169:
249:
794:
594:
153:
415:
841:
754:
675:
394:
1012:
649:
1106:
554:
947:
609:
430:
352:
220:
1025:
309:
960:
527:
324:
714:
367:
194:
1038:
1051:
934:
1134:
986:
855:
513:
473:
1092:
207:
1326:
93:
1120:
234:
264:
1379:, Assistant Secretary of State, played key roles after Kellogg and Briand agreed on a two party treaty between the U.S. and France. It was originally intended as a bilateral treaty, but Castle worked to expand it to a multinational agreement that included practically the entire world. Castle managed to overcome French objections through his discussions with the French ambassador, replacing the narrow Franco-American agreement with a treaty that attracted almost all major and minor nations.
882:
768:
381:
1811:
662:
279:
1725:
1709:
338:
1693:
973:
921:
782:
727:
580:
1064:
1162:
869:
458:
567:
1148:
636:
294:
2808:
1186:
740:
541:
500:
444:
819:
623:
701:
688:
908:
1078:
487:
999:
806:
895:
25:
1842:
mechanism to compel compliance from signatories, since the pact only calls for violators to "be denied of the benefits furnished by treaty". They also said that the Pact appealed to the West because it promised to secure and protect previous conquests, thus securing their place at the head of the international legal order indefinitely. They wrote in 2017:
1790:
As a practical matter, the
Kellogg–Briand Pact did not live up to its primary aims, but has arguably had some success. It did not end war or stop the rise of militarism, and was unable to keep the international peace in succeeding years. Its legacy remains as a statement of the idealism expressed by
1868:
or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the
Purposes of the United Nations." One legal consequence is that it is unlawful to annex territory by force, although other forms of annexation have not been prevented. More broadly, there is now a strong presumption
1891:
an important early venture in multilateralism. ... nternational law evolved to circumscribe the use of armed force with legal restrictions. The forcible acquisition of territory by conquest became illegitimate and individual criminal liability might attach to those who pursued it. In criminalizing
1217:
in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them". The pact was signed by
Germany, France, and the United States on 27 August 1928, and by most other states soon after. Sponsored by
1858:
The pact, in addition to binding the particular nations that signed it, has also served as one of the legal bases establishing the international norms that the threat or use of military force in contravention of international law, as well as the territorial acquisitions resulting from it, are
1841:
have argued that the Pact inaugurated "a new era of human history" characterized by the decline of inter-state war as a structuring dynamic of the international system. According to
Shapiro and Hathaway one reason for the historical insignificance of the pact was the absence of an enforcement
1302:
The High
Contracting Parties solemnly declare in the names of their respective peoples that they condemn recourse to war for the solution of international controversies and renounce it as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another.
1255:, and lack of influence on foreign policy. The pact had no mechanism for enforcement, and many historians and political scientists see it as mostly irrelevant and ineffective. Nevertheless, the pact served as the legal basis for the concept of a
2691:
1869:
against the legality of using, or threatening, military force against another country. Nations that have resorted to the use of force since the
Charter came into effect have typically invoked self-defense or the right of collective defense.
1791:
advocates for peace in the interwar period. However, it also helped to erase the legal distinction between war and peace, because the signatories, having renounced the use of war, began to wage wars without declaring them, as in the
1315:
The High
Contracting Parties agree that the settlement or solution of all disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them, shall never be sought except by pacific means.
1678:
voting against over concerns with
British imperialism. While the U.S. Senate did not add any reservations to the treaty, it did pass a measure which interpreted the treaty as not infringing upon the United States' right of
2261:
1854:
Hathaway and
Shapiro show that between 1816 and 1928 there was on average one military conquest every ten months. After 1945, in very sharp contrast, the number of such conflicts declined to one in every four years.
1863:
was confirmed and broadened by the United
Nations Charter, which provides in article 2, paragraph 4, that "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the
1826:
who, in a nationally televised series on American diplomacy between the two world wars, referred to the pact as a "worthless piece of paper". In his history of Europe from 1914 to 1948, historian
1775:
continued. The pact's central provisions renouncing the use of war, and promoting peaceful settlement of disputes and the use of collective force to prevent aggression, were incorporated into the
1752:
1892:
war Kellogg–Briand played a role in the development of a new norm of behavior in international relations, a norm that continues to play a role in our current international order.
1833:
While the Pact has been ridiculed for its moralism and legalism and lack of influence on foreign policy, it did lead to a more activist American foreign policy. Legal scholars
2258:
3073:
2727:(2019) 95#1 pp 45–62. Argues for a major impact – that this prohibition is key to understanding international law and state behavior in the last century.
3098:
3078:
2754:
Kampmark, Binoy. "Punishing wars of aggression: conceptualising Nazi State criminality and the US policy behind shaping the crime against peace, 1943–1945."
2132:
Binoy Kampmark, "Punishing wars of aggression: conceptualising Nazi State criminality and the US policy behind shaping the crime against peace, 1943–1945."
2077:
1850:
as a tool of law enforcement, and ignited the explosion in the number of international organizations that regulate so many aspects of our daily lives.
1779:
and other treaties. Although civil wars continued, wars between established states have been rare since 1945, with a few major exceptions such as the
1239:
A common criticism is that the Kellogg–Briand Pact did not live up to all of its aims but has arguably had some success. It was unable to prevent the
3103:
3038:
2998:
2015:
3108:
3058:
3118:
3088:
3048:
1997:
1724:
1382:
The pact was first signed on 27 August 1928 in Paris at the French Foreign Ministry by the representatives from Australia, Belgium, Canada,
3063:
3043:
2868:
3083:
3023:
1784:
3018:
3013:
1247:
and execution of wartime German leaders in 1946. Furthermore, declared wars became very rare after 1945. It has been ridiculed for its
3068:
3053:
3033:
2643:
2623:
3133:
3028:
2833:
1846:
As its effects reverberated across the globe, it reshaped the world map, catalyzed the human rights revolution, enabled the use of
3123:
1731:
3128:
2858:
1708:
2575:
2555:
1692:
3113:
2514:
2466:
1383:
3093:
177:
2913:
2863:
1278:
and other treaties, which gave rise to a more activist American foreign policy which began with the signing of the pact.
463:
2888:
2701:
2603:
2386:
2117:
599:
2283:"The Avalon Project : The Kellogg–Briand Pact – Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations United States"
2983:
2838:
478:
65:
2968:
1219:
161:
2730:
Johnson, Gaynor. "Austen Chamberlain and the Negotiation of the Kellogg–Briand Pact, 1928" in Gaynor Johnson, ed.
2963:
2903:
2723:
Hathaway, Oona A., and Scott J. Shapiro. "International law and its transformation through the outlawry of war."
2237:
2716:
Hathaway, Oona A. and Shapiro, Scott J. "International law and its transformation through the outlawry of war".
3143:
2973:
2958:
2933:
2873:
2327:
1767:, agreed to put the Kellogg–Briand Pact in effect without waiting for other western signatories to ratify. The
2663:
DeBenedetti, Charles. "Borah and the Kellogg–Briand Pact." The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 63.1 (1972): 22–29.
3008:
2938:
2878:
1275:
1252:
2812:
1189:
2953:
2943:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2883:
1394:, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, South Africa, and the United States. It took effect on 24 July 1929.
3148:
3138:
3003:
2988:
2978:
2948:
2893:
1796:
1771:
had made agreement between Romania and the Soviet Union challenging and dispute between the nations over
1734:
1542:
1376:
239:
2898:
2649:
Carroll, Francis M. "War and Peace and International Law: The Kellogg–Briand Peace Pact Reconsidered."
2219:
1800:
1780:
2300:
1952:
1830:
referred to the Pact as "vacuous" and said that it was "a dead letter from the moment it was signed."
2993:
2908:
2848:
1352:
47:
35:
1564:
860:
2853:
2828:
1927:
1226:
2436:
1902:
1776:
1660:
1402:
1139:
420:
357:
2593:
2504:
2376:
2107:
1865:
1655:(after Czechoslovakia dissolved in 1993), and, as a result of the dissolution of Yugoslavia,
1526:
1522:
759:
372:
1397:
By that date, the following nations had deposited instruments of ratification of the pact:
1768:
1683:
and not obliging the nation to enforce it by taking action against those who violated it.
1674:
In the United States, the Senate approved the treaty 85–1, with only Wisconsin Republican
8:
2843:
2687:
2409:
1907:
1873:
1640:
1580:
1417:
1256:
1097:
939:
798:
2781:
War as an instrument of national policy : and its renunciation in the pact of Paris
1274:
Similar provisions to those in the Kellogg–Briand Pact were later incorporated into the
2784:
2742:
2671:
2429:
2166:
1804:
1764:
1604:
1517:
1467:
1462:
991:
745:
614:
518:
2765:'In Relation to the Pact': Radical Pacifists and the Kellogg–Briand Pact, 1928–1939".
1887:
Political scientists Julie Bunck and Michael Fowler in 2018 argued that the Pact was:
2697:
2681:
2599:
2510:
2462:
2382:
2323:
2282:
2113:
2046:
2009:
1974:
1860:
1847:
1810:
1763:
in Moscow on February 9, 1929, the Soviet Union and its western neighbors, including
1760:
1748:
1715:
1512:
1422:
1407:
1365:
1233:
731:
92:
2711:
1751:
and remains in effect. One month following its conclusion, a similar agreement, the
2572:
2552:
2162:
2153:
Josephson, Harold (1979). "Outlawing War: Internationalism and the Pact of Paris".
2038:
1877:
1838:
1834:
1447:
1437:
1391:
1369:
1260:
1244:
1240:
1222:
887:
559:
532:
314:
299:
157:
2638:
Bunck, Julie M., and Michael R. Fowler. "The Kellogg–Briand Pact: A Reappraisal."
2063:
Bunck, Julie M., and Michael R. Fowler. "The Kellogg–Briand Pact: A Reappraisal".
1607:
for a total of 57 state parties by 1929. Six states joined between 1930 and 1934:
2618:
Julie M. Bunck, and Michael R. Fowler. "The Kellogg-Briand Pact: A Reappraisal."
2579:
2559:
2351:
2317:
2265:
1980:
1922:
1912:
1792:
1699:
1668:
1560:
1361:
1229:
846:
329:
269:
173:
116:
41:
2078:"There's Still No Reason to Think the Kellogg–Briand Pact Accomplished Anything"
1325:
2484:
2042:
1815:
1675:
1648:
1125:
386:
2595:
Climate Conflicts – A Case of International Environmental and Humanitarian Law
2822:
2789:
2458:
2050:
1917:
1823:
399:
152:
2747:
Josephson, Harold. "Outlawing war: Internationalism and the Pact of Paris."
2489:
1996:
Westminster, Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons.
1755:, was concluded in Geneva, which obliged its signatory parties to establish
1667:(both in 1994). The Free City of Danzig, which had joined the Pact in 1929,
2656:
Cavendish, Richard. "The Kellogg–Briand Pact Aims to Bring an End to War".
2109:
War Crimes Against Women: Prosecution in International War Crimes Tribunals
1881:
1756:
1680:
1616:
1537:
1264:
1214:
773:
1884:
tried and executed the top leaders responsible for starting World War II.
1211:
General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy
86:
General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy
2739:
The Pact Of Paris Officially The General Pact For The Renunciation Of War
2450:
2319:
Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonsecu and his Regime, Romania, 1940–1944
1827:
1822:
The popular perception of the Kellogg–Briand Pact was best summarized by
1600:
1487:
1387:
1043:
667:
343:
284:
2506:
The Internationalists: How a Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World
2181:
The Internationalists: How a Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World
2774:
The Pact of Paris – A Study of the Briand–Kellogg Treaty
1772:
1584:
1576:
1193:
978:
926:
1872:
Notably, the pact also served as the legal basis for the concept of a
1592:
1492:
1482:
1457:
1268:
1017:
680:
654:
585:
199:
1998:"House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 16 Dec 2013 (pt 0004)"
1656:
1652:
1644:
1632:
1612:
1596:
1568:
1532:
1248:
1167:
1111:
1069:
1056:
874:
786:
781:
726:
2807:
1664:
1620:
1477:
1452:
1442:
1432:
1412:
1153:
952:
641:
572:
546:
505:
449:
435:
212:
1753:
General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
1628:
1588:
1552:
1547:
1502:
1497:
1472:
1030:
900:
824:
811:
706:
693:
628:
254:
225:
168:
1608:
1572:
965:
913:
793:
122:
2693:
Peace in Their Time: The Origins of the Kellogg–Briand Pact
2378:
The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture
2207:
Peace in Their Time: The Origins of the Kellogg–Briand Pact
1636:
1624:
1507:
1427:
1083:
1004:
719:
492:
2668:
Frank B. Kellogg and American foreign relations, 1925–1929
2192:
Charles DeBenedetti, "Borah and the Kellogg–Briand Pact."
1635:
declared its accession to the treaty in 1971, followed by
1218:
France and the U.S., the Pact is named after its authors,
2591:
2482:
Menand, Louis (18 September 2017). "Drop Your Weapons".
1671:
and became a regular part of Poland after World War II.
2067:, vol. 27, no. 2, Spring 2019, pp. 229–276. HeinOnline.
1747:
The 1928 Kellogg–Briand Pact was concluded outside the
1271:
the top leaders responsible for starting World War II.
2710:"H-Diplo Roundtable XXI-15 on The Internationalists"
1951:
See certified true copy of the text of the treaty in
2640:
Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law
2620:
Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law
2065:
Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law
2428:
290:
2410:"Milestones: 1921–1936 – Office of the Historian"
2820:
2585:
2529:For detailed discussion by several scholars see
2105:
1759:in any case of dispute. With the signing of the
230:
2732:Locarno Revisited: European Diplomacy 1920–1929
2502:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
3074:Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)
1559:12 additional parties joined after that date:
764:
363:
3099:Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
2503:Hathaway, Oona A.; Shapiro, Scott J. (2017).
411:
3079:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
2139:
2014:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1876:. It was for committing this crime that the
114:
2420:
2112:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 46.
2101:
2099:
2031:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
2475:
2209:(Yale University Press, 1952) pp. 140–143.
1523:Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
454:
91:
2349:
2152:
2029:Marsh, Norman S. (1963). "Book Reviews".
1360:The plan was devised by American lawyers
736:
605:
590:
426:
260:
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
3104:Treaties of the Second Hellenic Republic
2381:. Hoover Institution Press. p. 39.
2315:
2179:Oona A. Hathaway, and Scott J. Shapiro,
2096:
1809:
1324:
851:
348:
245:
3039:Treaties of the First Austrian Republic
2999:Treaties of Spain under the Restoration
2686:
2449:
2426:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1732:Secretary of State for External Affairs
523:
469:
320:
305:
275:
3109:Treaties of the Second Polish Republic
3059:Treaties of the Kingdom of Afghanistan
2821:
2481:
1969:
1967:
1965:
3119:Treaties of the Union of South Africa
3089:Treaties of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
3049:Treaties of the French Third Republic
2028:
1805:German and Soviet invasions of Poland
1232:. The pact was concluded outside the
760:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
2678:Republican Foreign Policy, 1921–1933
2374:
1986:
1742:
40:In particular, it has problems with
18:
3064:Treaties of the Kingdom of Bulgaria
3044:Treaties of the Free City of Danzig
2869:Treaties entered into force in 1929
2573:Budapest Articles of Interpretation
2553:Budapest Articles of Interpretation
1962:
97:Kellogg–Briand Pact with signatures
13:
3084:Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
3024:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
2509:. Simon and Schuster. p. xv.
2455:To Hell and Back: Europe 1914–1949
2167:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1979.tb00323.x
1386:, France, Germany, Great Britain,
14:
3160:
3019:Treaties of the Ditadura Nacional
3014:Treaties of the Albanian Republic
2800:
2592:Silke Marie Christiansen (2016).
3069:Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt
3054:Treaties of the Irish Free State
3034:Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire
2806:
2435:. New York: Macmillan. pp.
1723:
1707:
1691:
1220:United States Secretary of State
1215:international agreement on peace
1184:
1160:
1146:
1132:
1118:
1104:
1090:
1076:
1062:
1049:
1036:
1023:
1010:
997:
984:
971:
958:
945:
932:
919:
906:
893:
880:
867:
853:
839:
817:
804:
792:
780:
766:
752:
738:
725:
712:
699:
686:
673:
660:
647:
634:
621:
607:
592:
578:
565:
552:
539:
525:
511:
498:
485:
471:
456:
442:
428:
413:
406:31 signatories by effective date
392:
379:
365:
350:
336:
322:
307:
292:
277:
262:
247:
232:
218:
205:
192:
167:
151:
23:
3134:Treaties of the Weimar Republic
3029:Treaties of the Empire of Japan
2834:Aggression in international law
2612:
2565:
2545:
2532:
2523:
2496:
2443:
2402:
2368:
2343:
2309:
2302:League of Nations Treaty Series
2293:
2275:
2270:Dictionary of Wisconsin History
2251:
2230:
2212:
2199:
2186:
2173:
1859:unlawful. The interdiction of
1814:Mockery of the Pact during the
3124:Treaties of the United Kingdom
2126:
2070:
2057:
2022:
1945:
1793:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1631:. After the Second World War,
32:This article needs editing to
1:
3129:Treaties of the United States
2859:Presidency of Calvin Coolidge
2734:. (Routledge, 2004) pp 54–67.
2272:. Accessed 11 November 2008.
1933:
1797:Italian invasion of Abyssinia
1276:Charter of the United Nations
3114:Treaties of the Soviet Union
1785:conflicts in the Middle East
1345: Territories of parties
1286:The main text is very short:
16:1928 international agreement
7:
3094:Treaties of the Netherlands
2794:When the World Outlawed War
2651:Canadian Journal of History
2646:, a major scholarly survey.
2582:(see under footnotes), 1934
2562:(see under footnotes), 1934
2194:Pacific Northwest Quarterly
1896:
1377:William Richards Castle Jr.
178:Minister of Foreign Affairs
10:
3165:
2914:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
2864:Treaties concluded in 1928
2353:A History of Soviet Russia
2002:publications.parliament.uk
1801:Soviet invasion of Finland
1781:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
1368:, and promoted by Senator
1353:League of Nations mandates
1339: Subsequent adherents
1333: Original signatories
1320:
833:25 countries once in force
2889:Treaties of British India
2696:. Yale University Press.
2653:(2018) 53#1 : 86–96.
2598:. Springer. p. 153.
2427:Quigley, Carroll (1966).
2350:von Rauch, Georg (1962).
2316:Deletant, Dennis (2006).
2106:Kelly Dawn Askin (1997).
1183:
1178:
185:
144:
129:
110:
102:
90:
85:
2984:Treaties of Pahlavi Iran
2839:Interwar-period treaties
2578:25 February 2007 at the
2558:25 February 2007 at the
2238:"US Department of State"
2043:10.1093/iclqaj/12.3.1049
1976:Kellogg–Briand Pact 1928
1757:conciliation commissions
1714:German Foreign Minister
1698:French Foreign Minister
1375:Borah and U.S. diplomat
34:comply with Knowledge's
2969:Treaties of New Zealand
2136:(2018) 37#1 pp. 38–56.
1928:Washington Naval Treaty
1669:ceased to exist in 1939
1355:administered by parties
1281:
1236:and remains in effect.
1227:French foreign minister
1209:– officially the
2964:Treaties of Luxembourg
2904:Treaties of Costa Rica
2772:Miller, David Hunter.
2538:Hathaway and Shapiro,
2375:King, Charles (2013).
2356:. Praeger. p. 208
1903:Geneva Protocol (1924)
1894:
1852:
1819:
1777:United Nations Charter
1661:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1357:
1318:
1243:but was the basis for
1140:Bosnia and Herzegovina
133:24 July 1929
115:
3144:Treaties of Venezuela
2974:Treaties of Nicaragua
2959:Treaties of Lithuania
2934:Treaties of Guatemala
2874:Treaties of Australia
2813:Kellogg-Briand Treaty
2769:39.3 (2014): 395–420.
2758:(2018) 37#1 pp 38–56.
2725:International Affairs
2718:International Affairs
2642:27 #2(2018): 229–276
2622:27 #2(2018): 229–276
2540:The Internationalists
1889:
1866:territorial integrity
1844:
1813:
1527:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
1328:
1289:
1190:Kellogg-Briand Treaty
3009:Treaties of Thailand
2939:Treaties of Honduras
2879:Treaties of Barbados
2751:3.4 (1979): 377–390.
2720:(2019) 95#1 pp 45–62
2676:Ellis, Lewis Ethan.
2666:Ellis, Lewis Ethan.
2264:11 June 2011 at the
2196:63.1 (1972): 22–29.
1769:Bessarabian question
2954:Treaties of Liberia
2944:Treaties of Iceland
2929:Treaties of Finland
2924:Treaties of Estonia
2919:Treaties of Denmark
2884:Treaties of Belgium
2779:Shotwell, James T.
2737:Jones, E. Stanley.
2287:avalon.law.yale.edu
2205:Robert H. Ferrell,
2183:(2017) p. xxi, 114.
2084:. 29 September 2017
1953:League of Nations,
1908:Anti-Comintern Pact
1874:crime against peace
1641:Antigua and Barbuda
1257:crime against peace
1203:Kellogg–Briand Pact
1098:Antigua and Barbuda
940:Free City of Danzig
82:
81:Kellogg–Briand Pact
48:improve the content
3149:Eponymous treaties
3139:Treaties of Turkey
3004:Treaties of Sweden
2989:Treaties of Panama
2979:Treaties of Norway
2949:Treaties of Latvia
2894:Treaties of Canada
2767:Peace & Change
2761:Limberg, Michael.
2749:Diplomatic History
2688:Ferrell, Robert H.
2155:Diplomatic History
1959:, p. 57 (No. 2137)
1878:Nuremberg Tribunal
1848:economic sanctions
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1605:Dominican Republic
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1261:Nuremberg Tribunal
1213:– is a 1928
992:Dominican Republic
519:Dominican Republic
162:Secretary of State
80:
2899:Treaties of Chile
2811:Works related to
2756:War & Society
2660:58.8 (2008): 11+.
2516:978-1-5011-0986-7
2468:978-0-14-310992-1
2414:history.state.gov
2259:John James Blaine
2134:War & Society
1803:in 1939, and the
1761:Litvinov Protocol
1749:League of Nations
1743:Effect and legacy
1716:Gustav Stresemann
1647:(both 1988), the
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2801:External links
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2451:Kershaw, Ian
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2377:
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2358:. Retrieved
2352:
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2333:. Retrieved
2322:. Springer.
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117:Quai d'Orsay
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62:
56:January 2024
53:
46:Please help
33:
2571:Article 5,
2551:Article 2,
2542:pp 311–335.
2088:29 December
1828:Ian Kershaw
1601:Switzerland
1488:Netherlands
1403:Afghanistan
1044:Switzerland
668:Netherlands
421:Afghanistan
344:New Zealand
145:Negotiators
2844:Law of war
2823:Categories
2490:Condé Nast
2329:0230502091
1934:References
1773:Bessarabia
1585:Costa Rica
1577:Luxembourg
1309:Article II
1267:tried and
1194:Wikisource
979:Costa Rica
927:Luxembourg
137:1929-07-24
2304:, vol. 93
2245:state.gov
2051:0020-5893
1957:, vol. 94
1730:Canadian
1593:Venezuela
1493:Nicaragua
1483:Lithuania
1458:Guatemala
1294:Article I
1179:Full text
1018:Venezuela
681:Nicaragua
655:Lithuania
586:Guatemala
200:Australia
130:Effective
2796:(2011).
2690:(1952).
2680:(1968).
2670:(1961).
2576:Archived
2556:Archived
2453:(2016).
2394:8 August
2360:8 August
2335:7 August
2299:Text in
2262:Archived
2010:cite web
1897:See also
1702:speaking
1659:(1992),
1657:Slovenia
1653:Slovakia
1645:Dominica
1639:(1973),
1633:Barbados
1613:Colombia
1603:and the
1597:Paraguay
1569:Honduras
1513:Portugal
1448:Ethiopia
1418:Bulgaria
1269:executed
1253:legalism
1249:moralism
1168:Slovenia
1112:Dominica
1070:Barbados
1057:Paraguay
875:Honduras
732:Portugal
464:Bulgaria
125:, France
111:Location
2783:(1929)
2741:(1929)
1818:in 1929
1765:Romania
1737:signing
1718:signing
1665:Croatia
1621:Ecuador
1525:(later
1518:Romania
1478:Liberia
1468:Iceland
1463:Hungary
1453:Finland
1443:Estonia
1433:Denmark
1413:Austria
1408:Albania
1321:Parties
1154:Croatia
953:Ecuador
746:Romania
642:Liberia
615:Iceland
600:Hungary
573:Finland
547:Estonia
506:Denmark
450:Austria
436:Albania
300:Ireland
270:Germany
213:Belgium
186:Parties
135: (
2785:online
2776:(1928)
2743:online
2712:online
2700:
2682:online
2672:online
2644:online
2624:online
2602:
2513:
2465:
2385:
2326:
2220:"UNTC"
2116:
2049:
1629:Brazil
1589:Mexico
1581:Danzig
1565:Greece
1561:Persia
1553:Turkey
1548:Sweden
1503:Panama
1498:Norway
1473:Latvia
1390:, the
1351:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1170:(1994)
1165:
1156:(1994)
1151:
1142:(1994)
1137:
1128:(1993)
1123:
1114:(1988)
1109:
1100:(1988)
1095:
1086:(1973)
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1072:(1971)
1067:
1054:
1031:Mexico
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989:
976:
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937:
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901:Brazil
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861:Greece
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847:Persia
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771:
757:
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226:Canada
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197:
103:Signed
2439:–295.
2241:(PDF)
1939:Notes
1609:Haiti
1573:Chile
1543:Spain
1438:Egypt
1423:China
1388:India
1245:trial
966:Haiti
914:Chile
888:Hejaz
799:Spain
533:Egypt
479:China
330:Japan
315:Italy
285:India
123:Paris
2698:ISBN
2600:ISBN
2511:ISBN
2463:ISBN
2396:2019
2383:ISBN
2362:2019
2337:2019
2324:ISBN
2268:".
2114:ISBN
2090:2017
2047:ISSN
2016:link
1880:and
1837:and
1663:and
1651:and
1637:Fiji
1627:and
1625:Iraq
1533:Siam
1508:Peru
1428:Cuba
1364:and
1282:Text
1263:and
1225:and
1201:The
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1005:Iraq
787:Siam
720:Peru
493:Cuba
2437:294
2163:doi
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