83:
67:
697:
22:
450:
p63, which prevents epidermal stem cells from differentiating into keratinocytes. Mutations in the p63 DNA-binding domain are associated with ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome. The transcriptome of p63 mutant keratinocytes deviated from the normal epidermal cell
373:
gradient, with the lowest concentration in the stratum basale and increasing concentrations until the outer stratum granulosum, where it reaches its maximum. Calcium concentration in the stratum corneum is very high in part because those relatively dry cells are not able to dissolve the ions. Those
976:
Throughout life, the dead keratinized cells of the cornified layer are shed (humans lose about 1.5 grams of these cells each day*) and are replaced by new cells, the source of which is the mitotic cells of the
Malpighian layer. Pigment cells (melanocytes) from the neural crest also reside in the
382:
free calcium concentrations in keratinocytes. Part of that intracellular calcium increase comes from calcium released from intracellular stores and another part comes from transmembrane calcium influx, through both calcium-sensitive
1361:
Pillai S, Bikle DD (January 1991). "Role of intracellular-free calcium in the cornified envelope formation of keratinocytes: differences in the mode of action of extracellular calcium and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3".
247:), in which the keratinocytes produce more and more keratin and undergo terminal differentiation. The fully cornified keratinocytes that form the outermost layer are constantly shed off and replaced by new cells.
1659:
Fu, G. K.; Lin, D; Zhang, MY; Bikle, DD; Shackleton, CH; Miller, WL; Portale, AA (1997). "Cloning of Human 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-1 -Hydroxylase and
Mutations Causing Vitamin D-Dependent Rickets Type 1".
1575:
Hennings, Henry; Michael, Delores; Cheng, Christina; Steinert, Peter; Holbrook, Karen; Yuspa, Stuart H. (1980). "Calcium regulation of growth and differentiation of mouse epidermal cells in culture".
580:
will be repaired in part by the migration of keratinocytes to fill in the gap created by the wound. The first set of keratinocytes to participate in that repair come from the bulge region of the
442:
Since keratinocyte differentiation inhibits keratinocyte proliferation, factors that promote keratinocyte proliferation should be considered as preventing differentiation. These factors include:
557:
that stretch out to connect it with many keratinocytes. The melanin is then stored within keratinocytes and melanocytes in the perinuclear area as supranuclear βcapsβ, where it protects the
2140:
Ito, M; Liu, Y; Yang, Z; Nguyen, J; Liang, F; Morris, RJ; Cotsarelis, G (2005). "Stem cells in the hair follicle bulge contribute to wound repair but not to homeostasis of the epidermis".
1704:
Kawakubo, Tomoyo; Yasukochi, Atsushi; Okamoto, Kuniaki; Okamoto, Yoshiko; Nakamura, Seiji; Yamamoto, Kenji (2011). "The role of cathepsin E in terminal differentiation of keratinocytes".
259:. Epidermal stem cells divide in a random manner yielding either more stem cells or transit amplifying cells. Some of the transit amplifying cells continue to proliferate then commit to
180:
The primary function of keratinocytes is the formation of a barrier against environmental damage by heat, UV radiation, dehydration, pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses.
2046:
Barrandon, Y; Green, H (1987). "Cell migration is essential for sustained growth of keratinocyte colonies: The roles of transforming growth factor-alpha and epidermal growth factor".
2292:
Y Shen, Y Guo, C Du, M Wilczynska, S HellstrΓΆm, T Ny, Mice
Deficient in Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Have Delayed Healing of Tympanic Membrane Perforations, PLOS ONE, 2012
1326:
Hennings H, Kruszewski FH, Yuspa SH, Tucker RW (April 1989). "Intracellular calcium alterations in response to increased external calcium in normal and neoplastic keratinocytes".
1240:
Potten CS, Saffhill R, Maibach HI (September 1987). "Measurement of the transit time for cells through the epidermis and stratum corneum of the mouse and guinea-pig".
82:
2242:
Ito, M; Yang, Z; Andl, T; Cui, C; Kim, N; Millar, SE; Cotsarelis, G (2007). "Wnt-dependent de novo hair follicle regeneration in adult mouse skin after wounding".
408:
involved in keratinocyte differentiation. Keratinocytes are the only cells in the body with the entire vitamin D metabolic pathway from vitamin D production to
43:
834:
1809:
Rheinwald, JG; Green, H (1975). "Serial cultivation of strains of human epidermal keratinocytes: The formation of keratinizing colonies from single cells".
912:
844:
864:
1901:
Qu J, Tanis SE, Smits JP, Kouwenhoven EN, Oti M, van den
Bogaard EH, Logie C, Stunnenberg HG, van Bokhoven H, Mulder KW, Zhou H (December 2018).
1226:
1405:
Reiss, M; Lipsey, LR; Zhou, ZL (1991). "Extracellular calcium-dependent regulation of transmembrane calcium fluxes in murine keratinocytes".
1757:
Jackson, B.; Brown, S. J.; Avilion, A. A.; O'Shaughnessy, R. F. L.; Sully, K.; Akinduro, O.; Murphy, M.; Cleary, M. L.; Byrne, C. (2011).
2588:
2530:
Tang L, Wu JJ, Ma Q, et al. (July 2010). "Human lactoferrin stimulates skin keratinocyte function and wound re-epithelialization".
2333:
584:
and will only survive transiently. Within the healed epidermis they will be replaced by keratinocytes originating from the epidermis.
30:
1448:
Mauro, TM; Pappone, PA; Isseroff, RR (1990). "Extracellular calcium affects the membrane currents of cultured human keratinocytes".
704:
A Civatte body (named after the French dermatologist
Achille Civatte, 1877β1956) is a damaged basal keratinocyte that has undergone
387:
and voltage-independent cation channels permeable to calcium. Moreover, it has been suggested that an extracellular calcium-sensing
255:
Epidermal stem cells reside in the lower part of the epidermis (stratum basale) and are attached to the basement membrane through
243:) contribute to maintain the important barrier function of the skin. Keratinization is part of the physical barrier formation (
922:
884:
517:
1995:
Rheinwald, JG; Green, H (1977). "Epidermal growth factor and the multiplication of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes".
66:
1491:
Mauro, TM; Isseroff, RR; Lasarow, R; Pappone, PA (1993). "Ion channels are linked to differentiation in keratinocytes".
969:
2447:
1202:
793:
665:
1952:
Fuchs, E; Green, H (1981). "Regulation of terminal differentiation of cultured human keratinocytes by vitamin A".
2581:
2095:
761:
684:
that irreversibly arrested proliferation in a fraction of keratinocytes. In older mice, SOD2 deficiency delayed
928:
789:
164:
contribute to maintain the important barrier function of the skin. Keratinocytes differentiate from epidermal
274:, initiate expression of epidermal differentiation markers, and move suprabasally as they become part of the
1759:"TALE homeodomain proteins regulate site-specific terminal differentiation, LCE genes and epidermal barrier"
839:
797:
2995:
721:
680:) ordinarily protects against ROS. Loss of SOD2 in mouse epidermal cells was observed to cause cellular
528:
2574:
977:
Malpighian layer, where they transfer their pigment sacs (melanosomes) to the developing keratinocytes.
890:
765:
725:
1673:
1536:"Effects of a calcium receptor activator on the cellular response to calcium in human keratinocytes"
293:
Corneocytes are keratinocytes that have completed their differentiation program and have lost their
777:
661:
2331:
Sheehan JM, Young AR (June 2002). "The sunburn cell revisited: an update on mechanistic aspects".
2751:
781:
669:
460:
404:
and differentiation mostly by modulating calcium concentrations and regulating the expression of
267:
and their differentiated progeny are organized into columns named epidermal proliferation units.
35:
1040:"Multiple classes of stem cells in cutaneous epithelium: a lineage analysis of adult mouse skin"
708:, and consist largely of keratin intermediate filaments, and are almost invariably covered with
1668:
505:
2990:
729:
429:
388:
161:
3000:
2897:
2787:
2597:
2392:
2251:
2196:
2004:
1103:
447:
260:
8:
2792:
2740:
2735:
2719:
1854:"P63 regulates proliferation and differentiation of developmentally mature keratinocytes"
1283:
Proksch E, Brandner JM, Jensen JM (December 2008). "The skin: an indispensable barrier".
757:
745:
204:
2396:
2381:"Pleiotropic age-dependent effects of mitochondrial dysfunction on epidermal stem cells"
2255:
2200:
2008:
1107:
183:
Pathogens invading the upper layers of the epidermis can cause keratinocytes to produce
2907:
2816:
2756:
2632:
2555:
2504:
2469:
2415:
2380:
2358:
2275:
2219:
2184:
2165:
2117:
2090:
2071:
2028:
1977:
1878:
1853:
1834:
1783:
1758:
1739:
1600:
1516:
1473:
1430:
1387:
1308:
1265:
1253:
1220:
1175:
1163:
1124:
1091:
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749:
413:
401:
279:
224:
1822:
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1619:
1064:
1039:
2839:
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2824:
2657:
2547:
2543:
2509:
2491:
2443:
2420:
2350:
2313:
2267:
2224:
2157:
2122:
2108:
2063:
2059:
2020:
1969:
1965:
1934:
1883:
1826:
1788:
1731:
1686:
1641:
1592:
1588:
1557:
1552:
1535:
1508:
1465:
1422:
1379:
1343:
1300:
1296:
1257:
1208:
1198:
1167:
1129:
1115:
1069:
1009:
965:
958:
918:
880:
737:
712:, mainly IgM. Civatte bodies are characteristically found in skin lesions of various
384:
168:
in the lower part of the epidermis and migrate towards the surface, finally becoming
2362:
2169:
2075:
2032:
1981:
1903:"Mutant p63 affects epidermal cell identity through rewiring the enhancer landscape"
1838:
1743:
1604:
1520:
1434:
1391:
1312:
1269:
1179:
1021:
2948:
2834:
2746:
2705:
2693:
2642:
2637:
2559:
2539:
2499:
2481:
2410:
2400:
2342:
2304:
2259:
2214:
2204:
2149:
2112:
2104:
2055:
2012:
1961:
1924:
1914:
1873:
1865:
1818:
1778:
1770:
1721:
1713:
1678:
1631:
1584:
1547:
1500:
1477:
1457:
1414:
1371:
1335:
1292:
1249:
1159:
1119:
1111:
1059:
1051:
1001:
872:
809:
773:
340:
275:
98:
2279:
562:
2916:
2797:
2698:
2627:
2622:
1919:
1902:
547:
489:
287:
270:
During this differentiation process, keratinocytes permanently withdraw from the
184:
484:
Within the epidermis keratinocytes are associated with other cell types such as
2943:
2930:
2869:
2859:
2766:
2647:
2189:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
953:
769:
709:
637:
603:
513:
493:
435:
212:
106:
94:
71:
2566:
1339:
1055:
876:
105:. In humans, they constitute 90% of epidermal skin cells. Basal cells in the
2984:
2879:
2874:
2864:
2670:
2495:
2486:
1212:
741:
717:
629:
625:
621:
581:
501:
472:
379:
375:
359:
351:
256:
244:
2405:
2209:
2185:"Long-term renewal of hair follicles from clonogenic multipotent stem cells"
1682:
2675:
2551:
2513:
2424:
2354:
2271:
2228:
2161:
2126:
1938:
1887:
1792:
1735:
1620:"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 potentiates the keratinocyte response to calcium"
1561:
1461:
1418:
1375:
1304:
1133:
1073:
1013:
992:
Houben E, De Paepe K, Rogiers V (2007). "A keratinocyte's course of life".
614:
610:
553:, from epidermal melanocytes. Each melanocyte in the epidermis has several
524:
496:
with the nerves of the skin and hold the
Langerhans cells and intra-dermal
391:(CaSR) also contributes to the rise in intracellular calcium concentration.
305:
294:
208:
122:
2317:
2067:
1973:
1830:
1690:
1645:
1596:
1512:
1469:
1426:
1383:
1347:
1261:
1171:
1150:
Halprin KM (January 1972). "Epidermal "turnover time"--a re-examination".
2965:
2960:
2938:
2783:
2024:
785:
653:
539:
497:
485:
426:
419:
169:
126:
2263:
1869:
1717:
172:
and eventually being shed, which happens every 40 to 56 days in humans.
2955:
2851:
2775:
2727:
2605:
1929:
1774:
1504:
819:
713:
681:
543:
509:
409:
394:
344:
332:
328:
324:
301:
283:
271:
264:
165:
130:
75:
1726:
1005:
594:
Functional keratinocytes are needed for tympanic perforation healing.
512:
they are also potent producers of anti-inflammatory mediators such as
2614:
2346:
2183:
Claudinot, S; Nicolas, M; Oshima, H; Rochat, A; Barrandon, Y (2005).
2016:
733:
705:
673:
657:
641:
617:
521:
466:
454:
320:
316:
298:
228:
188:
1756:
2153:
633:
607:
554:
336:
312:
240:
236:
200:
141:
133:
1197:. Weaver, Casey (Ninth ed.). New York, NY, USA. p. 112.
500:
in position within the epidermis. Keratinocytes also modulate the
2438:
Crissey, John Thorne; Parish, Lawrence C.; Holubar, Karl (2002).
824:
550:
370:
311:
At each stage of differentiation, keratinocytes express specific
232:
149:
2091:"The Protective Role of Melanin Against UV Damage in Human Skin"
1852:
Truong, AB; Kretz, M; Ridky, TW; Kimmel, R; Khavari, PA (2006).
21:
2889:
2731:
2685:
1703:
753:
696:
573:
192:
153:
117:. Keratinocytes form a barrier against environmental damage by
1325:
829:
685:
405:
354:
from stem cells to desquamation every 40β56 days, whereas in
157:
145:
137:
2468:
Seema, Chhabra; Pranay, Tanwar; Kumar, AroraSandeep (2013).
2182:
1574:
1192:
591:
hair follicle formation during the healing of large wounds.
587:
At the opposite, epidermal keratinocytes, can contribute to
2807:
1490:
814:
677:
577:
532:
355:
196:
118:
102:
2378:
862:
2379:
Velarde MC, Demaria M, Melov S, Campisi J (August 2015).
558:
867:. In Burns T; Breathnach S; Cox N; Griffiths C. (eds.).
263:
and migrate towards the surface of the epidermis. Those
1900:
954:"The Epidermis and the Origin of Cutaneous Structures."
1851:
1617:
1282:
1239:
991:
835:
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
538:
Keratinocytes contribute to protecting the body from
2437:
2088:
1618:
Su, MJ; Bikle, DD; Mancianti, ML; Pillai, S (1994).
1447:
871:(7th ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 4190.
365:
Factors promoting keratinocyte differentiation are:
86:
Keratinocytes (stained green) in the skin of a mouse
1085:
1083:
1033:
1031:
987:
985:
914:
845:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
2463:
2461:
2459:
2440:Historical Atlas of Dermatology and Dermatologists
1145:
1143:
1037:
957:
304:. Corneocytes will eventually be shed off through
910:
2982:
2467:
2139:
1894:
1080:
1028:
982:
2596:
2456:
2374:
2372:
1658:
1404:
1140:
668:caused by exposure of stem/progenitor cells to
479:
2241:
2045:
1994:
1808:
378:calcium concentrations induces an increase in
350:In humans, it is estimated that keratinocytes
2582:
947:
945:
911:James W, Berger T, Elston D (December 2005).
2369:
2330:
1804:
1802:
676:aging. Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (
1360:
63:Primary type of cell found in the epidermis
2589:
2575:
2442:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 147.
2334:Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences
2302:Young AR (June 1987). "The sunburn cell".
1951:
1533:
1225:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1149:
1096:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
942:
640:, and has been described as an example of
2503:
2485:
2414:
2404:
2218:
2208:
2116:
1928:
1918:
1877:
1799:
1782:
1725:
1672:
1635:
1551:
1123:
1089:
1063:
917:(10th ed.). Saunders. pp. 5β6.
688:closure and reduced epidermal thickness.
400:(cholecalciferol) regulates keratinocyte
113:of the skin are sometimes referred to as
2529:
2301:
2089:Brenner M; Hearing VJ. (MayβJune 2008).
1540:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
1038:Ghazizadeh S, Taichman LB (March 2001).
865:"Anatomy and Organization of Human Skin"
695:
568:
81:
65:
46:of all important aspects of the article.
1276:
951:
863:McGrath JA; Eady RAJ; Pope FM. (2004).
250:
239:), lipids, and antimicrobial peptides (
2983:
904:
42:Please consider expanding the lead to
2570:
1193:Murphy, Kenneth (Kenneth M.) (2017).
546:, vesicles containing the endogenous
520:. When activated, they can stimulate
856:
15:
2470:"Civatte bodies: A diagnostic clue"
1624:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
636:. It shows premature and abnormal
527:and Langerhans cell activation via
13:
2532:The British Journal of Dermatology
1534:Tu, CL; Oda, Y; Bikle, DD (1999).
1254:10.1111/j.1365-2184.1987.tb01355.x
1164:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1972.tb01886.x
1152:The British Journal of Dermatology
504:: apart from the above-mentioned
215:to the site of pathogen invasion.
14:
3012:
2523:
794:transient acantholytic dermatosis
331:, but also other markers such as
2544:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09748.x
2109:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00226.x
1553:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00698.x
1297:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00786.x
1116:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04363.x
994:Skin Pharmacology and Physiology
597:
467:Transforming growth factor alpha
20:
2431:
2324:
2295:
2286:
2235:
2176:
2133:
2096:Photochemistry and Photobiology
2082:
2039:
1988:
1945:
1845:
1750:
1697:
1652:
1611:
1568:
1527:
1493:The Journal of Membrane Biology
1484:
1441:
1398:
1354:
1319:
762:febrile neutrophilic dermatosis
691:
620:that appears after exposure to
34:may be too short to adequately
1450:Journal of Cellular Physiology
1407:Journal of Cellular Physiology
1364:Journal of Cellular Physiology
1233:
1186:
869:Rook's Textbook of Dermatology
790:subcorneal pustular dermatosis
44:provide an accessible overview
1:
2474:Indian Journal of Dermatology
1823:10.1016/S0092-8674(75)80001-8
1637:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36685-1
850:
672:(ROS) may play a key role in
542:radiation (UVR) by taking up
101:, the outermost layer of the
70:Micrograph of keratinocytes,
2385:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2060:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90179-6
1966:10.1016/0092-8674(81)90169-0
1920:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.039
1589:10.1016/0092-8674(80)90406-7
840:Epidermidibacterium keratini
798:epidermolytic hyperkeratosis
724:. They may also be found in
480:Interaction with other cells
218:
7:
2598:Skin and related structures
803:
722:discoid lupus erythematosus
175:
10:
3017:
952:Gilbert, Scott F. (2000).
766:toxic epidermal necrolysis
2929:
2906:
2888:
2850:
2815:
2806:
2774:
2765:
2718:
2684:
2656:
2613:
2604:
877:10.1002/9780470750520.ch3
726:graft-versus-host disease
606:is a keratinocyte with a
148:. A number of structural
2487:10.4103/0019-5154.113974
1285:Experimental Dermatology
1242:Cell and Tissue Kinetics
778:dermatitis herpetiformis
656:declines partly because
647:
187:mediators, particularly
93:are the primary type of
2752:Loose connective tissue
2406:10.1073/pnas.1505675112
2210:10.1073/pnas.0507250102
1858:Genes & Development
1763:Journal of Cell Science
1683:10.1210/mend.11.13.0035
1661:Molecular Endocrinology
1340:10.1093/carcin/10.4.777
1195:Janeway's immunobiology
1090:Koster MI (July 2009).
1056:10.1093/emboj/20.6.1215
782:porphyria cutanea tarda
670:reactive oxygen species
461:Epidermal growth factor
2875:Bulb with matrix cells
1462:10.1002/jcp.1041430103
1419:10.1002/jcp.1041470213
1376:10.1002/jcp.1041460113
964:. Sinauer Associates.
730:adverse drug reactions
701:
660:fail to self-renew or
506:antimicrobial peptides
199:(MCP-1) which attract
162:antimicrobial peptides
87:
79:
1092:"Making an epidermis"
960:Developmental Biology
699:
658:stem/progenitor cells
569:Role in wound healing
492:. Keratinocytes form
430:transcription factors
308:as new ones come in.
85:
69:
2898:Arrector pili muscle
2788:Apocrine sweat gland
1706:Biological Chemistry
448:transcription factor
251:Cell differentiation
205:natural killer cells
2793:Eccrine sweat gland
2741:Panniculus carnosus
2736:Panniculus adiposus
2720:Subcutaneous tissue
2397:2015PNAS..11210407V
2264:10.1038/nature05766
2256:2007Natur.447..316I
2201:2005PNAS..10214677C
2009:1977Natur.265..421R
1870:10.1101/gad.1463206
1718:10.1515/BC.2011.060
1108:2009NYASA1170....7K
758:lichen planopilaris
746:erythema multiforme
736:(such as lichenoid
674:epidermal stem cell
632:in the presence of
225:structural proteins
115:basal keratinocytes
2996:Sequestering cells
2908:Pilosebaceous unit
2757:Superficial fascia
2666:Basal keratinocyte
2633:Stratum granulosum
1775:10.1242/jcs.077552
1505:10.1007/BF00235738
750:bullous pemphigoid
744:-like keratosis),
702:
457:and its analogues.
414:vitamin D receptor
280:stratum granulosum
88:
80:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2925:
2924:
2830:Inner root sheath
2825:Outer root sheath
2714:
2713:
2658:Basement membrane
1769:(10): 1681β1690.
1006:10.1159/000098163
924:978-0-7216-2921-6
886:978-0-632-06429-8
738:actinic keratosis
652:With age, tissue
561:from UVR-induced
385:chloride channels
343:, filaggrin, and
282:, and eventually
235:), enzymes (e.g.
61:
60:
3008:
2813:
2812:
2772:
2771:
2747:Membranous layer
2643:Malpighian layer
2638:Stratum spinosum
2611:
2610:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2489:
2465:
2454:
2453:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2408:
2391:(33): 10407β12.
2376:
2367:
2366:
2347:10.1039/b108291d
2328:
2322:
2321:
2305:Photodermatology
2299:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2250:(7142): 316β20.
2239:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2212:
2195:(41): 14677β82.
2180:
2174:
2173:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2017:10.1038/265421a0
1992:
1986:
1985:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1913:(12): 3490β503.
1898:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1729:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1676:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1216:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1044:The EMBO Journal
1035:
1026:
1025:
989:
980:
979:
963:
949:
940:
939:
937:
936:
927:. Archived from
908:
902:
901:
899:
898:
889:. Archived from
860:
774:varicella zoster
490:Langerhans cells
341:transglutaminase
276:stratum spinosum
78:in the epidermis
56:
53:
47:
24:
16:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2970:
2921:
2917:sebaceous gland
2902:
2884:
2846:
2802:
2761:
2710:
2699:Dermal papillae
2680:
2652:
2628:Stratum lucidum
2623:Stratum corneum
2600:
2595:
2526:
2521:
2466:
2457:
2450:
2436:
2432:
2377:
2370:
2329:
2325:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2240:
2236:
2181:
2177:
2142:Nature Medicine
2138:
2134:
2087:
2083:
2044:
2040:
2003:(5593): 421β4.
1993:
1989:
1950:
1946:
1899:
1895:
1864:(22): 3185β97.
1850:
1846:
1807:
1800:
1755:
1751:
1702:
1698:
1674:10.1.1.320.3485
1667:(13): 1961β70.
1657:
1653:
1630:(20): 14723β9.
1616:
1612:
1573:
1569:
1532:
1528:
1489:
1485:
1446:
1442:
1403:
1399:
1359:
1355:
1324:
1320:
1291:(12): 1063β72.
1281:
1277:
1238:
1234:
1218:
1217:
1205:
1191:
1187:
1148:
1141:
1088:
1081:
1036:
1029:
990:
983:
972:
950:
943:
934:
932:
925:
909:
905:
896:
894:
887:
861:
857:
853:
806:
732:, inflammatory
716:, particularly
710:immunoglobulins
694:
650:
600:
571:
548:photoprotectant
494:tight junctions
482:
398:
288:stratum corneum
253:
221:
213:dendritic cells
185:proinflammatory
178:
64:
57:
51:
48:
41:
29:This article's
25:
12:
11:
5:
3014:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2840:Huxley's layer
2837:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2648:Stratum basale
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2525:
2524:External links
2522:
2520:
2519:
2455:
2448:
2430:
2368:
2341:(6): 365β377.
2323:
2312:(3): 127β134.
2294:
2285:
2234:
2175:
2154:10.1038/nm1328
2148:(12): 1351β4.
2132:
2103:(3): 539β549.
2081:
2038:
1987:
1944:
1893:
1844:
1798:
1749:
1696:
1651:
1610:
1567:
1526:
1483:
1440:
1397:
1353:
1328:Carcinogenesis
1318:
1275:
1232:
1203:
1185:
1139:
1079:
1050:(6): 1215β22.
1027:
981:
971:978-0878932436
970:
941:
923:
903:
885:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
805:
802:
770:herpes simplex
693:
690:
649:
646:
638:keratinization
599:
596:
570:
567:
481:
478:
477:
476:
470:
464:
458:
452:
440:
439:
436:Hydrocortisone
433:
423:
417:
396:
392:
374:elevations of
362:is 8β10 days.
358:the estimated
257:hemidesmosomes
252:
249:
220:
217:
177:
174:
109:stratum basale
62:
59:
58:
38:the key points
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3013:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2880:Hair follicle
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:Henle's layer
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Lamina lucida
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2451:
2449:1-84214-100-7
2445:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2054:(7): 1131β7.
2053:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1960:(3): 617β25.
1959:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1817:(3): 331β43.
1816:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:(6): 571β85.
1711:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:(1): 245β54.
1582:
1578:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:(2): 281β91.
1412:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1370:(1): 94β100.
1369:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:(4): 777β80.
1333:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:(5): 461β72.
1247:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1204:9780815345053
1200:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:(3): 122β32.
999:
995:
988:
986:
978:
973:
967:
962:
961:
955:
948:
946:
931:on 2010-10-11
930:
926:
920:
916:
915:
907:
893:on 2020-05-20
892:
888:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
855:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:lichen planus
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:lichen planus
715:
711:
707:
698:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:differentiate
659:
655:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
628:radiation or
627:
623:
619:
616:
612:
609:
605:
598:Sunburn cells
595:
592:
590:
585:
583:
582:hair follicle
579:
575:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:immune system
499:
495:
491:
487:
474:
473:Cholera toxin
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
449:
445:
444:
443:
437:
434:
431:
428:
424:
421:
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:proliferation
399:
393:
390:
386:
381:
380:intracellular
377:
376:extracellular
372:
368:
367:
366:
363:
361:
360:turnover time
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
261:differentiate
258:
248:
246:
245:cornification
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
216:
214:
210:
209:T-lymphocytes
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
110:
107:basal layer (
104:
100:
97:found in the
96:
92:
91:Keratinocytes
84:
77:
73:
68:
55:
52:November 2020
45:
39:
37:
32:
27:
23:
18:
17:
2991:Skin anatomy
2784:Sweat glands
2676:Lamina densa
2665:
2538:(1): 38β47.
2535:
2531:
2477:
2473:
2439:
2433:
2388:
2384:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2100:
2094:
2084:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1910:
1907:Cell Reports
1906:
1896:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1814:
1810:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1546:(3): 340β5.
1543:
1539:
1529:
1499:(3): 201β9.
1496:
1492:
1486:
1456:(1): 13β20.
1453:
1449:
1443:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1194:
1188:
1155:
1151:
1099:
1095:
1047:
1043:
997:
993:
975:
959:
933:. Retrieved
929:the original
913:
906:
895:. Retrieved
891:the original
868:
858:
703:
700:Civatte body
692:Civatte body
651:
615:eosinophilic
601:
593:
588:
586:
572:
537:
525:inflammation
483:
441:
364:
349:
310:
306:desquamation
292:
269:
254:
223:A number of
222:
182:
179:
123:UV radiation
114:
108:
90:
89:
49:
33:
31:lead section
3001:Human cells
2966:Hyponychium
2961:Paronychium
2939:Nail matrix
2817:Root sheath
2776:Skin glands
1930:2066/200262
1158:(1): 14β9.
1102:(1): 7β10.
786:sarcoidosis
654:homeostasis
544:melanosomes
540:ultraviolet
535:secretion.
498:lymphocytes
486:melanocytes
427:homeodomain
420:Cathepsin E
416:expression.
299:cytoplasmic
284:corneocytes
170:corneocytes
76:melanocytes
72:basal cells
2985:Categories
2956:Eponychium
2944:Nail plate
2852:Hair shaft
2728:Panniculus
2480:(4): 327.
1727:2324/25561
935:2010-06-01
897:2010-06-01
851:References
820:Corneocyte
714:dermatoses
682:senescence
666:DNA damage
602:A sunburn
510:chemokines
451:identity.
410:catabolism
345:caspase 14
333:involucrin
329:keratin 14
325:keratin 10
315:, such as
302:organelles
272:cell cycle
265:stem cells
189:chemokines
166:stem cells
131:pathogenic
127:water loss
2798:Sebaceous
2706:Reticular
2694:Papillary
2615:Epidermis
2496:0019-5154
1669:CiteSeerX
1221:cite book
1213:933586700
810:Epidermis
776:lesions,
734:keratosis
706:apoptosis
642:apoptosis
634:psoralens
618:cytoplasm
555:dendrites
522:cutaneous
455:Vitamin A
395:Vitamin D
352:turn over
321:keratin 5
317:keratin 1
241:defensins
237:proteases
229:filaggrin
219:Structure
201:monocytes
142:parasites
99:epidermis
36:summarize
2552:20222924
2514:23919028
2425:26240345
2363:21184034
2355:12856704
2272:17507982
2229:16203973
2170:52869761
2162:16288281
2127:18435612
2076:21054962
2033:27427541
1982:23796587
1939:30566872
1888:17114587
1839:53294766
1793:21511732
1744:21148292
1736:21521076
1605:23896865
1562:10469331
1521:13063458
1435:25858560
1392:21264605
1313:31353914
1305:19043850
1270:22475141
1180:30165907
1134:19686098
1074:11250888
1022:25671082
1014:17191035
804:See also
608:pyknotic
389:receptor
337:loricrin
313:keratins
191:such as
176:Function
150:proteins
134:bacteria
2870:Medulla
2860:Cuticle
2560:2387064
2505:3726905
2416:4547253
2393:Bibcode
2318:3317295
2252:Bibcode
2220:1253596
2197:Bibcode
2118:2671032
2068:3497724
2005:Bibcode
1974:6169442
1879:1635152
1831:1052771
1784:3183491
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