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535:, a plague pit and approximately 1,000 tombs from the 4th and 5th centuries BC were discovered. In 1992, Greek archaeologist Efi Baziatopoulou-Valavani excavated these sites. The plague pit is located in the northwestern corner of the cemetery and is 6.5 meters long and 1.6 meters deep, containing 89 individuals' remains. The remains found belonged to adult males and females, as well as eight children. Many consider this pit to contain victims from the
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in 267 AD. The ruins became the site of potters' workshops until about 500 AD, when two parallel colonnades were built behind the city gates, overrunning the old city walls. A new
Festival Gate was constructed to the east with three entrances leading into the city. This was in turn destroyed in raids
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The museum incorporates inner and outer courtyards, where the larger sculptures are kept. Down the hill from the museum, visitors can wander among the Outer
Kerameikos ruins, the Demosion Sema, the banks of the Eridanos where some water still flows, the remains of the Pompeion and the Dipylon Gate,
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Bodies were found in five successive layers within the pit, with more care shown on the bottom levels and increasingly little care shown as the burial continued upwards. Bodies were thrown in haphazardly, their positions dictated by the shape of the pit. There was soil placed between the bodies only
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Pottery found within the grave was used to date the burial to between 430 and 426 BC based on the styles common during that time. The burial is considered to be related to the
Athenian plague not only because of the dating of the burial, but also because of the nature of the burial. The chaos caused
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The area is enclosed and visitable through an entrance on the last block of Ermou Street, close to the intersection with
Peiraios Street. The Kerameikos Museum is housed there, in a small neoclassical building that houses the most extensive collection of burial-related artifacts in Greece, varying
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After the construction of the city wall, the Sacred Way and a forking street known as the Street of the Tombs again became lined with imposing sepulchral monuments belonging to the families of rich
Athenians, dating to before the late 4th century BC. The construction of such lavish mausolea was
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The eight children found buried within the pit are an exception to the pattern of diminishing care as the burial progressed. Found on the upper levels, these children were not thrown in the pit haphazardly but were instead placed with care and covered with shards of pottery. These are the only
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and walk the first blocks of the Sacred Way towards
Eleusis and of the Panathenaic Way towards the Acropolis. The bulk of the area lies about 7–10 meters below modern street level, having in the past been inundated by centuries' worth of sediment accumulation from the floods of the Eridanos.
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ceramics found in the pit that are outside of the lower levels, and this caused
Biazatopoulou to comment that the children “seem to have been treated with special care.” Notably, one of the children’s faces was reconstructed by professor Manolis Papagrigorakis and the child is now known as
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The skeletal remains found within the pit were submitted to Greek orthodontics professor
Manolis Papagrigorakis for examination. Upon analyzing dental pulp from the remains, he concluded that three subjects contained the bacterium
334:. It was originally an area of marshland along the banks of the Eridanos river which was used as a cemetery as long ago as the 3rd millennium BC. It became the site of an organised cemetery from about 1200 BC; numerous
439:(a sacrifice of 100 cows) was carried out for the festival and the people received the meat in the Kerameikos, possibly in the Dipylon courtyard; excavators have found heaps of bones in front of the city wall.
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on the lower levels, and most of the offerings were also found on the lower levels of the burial. The eight children’s bodies were found on the upper-most level, and were covered with large shards of pottery.
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Large areas adjacent to those already excavated remain in to be explored, as they lie under the fabric of modern-day Athens. Expropriation of these areas has been delayed until funding is secured.
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River. It was the potters' quarter of the city, from which the
English word "ceramic" is derived, and was also the site of an important cemetery and numerous funerary sculptures erected along the
435:. It consisted of a large courtyard surrounded by columns and banquet rooms, where the nobility of Athens would eat the sacrificial meat for the festival. According to ancient Greek sources, a
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is much disputed, and this DNA evidence has caused scholars to view typhoid fever as a likely culprit. These are the only remains in connection with the
Athenian plague to be analyzed.
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a few miles away. State graves were built on either side of the Dipylon Gate, for the interment of prominent personages such as notable warriors and statesmen, including Pericles and
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369:, all of the funerary sculptures were built into the city wall and two large city gates facing north-west were erected in the Kerameikos. The Sacred Way ran through the
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graves and burial offerings from the period have been discovered by archaeologists. Houses were constructed on the higher drier ground to the south. During the
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described as a bloodbath. During the 2nd century AD, a storehouse was constructed on the site of the Pompeion, but it was destroyed during the invasion of the
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508:, unearthed by the German Archaeological Institute at Athens under the direction of Professor Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier. This Kouros is the larger twin of
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The area has undergone a number of archaeological excavations in recent years, though the excavated area covers only a small portion of the ancient
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299:" is derived). The "Inner Kerameikos" was the former "potters' quarter" within the city and "Outer Kerameikos" covers the cemetery and also the
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The Pompeion and many other buildings in the vicinity of the Sacred Gate were razed to the ground by the marauding army of the Roman dictator
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banned by decree in 317 BC, following which only small columns or inscribed square marble blocks were permitted as grave stones. The
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increasingly large and complex grave mounds and monuments were built along the south bank of the Eridanos, lining the Sacred Way.
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at the end of the 6th century, and the Kerameikos fell into obscurity. It was not rediscovered until a Greek worker dug up a
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Offerings for the dead consisted of roughly 30 small vases. Examples of the ceramics found within the pit include choes, a
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Akten des Internationalen Symposions Die Ausgrabungen im Kerameikos, Bilanz und Perspektiven. Athen, 27.–31. Januar 1999
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Papagrigorakis, Manolis J.; Yapijakis, Christos; Synodinos, Philippos N.; Baziotopoulou-Valavani, Effie (2006-05-01).
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947:. Zabern, Mainz am Rhein 2001. (Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung, 114)
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873:"DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens"
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occupation of Athens led to a resurgence of monument-building, although little is left of them today.
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Der Kuros vom Heiligen Tor. Überraschende Neufunde archaischer Skulptur im Kerameikos in Athen
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As of spring 2007, Kerameikos is the name given to the metro station which belongs to
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Archaeological excavations in the Kerameikos began in 1870 under the auspices of the
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in 480 BC, fundamentally changed the appearance of the area. At the suggestion of
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Excavating classical culture : recent archaeological discoveries in Greece
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Sacred Gate kouros (center) in Room 1 of the Kerameikos Archaeological Museum
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Latest findings in the Kerameikos include the excavation of a 2.1 m tall
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303:(δημόσιον σῆμα, public graveyard) just outside the city walls, where
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Der Kerameikos von Athen. Führung durch Ausgrabungen und Geschichte
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Remains of the Acharnian Road, Acharnian Gate and Cemetery Site
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934:. Zabern, Mainz 2002. (Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie)
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Athens, Attica and the Megarid: An Archaeological Guide
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House of Saint Philothei/Benizelos-Palaiologos mansion
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Athens International Airport Archaeological Collection
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of the Athens Metro, adjacent to the Technopolis of
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from large-scale marble sculpture to funerary urns,
2280:Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite
819:"Q&A: Facing the past: Manolis Papagrigorakis"
768:Marina., Stamatopoulou, Maria. Yeroulanou (2002).
323:) began, along which the procession moved for the
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377:(also known as the Thriasian Gate) and on to the
2870:Ancient Greek buildings and structures in Athens
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1571:Syntagma Metro Station Archaeological Collection
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295:, "pottery clay", from which the English word "
283:The area took its name from the city square or
1859:Museum of Anthropology of University of Athens
1576:Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies
976:A Mycenaean Fountain on the Athenian Acropolis
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1975:
1961:
1894:Zoological Museum of the University of Athens
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877:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
802:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2427:Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center
1669:Centre for the Study of Traditional Pottery
311:in 431 BC. The cemetery was also where the
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1968:
1954:
1674:Museum of the History of the Greek Costume
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701:"ekathimerini.com | Masterpiece revealed"
554:by the Plague of Athens, as described by
547:Funerary naiskos of Demetria and Pamphile
491:German Archaeological Institute at Athens
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
1874:Postal & Philatelic Museum of Greece
1664:Museum of Greek Folk Musical Instruments
965:Kerameikos, Hellenic Ministry of Culture
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29:This article includes a list of general
1623:Eleftherios Venizelos Historical Museum
985:Kerameikos, Ergebnisse Der Ausgrabungen
767:
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2463:Athens Marina (formerly Faliro Marina)
1760:Nikos Chatzikyriakos-Gikas Art Gallery
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78:Neighborhood in Athens, Attica, Greece
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1720:Goulandris Museum of Contemporary Art
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1770:Yannis Tsarouchis Foundation Museum
1755:National Museum of Contemporary Art
1700:B. & M. Theocharakis Foundation
593:. The pathogen responsible for the
13:
2547:Neighbourhoods in municipality of
774:. Archaeopress. pp. 187–201.
419:an important public building, the
255:, located to the northwest of the
35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
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2198:Kapodistrian University of Athens
1628:Goulandris Natural History Museum
1531:Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art
958:
859:
718:
2275:Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens
1811:OTE Museum of Telecommunications
1556:Archaeological Museum of Piraeus
1536:Kerameikos Archaeological Museum
1103:
1086:
1078:
1061:
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610:Kerameikos Archaeological Museum
589:serovar typhi, which results in
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101:
20:
1854:Mineralogy and Petrology Museum
2397:National Observatory of Athens
2244:National Archaeological Museum
2229:Byzantine and Christian Museum
1765:Panos Aravantinos Decor Museum
1730:Ilias Lalaounis Jewelry Museum
1597:Byzantine and Christian Museum
1546:National Archaeological Museum
810:
693:
474:
1:
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1062:
1037:Places adjacent to Kerameikos
817:McCook, Alison (March 2011).
2865:Ancient cemeteries in Greece
2496:Dionysiou Areopagitou Street
1638:Museum of the City of Athens
1087:
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918:General and cited references
703:. 2008-03-06. Archived from
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487:Greek Archaeological Society
7:
2377:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
1889:Theatrical Museum of Greece
1869:Numismatic Museum of Athens
1740:Municipal Gallery of Athens
1710:Emfietzoglou Gallery Museum
527:During the construction of
353:built in the 5th century BC
10:
2911:
2285:Saint Irene church, Athens
2254:National Historical Museum
2203:National Library of Greece
1839:Hellenic Children's Museum
1643:National Historical Museum
1590:Byzantine and ecclesiastic
972:in www.athensinfoguide.com
927:. Krene-Verl., Athen 1988.
890:10.1016/j.ijid.2005.09.001
644:
607:
514:Metropolitan Museum of Art
478:
448:sacking of Athens in 86 BC
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2488:
2444:
2372:
2319:
2293:
2267:
2211:
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2173:
2145:
2102:
2064:Remains of the Long Walls
2044:Philopappos Hill/Monument
1984:
1902:
1824:
1791:Hellenic Air Force Museum
1778:
1745:National Gallery (Athens)
1682:
1651:
1605:
1589:
1513:
1412:Corpus vasorum antiquorum
1399:
1299:
1248:
1226:
1208:
1185:
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1163:Pottery of ancient Greece
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411:The ruins of the Pompeion
361:in 478 BC, following the
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198:
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166:
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121:
109:
100:
93:
83:
2895:Neighbourhoods in Athens
2880:Iron Age sites in Greece
2506:First Cemetery of Athens
2034:Odeon of Herodes Atticus
1884:Tactual Museum of Athens
1849:Hellenic Maritime Museum
1834:Athens University Museum
1806:Electric Railways Museum
1801:Railway Museum of Athens
1690:Athinais Cultural Center
1659:Museum of Greek Folk Art
930:Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier:
647:Kerameikos metro station
529:Kerameikos metro station
271:, a road from Athens to
263:and by the banks of the
87:
2084:Temple of Olympian Zeus
1735:Marika Kotopouli Museum
1633:Jewish Museum of Greece
1606:Ethnological/historical
998:The Kerameikos Cemetery
686:Hans Rupprecht Goette,
279:History and description
50:more precise citations.
2417:Olympic Sports Complex
2234:Museum of Cycladic Art
2029:Monument of Lysicrates
619:
550:
501:
427:, πομπή) in honour of
412:
396:
363:Persian sack of Athens
354:
237:[ce.ɾa.miˈkos]
116:Location within Athens
2475:Marina of Vouliagmeni
1864:Museum of Criminology
1796:Hellenic Motor Museum
1750:National Glyptotheque
1683:Art museums/galleries
1249:Ancient Greece proper
978:by Oscar Broneer via
617:
545:
499:
479:Further information:
410:
391:
348:
141:37.97833°N 23.71889°E
2422:Presidential Mansion
2407:Old Parliament House
2122:Holy Apostles Church
2079:Temple of Hephaestus
1786:Eugenides Foundation
1725:Gounaropoulos Museum
1561:Old Acropolis Museum
1541:Kanellopoulou Museum
1454:Terracotta figurines
433:Panathenaic Festival
325:Eleusinian Mysteries
240:) also known by its
2885:Landmarks in Athens
2565:Agios Panteleimonas
2454:Agios Kosmas Marina
2382:Athens Concert Hall
2137:Holy Trinity Church
2089:Theatre of Dionysus
2039:Panathenaic Stadium
1976:Major landmarks of
1779:Industry/technology
1526:Epigraphical Museum
587:Salmonella enterica
319:, i.e. the road to
213:www.cityofathens.gr
137: /
2165:Tzistarakis Mosque
2094:Tower of the Winds
2014:Aristotle’s Lyceum
1816:Technopolis (Gazi)
1459:Three-phase firing
1002:The New York Times
991:, Karl Kubler via
620:
551:
502:
450:; an episode that
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355:
351:Themistoclean Wall
146:37.97833; 23.71889
2847:
2846:
2575:Akadimia Platonos
2560:Agios Eleftherios
2514:
2513:
2440:
2439:
2392:Gennadius Library
2259:Numismatic Museum
2239:Kerameikos Museum
2132:Pantanassa Church
2127:Kapnikarea Church
2112:Little Metropolis
2019:Hadrian's Library
1943:
1942:
1827:special interests
1825:Education/sports/
1613:Athens War Museum
1472:
1471:
1422:Hellenistic glass
1395:
1394:
1266:Black-glazed Ware
1244:
1243:
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531:for the expanded
481:Kerameikos steles
359:the new city wall
218:
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2745:Pedion tou Areos
2615:Erythros Stavros
2541:
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2527:
2518:
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2412:Old Royal Palace
2402:National Theatre
2311:Pedion tou Areos
2306:National Gardens
2249:National Gallery
2219:Acropolis Museum
2180:
2179:
2117:Daphni Monastery
2049:Platonic Academy
1970:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1879:Spathario Museum
1715:Frissiras Museum
1705:Deste Foundation
1618:Drossinis Museum
1521:Acropolis Museum
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1449:Tanagra figurine
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537:Plague of Athens
510:the one now kept
459:by the invading
417:Classical period
394:Platonic Academy
379:Platonic Academy
357:The building of
247:, is an area of
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2890:Mycenaean sites
2875:Areas of Athens
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2784:Profitis Daniil
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2004:Arch of Hadrian
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1551:Stoa of Attalos
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287:(δῆμος) of the
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1400:Special topics
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1359:Little Masters
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959:External links
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883:(3): 206–214.
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645:Main article:
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608:Main article:
605:
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522:Dipylon Master
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340:Archaic period
307:delivered his
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242:Latinized form
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2829:Treis Gefyres
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707:on 2008-03-06
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2734:Kallimarmaro
2710:Nea Filothei
2695:Metaxourgeio
2501:Ermou Street
2186:'s "Trilogy"
2023:
1933:
1926:
1917:
1910:
1903:Museum ships
1426:
1407:Conservation
1291:White ground
1261:Black-figure
1195:Kamares ware
1083:
1051:Metaxourgeio
1001:
944:
931:
924:
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829:(7336): 35.
826:
822:
812:
770:
709:. Retrieved
705:the original
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687:
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586:
583:
575:
564:
560:
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533:Athens Metro
526:
503:
484:
441:
424:
414:
398:
392:Road to the
375:Dipylon Gate
367:Themistocles
356:
349:Part of the
331:
329:
300:
292:
282:
261:Dipylon Gate
244:
220:
219:
95:Neighborhood
62:
53:
34:
2755:Philopappou
2720:Neos Kosmos
2705:Monastiraki
2690:Kynosargous
2660:Kolokynthou
2610:Ellinoroson
2585:Ampelokipoi
2344:Monastiraki
2320:Squares and
2069:Roman Agora
1505:Museums in
1339:Nikosthenes
1236:Frying pans
1177:Minyan ware
475:Archaeology
431:during the
415:During the
383:Cleisthenes
371:Sacred Gate
313:Ηiera Hodos
189:Postal code
144: /
48:introducing
2860:Kerameikos
2854:Categories
2824:Thymarakia
2768:Anafiotika
2630:Girokomeio
2329:Anafiotika
2024:Kerameikos
1464:Vase types
1372:Hermogenes
1334:Hypereides
1324:Euthymides
1319:Euphronios
1276:Red-figure
1084:Kerameikos
970:Kerameikos
711:2022-05-14
556:Thucydides
317:Sacred Way
269:Sacred Way
233:pronounced
229:Κεραμεικός
221:Kerameikos
129:37°58′42″N
88:Κεραμεικός
85:Kerameikos
31:references
2834:Votanikos
2799:Rizoupoli
2750:Petralona
2680:Kypriadou
2655:Keramikos
2620:Exarcheia
2595:Asyrmatos
2580:Acropolis
2104:Byzantine
2009:Areopagus
1994:Acropolis
1444:Symposium
1434:Name vase
1367:Ergoteles
1344:Pamphaios
1314:Ergotimos
1256:Bilingual
1210:Mycenaean
899:1201-9712
845:1476-4687
798:cite book
790:875604398
663:Citations
257:Acropolis
245:Ceramicus
200:Area code
132:23°43′8″E
2838:Elaionas
2814:Syntagma
2779:Probonas
2774:Polygono
2730:Pangrati
2665:Kolonaki
2570:Akadimia
2432:Zappeion
2359:Syntagma
2268:Churches
1934:Olympias
1652:Folklore
1349:Sophilos
1271:Bucchero
1228:Cycladic
907:16412683
853:21368806
618:Cloister
571:lekythoi
518:New York
452:Plutarch
437:hecatomb
421:Pompeion
305:Pericles
289:Kerameis
265:Eridanos
2819:Thiseio
2809:Sepolia
2764:Aerides
2740:Patisia
2725:Omonoia
2715:Neapoli
2685:Kypseli
2675:Koukaki
2670:Kolonos
2446:Marinas
2364:Thiseio
2212:Museums
2193:Academy
2147:Ottoman
1986:Ancient
1377:Phrynos
1301:Potters
1117:Thiseio
690:, p. 59
630:in situ
512:in the
321:Eleusis
297:ceramic
293:kéramos
273:Eleusis
209:Website
157:Country
44:improve
2650:Ilisia
2605:Attiki
2549:Athens
2489:Others
2184:Hansen
2175:Modern
1978:Athens
1507:Athens
1387:Tleson
1382:Sokles
1329:Gryton
1309:Amasis
1187:Minoan
1170:Aegean
951:
938:
905:
897:
851:
843:
823:Nature
788:
778:
653:Line 3
625:stelae
604:Museum
579:Myrtis
567:pelike
506:Kouros
456:Heruli
429:Athena
253:Greece
249:Athens
193:105 53
183:Athens
173:Attica
168:Region
161:Greece
33:, but
2794:Psyri
2760:Plaka
2645:Gouva
2640:Goudi
2354:Plaka
1918:Velos
1095:Psyri
993:JSTOR
980:JSTOR
469:stele
465:Slavs
461:Avars
444:Sulla
425:pompē
402:Roman
332:dēmos
315:(the
285:dēmos
225:Greek
2804:Rouf
2700:Mets
2635:Gyzi
2625:Gazi
2054:Pnyx
1439:Slip
1428:LIMC
1073:Gazi
949:ISBN
936:ISBN
903:PMID
895:ISSN
849:PMID
841:ISSN
804:link
786:OCLC
776:ISBN
657:Gazi
463:and
336:cist
179:City
1925:SS
1920:D16
987:by
885:doi
831:doi
827:471
516:in
204:210
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