Kelp - Knowledge

1894:, and went to industries such as fishing and kelping (producing soda ash from the ashes of kelp). At least until the 1840s, when there were steep falls in the price of kelp, landlords wanted to create pools of cheap or virtually free labour, supplied by families subsisting in new crofting townships. Kelp collection and processing was a very profitable way of using this labour, and landlords petitioned successfully for legislation designed to stop emigration. The profitability of kelp harvesting meant that landlords began to subdivide their land for small tenant kelpers, who could now afford higher rent than their gentleman farmer counterparts. But the economic collapse of the kelp industry in northern 2004: 494:. A 2020 study looked at functional traits (blade mass per area, stiffness, strength, etc.) of 14 species of kelp and found that many of these traits evolved convergently across kelp phylogeny. With different species of kelp filling slightly different environmental niches, specifically along a wave disturbance gradient, many of these convergently evolved traits for structural reinforcement also correlate with distribution along that gradient. The wave disturbance gradient that this study refers to is the environments that this kelp inhabit have a varied level of perturbation from the 2046: 881: 1062: 2022: 1883:

diverse marine food webs in nearshore waters, including many types of fish, shellfish, birds, marine mammals, and seaweeds that were similar from Japan to California, Erlandson and his colleagues also argued that coastal kelp forests reduced wave energy and provided a linear dispersal corridor entirely at sea level, with few obstacles to maritime peoples. Archaeological evidence from California's Channel Islands confirms that islanders were harvesting kelp forest shellfish and fish, beginning as much as 12,000 years ago.

2080: 122: 109: 1860: 350: 2034: 3896: 1054: 2065: 1765: 3884: 521:, which have evolved to change blade shape in order to increase drag in water and interception of light when exposed to certain environments. Bull kelp are not unique in this adaptation; many kelp species have evolved a genetic plasticity for blade shapes for different water flow habitats. So individuals of the same species will have differences to other individuals of the same species due to what 318:, 5 to 23 million years ago based on fossils from California. New fossils of kelp holdfasts from early Oligocene rocks in Washington State show that kelps were present in the northeastern Pacific Ocean by at least 32 million years ago. The organisms require nutrient-rich water with temperatures between 6 and 14 °C (43 and 57 °F). They are known for their high growth rate—the genera 1090:(sponges, bryozoans and ascidians) are found on kelp stipes and mobile invertebrate fauna are found in high densities on epiphytic algae on the kelp stipes and on kelp holdfasts. More than 100,000 mobile invertebrates per square meter are found on kelp stipes and holdfasts in well-developed kelp forests. While larger invertebrates and in particular sea urchins ( 540:. Blade adaptations like these are how kelp have evolved for efficiency in structure in a turbulent ocean environment, to the point where their stability can shape entire habitats. Apart from these structural adaptations, the evolution of dispersal methods relating to structure have been important for the success of kelp as well. 1180:

Overfishing nearshore ecosystems leads to the degradation of kelp forests. Herbivores are released from their usual population regulation, leading to over-grazing of kelp and other algae. This can quickly result in barren landscapes where only a small number of species can thrive. Other major factors

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has been found to have plasticity allowing for 4 distinct types of blade morphology depending on habitat. Where many species only have two or three different blade shapes for maximizing efficiency in only two or three habitats. These different blade shapes were found to decrease breakage and increase

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In 2007, Erlandson et al. suggested that kelp forests around the Pacific Rim may have facilitated the dispersal of anatomically modern humans following a coastal route from Northeast Asia to the Americas. This "kelp highway hypothesis" suggested that highly productive kelp forests supported rich and

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have been measured as having evolved around 419–454 Ma while the ancestors of Laminariales are much younger at 189 Ma. Although these groups are distantly related as well as different in evolutionary age, there are still comparisons that can be made between the structures of terrestrial plants and

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features to other species within its own area since the roughness of the wave disturbance regime, but can look fairly different from other members of its own species that are found in different wave disturbance regimes. Plasticity in kelps most often involves blade morphology such as the width,

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Once the Leblanc Process became commercially viable in Britain during the 1820s, common salt replaced kelp ash as raw material for sodium carbonate. Though the price of kelp ash went into steep decline, seaweed remained the only commercial source of iodine. To supply the new industry in iodine

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region. Dispersal by rafts from buoyant species also explains some evolutionary history for non-buoyant species of kelp. Since these rafts commonly have hitchhikers of other diverse species, they provide a mechanism for dispersal for species that lack buoyancy. This mechanism has been recently

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Silberfeld, Thomas; Leigh, Jessica W.; Verbruggen, Heroen; Cruaud, Corinne; de Reviers, Bruno; Rousseau, Florence (August 2010). "A multi-locus time-calibrated phylogeny of the brown algae (Heterokonta, Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae): Investigating the evolutionary nature of the "brown algal crown

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substance in sea kelp, was better at preventing fat absorption than most over-the-counter slimming treatments in laboratory trials. As a food additive, it may be used to reduce fat absorption and thus obesity. Kelp in its natural form has not yet been demonstrated to have such effects.

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and in manufactured goods. Alginate powder is also used frequently in general dentistry and orthodontics for making impressions of the upper and lower arches. Kelp polysaccharides are used in skin care as gelling ingredients and because of the benefits provided by

471:) transport anatomy looked at 6 different laminariales species to see if they had typical vascular plant allometric relationships (if SEs had a correlation with the size of an organism). Researchers expected to find the kelp’s phloem to work similarly to a plant's 3321:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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Christie, H., Jørgensen, N.M., Norderhaug, K.M., Waage-Nielsen, E., 2003. Species distribution and habitat exploitation of fauna associated with kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) along the Norwegian coast. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 83,

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Erlandson, J.M., M.H. Graham, B.J. Bourque, D. Corbett, J.A. Estes, & R.S. Steneck. 2007. The Kelp Highway hypothesis: marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and the peopling of the Americas. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology

483:. The study found no universal allometric scaling between all tested structures of the laminariales species which implies that the transport network of brown algae is only just beginning to evolve to efficiently fit their current niches. 2661:

Draisma, Stefano G. A.; Prud'Homme van Reine, Willem F.; Stam, Wytze T.; Olsen, Jeanine L. (August 2001). "A Reassessment of Phylogenetic Relationships Within the Phaeophyceae Based on Rubisco Large Subunit and Ribosomal DNA Sequences".

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of certain structural traits has been a key for the evolutionary history of the phyla. Plasticity helps with a very important aspect of kelp adaptations to ocean environments, and that is the unusually high levels of morphological

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Abdullah, M.I., Fredriksen, S., 2004. Production, respiration and exudation of dissolved organic matter by the kelp Laminaria hyperborea along the west coast of Norway. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 84:

1812:, an enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by a lack of iodine, since medieval times. An intake of roughly 150 micrograms of iodine per day is beneficial for preventing hypothyroidism. Overconsumption can lead to kelp-induced 2778:

Hurd, C. L.; Harrison, P. J.; Druehl, L. D. (August 1996). "Effect of seawater velocity on inorganic nitrogen uptake by morphologically distinct forms of Macrocystis integrifolia from wave-sheltered and exposed sites".

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of this alga on a very large commercial scale was realized in China only in the 1950s. Between the 1950s and the 1980s, kelp production in China increased from about 60 to over 250,000 dry weight metric tons annually.

3320: 573:, adaptation of pneumatocysts and raft forming have made the species dispersal method so successful that the immense spread of coast in which the species can be found has been found to actually be very recently 2295:

Kiel, S., J.L. Goedert, T.L. Huynh, M. Krings, D. Parkinson, R. Romero, C.V. Looy. 2024. Early Oligocene kelp holdfasts and stepwise evolution of the kelp ecosystem in the North Pacific. PNAS 121: e2317054121

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Kelp may develop dense forests with high production, biodiversity and ecological function. Along the Norwegian coast these forests cover 5,800 km, and they support large numbers of animals. Numerous

1799:. Known locally as "Sea Cabbage" (Морская капуста in Russian), it comes in retail trade in dried or frozen, as well as in canned form and used as filler in different types of salads, soups and pastries. 586:. Studies of kelp structure evolution have helped in the understanding of the adaptations that have allowed for kelp to not only be extremely successful as a group of organisms but also successful as an 1839:

Commercial production of kelp harvested from its natural habitat has taken place in Japan for over a century. Many countries today produce and consume laminaria products; the largest producer is China.

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Fraser, Ceridwen I.; McGaughran, Angela; Chuah, Aaron; Waters, Jonathan M. (August 2016). "The importance of replicating genomic analyses to verify phylogenetic signal for recently evolved lineages".

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Rinde, E., 2009. Dokumentasjon av modellerte marine Naturtyper i DNs Naturbase. Førstegenerasjonsmodeller til kommunenes startpakker for kartlegging av marine naturtyper 2007. NIVA report, 32 pp.

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Rychen, Guido; Aquilina, Gabriele; Azimonti, Giovanna; Bampidis, Vasileios; Bastos, Maria de Lourdes; Bories, Georges; Chesson, Andrew; Cocconcelli, Pier Sandro; Flachowsky, Gerhard (2017).

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includes six species, some that have adapted buoyancy and others that have not. Those that have adapted buoyancy have done so thanks to the evolution of a gas filled structure called the

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and waves that pull at the kelp. It can be assumed from these results that niche partitioning along wave disturbance gradients is a key driver of divergence between closely related kelp.

1964:, literally "sea waiting"). This expression is contrasted with the employed returnee, having a dynamic ability to travel across the ocean: the "sea turtle" (simplified Chinese: 3742: 3300: 490:. This niche conservatism means that some species of kelp have convergently evolved to share similar niches, as opposed to all species diverging into distinct niches through 2875:"The Biogeographic Importance of Buoyancy in Macroalgae: A Case Study of the Southern Bull-Kelp Genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), Including Descriptions of Two New Species 1" 1738:

and others), several Pacific species of kelp, is a very important ingredient in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean cuisines. Kombu is used to flavor broths and stews (especially

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Norderhaug, K.M., Christie, H., Rinde, E., 2002. Colonisation of kelp imitations by epiphyte and holdfast fauna; a study of mobility patterns. Marine Biology 141, 965-973.

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Sala, E., C.F. Bourdouresque and M. Harmelin-Vivien. 1998. Fishing, trophic cascades, and the structure of algal assemblages: evaluation of an old but untested paradigm.

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Pessarrodona, A.; Assis, J.; Filbee-Dexter, K.; Burrows, M. T.; Gattuso, J-P.; Duarte, C. M.; Krause-Jensen, D.; Moore, P. J.; Smale, D. A.; Wernberg, T. (23 July 2020).

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The thallus (or body) consists of flat or leaf-like structures known as blades that originate from elongated stem-like structures, the stipes. A root-like structure, the

1954:), is used to describe an unemployed returnee. It has negative overtones, implying the person is drifting aimlessly, and is also a homophonic expression (Chinese: 555:

of certain kelp structures allows for species to disperse with the flow of water. Certain kelp form kelp rafts, which can travel great distances away from the source

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Edward C. C. Stanford, Wentworth L. Scott, ‘The Economic Applications of Seaweed’, February 14, 1862, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Vol 10, No. 482, 185-199

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John J. McKetta Jr. Taylor & Francis, Encyclopaedia of Chemical Processing and Design: Volume 27 - Hydrogen Cyanide to Ketones Dimethyl (Acetone), 1988, p. 283

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Some of the earliest evidence for human use of marine resources, coming from Middle Stone Age sites in South Africa, includes the harvesting of foods such as

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Garden, Christopher J.; Currie, Kim; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2014-03-31). "Rafting dispersal constrained by an oceanographic boundary".

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which is an adaptation that allows the kelp to float higher towards the surface to photosynthesize and also aids in dispersal by floating kelp rafts. For

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Apart from undergoing convergent evolution with plants, species of kelp have undergone convergent evolution within their own phylogeny that has led to

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Kelp forests are some of the most productive ecosystems in the world - they are home to a great diversity of species. Many groups, like those at the

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Manley, Steven L. (March 1983). "Composition of Sieve Tube Sap from Macrocystis Pyrifera (Phaeophyta) With Emphasis on the Inorganic Constituents".

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yielded the greatest amount of iodine (between 10 and 15 lbs per ton) and was most abundant in Guernsey. Iodine was extracted from kelp ash using a

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was commercialized in the early 19th century, burning of kelp in Scotland was one of the principal industrial sources of soda ash (predominantly

2045: 4076: 2211:"The biogeography of kelps (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae): a global analysis with new insights from recent advances in molecular phylogenetics" 1096:) are important secondary consumers controlling large barren ground areas on the Norwegian coast, they are scarce inside dense kelp forests. 403:

stage. The haploid phase begins when the mature organism releases many spores, which then germinate to become male or female gametophytes.

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Silberfeld, Thomas; Rousseau, Florence; de Reviers, Bruno (2014). "An Updated Classification of Brown Algae (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae)".

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are used in the surveying of sites and the data extracted is used to learn about which conditions are best suited for kelp restoration.

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Norderhaug, K.M., Christie, H., 2009. Sea urchin grazing and kelp re-vegetation in the NE Atlantic. Marine Biology Research 5, 515-528.

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Norderhaug, KM., Christie, H. 2009. Sea urchin grazing and kelp re-vegetation in the NE Atlantic. Marine Biology Research 5: 515-528.

3328:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 2196:

Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Deutsch-Österreich und der Schweiz. Band II. Algen. 2. Teil. Rhodophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Characeae

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Jørgensen, N.M., Christie, H., 2003. l Diurnal, horizontal and vertical dispersal of kelp associated fauna. Hydrobiologia 50, 69-76.

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Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.; Hay, Cameron H. (February 2020). Buschmann, A. (ed.).

1679:). Around 23 tons of seaweed was required to produce 1 ton of kelp ash. The kelp ash would consist of around 5% sodium carbonate. 4050: 463:. In kelp this transportation network uses trumpet-shaped sieve elements (SEs). A 2015 study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of 1683:

synthesis, kelp ash production continued in some parts of West and North Scotland, North West Ireland and Guernsey. The species

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Starko, Samuel; Demes, Kyle W.; Neufeld, Christopher J.; Martone, Patrick T. (October 2020). Carrington, Emily (ed.).

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Kombu can be used to soften beans during cooking, and to help convert indigestible sugars and thus reduce flatulence.

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Giant kelp can be harvested fairly easily because of its surface canopy and growth habit of staying in deeper water.

1092: 2021: 4135: 4081: 3264: 487: 1846:, the important commercial seaweed, was first introduced into China in the late 1920s from Hokkaido, Japan. Yet 431:. Where plants have leaves, stems, and reproductive organs, kelp have independently evolved blades, stipes, and 2033: 2013: 1937: 1693:

process. As with sodium carbonate however, mineral sources eventually supplanted seaweed in iodine production.

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Through the 19th century, the word "kelp" was closely associated with seaweeds that could be burned to obtain

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then results in the beginning of the diploid sporophyte stage, which will develop into a mature individual.

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confirmed to be the cause of some dispersal and evolutionary history for kelp species in a study done with

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Rupr. (Vancouver Island, British Columbia to Bahia del Ropsario, Baja California and California - America)

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Miller, Eric P.; Auerbach, Hendrik; Schünemann, Volker; Tymon, Teresa; Carrano, Carl J. (20 April 2016).

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Jonathan Pereira, Fred B. Kilmer, The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Volume 1, 1854, p. 558

121: 1192:, are studying the health, habitat, and population trends in order to understand why certain kelp (like 1630: 337:(primarily sodium carbonate). The seaweeds used included species from both the orders Laminariales and 3594:

Powers, John M. Powers. Craig's Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition. C.V. Mosby, 022006. p. 270

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kelp but in terms of evolutionary history, most of these similarities come from convergent evolution.

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J. M. Bumsted, The People's Clearance: Highland Emigration to British North America, 1770-1815, 1981

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between lineages. This in fact has made classifying brown algae difficult. Kelp often have similar

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Aresch. (Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Montrey, Santa Catalina Island, California - America)

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can grow as fast as half a metre a day, ultimately reaching 30 to 80 metres (100 to 260 ft).

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Some kelp species including giant kelp, have evolved transport mechanisms for organic as well as

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Brownlee, Iain A.; Seal, Chris J.; Wilcox, Matthew; Dettmar, Peter W.; Pearson, Jeff P. (2009).

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Drobnitch, Sarah Tepler; Jensen, Kaare H.; Prentice, Paige; Pittermann, Jarmila (2015-10-07).

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The parenchymatous thalli are generally covered with a mucilage layer, rather than cuticle.

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for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

750: 646: 404: 3000: 2955: 2890: 2843: 2792: 2675: 2629: 2571: 2528: 2226: 1781:, and former Soviet Union countries several types of kelp are of commercial importance: 3715: 3572: 3537: 3513: 3478: 3442:. Microbiology Monographs. Vol. 13. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 211–228. 3130: 3095: 3038: 2920: 2812: 2695: 2591: 2442: 2407: 2267: 1842: 1789: 1568: 1496: 1309: 1120: 1112: 798: 758: 718: 671: 587: 491: 452: 436: 361: 116: 880: 4173: 4099: 3972: 3854: 3795: 3787: 3720: 3632: 3628: 3608: 3577: 3559: 3518: 3500: 3451: 3435: 3389: 3379: 3339: 3329: 3135: 3042: 3030: 3022: 2969: 2924: 2912: 2904: 2855: 2804: 2747: 2739: 2687: 2643: 2583: 2579: 2540: 2496: 2488: 2483: 2466: 2447: 2429: 2372: 2362: 2312: 2167: 2102: 1594: 1397: 1105: 1061: 1029: 960: 814: 480: 424: 2816: 2699: 2595: 2284: 2271: 3977: 3777: 3710: 3702: 3567: 3549: 3508: 3490: 3443: 3125: 3115: 3107: 3012: 3004: 2959: 2894: 2847: 2796: 2729: 2679: 2633: 2575: 2532: 2478: 2437: 2419: 2263: 2259: 2230: 1906: 1778: 1676: 1414: 1189: 1182: 944: 908: 900: 260: 2198:. Gera: Verlag Friedriech von Zezschwitz. pp. i–iv, 1–382, 122 (41 col.) pls. 2125: – Organic material deposited at high tide on beaches and other coastal area 2071: 2053: 1672: 1209: 1087: 952: 936: 281: 4068: 3870:

Kelp Restoration Guidebook: Lessons Learned from Kelp Projects Around the World.

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Uzunović, Alija; Mehmedagić, Aida; Lačević, Amela; Vranić, Edina (2004-11-20).

3323: 3069: 2718:"How kelp produce blade shapes suited to different flow regimes: A new wrinkle" 2465:

Clarke, John T.; Warnock, Rachel C. M.; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (October 2011).

1813: 1708: 641: 537: 460: 444: 159: 146: 2235: 2210: 4157: 3791: 3563: 3554: 3504: 3495: 3393: 3026: 2973: 2908: 2859: 2808: 2743: 2691: 2647: 2587: 2492: 2433: 2376: 1899: 1859: 1824: 1265: 1018: 635: 631: 548: 389: 372:(Mert. & Post & Rupr.) to hold the kelp blades close to the surface. 252: 217: 108: 66: 3706: 3676: 2638: 2613: 1104:

Some animals are named after the kelp, either because they inhabit the same

349: 341:. The word "kelp" was also used directly to refer to these processed ashes. 3821: 3799: 3724: 3581: 3522: 3343: 3139: 3111: 3034: 2916: 2751: 2614:"Convergent evolution of niche structure in Northeast Pacific kelp forests" 2544: 2500: 2451: 2424: 2085: 1607: 1241: 892: 819: 578: 574: 564: 365: 314:) in shallow oceans. Kelps were previously thought to have appeared in the 296: 256: 172: 3690: 3287: 4024: 3944: 3868:

Eger, A. M., Layton, C., McHugh, T. A, Gleason, M., and Eddy, N. (2022).

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ruffle, and thickness of blades. Just one example is the giant bull kelp

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Koehl, M. A. R.; Silk, W. K.; Liang, H.; Mahadevan, L. (December 2008).

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and the quality of water, climate changes and certain invasive species.

3782: 3765: 2800: 2122: 2114: 2089: 1890:, many Scottish Highlanders were moved on to areas of estates known as 1712: 1380: 1160: 1150: 735: 569: 556: 464: 396: 385: 364:, anchors the kelp to the substrate of the ocean. Gas-filled bladders ( 248: 240: 192: 86: 51: 3008: 2964: 2939: 2899: 2874: 2851: 2408:"Convergent evolution of vascular optimization in kelp (Laminariales)" 1758:) are used as an edible decorative wrapping for rice and other foods. 4029: 3998: 3959: 3093: 1804: 1750: 1700: 1474: 1461: 1448: 1193: 1143: 1053: 1022: 948:(C.Agardh) J. Agardh (Australia; Tasmania; New Zealand; South Africa) 710: 705: 517: 507: 476: 432: 384:, where the blades and stipe meet. Growth may be limited by grazing. 133: 91: 3906: 1978:) and is also homophonic with another word (simplified Chinese: 4016: 4003: 3929: 3895: 1910: 1895: 1891: 1820: 1764: 1722: 1716: 1699:, a kelp-derived carbohydrate, is used to thicken products such as 1696: 1363: 1046: 913: 723: 583: 552: 440: 439:

and the measure Ma “unequivocal minimum constraint for total group

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University of California Museum of Paleontology: The Miocene Epoch

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Setchell (Sitka, Alaska, to Monterey County, California - America)

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and the Role of Type Specimens in Ichnotaxonomy by Davide Olivero

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Due to the often varied and turbulent habitat that kelp inhabit,

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Setchell (Santa Cruz, California, to Baja California - America)

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Iodine Helps Kelp Fight Free Radicals and May Aid Humans, Too

1925: 1740: 1729: 1668: 1255: 655: 472: 292: 288: 2249: 2119:, also known as southern bull kelps – Genus of seaweeds 594:, some of the most diverse and dynamic ecosystems on earth. 2986: 2872: 1831:

Kelp's rich iron content can help prevent iron deficiency.

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Silva (Aleutian Islands, Alaska to Baja California America)

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Trace Fossils: Concepts, Problems, Prospects: Chapter 13 "

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during the 1820s led to further emigration, especially to

699:(Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux (sea belt; sugar kelp; sugarwack) 368:) form at the base of blades of American species, such as 3479:"Formulation ingredients for toothpastes and mouthwashes" 3433: 2611: 1802:

Because of its high concentration of iodine, brown kelp (

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Non-Laminariales species that may be considered as kelp:

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Oxford University Press, 1989. Retrieved 1 December 2006

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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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applied by outsiders rather than the natives themselves

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for different wave disturbance regimes but giant kelp

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as kelp or because they feed on kelp. These include:

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Leung, Angela M.; Braverman, Lewis E. (March 2014).

2764:Lobban, C. S., Wynne, M. J., & Lobban. (1981). 2155: 609:, a northwestern American species. Used by coastal 3325:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 2777: 988:Setch. & Saund. (Alaska, California - America) 3211:Dayton, P.K. 1985a. Ecology of kelp communities. 2401: 2399: 2359:Structure and Reproduction of the Algae, Volume 2 1506: 1353: 4155: 3170: 3168: 2937: 423:Seaweed were generally considered homologues of 2938:Macaya, E. C.; Zuccarello, G. C. (2010-12-16). 2467:"Establishing a time-scale for plant evolution" 3688: 3281: 2607: 2605: 2396: 1220:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 559:and colonize other areas. The bull kelp genus 16:Large brown seaweeds in the order Laminariales 3853:Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. (Editors) 1988. 3739:"Is Seaweed The Answer To A Dieter's Prayer?" 3165: 2711: 2709: 2303: 2301: 3205: 971:(C.Ag.) Setch (Alaska, California - America) 3872:The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA. 3846:Druehl, L.D. 1988. Cultivated edible kelp. 3242:. Animals.howstuffworks.com. Archived from 2602: 2361:. Cambridge University Press. p. 226. 2311:The Natural History Museum, London, p. 15. 1663:. In great amount, kelp ash can be used in 912:Post. & Rupr. (Alaska and California - 3741:. Sky News. March 22, 2010. Archived from 3289:United States Food and Drug Administration 2706: 2330:Oxford English Dictionary (Second Edition) 2298: 525:they grow in. Many species have different 388:, for example, can reduce entire areas to 375: 107: 3781: 3714: 3571: 3553: 3512: 3494: 3483:Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 3129: 3119: 3016: 2963: 2898: 2733: 2637: 2482: 2441: 2423: 2234: 1157:), South America and the Falkland Islands 675:(Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux (Oarweed; Tangle) 3367: 3218: 3213:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2070:Washed-up kelp found along the coast of 1858: 1834: 1763: 1196:) thrives in some areas and not others. 1060: 1052: 879: 547:methods that can make successful use of 455:, similar to mechanisms of transport in 348: 291:. Despite its appearance, kelp is not a 3361: 2356: 2156:William Miller, III (13 October 2011). 4156: 3834:dictionary.com definition for "Kelper" 3368:Clow, Archibald; Clow, Nan L. (1952). 3237: 2557: 2208: 2193: 1879:associated with kelp forest habitats. 3911: 3910: 3823:allwords.com definition for "Kelper", 3649:"Features of the Far Eastern cuisine" 2517:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2243: 2149: 1715:, as well as an ingredient in exotic 4092:345fd211-8828-434a-9ad5-fc1856af7aa6 3679:Newswise, Retrieved on July 8, 2008. 3607:, p. 78, Hermes House, 2002, p. 78. 2684:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.037004586.x 2345:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 1732:(昆布 in Japanese, and 海带 in Chinese, 626:, the largest seaweed. Found in the 597: 3440:Alginates: Biology and Applications 3436:"Applications of Alginates in Food" 3074:The Marine Life Information Network 2722:Integrative and Comparative Biology 2039:An underwater shot of a kelp forest 932:J. Agardh (Australia; New Zealand) 734:Postels et Ruprecht (Bering Sea to 13: 3840: 1147:), Pacific coast of North America. 1127:), Pacific coast of North America. 1065:Anemone and seastar in kelp forest 14: 4185: 3876: 3625:The Best-Ever Vegetarian Cookbook 2768:. University of California Press. 1917:". This designation is primarily 1093:Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis 940:(Osbeck) Papenfuss (South Africa) 838:(Linnaeus) Lamouroux, synonym of 709:worldwide, listing of species at 392:. The kelp life cycle involves a 380:Growth occurs at the base of the 3894: 3882: 3070:"Dabberlocks (Alaria esculenta)" 2580:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1983.00118.x 2484:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03794.x 2209:Bolton, John J. (23 July 2010). 2078: 2063: 2044: 2032: 2020: 2002: 1819:In 2010, researchers found that 895:that may be considered as kelp: 120: 39: 3826: 3815: 3806: 3757: 3731: 3691:"Consequences of excess iodine" 3682: 3670: 3641: 3617: 3597: 3588: 3529: 3470: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3350:from the original on 2024-05-09 3303:from the original on 2024-03-27 3257: 3231: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3156: 3146: 3087: 3062: 3049: 2980: 2931: 2866: 2823: 2771: 2758: 2654: 2551: 2507: 2458: 2383: 2350: 2105: – Species of Phaeophyceae 1754:). Transparent sheets of kelp ( 1175: 1099: 1074: 287:. There are about 30 different 3438:. In Rehm, Bernd H. A. (ed.). 2944:Marine Ecology Progress Series 2832:Marine Ecology Progress Series 2337: 2321: 2289: 2278: 2264:10.7872/crya.v35.iss2.2014.117 2202: 2187: 2166:. Elsevier. pp. 224–226. 1988: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1950: 1941: 1933: 754:Klellm. (California - America) 475:and therefore display similar 344: 1: 3265:"Kelp and coastal ecosystems" 3096:"Global Seaweed Productivity" 2143: 1854: 1777:In Russia, especially in the 3695:Nature Reviews Endocrinology 2027:Blue rockfish in kelp forest 1638:Percentages estimated using 1181:which threaten kelp include 418: 7: 3448:10.1007/978-3-540-92679-5_9 3238:Planet, Team (2012-01-12). 2537:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.020 2096: 2012:in Monterey Bay Aquarium's 1992:, literally "sea return"). 1982:; traditional Chinese: 1968:; traditional Chinese: 1631:Link to USDA Database entry 413: 10: 4190: 1995: 1863:Scuba diver in kelp forest 1230:180 kJ (43 kcal) 1207: 1198:Remotely Operated Vehicles 1078: 1069: 683:(Gunnerus) Foslie (Curvie) 306:Kelp grows in "underwater 299:, a group containing many 18: 3919: 2236:10.1007/s10152-010-0211-6 2215:Helgoland Marine Research 2138:Aquaculture of giant kelp 2134: – Genus of seaweeds 1955: 1808:) has been used to treat 1637: 1627: 1619: 1606: 1593: 1580: 1567: 1554: 1541: 1528: 1515: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1473: 1460: 1447: 1430: 1413: 1396: 1379: 1362: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1326: 1322: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1254: 1238: 1234: 1224: 1219: 230: 225: 117:Scientific classification 115: 106: 30: 3851:Algae and Human Affairs. 3555:10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4945 3496:10.17305/bjbms.2004.3362 3374:. Ayer Co Pub. pp. 2391:The Voyage of the Beagle 1744:), as a savory garnish ( 1161:Kelp pigeon (sheathbill) 993:Pterygophora californica 532:Macrocystis integrifolia 3707:10.1038/nrendo.2013.251 2766:The Biology of Seaweeds 2639:10.1111/1365-2435.13621 2357:Fritsch, F. E. (1945). 1640:US recommendations 1203: 1139:Heterosticbus rostratus 1033:, Fucales (New Zealand) 818:Greville ex J. Agardh ( 543:Kelp have had to adapt 376:Growth and reproduction 3112:10.1126/sciadv.abn2465 3057:AlgaeBase Laminariales 2425:10.1098/rspb.2015.1667 2252:Cryptogamie, Algologie 1864: 1774: 1671:production. Until the 1644:the National Academies 1066: 1058: 1045:) Areschoug, Fucales ( 888: 783:Laminaria groenlandica 666:in the British Isles; 357: 4113:Paleobiology Database 1862: 1835:Commercial production 1767: 1328:Vitamins and minerals 1151:Kelp goose (kelp hen) 1064: 1056: 985:Pleurophycus gardneri 891:Other species in the 883: 873:Laminaria stenophylla 865:Laminaria solidungula 791:Laminaria longicruris 691:Bachelot de la Pylaie 606:Nereocystis luetkeana 518:Nereocystis luetkeana 370:Nereocystis lueteana, 352: 21:Kelp (disambiguation) 3891:at Wikimedia Commons 3631:Books, 1999, p. 59. 2879:Journal of Phycology 2664:Journal of Phycology 2560:Journal of Phycology 2088:in a kelp forest in 1784:Saccharina latissima 1773:in canned salad form 1770:Saccharina latissima 1686:Saccharina latissima 1655:Kelp ash is rich in 1038:Durvillaea potatorum 1006:Durvillea antarctica 977:Macrocystis pyrifera 857:Laminaria sinclairii 849:Laminaria setchellii 841:Saccharina latissima 835:Laminaria saccharina 827:Laminaria platymeris 807:Laminaria ontermedia 743:Laminaria cuneifolia 731:Laminaria bongardina 696:Saccharina latissima 688:Laminaria ochroleuca 680:Laminaria hyperborea 623:Macrocystis pyrifera 570:Macrocystis pyrifera 469:Macrocystis pyrifera 429:convergent evolution 19:For other uses, see 3371:Chemical Revolution 3001:2016MolEc..25.3683F 2956:2010MEPS..420..103M 2891:2020JPcgy..56...23F 2844:2014MEPS..501..297G 2793:1996MarBi.126..205H 2676:2001JPcgy..37..586D 2630:2020FuEco..34.2131S 2572:1983JPcgy..19..118M 2529:2010MolPE..56..659S 2227:2010HMR....64..263B 2194:Migula, W. (1909). 2051:A close up view of 2014:Kelp Forest exhibit 1938:traditional Chinese 1888:Highland Clearances 1796:Saccharina japonica 1735:Saccharina japonica 1415:Pantothenic acid (B 1216: 969:Hedophyllum sessile 751:Laminaria dentigera 647:Saccharina japonica 479:trends to minimize 453:inorganic compounds 405:Sexual reproduction 3783:10.1039/C6MT00027D 3629:Barnes & Noble 2801:10.1007/BF00347445 2735:10.1093/icb/icn069 2618:Functional Ecology 2418:(1816): 20151667. 1930:simplified Chinese 1865: 1843:Laminaria japonica 1790:Laminaria digitata 1775: 1215:Seaweed, kelp, raw 1214: 1155:Chloephaga hybrida 1121:graceful kelp crab 1113:Northern kelp crab 1067: 1059: 889: 799:Laminaria nigripes 775:Laminaria farlowii 767:Laminaria ephemera 759:Laminaria digitata 719:Laminaria agardhii 672:Laminaria digitata 652:Laminaria japonica 611:indigenous peoples 588:ecosystem engineer 492:adaptive radiation 488:niche conservatism 437:radiometric dating 425:terrestrial plants 358: 4151: 4150: 4100:Open Tree of Life 3913:Taxon identifiers 3887:Media related to 3745:on March 25, 2010 3653:www.eastrussia.ru 3623:Graimes, Nicola: 3385:978-0-8369-1909-7 3335:978-0-309-48834-1 3009:10.1111/mec.13708 2995:(15): 3683–3695. 2989:Molecular Ecology 2965:10.3354/meps08893 2900:10.1111/jpy.12939 2852:10.3354/meps10675 2624:(10): 2131–2146. 2307:Thomas, D. 2002. 2173:978-0-08-047535-6 1650: 1649: 1623: 1622: 1125:Pugettia gracilis 1117:Pugettia producta 1030:Durvillea willana 961:Egregia menziesii 929:Ecklonia brevipes 885:Costaria costata, 815:Laminaria pallida 598:Prominent species 481:pressure gradient 280:that make up the 267: 266: 221: 4181: 4144: 4143: 4131: 4130: 4121: 4120: 4108: 4107: 4095: 4094: 4085: 4084: 4072: 4071: 4069:NHMSYS0021058669 4059: 4058: 4046: 4045: 4033: 4032: 4020: 4019: 4007: 4006: 3994: 3993: 3981: 3980: 3968: 3967: 3955: 3954: 3953: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3908: 3907: 3899:Data related to 3898: 3886: 3835: 3830: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3785: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3718: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3655:. Archived from 3645: 3639: 3621: 3615: 3605:Japanese Cooking 3601: 3595: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3575: 3557: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3516: 3498: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3355: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3269:Seattle Aquarium 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3235: 3229: 3222: 3216: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3172: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3133: 3123: 3106:(37): eabn2465. 3100:Science Advances 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3020: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2967: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2902: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2775: 2769: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2737: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2641: 2609: 2600: 2599: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2486: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2445: 2427: 2403: 2394: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2354: 2348: 2341: 2335: 2325: 2319: 2305: 2296: 2293: 2287: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2153: 2128: 2082: 2067: 2058:giant brown kelp 2048: 2036: 2024: 2006: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1943: 1935: 1907:Falkland Islands 1779:Russian Far East 1677:sodium carbonate 1510: 1435: 1418: 1401: 1384: 1367: 1357: 1324: 1323: 1217: 1213: 1190:Seattle Aquarium 1183:marine pollution 945:Ecklonia radiata 921:Costaria costata 909:Alaria marginata 904:(North Atlantic) 901:Alaria esculenta 887:five-ribbed kelp 584:genomic analysis 261:Pseudochordaceae 216: 125: 124: 111: 101: 38: 37:Lutetian–Present 34:Temporal range: 28: 27: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4169:Edible seaweeds 4154: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4139: 4134: 4126: 4124: 4116: 4111: 4103: 4098: 4090: 4088: 4080: 4075: 4067: 4062: 4054: 4049: 4041: 4036: 4028: 4023: 4015: 4010: 4002: 3997: 3989: 3984: 3976: 3971: 3963: 3958: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3915: 3879: 3843: 3841:Further reading 3838: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3662: 3660: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3622: 3618: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3534: 3530: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3386: 3366: 3362: 3353: 3351: 3336: 3319: 3315: 3306: 3304: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3271: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3249: 3247: 3236: 3232: 3223: 3219: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3147: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3050: 2985: 2981: 2936: 2932: 2871: 2867: 2828: 2824: 2776: 2772: 2763: 2759: 2714: 2707: 2659: 2655: 2610: 2603: 2556: 2552: 2512: 2508: 2471:New Phytologist 2463: 2459: 2404: 2397: 2388: 2384: 2369: 2355: 2351: 2342: 2338: 2326: 2322: 2306: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2279: 2248: 2244: 2207: 2203: 2192: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2126: 2099: 2092: 2083: 2074: 2072:La Jolla Shores 2068: 2059: 2054:Ecklonia maxima 2049: 2040: 2037: 2028: 2025: 2016: 2007: 1998: 1905:Natives of the 1857: 1837: 1673:Leblanc process 1633: 1628: 1614: 1601: 1588: 1575: 1562: 1549: 1536: 1523: 1511: 1481: 1468: 1455: 1442: 1433: 1425: 1416: 1408: 1399: 1391: 1382: 1374: 1365: 1358: 1329: 1318: 1313: 1294: 1289: 1250: 1245: 1212: 1206: 1178: 1102: 1088:sessile animals 1083: 1077: 1072: 964:(Turn.) Aresch. 953:Eisenia arborea 937:Ecklonia maxima 600: 538:photosynthesize 461:vascular plants 445:vascular plants 421: 416: 378: 347: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 237:Akkesiphycaceae 235: 215: 119: 102: 100: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 36: 35: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4187: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4132: 4122: 4109: 4096: 4086: 4073: 4060: 4047: 4034: 4021: 4008: 3995: 3982: 3969: 3956: 3941: 3925: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3905: 3904: 3903:at Wikispecies 3892: 3878: 3877:External links 3875: 3874: 3873: 3866: 3862: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3836: 3825: 3814: 3805: 3776:(4): 403–411. 3756: 3730: 3701:(3): 136–142. 3681: 3669: 3640: 3616: 3596: 3587: 3528: 3469: 3456: 3426: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3384: 3360: 3334: 3313: 3280: 3256: 3230: 3217: 3204: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3164: 3155: 3145: 3086: 3061: 3048: 2979: 2930: 2865: 2822: 2787:(2): 205–214. 2781:Marine Biology 2770: 2757: 2728:(6): 834–851. 2705: 2670:(4): 586–603. 2653: 2601: 2566:(1): 118–121. 2550: 2523:(2): 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1825:soluble fibre 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1618: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1437: 1429: 1422: 1420: 1412: 1405: 1403: 1395: 1388: 1386: 1381:Riboflavin (B 1378: 1371: 1369: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1325: 1321: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1266:Dietary fiber 1263: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1242:Carbohydrates 1237: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1211: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 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America) 875: 874: 870: 868:(NE. America) 867: 866: 862: 859: 858: 854: 851: 850: 846: 843: 842: 837: 836: 832: 830:(NE. America) 829: 828: 824: 821: 817: 816: 812: 810:(NE. America) 809: 808: 804: 802:(NE. America) 801: 800: 796: 794:(NE. America) 793: 792: 788: 786:(NE. America) 785: 784: 780: 777: 776: 772: 769: 768: 764: 762:(NE. America) 761: 760: 756: 753: 752: 748: 746:(NE. 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Retrieved 2162: 2158: 2151: 2115: 2086:Scuba diving 2052: 1987: 1973: 1959: 1949: 1923: 1904: 1885: 1881: 1866: 1841: 1838: 1830: 1818: 1803: 1801: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1768: 1760: 1755: 1749: 1746:tororo konbu 1745: 1739: 1733: 1728: 1721: 1695: 1684: 1681: 1654: 1651: 1507: 1502: 1495: 1354: 1349: 1342: 1308: 1284: 1240: 1210:Kelp farming 1187: 1179: 1176:Conservation 1171:), Antarctic 1168: 1165:Chionis alba 1164: 1154: 1142: 1138: 1124: 1116: 1103: 1100:Interactions 1091: 1084: 1075:Kelp forests 1049:; Australia) 1036: 1028: 1004: 999: 991: 983: 975: 967: 959: 951: 943: 935: 927: 919: 907: 899: 893:Laminariales 890: 884: 871: 863: 855: 847: 839: 833: 825: 820:South Africa 813: 805: 797: 789: 781: 773: 765: 757: 749: 741: 729: 717: 704: 702: 694: 686: 678: 670: 663: 661: 651: 645: 621: 620:Giant kelp, 615:fishing nets 604: 592:kelp forests 579:subantarctic 568: 560: 542: 530: 527:morphologies 516: 500: 485: 468: 450: 422: 409: 399:and haploid 379: 369: 359: 332: 325: 319: 312:kelp forests 305: 297:stramenopile 285:Laminariales 284: 269: 268: 257:Lessoniaceae 231: 213:Laminariales 212: 203:Phaeophyceae 193:Ochrophytina 166: 153: 140: 25: 4025:iNaturalist 3945:Wikispecies 3770:Metallomics 2950:: 103–112. 2838:: 297–302. 2389:Darwin, C. 2347:95: 135-144 2327:"Kelp," in 2132:Sea lettuce 2109:Blue carbon 1924:In Chinese 1886:During the 1848:mariculture 1756:oboro konbu 1691:lixiviation 1364:Thiamine (B 1081:Kelp forest 1015:New Zealand 703:Species of 662:Species of 603:Bull kelp, 536:ability to 401:gametophyte 386:Sea urchins 345:Description 327:Nereocystis 321:Macrocystis 274:brown algae 189:Subphylum: 4158:Categories 3865:2:161-174. 3663:2021-01-14 3463:2019-01-25 3354:2024-06-21 3307:2024-03-28 3274:2024-05-29 3250:2013-02-12 2144:References 2123:Wrack zone 2116:Durvillaea 2090:California 2010:Giant kelp 1928:, "kelp" ( 1855:In culture 1713:toothpaste 1569:Phosphorus 736:California 650:(formerly 613:to create 561:Durvillaea 557:population 503:plasticity 477:allometric 465:giant kelp 459:and other 397:sporophyte 356:beach kelp 272:are large 249:Chordaceae 241:Alariaceae 3960:AlgaeBase 3792:1756-591X 3749:March 23, 3564:1831-4732 3505:1840-4812 3394:243798097 3043:206183570 3027:0962-1083 2974:0171-8630 2925:204850695 2909:0022-3646 2860:0171-8630 2809:1432-1793 2744:1540-7063 2692:0022-3646 2648:0269-8463 2588:0022-3646 2493:0028-646X 2434:0962-8452 2377:223742770 2309:Seaweeds. 2161:Zoophycos 1911:nicknamed 1805:Laminaria 1751:tsukudani 1701:ice cream 1582:Potassium 1556:Manganese 1543:Magnesium 1475:Vitamin K 1462:Vitamin E 1449:Vitamin C 1432:Folate (B 1398:Niacin (B 1194:bull kelp 1144:Gibbonsia 1137:) (e.g., 1023:Australia 711:AlgaeBase 706:Laminaria 664:Laminaria 630:coast of 575:colonized 545:dispersal 508:homoplasy 433:sporangia 419:Phylogeny 233:Agaraceae 226:Families 134:Eukaryota 4174:Seaweeds 3936:Q1055316 3930:Wikidata 3800:27009567 3725:24342882 3582:32625597 3523:15628997 3348:Archived 3344:30844154 3301:Archived 3291:(2024). 3175:687-699. 3140:36103524 3079:1 August 3035:27238591 2917:31642057 2817:84195060 2752:21669836 2700:83876632 2596:84778708 2545:20412862 2501:21729086 2452:26423844 2272:86227768 2097:See also 1896:Scotland 1821:alginate 1723:fucoidan 1717:dog food 1697:Alginate 1503:Quantity 1497:Minerals 1426:0.642 mg 1350:Quantity 1344:Vitamins 1141:, genus 1131:Kelpfish 1047:Tasmania 553:Buoyancy 441:Pinaceae 414:Taxonomy 382:meristem 362:holdfast 335:soda ash 301:protists 278:seaweeds 179:Phylum: 130:Domain: 3716:3976240 3573:7009951 3514:7245492 3131:9473579 2997:Bibcode 2952:Bibcode 2887:Bibcode 2840:Bibcode 2789:Bibcode 2672:Bibcode 2626:Bibcode 2568:Bibcode 2525:Bibcode 2443:4614777 2223:Bibcode 2179:1 April 1996:Gallery 1989:hǎi gūi 1975:hǎi gūi 1951:hǎi dài 1915:Kelpers 1877:mussels 1873:limpets 1869:abalone 1615:1.23 mg 1537:2.85 mg 1517:Calcium 1469:0.87 mg 1409:0.47 mg 1392:0.15 mg 1375:0.05 mg 1310:Protein 1106:habitat 1070:Ecology 1011:Fucales 914:America 724:America 628:Pacific 523:habitat 435:. With 394:diploid 354:Alaskan 339:Fucales 316:Miocene 308:forests 209:Order: 199:Class: 183:Gyrista 4128:437548 4125:uBio: 4118:306707 4105:878347 4089:NZOR: 4004:1LMINO 3857: 3798: 3790: 3723: 3713: 3635: 3611: 3580: 3570: 3562: 3521: 3511: 3503: 3454: 3392: 3382: 3342: 3332: 3138: 3128: 3041: 3033: 3025: 2972: 2923: 2915: 2907: 2858: 2815: 2807: 2750: 2742: 2698: 2690: 2646: 2594: 2586: 2543: 2499: 2491: 2450: 2440: 2432: 2375: 2365: 2315: 2270: 2170: 1961:hǎidài 1948:: 1946:pinyin 1940:: 1932:: 1892:crofts 1875:, and 1823:, the 1810:goiter 1711:, and 1661:alkali 1657:iodine 1602:233 mg 1595:Sodium 1563:0.2 mg 1550:121 mg 1524:168 mg 1443:180 μg 1317:1.68 g 1293:0.56 g 1256:Sugars 1249:9.57 g 1226:Energy 1135:blenny 1119:) and 1021:, and 295:but a 289:genera 220:, 1909 218:Migula 4136:WoRMS 4056:11211 4043:11666 4038:IRMNG 4030:68789 3978:7NFBR 3376:65–90 3226:Oikos 3039:S2CID 2921:S2CID 2813:S2CID 2696:S2CID 2592:S2CID 2268:S2CID 1926:slang 1741:dashi 1730:Kombu 1705:jelly 1669:glass 1589:89 mg 1576:42 mg 1482:66 μg 1270:1.3 g 722:(NE. 656:Japan 642:Kombu 473:xylem 457:trees 293:plant 282:order 270:Kelps 167:Clade 154:Clade 141:Clade 4082:2886 4077:NCBI 4051:ITIS 4012:GBIF 3999:EPPO 3991:3565 3965:4586 3855:ISBN 3796:PMID 3788:ISSN 3751:2010 3721:PMID 3633:ISBN 3609:ISBN 3578:PMID 3560:ISSN 3519:PMID 3501:ISSN 3452:ISBN 3390:OCLC 3380:ISBN 3340:PMID 3330:ISBN 3153:887. 3136:PMID 3081:2019 3031:PMID 3023:ISSN 2970:ISSN 2913:PMID 2905:ISSN 2856:ISSN 2805:ISSN 2748:PMID 2740:ISSN 2688:ISSN 2644:ISSN 2584:ISSN 2541:PMID 2497:PMID 2489:ISSN 2448:PMID 2430:ISSN 2373:OCLC 2363:ISBN 2313:ISBN 2181:2013 2168:ISBN 1667:and 1665:soap 1659:and 1608:Zinc 1530:Iron 1456:3 mg 1204:Uses 1167:and 634:and 496:tide 324:and 42:PreꞒ 31:Kelp 4141:845 4064:NBN 4017:560 3986:EoL 3973:CoL 3778:doi 3711:PMC 3703:doi 3568:PMC 3550:doi 3509:PMC 3491:doi 3444:doi 3297:FDA 3126:PMC 3116:hdl 3108:doi 3013:hdl 3005:doi 2960:doi 2948:420 2895:doi 2848:doi 2836:501 2797:doi 2785:126 2730:doi 2680:doi 2634:doi 2576:doi 2533:doi 2479:doi 2475:192 2438:PMC 2420:doi 2416:282 2260:doi 2231:doi 1613:11% 1600:10% 1548:29% 1535:16% 1522:13% 1508:%DV 1480:55% 1441:45% 1424:13% 1390:12% 1355:%DV 1286:Fat 1260:0.6 590:of 310:" ( 276:or 160:SAR 4160:: 4138:: 4115:: 4102:: 4079:: 4066:: 4053:: 4040:: 4027:: 4014:: 4001:: 3988:: 3975:: 3962:: 3947:: 3932:: 3848:in 3794:. 3786:. 3772:. 3768:. 3719:. 3709:. 3699:10 3697:. 3693:. 3651:. 3627:, 3576:. 3566:. 3558:. 3546:15 3544:. 3540:. 3517:. 3507:. 3499:. 3485:. 3481:. 3450:. 3388:. 3378:. 3346:. 3338:. 3299:. 3295:. 3267:. 3167:^ 3134:. 3124:. 3114:. 3102:. 3098:. 3072:. 3037:. 3029:. 3021:. 3011:. 3003:. 2993:25 2991:. 2968:. 2958:. 2946:. 2942:. 2919:. 2911:. 2903:. 2893:. 2883:56 2881:. 2877:. 2854:. 2846:. 2834:. 2811:. 2803:. 2795:. 2783:. 2746:. 2738:. 2726:48 2724:. 2720:. 2708:^ 2694:. 2686:. 2678:. 2668:37 2666:. 2642:. 2632:. 2622:34 2620:. 2616:. 2604:^ 2590:. 2582:. 2574:. 2564:19 2562:. 2539:. 2531:. 2521:56 2519:. 2495:. 2487:. 2473:. 2469:. 2446:. 2436:. 2428:. 2414:. 2410:. 2398:^ 2371:. 2300:^ 2266:. 2256:35 2254:. 2229:. 2219:64 2217:. 2213:. 1984:海歸 1980:海归 1970:海龜 1966:海龟 1956:海待 1944:; 1942:海帶 1936:; 1934:海带 1921:. 1902:. 1871:, 1816:. 1793:, 1787:, 1726:. 1707:, 1703:, 1587:3% 1574:3% 1561:9% 1467:6% 1454:3% 1407:3% 1373:4% 1017:, 1009:, 713:: 644:, 551:. 443:” 303:. 169:: 156:: 143:: 92:Pg 3861:. 3802:. 3780:: 3774:8 3753:. 3727:. 3705:: 3666:. 3584:. 3552:: 3525:. 3493:: 3487:4 3466:. 3446:: 3396:. 3357:. 3310:. 3277:. 3253:. 3142:. 3118:: 3110:: 3104:8 3083:. 3045:. 3015:: 3007:: 2999:: 2976:. 2962:: 2954:: 2927:. 2897:: 2889:: 2862:. 2850:: 2842:: 2819:. 2799:: 2791:: 2754:. 2732:: 2702:. 2682:: 2674:: 2650:. 2636:: 2628:: 2598:. 2578:: 2570:: 2547:. 2535:: 2527:: 2503:. 2481:: 2454:. 2422:: 2379:. 2332:. 2274:. 2262:: 2239:. 2233:: 2225:: 2183:. 2056:, 1913:" 1646:. 1436:) 1434:9 1419:) 1417:5 1402:) 1400:3 1385:) 1383:2 1368:) 1366:1 1163:( 1153:( 1133:( 1123:( 1115:( 1041:( 1025:) 1013:( 916:) 822:) 738:) 726:) 658:. 638:. 617:. 467:( 97:N 87:K 82:J 77:T 72:P 67:C 62:D 57:S 52:O 47:Ꞓ 23:.

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