232:
their power and ensure their bloodline survives. He does this by using each chapter to describe a specific family line, such as discussing the family tree of
Constantine (chapters 72-73) or to describe two separate seeds of Shem (chapters 74-75). In chapter 90, we see a heavy emphasis on God's law and the rules he sets forth for his believers to follow, which he presents by choosing the house of Jacob to reign as kings and spread God's message. The author then describes Menelik's arrival at Axum, where he is feasted, and Makeda abdicates the throne in his favour. Menelik then engages in a series of military campaigns with the Ark, and "no man conquered him, on the contrary, whosoever attacked him was conquered" (chapter 94). After chapter 94, the author takes a step back and describes a more global view of what he had been describing in previous chapters.
1930:
241:
speech with prophetic elements (chapters 95–112), forming what
Hubbard calls a "Patristic collection of Prophecies": "There can be little doubt that chapters 102–115 are written as polemic against, if not an evangel to, the Jews. These chapters seek to prove by Old Testament allegories and proof-texts the Messianic purpose of Jesus, the validity of the Ethiopian forms of worship, and the spiritual supremacy of Ethiopia over Israel". Hubbard further speculates that this selection from the Old Testament might be as old as
203:, seeking Solomon's blessing, and identifies himself to his father with the ring. Overjoyed by this reunion, Solomon tries to convince Menelik to stay and succeed him as king, but Menelik insists on returning to his mother in Ethiopia. King Solomon then settled for sending home with him a company formed from the first-born sons of the elders of his kingdom. This company of young men, upset over leaving Jerusalem, smuggled the
706:. There is no credible basis to the claims that the Aksumite royal house was descended from Solomon (or that any Aksumite king even claimed such an ancestry) or that Yekuno Amlak, the 13th century founder of the dynasty, was descended from the Aksumite royal house. Solomon is dated to the 10th century BCE, hundreds of years before the founding of Aksum. Historian Harold G. Marcus describes the stories of the
31:
398:(prior version), but no clear evidence of a previous Coptic version. Many scholars doubt that a Coptic version ever existed, and that the history of the text goes back no further than the Arabic vorlage. The numerous quotations in the text from the Bible were not translated from this hypothetical Arabic vorlage, but were copied from the Ethiopian translation of the
193:, but will worship the Creator of the sun, the God of Israel" (chapter 28). The night before she begins her journey home, Solomon tricks her into sleeping with him, giving her a ring so their child may identify himself to Solomon. Following her departure, Solomon has a dream in which the sun leaves Israel (chapter 30).
240:
After praising the king of
Ethiopia, the king of Egypt, and the book Domitius was found, which has established not only Ethiopia's possession of the true Ark of the Covenant, but that the Solomonic dynasty is descended from the first-born son of Solomon (chapter 95). Gregory then delivers an extended
218:
During the journey home, Menelik learns the Ark is with him, and
Solomon discovers it is gone from his kingdom. The king attempts to pursue Menelik, but through the Ark's mysterious power, his son, with his entire entourage, is miraculously flown home to Ethiopia before Solomon can leave his kingdom.
171:
and kept in the Ark of the
Covenant. After this, the archbishop Dĕmâtĕyôs reads from a book he had found in the church of "Sophia", which introduces what Hubbard calls "the centerpiece" of this work, the story of Makeda (better known as the Queen of Sheba), King Solomon, Menelik I, and how the Ark
231:
After a question from the 318 bishops of the
Council, Domitius continues with a paraphrase of Biblical history (chapters 66–83). Specifically, he focuses on the central element of lineage and royal bloodlines that were prevalent then. He discusses the intermixing of the royal families to preserve
137:
wrote that "The Kebra Nagast gave textual authority to a then newly articulated mythology of
Abyssinia’s long imperial history, legitimizing a “Solomonic” dynasty' that claimed to reach back three thousand years earlier to the union of King Solomon and the supposedly Ethiopian Queen of Sheba." It
154:
is divided into 117 chapters, and is clearly a composite work; Ullendorff describes its narrative as "a gigantic conflation of legendary cycles". This account draws much of its material from the Hebrew Bible and the author spends most of these pages recounting tales and relating them to other
100:. Modern scholarship considers it not to have any historical basis and that its stories were created to legitimize the dynasty's seizure of power in Ethiopia in the 13th century. Nevertheless, many Ethiopian Christians continue to believe it is a historically reliable work.
381:. Other historians consider parts of the Kebre Negast date to as late as the end of the sixteenth century, when Muslim incursions and contacts with the wider Christian world made the Ethiopian Church concerned with asserting its character and Jewish traditions.
384:
Some historians have been suspicious of the statement on the colophon and have suggested that the authors of the original text itself were
Ethiopian scribes. Historian Stuart Munro-Hay stated that there is no record of Ethiopian monarchs claiming descent from
691:, and published its colophon, but no substantial portion of the narrative in the original language was available until F. Praetorius published Chapters 19 through 32 with a Latin translation. Another 35 years passed before the entire text was published, by
565:. Completed in the early 1620s, the manuscript was not published in Páez's lifetime. However, it provided the foundation for many of the Jesuit accounts of Ethiopia that came after his, including those of Manuel de Almeida and Balthazar Telles.
188:
Queen Makeda learns from Tamrin, a merchant based in her kingdom, about the wisdom of King
Solomon, and travels to Jerusalem to visit him. She is enthralled by his display of learning and knowledge, and declares "From this moment I will not
584:
at first hand, owing to his excellent command of the language. His manuscript is a valuable work. His brother, Apollinare, also went out to the country as a missionary and was, along with his two companions, stoned to death in
167:
These fathers pose the question, "Of what doth the Glory of Kings consist?" One
Gregory answers with a speech (chapters 3–17) which ends with the statement that a copy of the Glory of God was made by
1701:
722:
imaginative and emotive account of a line of descent from Solomon and Sheba to the kings of Aksum and the new Solomonic dynasty is highly improbable and unsupported by evidence. It is a myth.
518:
of legends ... blended local and regional oral traditions and style and substance derived from the Old and New Testaments, various apocryphal texts, Jewish and Islamic commentaries, and
957:
542:, under Ambassador Dom Rodrigo de Lima. In the papers concerning this mission, Álvares included an account of the Emperor of Ethiopia, and a description in
609:
301:
702:
Modern scholarly opinion is that there is no historical evidence supporting the legends relating to the claimed origins of the Solomonic dynasty in the
2773:
1698:
115:(Menyelek). It also discusses the conversion of Ethiopians from the worship of the Sun, Moon, and stars to that of the "Lord God of Israel". As the
176:, who lived in the 3rd century before this Council, the time and the allusion to Gregory's imprisonment for 15 years by the king of Armenia make
1514:
673:
was published in 1813, a description of the contents of the original manuscript was included. In due course these documents were given to the
2221:
2743:
669:
2011:
123:
1823:
1410:
297:
by a team of clerics in Ethiopia—Yəsḥaq, Yəmḥarännä ˀAb, Ḥəzbä-Krəstos, Ǝndrəyas, Filəp̣p̣os, and Mäḥari ˀAb—during the office of
2768:
2143:
220:
1779:. African Studies Association of Australasia and Pacific Conference. University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.
1641:
1622:
1584:
1543:
1524:
1496:
1478:
1422:
1360:
1350:
1307:
1288:
967:
211:
and out of the kingdom (chapters 45–48) without Menelik's knowledge. He had asked Solomon only for a single tassel from the
2040:
1861:
1764:
252:
concludes with a final prophecy that the power of Rome will be eclipsed by the power of Ethiopia, and describes how king
2166:
1990:
1727:
464:
drew on in creating this work. They include not only both Testaments of the Bible (although heavier use is made of the
402:, either directly or from memory, and in their use and interpretation shows the influence of patristic sources such as
89:
2753:
2214:
2718:
2035:
1889:
2758:
375:, the personal name of the queen in Ethiopian legend might be interpreted as a popular rendering of the title of
77:
2649:
1071:
1055:
660:
498:
2763:
2723:
2207:
441:
172:
came to Ethiopia (chapters 19–94). Although the author of the final redaction identified this Gregory with
17:
1031:
155:
historical events. The document is presented in the form of a debate by the 318 "orthodox fathers" of the
2107:
785:
Hubbard notes that it is "a tendency common in Near Eastern writings to merge people of the same name". (
2733:
810:
One example is that in chapters 106–107 all but three passages quoted also appear in Gregory of Nyssa's
324:
by the name of Tekeste Birhane; the two are listed among the most influential dignitires on the side of
316:, have marked off the period 1314 to 1321–1322 for the composition of the book". During the time of the
2728:
1914:
1434:"Women's inscriptions recently discovered by the AFSM at the Awām temple/Maḥram Bilqīs in Marib, Yemen"
711:
320:, the chief of Enderta played a major role in supporting the Solomonids along with the chief priest of
130:
is not merely a literary work, but it is the repository of Ethiopian national and religious feelings".
1553:
1413:. In Bausi, Alessandro; Appleyard, David L.; Uhlig, Siegbert; Kaplan, Steven; Hahn, Wolfgang (eds.).
1399:
765:
580:. Almeida was sent out as a missionary to Ethiopia, and had abundant opportunity to learn about the
84:. In its existing form, the text is at least 700 years old and purports to trace the origins of the
2138:
2066:
1854:
177:
156:
133:
It has been described as “an Abyssinian politico-religious epic” and "medieval-era mythology".
1785:
2308:
2133:
2022:
1081:
1065:
597:
278:
2738:
2285:
801:, for example, claims to have found only one word which points to a Coptic version, p. 370.
761:
663:, gave him several of the most valuable Ethiopic manuscripts. Among them was a copy of the
539:
535:
504:
173:
531:
8:
2577:
2320:
2171:
1716:
543:
457:
425:
413:
208:
204:
108:
1831:
1574:
1281:
Navigating the Tension Between Sovereignty and Self-Determination in Postcolonial Africa
392:
Careful study of the text has revealed traces of Arabic, possibly pointing to an Arabic
2153:
1929:
1847:
1712:
1453:
1324:
1185:
1150:
696:
616:(Coimbra, 1660). The sources of Téllez's work were the histories of Manuel de Almeida,
592:
In the first quarter of the 16th century, P.N. Godinho published some traditions about
328:. Other sources put it as a work of the fourteenth century Nebura’ed Yeshaq of Aksum.
308:
Ya'ibika Igzi'. Based on the testimony of this colophon, "Conti Rossini, Littmann, and
1536:
Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum and the Northern Horn, 1000 BC – AD 1300
530:
One of the earliest collections of documents of Ethiopia came through the writings of
2661:
2444:
2420:
2406:
2394:
2345:
2102:
2092:
1752:
1690:
1664:
1647:
1637:
1618:
1590:
1580:
1559:
1539:
1520:
1502:
1492:
1474:
1467:
1445:
1418:
1356:
1328:
1313:
1303:
1284:
963:
573:
493:
294:
215:-coloured travel cloth covering the Ark, and Solomon had given him the entire thing.
119:
116:
85:
51:
2601:
2696:
1997:
1797:
1610:
1387:
674:
489:
403:
344:
305:
242:
134:
2250:
1684:
710:
as a "pastiche of legends" created to legitimize Yekuno Amlak's seizure of power.
621:
2351:
2097:
1705:
1602:
1570:
768:. E. A. Wallis Budge transliterates his name as "Domitius" in his first edition (
737:
684:
586:
510:
453:
286:
196:
On the journey home, she gives birth to Menelik in Bala Zädisareya (chapter 32).
1766:
The Sabaean Inscriptions at Adi Kaweh: Evidence Supporting the Narrative of the
1689:(in German and Geez), Munich: K.B. Akademie de Wissenschaften (published 1903),
2748:
2546:
2534:
2456:
2161:
2087:
2082:
2061:
1946:
1489:
The Quest for the Ark of the Covenant: The True History of the Tablets of Moses
760:), and in ch. 94 as of Antioch. This person might be identified with Patriarch
757:
519:
445:
417:
309:
97:
2625:
1614:
640:
explorer, published an account of his travels in search of the sources of the
2712:
2589:
2382:
2376:
2230:
1961:
1909:
1694:
1668:
1651:
1563:
1506:
1449:
1317:
1302:, vol. 1, translated by Tribe, Christopher J., London: Hakluyt Society,
617:
485:
469:
465:
409:
332:
317:
253:
139:
69:
1756:
1736:
827:
This is the stated aim of Hubbard's doctoral thesis, "The Literary Sources".
554:
2631:
2413:
2186:
2030:
1801:
732:
652:
593:
477:
449:
386:
325:
261:
1594:
695:, with commentary, in 1905. The first English translation was prepared by
331:
The central Solomonic narrative of the text is thought to derive from the
223:, and she seduces him into worshiping the idols of her land (chapter 64).
2613:
2463:
2363:
2261:
1956:
692:
633:
190:
1457:
1433:
1189:
1169:
1154:
1134:
2510:
2450:
2314:
2117:
2112:
2056:
1894:
1605:(1977). "Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn". In Oliver, Roland (ed.).
1339:
429:
2199:
561:
through Menelek's return to Aksum with the Ark of the Covenant in his
2432:
2332:
2278:
2244:
2004:
1870:
1391:
678:
481:
200:
112:
648:
came to be generally known among European scholars and theologians.
2678:
2619:
2522:
2475:
2469:
2400:
2370:
2326:
2176:
1220:
656:
637:
515:
336:
212:
1378:
452:
and that he read the manuscript claimed the world belonged to the
183:
73:
2571:
2565:
2540:
2516:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2339:
2302:
1735:, Cambridge, Ontario: In Parentheses Publications, archived from
1686:
Kebra Nagast, Die Kerrlichkeit Der Könige: Nach Den Handschriften
394:
340:
93:
92:
monarchs who ruled the country until 1974, to the biblical king,
1607:
The Cambridge History of Africa. Volume 3: From c.1050 to c.1600
1232:
2643:
2637:
2607:
2595:
2552:
2528:
2272:
2181:
1904:
1807:
Shahid, I., "The Kebra Nagast in the Light of New Researches,"
290:
257:
104:
1824:"Medieval African and European Texts about the Queen of Sheba"
868:
103:
The text contains an account of how the Queen of Sheba (Queen
30:
2655:
2583:
2558:
2438:
2357:
2256:
1977:
1951:
473:
421:
399:
321:
298:
293:
in the "year of mercy" 409 (dated to AD 1225), and then into
168:
107:
of Ethiopia) met king Solomon of Jerusalem and about how the
81:
1839:
1352:
The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 2: 400-1400
1298:
Boavida, Isabel; Pennec, Herve; Ramos, Manuel Joao (2011) ,
1111:
492:, both canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, and such
460:. Hubbard details the many sources that the compiler of the
2690:
2426:
2388:
1919:
1899:
1729:
The Queen of Sheba and Her Only Son Menyelek (Kĕbra Nagast)
1609:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 98–182.
1040:, p. 132, ch. 2, "Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn".
641:
632:
It was not until the close of the eighteenth century, when
359:, "queen"); furthermore, Sabaean tribes knew the title of
1884:
245:, who had converted the Kingdom of Axum to Christianity.
27:
14th-century text about the Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia
1244:
1099:
983:
915:
913:
858:
856:
1558:(in Latin and Geez), Halle: Halis Typis Orphanotropei,
1208:
937:
885:
883:
59:
1256:
1019:
900:
898:
699:, and was published in two editions in 1922 and 1932.
440:
itself claims that the original text was found by the
1404:, vol. 12 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 450–451
1007:
995:
959:
Black Land: Imperial Ethiopianism and African America
910:
853:
772:, p. 14) and "Timotheus" in his second edition (
376:
360:
348:
343:. "Makeda" might have its origins in multiple terms.
219:
King Solomon then turns to solace from his wife, the
1087:
1043:
880:
1663:, Oxford University Press for the British Academy,
1349:Foot, Sarah; Robinson, Chase F. (25 October 2012).
895:
1466:
1297:
1238:
1226:
756:Identified in ch. 14 as "Archbishop of Rôm" (i.e.
925:
2710:
1538:, Rochester, NY: James Currey (published 2012),
1473:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press,
1417:. Michigan State University Press. p. 111.
604:. Further information about the contents of the
1751:(in Amharic and Geez), Addis Ababa University,
1344:(2nd ed.), London: Oxford University Press
235:
184:The Queen of Sheba and Menelik (chapters 21–95)
1438:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
525:
2215:
1855:
644:, that information as to the contents of the
366:
354:
281:attached to most of the existing copies, the
1348:
1330:The Queen of Sheba and Her Only Son Menyelek
962:. Princeton University Press. pp. 6–7.
874:
199:At 22, Menelik travels to Jerusalem through
2222:
2208:
1862:
1848:
1658:
1631:
1551:
1533:
1262:
1250:
1178:International Journal of Ethiopian Studies
1143:International Journal of Ethiopian Studies
1077:
1061:
989:
955:
943:
687:prepared a summary of the contents of the
670:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile
162:
2774:Cultural depictions of the queen of Sheba
2012:Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy
1783:
1486:
1415:Ethiopia: History, Culture and Challenges
1117:
949:
1721:, vol. 1, John Murray, p. 288b
1512:
1431:
1196:
1128:
1126:
1093:
919:
546:of the habits of the Ethiopians, titled
29:
2229:
1821:
1576:Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527
1376:
1167:
1132:
1025:
1013:
1001:
862:
837:
815:
798:
786:
557:included a detailed translation of the
14:
2711:
1762:
1682:
1601:
1569:
1555:Fabula de Regina Sabaea apud Aethiopes
1516:Seven Myths of Africa in World History
1464:
1408:
1214:
1161:
1049:
1037:
904:
889:
304:and at the command of the governor of
145:
2203:
1843:
1746:
1725:
1711:
1397:
1386:(Thesis), University of St. Andrews,
1337:
1323:
1202:
1123:
1105:
773:
769:
627:
667:. When the third edition of Bruce's
367:
355:
1822:Belcher, Wendy Laura (4 May 2006),
1278:
931:
651:When Bruce was leaving Gondar, Ras
226:
24:
2744:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
1928:
1763:Leeman, Bernard (2 October 2009).
1676:
1519:. Hackett Publishing. p. 27.
1398:Jamme, A. (2003), "SABA (SHEBA)",
572:was included by the Jesuit priest
514:). Marcus thus describes it as "a
371:, "high official"). Alternatively
25:
2785:
1815:
956:Nurhussein, Nadia (7 June 2022).
1718:Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary
1300:Pedro Paez's History of Ethiopia
1239:Boavida, Pennec & Ramos 2011
1227:Boavida, Pennec & Ramos 2011
614:Historia General de Etiopía Alta
111:came to Ethiopia with their son
1991:My Life and Ethiopia's Progress
1786:"A Sixth Century Kebra Nagast?"
1632:Trimingham, J. Spencer (2013).
1271:
1174:: Can Its Secrets Be Revealed?"
1139:: Can Its Secrets Be Revealed?"
830:
821:
804:
792:
779:
750:
612:(1595–1675), the author of the
256:will subdue the Jews living in
2769:Cultural depictions of Solomon
1534:Phillipson, Daniel W. (2014),
568:Additional information on the
548:The Prester John of the Indies
472:), but he detects evidence of
13:
1:
1869:
1377:Hubbard, David Allan (1956),
847:
550:, which was printed in 1533.
499:Book of the Cave of Treasures
138:enabled the overthrow of the
1811:, 89 (1976), pp. 133-78
1380:The Literary Sources of the
1333:, London: The Medici Society
534:, official envoy which king
476:sources, and influence from
377:
361:
349:
236:Prophecies (chapters 96–117)
90:Ethiopian Orthodox Christian
60:
7:
2650:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
1659:Ullendorff, Edward (1968),
1579:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1432:Maraqten, Mohammed (2008).
726:
526:Early European translations
260:, and make his younger son
10:
2790:
1784:Munro-Hay, Stuart (2001),
1552:Praetorius, Franz (1870),
1487:Munro-Hay, Stuart (2006),
1465:Marcus, Harold G. (1994),
1168:Tiruneh, Gizachew (2014).
1133:Tiruneh, Gizachew (2014).
836:This overview is based on
812:Testimonia adversus Judeos
502:, and its derivatives the
285:originally was written in
272:
267:
55:
2671:
2485:
2295:
2237:
2152:
2126:
2075:
2049:
2021:
1970:
1939:
1926:
1877:
1615:10.1017/chol9780521209816
1401:New Catholic Encyclopedia
766:Second Council of Ephesus
764:, who was deposed at the
432:texts as sources for the
389:before the 13th century.
2754:Antisemitic publications
1513:Northrup, David (2017).
1409:Kaplan, Stephen (2017).
875:Foot & Robinson 2012
743:
636:of Kinnaird, the famous
264:his heir (chapter 117).
72:of Ethiopia, written in
2719:14th-century literature
2041:Twelve Tribes of Israel
1491:, London: I.B. Tauris,
1279:Aka, Philip C. (2024).
289:, then translated into
221:daughter of the Pharaoh
178:Gregory the Illuminator
163:Opening (chapters 1–20)
157:First Council of Nicaea
2759:Antisemitism in Africa
2167:Ethiopian Christianity
1933:
1802:10.3406/ethio.2001.990
1747:Galāw, Sergew (2001),
1661:Ethiopia and the Bible
724:
553:The Jesuit missionary
484:works (especially the
450:Church of Saint Sophia
122:explained in the 1967
66:The Glory of the Kings
39:
1932:
1683:Bezold, Carl (1905),
1469:A history of Ethiopia
716:
347:inscriptions mention
34:Illustrations to the
33:
2535:La Chanson de Roland
2144:In the United States
762:Domnus II of Antioch
738:Replacement theology
659:(regent) of Emperor
563:História da Ethiópia
540:Dawit II of Ethiopia
536:Manuel I of Portugal
505:Book of Adam and Eve
339:were descended from
174:Gregory Thaumaturgus
68:, is a 14th-century
2764:Ark of the Covenant
2724:Culture of Ethiopia
2578:The Siege of Sziget
2321:Book of Dede Korkut
2231:National epic poems
2172:Ites Gold and Green
2134:Relation to Judaism
2076:Notable individuals
1768:Sheba-Menelik Cycle
1713:Budge, E. A. Wallis
1411:"Solomonic dynasty"
1108:, pp. 450–451.
600:, derived from the
578:Historia de Etiopía
458:Emperor of Ethiopia
414:David Allan Hubbard
335:, who believed the
205:Ark of the Covenant
146:Summary of contents
109:Ark of the Covenant
1934:
1790:Annales d'Éthiopie
1704:2021-11-06 at the
1325:Budge, E.A. Wallis
1120:, p. 124–194.
877:, p. 148-149.
697:E. A. Wallis Budge
628:Modern scholarship
520:Patristic writings
442:Archbishop of Rome
40:
2729:Rastafarian texts
2706:
2705:
2662:Cantar de mio Cid
2445:Epic of Gilgamesh
2421:Hikayat Seri Rama
2407:Hikayat Hang Tuah
2395:Phra Lak Phra Lam
2197:
2196:
2103:Vernon Carrington
2093:Archibald Dunkley
1715:(1920), "m'kit",
1643:978-1-136-97022-1
1634:Islam in Ethiopia
1624:978-1-139-05457-7
1586:978-0-19-821671-1
1545:978-1-84701-088-9
1526:978-1-62466-641-4
1498:978-1-84511-248-6
1480:978-0-520-22479-7
1424:978-3-643-90892-6
1362:978-0-19-163693-6
1309:978-1-908145-00-0
1290:978-3-031-48130-7
1184:(1 & 2): 53.
1149:(1 & 2): 54.
969:978-0-691-23462-5
661:Tekle Haymanot II
574:Manuel de Almeida
532:Francisco Álvares
277:According to the
124:Schweich Lectures
120:Edward Ullendorff
86:Solomonic dynasty
16:(Redirected from
2781:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2200:
1998:The Promised Key
1947:Haile Selassie I
1864:
1857:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:, archived from
1804:
1780:
1778:
1759:
1743:
1741:
1734:
1726:— (2000),
1722:
1697:
1671:
1655:
1628:
1603:Tamrat, Taddesse
1598:
1571:Tamrat, Taddesse
1566:
1548:
1530:
1509:
1483:
1472:
1461:
1428:
1405:
1394:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1345:
1341:The Kebra Nagast
1338:— (1932),
1334:
1320:
1294:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1229:, p. 80–89.
1224:
1218:
1217:, p. 17-18.
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1130:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1075:
1069:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
908:
902:
893:
887:
878:
872:
866:
860:
841:
834:
828:
825:
819:
808:
802:
796:
790:
783:
777:
754:
675:Bodleian Library
608:was supplied by
490:Book of Jubilees
478:deuterocanonical
404:Gregory of Nyssa
380:
370:
369:
364:
358:
357:
352:
227:Stories of Kings
209:Solomon's Temple
135:Nadia Nurhussein
63:
57:
21:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2667:
2481:
2352:Vepkhistkaosani
2291:
2233:
2228:
2198:
2193:
2148:
2122:
2108:Charles Edwards
2098:Mortimer Planno
2071:
2045:
2017:
1966:
1940:Central figures
1935:
1924:
1873:
1868:
1818:
1776:
1739:
1732:
1706:Wayback Machine
1679:
1677:Further reading
1674:
1644:
1625:
1587:
1546:
1527:
1499:
1481:
1425:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1310:
1291:
1274:
1269:
1263:Praetorius 1870
1261:
1257:
1251:Phillipson 2012
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1166:
1162:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1078:Trimingham 2013
1076:
1072:
1062:Trimingham 2013
1060:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
990:Ullendorff 1968
988:
984:
974:
972:
970:
954:
950:
944:Ullendorff 1968
942:
938:
930:
926:
918:
911:
903:
896:
888:
881:
873:
869:
861:
854:
850:
845:
844:
835:
831:
826:
822:
809:
805:
797:
793:
784:
780:
755:
751:
746:
729:
685:August Dillmann
655:, the powerful
630:
610:Baltazar Téllez
528:
511:Book of the Bee
454:Emperor of Rome
275:
270:
238:
229:
191:worship the sun
186:
165:
148:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2787:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2734:Texts in Ge'ez
2731:
2726:
2721:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2547:Nibelungenlied
2543:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2460:
2457:Silappatikaram
2453:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2414:Sejarah Melayu
2410:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2267:The Araucaniad
2259:
2254:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2088:Joseph Hibbert
2085:
2083:Leonard Howell
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2062:Grounation Day
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1971:Key scriptures
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1878:Main doctrines
1875:
1874:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1834:on 11 May 2008
1817:
1816:External links
1814:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1781:
1760:
1744:
1723:
1709:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1672:
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1629:
1623:
1599:
1585:
1567:
1549:
1544:
1531:
1525:
1510:
1497:
1484:
1479:
1462:
1429:
1423:
1406:
1395:
1374:
1361:
1355:. OUP Oxford.
1346:
1335:
1321:
1308:
1295:
1289:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1160:
1122:
1118:Munro-Hay 2006
1110:
1098:
1086:
1070:
1054:
1042:
1030:
1028:, p. 358.
1018:
1006:
994:
992:, p. 141.
982:
968:
948:
936:
934:, p. 116.
924:
909:
894:
892:, p. 111.
879:
867:
865:, p. 352.
851:
849:
846:
843:
842:
840:, p. 6–8.
829:
820:
803:
791:
789:, p. 253)
778:
758:Constantinople
748:
747:
745:
742:
741:
740:
735:
728:
725:
720:Kebra Nagast's
712:David Northrup
629:
626:
527:
524:
446:Constantinople
274:
271:
269:
266:
237:
234:
228:
225:
185:
182:
180:a better fit.
164:
161:
147:
144:
98:Queen of Sheba
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2786:
2775:
2772:
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2762:
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2717:
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2615:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2590:Divine Comedy
2587:
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2579:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
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2411:
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2408:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2383:Epic of Manas
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2251:Martín Fierro
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1962:Marcus Garvey
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:Lion of Judah
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1742:on 2016-11-30
1738:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:. Routledge.
1635:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1264:
1259:
1253:, p. 66.
1252:
1247:
1241:, p. 29.
1240:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1129:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1094:Maraqten 2008
1090:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1052:, p. 73.
1051:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1016:, p. 44.
1015:
1010:
1004:, p. 39.
1003:
998:
991:
986:
971:
965:
961:
960:
952:
946:, p. 75.
945:
940:
933:
928:
922:, p. 27.
921:
920:Northrup 2017
916:
914:
907:, p. 17.
906:
901:
899:
891:
886:
884:
876:
871:
864:
859:
857:
852:
839:
833:
824:
818:, p. 39)
817:
813:
807:
800:
795:
788:
782:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
753:
749:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
723:
721:
715:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
680:
676:
672:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
625:
623:
622:Jerónimo Lobo
619:
618:Afonso Mendes
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
523:
521:
517:
513:
512:
507:
506:
501:
500:
496:works as the
495:
491:
487:
486:Book of Enoch
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:Old Testament
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:Old Testament
407:
405:
401:
397:
396:
390:
388:
382:
379:
374:
363:
351:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:Zagwe dynasty
329:
327:
323:
319:
318:Zagwe dynasty
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:Abba Giyorgis
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
265:
263:
259:
255:
254:Kaleb of Axum
251:
246:
244:
233:
224:
222:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
194:
192:
181:
179:
175:
170:
160:
158:
153:
143:
141:
140:Zagwe Dynasty
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:national epic
67:
62:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
2695:
2685:Kebra Nagast
2684:
2683:
2660:
2648:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2576:
2564:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2474:
2462:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2362:
2350:
2338:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2284:
2277:
2266:
2262:
2249:
2187:Roots reggae
2031:Bobo Ashanti
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1984:Kebra Nagast
1983:
1982:
1890:Cannabis use
1832:the original
1827:
1808:
1796:(1): 43–58,
1793:
1789:
1773:
1772:Kebra Nagast
1769:
1765:
1749:Kebra Nagast
1748:
1737:the original
1728:
1717:
1685:
1660:
1633:
1606:
1575:
1554:
1535:
1515:
1488:
1468:
1441:
1437:
1414:
1400:
1383:
1382:Kebra Nagast
1379:
1366:. Retrieved
1351:
1340:
1329:
1299:
1283:. Springer.
1280:
1272:Bibliography
1258:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1205:, p. 16
1198:
1181:
1177:
1172:Kebra Nagast
1171:
1163:
1146:
1142:
1137:Kebra Nagast
1136:
1113:
1101:
1089:
1073:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1026:Hubbard 1956
1021:
1014:Hubbard 1956
1009:
1002:Hubbard 1956
997:
985:
973:. Retrieved
958:
951:
939:
927:
870:
863:Hubbard 1956
838:Hubbard 1956
832:
823:
816:Hubbard 1956
811:
806:
799:Hubbard 1956
794:
787:Hubbard 1956
781:
752:
733:Fetha Nagast
719:
717:
708:Kebra Nagast
707:
704:Kebra Negast
703:
701:
689:Kebra Nagast
688:
683:
668:
665:Kebra Nagast
664:
653:Mikael Sehul
650:
646:Kebra Nagast
645:
631:
613:
606:Kebra Nagast
605:
602:Kebra Nagast
601:
596:and his son
594:King Solomon
591:
582:Kebra Nagast
581:
577:
570:Kebra Nagast
569:
567:
562:
559:Kebra Nagast
558:
552:
547:
529:
509:
503:
497:
462:Kebra Nagast
461:
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437:
434:Kebra Nagast
433:
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391:
383:
372:
368:𐩣𐩤𐩩𐩥𐩺𐩩
330:
326:Yekuno Amlak
313:
283:Kebra Nagast
282:
276:
262:Gabra Masqal
250:Kebra Nagast
249:
247:
239:
230:
217:
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195:
187:
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151:
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128:Kebra Nagast
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117:Ethiopianist
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61:kəbrä nägäśt
48:Kebra Negast
47:
44:Kebra Nagast
43:
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36:Kebra Nagast
35:
18:Kebra Negast
2739:Beta Israel
2626:Os Lusíadas
2614:Pan Tadeusz
2464:Manimekalai
2364:Mahabharata
2309:Sasna Dzrer
2263:La Araucana
2139:Persecution
1957:Menen Asfaw
1444:: 231–249.
1215:Marcus 1994
1050:Tamrat 1972
1038:Tamrat 1977
975:12 December
905:Marcus 1994
890:Kaplan 2017
714:notes that
693:Carl Bezold
681:Bruce 87).
634:James Bruce
416:identified
314:inter alios
2713:Categories
2511:Kalevipoeg
2451:Tamil Nadu
2315:Azerbaijan
2118:Peter Tosh
2113:Bob Marley
2057:Shashamane
1895:Dreadlocks
1828:CSW Update
1203:Budge 1922
1106:Jamme 2003
1080:, p.
1064:, p.
848:References
776:, ch. 14).
774:Budge 1932
770:Budge 1922
555:Pedro Páez
544:Portuguese
538:, sent to
482:apocryphal
474:Rabbinical
430:Apocryphal
426:Rabbinical
243:Frumentius
2602:Lāčplēsis
2433:Shahnameh
2333:Trai Bhet
2279:O Uraguai
2245:Argentina
2067:Reasoning
2050:Festivals
2036:Nyabinghi
2005:Holy Piby
1871:Rastafari
1809:Le Muséon
1699:Ge'ez PDF
1695:320050047
1669:460553359
1652:858861432
1564:600994746
1507:918462598
1450:0308-8421
1392:10023/544
1318:751723117
679:shelfmark
468:than the
448:) in the
418:Patristic
113:Menelik I
80:Ishaq of
78:nebure id
2697:Sundiata
2679:Ethiopia
2620:Portugal
2523:Kalevala
2476:Ramakien
2470:Thailand
2401:Malaysia
2371:Ramayana
2327:Cambodia
2286:Caramuru
2238:Americas
2177:Rastacap
2023:Mansions
1757:50630238
1702:Archived
1573:(1972).
1458:41223951
1327:(1922),
1190:26554817
1155:26554817
932:Aka 2024
727:See also
657:Inderase
638:Scottish
516:pastiche
508:and the
456:and the
422:Qur'anic
412:scholar
356:𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩩
337:Axumites
279:colophon
213:tekhelet
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56:ክብረ ነገሥት
2572:Hungary
2566:Odyssey
2541:Germany
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2499:Beowulf
2493:England
2346:Georgia
2340:Reamker
2303:Armenia
2162:Chalice
2154:Related
2127:Society
1770:of the
598:Menelik
576:in his
395:Vorlage
387:Solomon
373:Makueda
345:Sabaean
341:Solomon
310:Cerulli
306:Enderta
273:Origins
268:History
126:, "The
94:Solomon
76:by the
46:, var.
38:, 1920s
2672:Africa
2644:Russia
2638:Aeneid
2608:Poland
2596:Latvia
2553:Greece
2529:France
2486:Europe
2377:Kyrgyz
2273:Brazil
2182:Reggae
1915:Livity
1905:Iyaric
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287:Coptic
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2656:Spain
2584:Italy
2559:Iliad
2439:Sumer
2358:India
2257:Chile
1978:Bible
1952:Jesus
1777:(PDF)
1740:(PDF)
1733:(PDF)
1454:JSTOR
1186:JSTOR
1170:"The
1151:JSTOR
1135:"The
744:Notes
400:Bible
322:Aksum
299:Abuna
295:Ge'ez
207:from
169:Moses
82:Aksum
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52:Ge'ez
2691:Mali
2632:Rome
2427:Iran
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2296:Asia
1920:Zion
1900:Ital
1753:OCLC
1691:OCLC
1665:OCLC
1648:OCLC
1638:ISBN
1619:ISBN
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1581:ISBN
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718:the
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620:and
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