even while staying in the house.
1952:
1044:
583:
1909:
1827:
1672:
1513:
1837:, The Journal of American Science, 2(2), 2006, Anthwal et al., Sacred Groves: Conserving Plant Diversity
421:, in their family, the goddess of riches resides permanently passes on to the children and grandchildren
3079:
3046:
2781:
1999:
1537:
532:
1630:. Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, and Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Bhopal.
1468:
Sudha, P., Rekha, P. V., Gunaga, V. S., Patagar, S., Naik, M. B., Indu, K. M., and N. H Ravindranath,
2755:
291:
gods, sacred groves of Islamic and Buddhist origins, and some based on smaller local religions and
2975:
1753:
370:("sanctuary") for flora and fauna as ordinary human beings are not allowed to enter these forests.
2009:
1885:
Shifting Cultivation, Sacred Groves and Conflicts in Colonial Forest Policy in the Western Ghats.
95:
80:
303:) are also known of. There are over 1000 deities associated with sacred groves in the states of
3084:
3006:
2985:
2828:
1380:. Often, elaborate rituals and traditions are associated with sacred groves, as are associated
63:
36:
1855:
1692:
1652:
2379:
1828:
Sacred Groves: Traditional Way of Conserving Plant Diversity in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttaranchal
211:
1754:
Sacred Groves of Parinche Valley of Pune District of Maharashtra, India and their Importance
1469:
633:
s of Kerala, which are located in the Western Ghats and have enormous biodiversity; and the
267:
Historical references to sacred groves can be obtained from ancient classics as far back as
174:
2965:
1289:
680:. Kodagu, a small region of about 4000 km in Karnataka, had over 1000 sacred groves.
8:
1975:
1326:
1293:
233:
162:
1626:
Kailash C. Malhotra, Yogesh Gokhale, Sudipto Chatterjee, and Sanjeev Srivastava (2001).
3016:
2760:
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2394:
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1338:
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Woody species diversity of four sacred groves in the Pondicherry region of South India
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2687:
2233:
1736:
1656:
1581:
1417:
1309:
958:
718:
389:
Planting and nurturing of trees has been a highly evolved practice in ancient India.
272:
253:
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2515:
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2218:
1318:
842:
677:
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611:
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Tree diversity in sacred groves of the Jaintia hills in Meghalaya, northeast India
2980:
2879:
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2336:
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2071:
1939:
1929:
1916:
1834:
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1782:, Biodiversity and Conservation, Volume 12, Number 3, March 2003, pp. 583-597(15)
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954:
288:
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3001:
2803:
2495:
2374:
1602:
1332:
700:
665:
1933:
1923:
ENVIS Centre on Conservation of Ecological Heritage and Sacred Sights of India
1922:
1869:
The Oral Epics of the Women of the Dandakaranya Plateau: A Preliminary Mapping
1792:
1779:
3068:
2306:
2177:
2124:
2014:
2004:
1756:, Anthropology & Medicine, Volume 13, Number 1, April 2006, pp. 55-76(22)
1322:
1023:
945:
603:
316:
292:
276:
261:
207:
40:
2203:
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of the Sacred Grove Restoration Project, Society for Ecological Restoration
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2316:
2172:
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1580:
Ramachandra Guha, The Unquiet Woods, University of California Press, 2000 (
1305:
761:
219:
1695:, 16th European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, Edinburgh, 2000
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One should plant seven palasa trees or even one. One attains the abode of
3041:
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2520:
2455:
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1313:
1213:
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661:
641:– sacred groves associated with every village (two large groves being in
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587:
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had maintained over 1000 Deva kadus dedicated to Aiyappa the forest god.
191:
118:
26:
1434:
513:
trees or even prompts someone to plant them, rejoices in the lunar world
2750:
2730:
2636:
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2475:
2410:
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2223:
2208:
2162:
2147:
2137:
1705:
1154:
623:
186:
113:) is a traditional natural sacred space seen near traditional homes in
106:
2415:
2104:
1944:
1767:
Sacred groves of Manipur – ideal centres for biodiversity conservation
461:
attains the abode of Sun. Indeed! They reside there for a long period.
275:. There has been a growing interest in creating green patches such as
2765:
2702:
2631:
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2485:
2460:
2420:
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2341:
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2142:
2099:
2079:
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1266:
1172:
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1000:
880:
859:
642:
638:
591:
557:
418:
399:
308:
198:
138:
2253:
402:
for as many thousand years as the days they reside in a house where
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district in Karnataka from time immemorial the martial community of
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2859:
2770:
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2535:
2505:
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2311:
2263:
2213:
2198:
2152:
1381:
561:
510:
473:
268:
203:
99:
84:
835:(बीड़), Bani (बणी), Bann (बण), Janglat (जंगलात), Shamlat (शामलात)
2884:
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2611:
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2555:
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2540:
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2435:
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1292:, as various species seek refuge in the areas due to progressive
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1083:
1079:
971:
820:
806:
595:
521:
52:
2927:
524:, has become free from diseases, and has worshipped all deities.
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2798:
2735:
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2525:
2510:
2470:
2430:
2366:
2346:
2326:
2301:
2228:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2024:
1994:
1128:
988:
905:
673:
619:
615:
607:
499:
488:
469:
458:
446:
trees as per the prescribed mode would go to the abode of Siva.
443:
403:
312:
304:
249:
179:
167:
114:
90:
75:
44:
2922:
2889:
2869:
2864:
2818:
2740:
2712:
2707:
2591:
2500:
2450:
2445:
2157:
2132:
2054:
2049:
2034:
2018:
1989:
1115:
1101:
1092:
740:
569:
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535:, and panasa, one experiences no affliction for seven births.
484:
414:
257:
229:
223:
159:
A Kavu is a South Indian version of an Indian sacred grove.
48:
1893:
CULTURAL AND ECOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF SACRED GROVES IN INDIA
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Cultural and Ecological Dimensions of Sacred Groves in India
58:
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1622:
1620:
454:
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Upadhaya, K.; Pandey, H.N. 2; Law, P.S.; Tripathi, R.S;
791:
652:
Among the largest sacred groves of India are the ones in
1617:
2745:
2384:
2331:
1902:
SACRED GROVES OF INDIA : AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
21:
1826:
Ashish Anthwal, Ramesh C. Sharma, and Archana Sharma,
1651:
Ed. N. Dudley, L. Higgins-Zogib, and S. Mansourian;
1765:Khumbongmayum, M.D., Khan, M.L., and Tripath, R.S,
1357:Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
871:more than 500 " Jaherthan" in Godda of Jharkhand
472:trees a person doubtlessly obtains the fruits of
3066:
1706:Sacred Groves and Sacred Trees of Uttara Kannada
237:the introduction of the protected area category
1887:M. D. Subash Chandran; Chapter Twenty-two. PDF
1655:, pp. 91-95; World Wide Fund for Nature, 2005 (
1250:All numbers are quoted from the records of the
1960:
1769:, Current Science, Vol 87, No 4, 25 Aug 2004
1551:http://www.ngtba.org/index.php/news?start=190
1288:: In modern times, sacred groves have become
556:By planting one asvattha, one picumanda, one
1499:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1352:List of types of formally designated forests
520:One who has planted madhuka has propitiated
1808:Current Science, Vol 89, No 3, 10 Aug 2005
1791:M.P. Ramanujam and K. Praveen Kumar Cyril,
1599:"Eco Destination . Mawphlang Sacred Forest"
564:trees, the group of three, viz., kapittha,
502:and enjoys the company of gods by doing so.
1967:
1953:
243:Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002
1858:at the CPR Environmental Education Centre
1494:
1482:
282:
197:
185:
173:
161:
89:
74:
57:
20:
1974:
531:If one plants ksirini, dadimi, rambha,
322:The Hindu tradition considers forests (
206:grove near Chandod on the banks of the
3067:
1647:
1645:
1567:
1565:
1948:
1252:C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre
358:refers to the grand natural forests.
346:are forests associated with penance (
256:-based sacred groves respectively in
491:and lives happily forever like gods.
1871:, J. Soc. Sci., 8(2): 93-104 (2004)
1693:Santal autonomy as a social ecology
1642:
1562:
350:), and are inhabited by saints and
13:
1878:
55:, the centuries-old ritual dance.
35:is the traditional name given for
14:
3106:
1806:Kabi sacred grove of North Sikkim
1704:Gadgil, M., D. Subash Chandran,
649:) to appease the forest spirit.
509:One who personally plants eight
154:
62:A small sacred grove inside the
1861:
1849:
1840:
1820:
1811:
1798:
1785:
1772:
1759:
1746:
1718:
1698:
1685:
1666:
1591:
1574:
70:
1726:Sacred Groves of North Malabar
1544:
1530:
1506:
1462:
1457:Bombay Natural History Society
1449:
1427:
1407:Sacred Groves of North Malabar
1399:
457:trees a person well-versed in
16:Sacred groves in Kerala, India
1:
1387:
1362:
1304:Threats to the grove include
572:trees, one never visits hell.
1435:"Nagaraja Temples in Kerala"
577:
7:
1523:of articles in the journal
1345:
1182:Kailash C. Malhotra et al.
713:Kailash C. Malhotra et al.
487:trees attains the abode of
483:One who plants five or six
442:One who plants a couple of
166:Banyan Tree at a temple in
10:
3111:
1299:
413:And if one properly grows
3075:Communal forests of India
3034:
2994:
2943:
2936:
2910:
2837:
2791:
2721:
2670:
2569:
2403:
2365:
2276:
2191:
2123:
2070:
2063:
1982:
1459:, 72 : 314-320, 1975
330:) to be of three types -
3090:Sacred trees in Hinduism
1392:
1376:, among other names, in
568:, and amalaka, and five
51:. Kavus are notable for
3095:Hindu temples in Kerala
2995:Fruits and other plants
1938:12 January 2019 at the
1928:12 January 2019 at the
1519:3 February 2007 at the
1257:
398:A person is honored in
366:are considered to be a
295:(like the folk deities
96:Sakthanthamburan palace
81:Sakthanthamburan palace
215:
195:
183:
171:
102:
87:
67:
64:Technopark, Trivandrum
29:
1915:31 March 2017 at the
1910:SACRED GROVES SOURCES
1711:31 March 2017 at the
1636:8 August 2014 at the
1290:biodiversity hotspots
283:Beliefs and practices
201:
189:
177:
165:
93:
78:
61:
24:
1556:4 March 2016 at the
1384:and folk mythology.
1317:include invasion by
25:Mannan Purath Kavu,
1976:Worship in Hinduism
1833:6 July 2007 at the
1678:30 May 2004 at the
1327:Chromolaena odorata
1312:of resources (like
1294:habitat destruction
995:Khumbongyam et al.
382:. In the villages,
2395:Om Namo Narayanaya
1867:Chris A. Gregory,
1731:2009-03-26 at the
1605:on 9 December 2011
1475:2007-06-10 at the
1412:2009-03-26 at the
1339:Prosopis juliflora
1167:M. Amrithalingam
966:Waghchaure et al.
656:, near Ganchar in
594:maintained by the
239:community reserves
216:
196:
184:
172:
127:King of the Snakes
103:
88:
68:
30:
3080:Indian traditions
3060:
3059:
3030:
3029:
3021:Tulasi Vrindavana
2272:
2271:
2234:Panchayatana puja
1538:"Sacred Forestry"
1310:over-exploitation
1248:
1247:
1057:Ramanujam et al.
719:Arunachal Pradesh
614:in the north and
468:By planting four
273:Vikramuurvashiiya
254:Ryukyuan religion
3102:
2941:
2940:
2829:Pilgrimage sites
2390:Om Namah Shivaya
2239:Prana Pratishtha
2219:Kumbhabhishekham
2068:
2067:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1802:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1744:
1722:
1716:
1702:
1696:
1689:
1683:
1670:
1664:
1649:
1640:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1601:. Archived from
1595:
1589:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1560:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1527:on sacred groves
1510:
1504:
1501:
1492:
1489:
1480:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1403:
1319:invasive species
1263:Traditional uses
1142:to monasteries)
1018:Upadhyay et al.
843:Himachal Pradesh
801:SERBC document
732:to monasteries)
709:Pavitraskhetralu
683:
682:
678:Himachal Pradesh
658:Chamoli District
612:Himachal Pradesh
417:, which pleases
178:Sacred grove in
3110:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3026:
2990:
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2906:
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2399:
2361:
2337:Sandhyavandanam
2290:
2268:
2244:Sandhyavandanam
2187:
2119:
2059:
1978:
1973:
1940:Wayback Machine
1930:Wayback Machine
1917:Wayback Machine
1881:
1879:Further reading
1876:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1835:Wayback Machine
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1747:
1733:Wayback Machine
1723:
1719:
1713:Wayback Machine
1703:
1699:
1691:Marine Carrin,
1690:
1686:
1680:Wayback Machine
1671:
1667:
1650:
1643:
1638:Wayback Machine
1625:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1558:Wayback Machine
1549:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:Wayback Machine
1511:
1507:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1477:Wayback Machine
1467:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1414:Wayback Machine
1404:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1365:
1348:
1302:
1272:desertification
1260:
1238:
1229:
1208:Anthwal et al.
1204:
1202:
1146:
1141:
1140:(since attached
1139:
1113:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1012:
991:
986:
961:
953:
942:
894:
875:Marine Carrin
777:
731:
730:(since attached
729:
580:
453:After planting
285:
232:collection and
157:
111:Abode of Snakes
73:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3108:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3058:
3057:
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2968:
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2953:
2947:
2945:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2911:Sacred animals
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
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2847:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2804:Dhvajastambham
2801:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2761:Pillaiyar Suḻi
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2719:
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2413:
2407:
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2398:
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2387:
2382:
2377:
2375:Gayatri Mantra
2371:
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2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1980:
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1972:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1943:
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1907:
1899:
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1819:
1810:
1797:
1784:
1771:
1758:
1745:
1724:M. Jayarajan,
1717:
1697:
1684:
1665:
1641:
1616:
1590:
1586:978-0520222359
1573:
1561:
1543:
1529:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1461:
1448:
1437:. Vaikhari.org
1426:
1405:M. Jayarajan,
1397:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1372:in Kerala and
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1333:Lantana camara
1323:invasive weeds
1301:
1298:
1259:
1256:
1246:
1245:
1244:R. K. Bhakat
1242:
1240:Santalburithan
1219:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:(sacred alpine
1193:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:Dudley et al.
1143:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1068:
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964:
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923:
922:M. Jayarajan
920:
911:
908:
902:
901:
900:Gadgil et al.
898:
886:
883:
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873:
865:
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856:
855:
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764:
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757:
755:
746:
743:
737:
736:
735:Dudley et al.
733:
724:
721:
715:
714:
711:
706:
703:
701:Andhra Pradesh
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
579:
576:
575:
574:
552:
551:
545:
544:
538:
537:
527:
526:
516:
515:
505:
504:
494:
493:
479:
478:
464:
463:
449:
448:
438:
437:
431:
430:
424:
423:
409:
408:
391:Vrukshayurveda
293:folk religions
284:
281:
262:Alpine Meadows
190:Sarpakkavu in
156:
153:
94:Sarpa Kavu at
79:Sarpa Kavu at
72:
69:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3107:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:Sacred groves
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3063:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2986:Sacred groves
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:Sacred plants
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2898:
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2807:
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2800:
2797:
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2790:
2784:
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2605:
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2502:
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2330:
2328:
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2323:
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2310:
2308:
2307:Brahmamuhurta
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2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Putrakameshti
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
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2149:
2146:
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1807:
1804:S. S. Dash,
1801:
1794:
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1755:
1749:
1742:
1741:81-87621-95-8
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1525:Down to Earth
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1138:
1137:Gumpa forests
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1132:
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1021:
1017:
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1007:
1004:
1002:
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994:
990:
985:
981:
978:
975:
973:
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965:
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728:
727:Gumpa forests
725:
722:
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717:
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712:
710:
707:
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702:
699:
698:
694:
691:
689:No of groves
688:
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679:
675:
671:
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659:
655:
650:
648:
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640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
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613:
609:
605:
604:Western Ghats
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:scrub forests
573:
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550:
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277:Nakshatravana
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
235:
231:
226:
225:
221:
220:Sacred groves
213:
209:
208:Narmada River
205:
200:
193:
188:
181:
176:
169:
164:
160:
155:Sacred Groves
152:
148:
146:
142:
140:
136:
135:snake deities
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
101:
97:
92:
86:
82:
77:
65:
60:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:Malabar Coast
38:
37:sacred groves
34:
28:
23:
19:
3062:
3052:Temple dance
2971:Kalpavriksha
2899:
2780:
2561:Yajnopavitam
2536:Prayer beads
2380:Hare Krishna
2317:Jai Shri Ram
2173:Purushamedha
2090:Panchamakara
1863:
1851:
1842:
1822:
1813:
1800:
1787:
1774:
1761:
1748:
1720:
1700:
1687:
1668:
1627:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:the original
1593:
1576:
1546:
1532:
1524:
1508:
1464:
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1429:
1401:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1306:urbanization
1303:
1285:
1284:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1199:
1195:
1162:
1147:
1136:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1070:
1052:
1035:
1031:
1013:
1008:
983:
979:
943:
939:
935:
917:
913:
895:
888:
870:
867:
850:
832:
828:
782:
778:
773:
769:
762:Chhattisgarh
752:
748:
726:
708:
651:
634:
630:
628:
600:rain forests
581:
555:
548:
541:
530:
519:
508:
497:
482:
467:
452:
441:
434:
427:
412:
397:
390:
388:
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379:
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371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
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339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
321:
300:
296:
286:
266:
247:
218:
217:
212:James Forbes
158:
149:
147:
143:
134:
131:Naga Devatas
130:
129:) and other
126:
122:
110:
104:
71:Snake Groves
32:
31:
18:
3042:Firewalking
3007:Kusha grass
2951:Akshayavata
2814:Temple tank
2723:Iconography
2671:Instruments
2627:Panchagavya
2521:Panchamrita
2426:Banana leaf
2183:Viraja Homa
2115:Pushpanjali
2095:Panchamrita
1983:Main topics
1374:Nagmandalam
1321:, like the
1314:overgrazing
1286:Modern uses
1235:Sabitrithan
1214:West Bengal
1188:Uttarakhand
1145:S. S. Dash
1107:Shamlat deh
1014:Law Lyngdoh
1009:Law kyntang
962:districts)
928:Maharashtra
695:References
692:Local name
662:Uttarakhand
635:law kyntang
588:Thar Desert
210:, drawn by
192:Taliparamba
119:South India
39:across the
27:Nileshwaram
3069:Categories
2751:Panchaloha
2731:Ashtadhatu
2476:Agarabattī
2411:Puja thali
2297:Ajapa japa
2286:Meditation
2224:Nityakarma
2214:Karmakāṇḍa
2209:Ashvamedha
2163:Kamyakarma
2148:Agnikaryam
2138:Agnicayana
1388:References
1382:folk tales
1363:Traditions
1163:Kovil Kadu
1155:Tamil Nadu
1053:Kovil Kadu
1045:Puducherry
1036:Thakuramma
992:reserves)
918:Sarpa Kavu
890:Devarakadu
664:, and the
624:Devnarayan
476:sacrifice.
384:Panchavati
311:alone. In
241:under the
139:Nambudiris
107:Sarpa Kavu
2766:Shaligram
2703:Mridangam
2688:Karatalas
2683:Harmonium
2632:Rudraksha
2570:Materials
2486:Kamandalu
2421:Banalinga
2352:Third eye
2342:Śaktipāta
2204:Ashirvada
2168:Pravargya
2143:Agnihotra
2100:Parikrama
2080:Abhisheka
2010:Festivals
1441:4 October
1378:Karnataka
1282:as well.
1276:Rajasthan
1267:Ayurvedic
1222:Garamthan
1205:meadows)
1173:Telangana
1075:Jaiselmer
1063:Rajasthan
1001:Meghalaya
950:Ratnagiri
881:Karnataka
860:Jharkhand
851:Deo bhumi
668:grove in
643:Mawphlang
639:Meghalaya
592:Rajasthan
578:Locations
558:nyagrodha
419:Lord Siva
406:is grown.
400:Vaikuntha
309:Karnataka
202:A sacred
123:Naga Raja
117:state of
109:(meaning
66:, India.
3047:Samskara
3035:See also
2976:Parijata
2875:Sannyasa
2860:Purohita
2771:Swastika
2657:Turmeric
2612:Marigold
2577:Agarwood
2551:Tilakamu
2491:Khirapat
2441:Dhunachi
2312:Jagarana
2264:Upakarma
2199:Achamana
2153:Aupasana
1936:Archived
1926:Archived
1913:Archived
1856:Database
1831:Archived
1729:Archived
1709:Archived
1676:Archived
1634:Archived
1609:31 March
1554:Archived
1517:Archived
1473:Archived
1410:Archived
1346:See also
1280:aquifers
1274:, as in
1226:Harithan
1196:Devbhumi
987:(sacred
959:Kolhapur
783:Budhadev
654:Hariyali
596:Bishnois
562:tamarind
511:udumbara
474:Rajasuya
269:Kalidasa
234:deadwood
194:, India.
100:Thrissur
85:Thrissur
47:, South
3019: (
2966:Kadamba
2901:more...
2885:Satguru
2782:more...
2698:Manjira
2662:Vibhuti
2642:Sindūra
2637:Candana
2622:Panakam
2607:Kumkuma
2602:Incense
2587:Camphor
2556:Utsavar
2546:Shankha
2541:Rangoli
2506:Mulavar
2481:Kalasha
2466:Garland
2436:Coconut
2404:Objects
2367:Mantras
2259:Tarpana
2249:Shuddhi
2110:Prasada
2105:Pranāma
2064:Rituals
2017: (
2005:Deities
2000:Darshan
1673:Website
1370:Theyyam
1300:Threats
1120:Jogmaya
1111:Devbani
1084:Bikaner
1080:Jodhpur
980:Gamkhap
972:Manipur
821:Haryana
807:Gujarat
753:Madaico
647:Mausmai
602:in the
586:in the
533:priyala
522:Parvati
380:jhoolan
372:Sreevan
364:Mahavan
360:Tapovan
356:Mahavan
344:Tapovan
340:Sreevan
336:Mahavan
332:Tapovan
317:Kodavas
297:ayyanar
214:, 1782.
182:, India
170:, India
53:Theyyam
3017:Tulasi
2981:Peepal
2961:Banyan
2956:Ashoka
2855:Pujari
2850:Pandit
2824:Temple
2799:Ashram
2792:Places
2736:Lingam
2678:Dholak
2652:Tulasi
2526:Pandal
2511:Paduka
2471:Ghanta
2461:Cāmara
2431:Biruda
2347:Stotra
2327:Kirtan
2302:Bhajan
2281:Prayer
2254:Śrauta
2229:Ngejot
2045:Utsava
2040:Tilaka
2030:Mantra
2025:Kirtan
1995:Bhajan
1739:
1659:
1584:
1514:series
1420:
1231:Jahera
1200:Bugyal
1129:Sikkim
1089:Kenkri
1032:Jahera
1024:Orissa
989:bamboo
984:Mauhak
955:Raigad
940:Devrai
936:Deorai
906:Kerala
896:Devkad
779:Mandar
774:Devlas
686:State
670:Shipin
666:Deodar
620:Gurjar
616:Kerala
608:Kerala
560:, ten
500:Brahma
489:Garuda
470:plaksa
459:dharma
444:banyan
404:tulasi
376:jhoola
368:Raksha
352:rishis
313:Kodagu
305:Kerala
250:Shinto
180:Mayyil
168:Kannur
115:Kerala
45:Kerala
3012:Lotus
2944:Trees
2923:Horse
2890:Swami
2870:Sadhu
2865:Rishi
2838:Roles
2819:Matha
2756:Pindi
2741:Murti
2713:Veena
2708:Tabla
2592:Charu
2531:Pinda
2516:Palki
2501:Kolam
2496:Kindi
2451:Dhupa
2446:Dhuni
2416:Altar
2192:Other
2158:Dhuni
2133:Yajna
2055:Yatra
2050:Vrata
2035:Murti
2019:Yajna
1990:Ārati
1393:Notes
1218:670*
1116:Alwar
1102:Mewar
1093:Ajmer
1028:322*
932:1600
910:2000
885:1424
868:Sarna
847:5000
770:Sarna
766:600*
741:Assam
674:Simla
672:near
637:s of
598:, to
570:mango
566:bilva
485:mango
415:bilva
348:Tapas
301:amman
289:Hindu
258:Japan
230:honey
224:India
204:Hindu
49:India
3002:Bael
2928:Nāga
2895:Yogi
2880:Sant
2845:Guru
2809:Ghat
2776:Yoni
2693:Khol
2647:Soma
2617:Milk
2597:Ghee
2582:Alta
2456:Diya
2357:Yoga
2322:Japa
2125:Homa
2085:Bhog
2072:Puja
2015:Homa
1896:PDF
1737:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1611:2017
1582:ISBN
1443:2013
1418:ISBN
1336:and
1258:Uses
1192:18*
1159:503
1098:Vani
1071:Oran
1049:108
976:365
946:Pune
914:Kavu
864:21*
829:Beed
825:248
811:29*
796:NA*
749:Than
705:691
645:and
631:kavu
455:neem
362:and
338:and
307:and
299:and
252:and
33:Kāvû
2918:Cow
1177:65
1133:56
1118:),
1067:9*
1005:79
833:Bid
831:or
792:Goa
745:40
723:65
676:in
660:of
606:of
590:of
328:Ban
324:Van
271:'s
222:of
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3071::
2746:Om
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2332:Om
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