Omar Khayyam - Knowledge

2246: 2285: 2208: 2230: 1690:, Khayyam endorses the Sufi path. Csillik suggests the possibility that Omar Khayyam could see in Sufism an ally against orthodox religiosity. Other commentators do not accept that Khayyam's poetry has an anti-religious agenda and interpret his references to wine and drunkenness in the conventional metaphorical sense common in Sufism. The French translator J. B. Nicolas held that Khayyam's constant exhortations to drink wine should not be taken literally, but should be regarded rather in the light of Sufi thought where rapturous intoxication by "wine" is to be understood as a metaphor for the enlightened state or divine rapture of 1242: 8371: 768: 2044: 2270: 2363: 433: 576:(one of the scientists who had collaborated with him on the Jalali calendar) when he made a prophecy that "my tomb shall be in a spot where the north wind may scatter roses over it". Four years after his death, Aruzi located his tomb in a cemetery in a then large and well-known quarter of Nishapur on the road to Marv. As it had been foreseen by Khayyam, Aruzi found the tomb situated at the foot of a garden-wall over which pear trees and peach trees had thrust their heads and dropped their flowers so that his tombstone was hidden beneath them. 947:, methods based on knowledge of individual cases – namely the knowledge of the squares of the nine digits 1, 2, 3 (etc.) and their respective products, i.e. 2 × 3 etc. We have written a treatise on the proof of the validity of those methods and that they satisfy the conditions. In addition we have increased their types, namely in the form of the determination of the fourth, fifth, sixth roots up to any desired degree. No one preceded us in this and those proofs are purely arithmetic, founded on the arithmetic of 67: 5890: 1332: 695: 679:. After proving a number of theorems about them, he showed that Postulate V follows from the right angle hypothesis, and refuted the obtuse and acute cases as self-contradictory. His elaborate attempt to prove the parallel postulate was significant for the further development of geometry, as it clearly shows the possibility of non-Euclidean geometries. The hypotheses of acute, obtuse, and right angles are now known to lead respectively to the non-Euclidean 1675:

question the poet-astronomer was undevout; and his astronomy doubtless helped to make him so. One contemporary writes: "I did not observe that he had any great belief in astrological predictions; nor have I seen or heard of any of the great (scientists) who had such belief. He gave his adherence to no religious sect. Agnosticism, not faith, is the keynote of his works. Among the sects he saw everywhere strife and hatred in which he could have no part...."

1073: 2335: 1209:). For a compound of gold adulterated with silver, he describes a method to measure more exactly the weight per capacity of each element. It involves weighing the compound both in air and in water, since weights are easier to measure exactly than volumes. By repeating the same with both gold and silver one finds exactly how much heavier than water gold, silver and the compound were. This treatise was extensively examined by 2307: 5909: 1897:. In 1872 FitzGerald had a third edition printed which increased interest in the work in America. By the 1880s, the book was extremely well known throughout the English-speaking world, to the extent of the formation of numerous "Omar Khayyam Clubs" and a "fin de siècle cult of the Rubaiyat". Khayyam's poems have been translated into many languages; many of the more recent ones are more literal than that of FitzGerald. 2349: 839:

He concluded that there are fourteen different types of cubics that cannot be reduced to an equation of a lesser degree. For these he could not accomplish the construction of his unknown segment with compass and straight edge. He proceeded to present geometric solutions to all types of cubic equations using the properties of conic sections. The prerequisite lemmas for Khayyam's geometrical proof include

2115:“We may cry out desperately for time to pause in her passage, but time is adamant to every plea and rushes on. Over the bleached bones and jumbled residues of numerous civilizations are written the pathetic words, ‘Too late.’ There is an invisible book of life that faithfully records our vigilance or our neglect. Omar Khayyam is right: ‘The moving finger writes, and having writ moves on.’” 1806:). He also notes that biographers who praise his religiosity generally avoid making reference to his poetry, while the ones who mention his poetry often do not praise his religious character. For instance, Al-Bayhaqi's account, which antedates by some years other biographical notices, speaks of Omar as a very pious man who professed orthodox views down to his last hour. 2321: 3452:, Ed. Christopher Decker, (University of Virginia Press, 1997), xv; "The Seljuq Turks had invaded the province of Khorasan in the 1030s, and the city of Nishapur surrendered to them voluntarily in 1038. Thus Omar Khayyam grew to maturity during the first of the several alien dynasties that would rule Iran until the twentieth century". 531:

of the year, reporting it as 365.24219858156 days. Given that the length of the year is changing in the sixth decimal place over a person's lifetime, this is outstandingly accurate. For comparison, the length of the year at the end of the 19th century was 365.242196 days, while today it is 365.242190 days.

467:. His gifts were recognized by his early tutors who sent him to study under Imam Muwaffaq Nishaburi, the greatest teacher of the Khorasan region who tutored the children of the highest nobility, and Khayyam developed a firm friendship with him through the years. Khayyam might have met and studied with 1659:

The Koran! well, come put me to the test, Lovely old book in hideous error drest, Believe me, I can quote the Koran too, The unbeliever knows his Koran best. And do you think that unto such as you, A maggot-minded, starved, fanatic crew, God gave the Secret, and denied it me? Well, well, what matters

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in 1934 commented that the name of Omar Khayyam "is to be struck out from the history of Persian literature" due to the lack of any material that could confidently be attributed to him. De Blois presents a bibliography of the manuscript tradition, concluding pessimistically that the situation has not

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Khayyam produced an exhaustive list of all possible equations involving lines, squares, and cubes. He considered three binomial equations, nine trinomial equations, and seven tetranomial equations. For the first and second degree polynomials, he provided numerical solutions by geometric construction.

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and lead a group of scientists in carrying out precise astronomical observations aimed at the revision of the Persian calendar. The undertaking probably began with the opening of the observatory in 1074 and ended in 1079, when Omar Khayyam and his colleagues concluded their measurements of the length

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An account of him, written in the thirteenth century, shows him as "versed in all the wisdom of the Greeks," and as wont to insist on the necessity of studying science on Greek lines. Of his prose works, two, which were stand authority, dealt respectively with precious stones and climatology. Beyond

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he reports that Khayyam's poems were only outwardly in the Sufi style, but were written with an anti-religious agenda. He also mentions that he was at one point indicted for impiety, but went on a pilgrimage to prove he was pious. The report has it that upon returning to his native city he concealed

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We are the victims of an age when men of science are discredited, and only a few remain who are capable of engaging in scientific research. Our philosophers spend all their time in mixing true with false and are interested in nothing but outward show; such little learning as they have they extend on

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utilized Khayyam's themes to justify their progressive ideologies or to celebrate liberal aspects of their lives, portraying him as a cultural, political, and intellectual role model who demonstrated Islam's compatibility with modern conventions. Similarly, Turkish leftist poets and intellectuals,

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writers throughout history. Scholars often viewed Khayyam as a means to enhance their own poetic prowess and intellectual depth, drawing inspiration and recognition from his writings. For many Muslim reformers, Khayam's verses provided a counterpoint to the conservative norms prevalent in Islamic

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says Khayyám from "his youth to his death remained a materialist, pessimist, agnostic. Khayyam looked at all religions questions with a skeptical eye", continues Hedayat, "and hated the fanaticism, narrow-mindedness, and the spirit of vengeance of the mullas, the so-called religious scholars."

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mentions that Saccheri "used the same lemma as the one of Tusi, even lettering the figure in precisely the same way and using the lemma for the same purpose". He further says that "Tusi distinctly states that it is due to Omar Khayyam, and from the text, it seems clear that the latter was his

1770:. As noted by Bowen these works indicate his involvement in the problems of metaphysics rather than in the subtleties of Sufism. As evidence of Khayyam's faith and/or conformity to Islamic customs, Aminrazavi mentions that in his treatises he offers salutations and prayers, praising God and 1623:. Hedayat (1923) states that "while Khayyam believes in the transmutation and transformation of the human body, he does not believe in a separate soul; if we are lucky, our bodily particles would be used in the making of a jug of wine." Omar Khayyam's poetry has been cited in the context of 1426:. They conclude that it is also possible that for Khayyam poetry was an amusement of his leisure hours: "these brief poems seem often to have been the work of scholars and scientists who composed them, perhaps, in moments of relaxation to edify or amuse the inner circle of their disciples". 1369:. While this establishes that these specific verses were in circulation in Omar's time or shortly later, it does not imply that the verses must be his. De Blois concludes that at the least the process of attributing poetry to Omar Khayyam appears to have begun already in the 13th century. 859:

However, he acknowledged that the arithmetic problem of these cubics was still unsolved, adding that "possibly someone else will come to know it after us". This task remained open until the sixteenth century, where an algebraic solution of the cubic equation was found in its generality by

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poetry. In addition to his Persian quatrains, J. C. E. Bowen mentions that Khayyam's Arabic poems also "express a pessimistic viewpoint which is entirely consonant with the outlook of the deeply thoughtful rationalist philosopher that Khayyam is known historically to have been."

1088:. There was a panel of eight scholars working under the direction of Khayyam to make large-scale astronomical observations and revise the astronomical tables. Recalibrating the calendar fixed the first day of the year at the exact moment of the passing of the Sun's center across 1818: 549:, was a public demonstration of his faith with a view to allaying suspicions of skepticism and confuting the allegations of unorthodoxy (including possible sympathy or adherence to Zoroastrianism) levelled at him by a hostile clergy. He was then invited by the new 3129:, (Penguin Group, 1981), 14; "These dates, 1048–1031, tell us that Khayyam lived when the Seljuq Turkish Sultans were extending and consolidating their power over Persia and when the effects of this power were particularly felt in Nishapur, Khayyam's birthplace." 1162:

Omar Khayyam) had any great belief in astrological predictions, nor have I seen or heard of any of the great who had such belief." While working for Sultan Sanjar as an astrologer he was asked to predict the weather – a job that he apparently did not do well.

1373:(1906) notes the difficulty of disentangling authentic from spurious quatrains: "while it is certain that Khayyam wrote many quatrains, it is hardly possible, save in a few exceptional cases, to assert positively that he wrote any of those ascribed to him". 742:

and with the compounding of ratios. Khayyam discusses the relationship between the concept of ratio and the concept of number and explicitly raises various theoretical difficulties. In particular, he contributes to the theoretical study of the concept of

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Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of

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argues that it is "reductive" to use a literal interpretation of his verses (many of which are of uncertain authenticity to begin with) to establish Omar Khayyam's philosophy. Instead, he adduces Khayyam's interpretive translation of

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extensively and by stretching the content to fit the classical Sufi doctrine.". Furthermore, Boyle emphasizes that Khayyam was intensely disliked by a number of celebrated Sufi mystics who belonged to the same century. This includes

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There are occasional quotes of verses attributed to Khayyam in texts attributed to authors of the 13th and 14th centuries, but these are of doubtful authenticity, so that skeptical scholars point out that the entire tradition may be

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Khayyam applied algebra to geometry. In this work, he devoted himself mainly to investigating whether it is possible to divide a circular quadrant into two parts such that the line segments projected from the dividing point to the

429:, who was personally acquainted with Khayyam, provides the full details of his horoscope: "he was Gemini, the sun and Mercury being in the ascendant". This was used by modern scholars to establish his date of birth as 18 May 1048. 1228:

in which he discusses the connection between music and arithmetic. Khayyam's contribution was in providing a systematic classification of musical scales, and discussing the mathematical relationship among notes, minor, major and

672:. Unsatisfied with the failure of mathematicians to prove Euclid's statement from his other postulates, Khayyam tried to connect the axiom with the Fourth Postulate, which states that all right angles are equal to one another. 2245: 5340: 1173:, used in various sources in which references to Khayyam's life and work could be found, has sometimes been incorrectly translated to mean astrology. He adds: "from at least the middle of the tenth century, according to 1700:, and Dougan who attributes the reputation of hedonism to the failings of FitzGerald's translation, arguing that Khayyam's poetry is to be understood as "deeply esoteric". On the other hand, Iranian experts such as 5778: 1045:

who noticed the importance of a general binomial theorem. The argument supporting the claim that Khayyam had a general binomial theorem is based on his ability to extract roots. One of Khayyam's predecessors,

1853:(d. 1248), even though disagreeing with his views, concedes he was "unrivalled in his knowledge of natural philosophy and astronomy". Despite being hailed as a poet by a number of biographers, according to 1429:

The poetry attributed to Omar Khayyam has contributed greatly to his popular fame in the modern period as a direct result of the extreme popularity of the translation of such verses into English by

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Khayyam seems to have been the first to conceive a general theory of cubic equations, and the first to geometrically solve every type of cubic equation, so far as positive roots are concerned. The

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Simidchieva, M. (2011). FitzGerald's Rubáiyát and Agnosticism. In A. Poole, C. Van Ruymbeke, & W. Martin (Eds.), FitzGerald's Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám: Popularity and Neglect. Anthem Press.

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rejected the hypothesis that Omar Khayyam was a Sufi. Foroughi stated that Khayyam's ideas may have been consistent with that of Sufis at times but there is no evidence that he was formally a

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On the basis of all the existing textual and biographical evidence, the question remains somewhat open, and as a result Khayyam has received sharply conflicting appreciations and criticisms.

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he claimed that he "was hated and dreaded by the Sufis", and denied any pretense at divine allegory: "his Wine is the veritable Juice of the Grape: his Tavern, where it was to be had: his

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since the 1980s has transformed him into a poet of the people, with numerous books and translations revitalizing his historical significance. Conversely, scholars like Dāniş, Tevfik, and

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In some sense, his treatment was better than Ibn al-Haytham's because he explicitly formulated a new postulate to replace Euclid's rather than have the latter hidden in a new definition.

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and Rosenfeld argue that "by placing irrational quantities and numbers on the same operational scale, began a true revolution in the doctrine of number." Likewise, it was noted by

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is a positive integer. The case of power 2 is explicitly stated in Euclid's elements and the case of at most power 3 had been established by Indian mathematicians. Khayyam was the

996:), and is not extant. Based on the context, some historians of mathematics such as D. J. Struik, believe that Omar must have known the formula for the expansion of the binomial 1670:

Men talk of heaven,—there is no heaven but here; Men talk of hell,—there is no hell but here; Men of hereafters talk, and future lives, O love, there is no other life—but here.

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The various biographical extracts referring to Omar Khayyam describe him as unequalled in scientific knowledge and achievement during his time. Many called him by the epithet

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material ends. When they see a man sincere and unremitting in his search for the truth, one who will have nothing to do with falsehood and pretence, they mock and despise him.

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in the tenth/eleventh century took it further by considering cubic and quartic equations, followed by the Persian mathematician and poet Omar Khayyam in the eleventh century.

2284: 2027:, A. Kadir, and Gökçe, appropriated Khayyam to champion their socialist worldview, imbuing his voice with a humanistic tone in the vernacular. Khayyam's resurgence in spoken 5479: 3748:. Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. Vol. 12. Translated by Abe Shenitzer, with the editorial assistance of Hardy Grant. New York: Springer. 2229: 1033: 5769: 807:

diameters of the circle form a specific ratio. His solution, in turn, employed several curve constructions that led to equations containing cubic and quadratic terms.

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advocated for source criticism and the identification of authentic quatrains to discern the genuine Khayyam amidst historical perceptions of his sociocultural image.

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FitzGerald rendered Khayyam's name as "Tentmaker", and the anglicized name of "Omar the Tentmaker" resonated in English-speaking popular culture for a while. Thus,

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Look not above, there is no answer there; Pray not, for no one listens to your prayer; Near is as near to God as any Far, And Here is just the same deceit as There.

747:. Displeased with Euclid's definition of equal ratios, he redefined the concept of a number by the use of a continued fraction as the means of expressing a ratio. 790:

Rashed and Vahabzadeh (2000) have argued that because of his thoroughgoing geometrical approach to algebraic equations, Khayyam can be considered the precursor of

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the proposition, mainly on grounds that each of them had postulated something that was by no means easier to admit than the Fifth Postulate itself. Drawing upon

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Omar composed his shafts of wit and shapes of beauty in his native Persian, which by the tenth century had recovered from the stunning blow dealt it by Arabic.

1131:. Therefore, the calendar consisted of 25 ordinary years that included 365 days, and 8 leap years that included 366 days. The calendar remained in use across 5677: 7549: 919:(1851) who offered translations of Khayyam's algebra into French praised him for his "power of generalization and his rigorously systematic procedure." 903:

In effect, Khayyam's work is an effort to unify algebra and geometry. This particular geometric solution of cubic equations was further investigated by

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his deepest convictions and practised a strictly religious life, going morning and evening to the place of worship. Khayyam on the Koran (quote 84):

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In addition to the Persian quatrains, there are twenty-five Arabic poems attributed to Khayyam which are attested by historians such as al-Isfahani,

1294:, c. 1230) quotes two quatrains, one of which is the same as the one already reported by Razi. An additional quatrain is quoted by the historian 9164: 9139: 8475: 4393:

From Alexandria, Through Baghdad: Surveys and Studies in the Ancient Greek and Medieval Islamic Mathematical Sciences in Honor of J.L. Berggren

8082: 5466:"Monument to Be Inaugurated at the Vienna International Centre, 'Scholars Pavilion' donated to International Organizations in Vienna by Iran" 9159: 9154: 9134: 8508: 5984: 557:. He was later allowed to return to Nishapur owing to his declining health. Upon his return, he seems to have lived the life of a recluse. 133: 4158:"A Geometric Solution of a Cubic by Omar Khayyam … in Which Colored Diagrams Are Used Instead of Letters for the Greater Ease of Learners" 9194: 986:

th root of natural numbers using a law he had discovered which did not depend on geometric figures. This book was most likely titled the

6037: 1471:), was written originally in Persian and deals with the subject of existence and its relationship to universals. Another paper, titled 915:, Khayyam's work can be considered the first systematic study and the first exact method of solving cubic equations. The mathematician 4020:

Omar Al Hay of Chorassan, about 1079 AD did most to elevate to a method the solution of the algebraic equations by intersecting conics

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in the 1960s, and a bust by the same sculptor was placed near Khayyam's mausoleum in Nishapur. In 2009, the state of Iran donated a

1050:, had already discovered the triangular arrangement of the coefficients of binomial expansions that Europeans later came to know as 9209: 5719: 3588: 1147:

of 1582, with an error of one day accumulating over 5,000 years, compared to one day every 3,330 years in the Gregorian calendar.

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A literal reading of Khayyam's quatrains leads to the interpretation of his philosophic attitude toward life as a combination of

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who had made incursions into Karakhanid dominions. Khayyam entered the service of Malik-Shah in 1074 when he was invited by the

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period that a bibliography compiled in 1929 listed more than 300 separate editions, and many more have been published since.

4669:"Review: Al-Khayyām Mathématicien, by R. Rashed; B. Vahabzadeh; Omar Khayyam the Mathematician, by R. Rashed; B. Vahabzadeh" 2196:

commemorating him. The first was on his 964th birthday on 18 May 2012. The second was on his 971st birthday on 18 May 2019.

698:"Cubic equation and intersection of conic sections" the first page of a two-chaptered manuscript kept in Tehran University. 339:. As an astronomer, he calculated the duration of the solar year with remarkable precision and accuracy, and designed the 9199: 5947: 4967: 1982:

is a historical novel by John Smith Clarke, published in 1910. "Omar the Tentmaker" is also the title of a 1914 play by

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Khayyam was the first to consider the three distinct cases of acute, obtuse, and right angle for the summit angles of a

3679: 1857:"it is still possible to argue that Khayyam's status as a poet of the first rank is a comparatively late development." 1187:, was already split into two parts, one dealing with astrology and the other with theoretical mathematical astronomy." 1140: 889:

are different in appearance. Algebras are geometric facts which are proved by propositions five and six of Book two of

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Omar Khayyam died at the age of 83 in his hometown of Nishapur on 4 December 1131, and he is buried in what is now the

5731: 2011: 9144: 8075: 5874: 5349: 5323: 5314:"Every line of the Rubaiyat has more meaning than almost anything you could read in Sufi literature" Abdullah Dougan 5187: 5137: 4834: 4794: 4458: 3833: 3800: 3688: 3571: 3110: 1879:(1770–1844) into English in 1846, but Khayyam remained relatively unknown in the West until after the publication of 1115:

where the duration of each month is equal to the time of the passage of the Sun across the corresponding sign of the

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is a trick in obtaining unknowns has thought it in vain. No attention should be paid to the fact that algebra and

501:, who according to Bayhaqi, would "show him the greatest honour, so much so that he would seat beside him on his 8011: 7442: 6985: 4553:

Akrami, Musa (11 February 2014). "The Development of Iranian Calendar: Historical and Astronomical Foundations".

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Five of the quatrains later attributed to Omar Khayyam are found as early as 30 years after his death, quoted in

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includes thirteen quatrains of Khayyam in his work containing an anthology of the works of famous Persian poets (

5953: 2636: 421:. Although open to doubt, it has often been assumed that his forebears followed the trade of tent-making, since 8799: 8137: 8097: 7082: 6583: 6092: 3912:

Vahabzadeh, Bijan (2005). Jafar Aghayani-Chawoshi (ed.). "Omar Khayyam and the Concept of Irrational Numbers".

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relates that Khayyam apparently did not have a belief in astrology and divination: "I did not observe that he (

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The quatrain by Omar Khayyam known as "The Moving Finger", in the form of its translation by the English poet

786: + 2. The intersection point produced by the circle and the hyperbola determine the desired segment. 9179: 7190: 5597:"Quatrains of Many Receptions: A Survey of Perceptions of 'Omar Khayyā m in Ottoman and Turkish Translations" 5365: 5111:

Hitchens, C. (2007). The portable atheist: Essential readings for the nonbeliever. Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo.

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FitzGerald's translation was a factor in rekindling interest in Khayyam as a poet even in his native Iran.

767: 3706:"Achieving Philosophical Perfection: Omar Khayyam's Successful Replacement of Euclid's Parallel Postulate" 1461:

before he died. There are six philosophical papers believed to have been written by Khayyam. One of them,

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from the 11th to the 20th centuries. In 1911 the Jalali calendar became the official national calendar of

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and extended to solving fourth-degree equations. Although similar methods had appeared sporadically since

561: 436: 9189: 8915: 8824: 8819: 8494: 8242: 7874: 6883: 6362: 5970: 4992:"The Rubāՙiyyāt of Omar Khayyam: A Critical Assessment of Robert Graves' and Omar Ali Shah's Translation" 1945: 1872: 1845:(d. 1300) esteems him highly as a mathematician, and claims that he may be regarded as "the successor of 1733:

who regarded him not as a fellow-mystic but a free-thinking scientist who awaited punishments hereafter.

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Farhang: Quarterly Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies. Issue Topic: Commemoration of Khayyam (3)

1316:), two of which have hitherto been known from the older sources. A comparatively late manuscript is the 668:'s views, he rejects the usage of movement in geometry and therefore dismisses the different attempt by 8719: 8582: 8252: 7165: 6969: 5694: 4130:

Suhayl: International Journal for the History of the Exact and Natural Sciences in Islamic Civilisation

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is one of the most notable proponents of Khayyam's philosophy as agnostic skepticism, and according to

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Katouzian, H. (1991). Sadeq Hedayat: The life and literature of an Iranian writer. London: I.B. Tauris

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was the first European to call attention to Khayyam and to translate one of his quatrains into Latin (

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contains loose translations of quatrains from the Bodleian manuscript. It enjoyed such success in the

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However, Khayyam himself seems to have been the first to conceive a general theory of cubic equations

2256: 1987: 1917: 1139:. In 1925 this calendar was simplified and the names of the months were modernized, resulting in the 869: 3631: 755:

that Omar was "on the road to that extension of the number concept which leads to the notion of the

8774: 8704: 8547: 8537: 8315: 8157: 7695: 7638: 7579: 6643: 6466: 5635: 5465: 4157: 2770: 2681:. London & New York: I.B. Tauris, in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies London. 2390: 2215: 2100: 2095: 2059: 2024: 1885: 1880: 1600: 1435: 1430: 1261:, a younger contemporary of Khayyam, who explicitly identifies him as both a poet and a scientist ( 1241: 1202: 383: 378: 231: 498: 9088: 8714: 8592: 8542: 8306: 8114: 7960: 7564: 7559: 7544: 7455: 6953: 5805: 5157: 5030: 3139: 2760: 2580: 2417: 2412: 2220: 1547: 1370: 1258: 844: 17: 5519: 3636: 8829: 8729: 8699: 8678: 8653: 7412: 6961: 6870: 6676: 5075:

Schenker, D. (1981). "Fugitive Articulation: An Introduction to The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyam".

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On the Deception of Knowing the Two Quantities of Gold and Silver in a Compound Made of the Two

999: 832: 722: 676: 643: 426: 2015: 1712:. Aminrazavi states that "Sufi interpretation of Khayyam is possible only by reading into his 1284:), he quotes one of his poems (corresponding to quatrain LXII of FitzGerald's first edition). 9114: 9008: 8784: 8627: 8341: 8326: 8172: 8123: 7805: 7633: 7610: 7465: 7212: 6382: 6153: 6072: 5744: 5043: 4584: 4479: 2168: 1701: 1097: 966:

In his algebraic treatise, Khayyam alludes to a book he had written on the extraction of the

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Persian Literature - A Bio-Bibliographical Survey. Volume 5: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period

3353:"ʿAlī al-Bayhaqī's Tatimmat Siwān al-Hikma: A Biographical Work on Learned Men of the Islam" 1127:, Khayyam's group implemented an intercalation system based on quadrennial and quinquennial 9169: 9124: 9119: 8864: 8859: 8844: 8839: 8779: 8764: 8617: 8283: 8273: 8202: 8152: 7845: 7710: 7690: 7628: 7387: 7057: 6712: 6697: 6627: 6606: 6588: 6533: 6415: 6346: 6229: 6022: 6017: 6006: 5065:

FitzGerald, E. (2010). Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (p. 12). Champaign, Ill.: Project Gutenberg

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in agreement with the author. The prose works believed to be Khayyam's are written in the

1634: 1629: 1423: 1301: 1051: 949: 928: 890: 840: 748: 702: 191: 656:. The treatise of Khayyam can be considered the first treatment of the axiom not based on 323:

As a mathematician, he is most notable for his work on the classification and solution of

8: 8754: 8602: 8321: 8238: 7770: 7509: 7427: 7279: 7264: 7180: 7087: 7044: 6878: 6541: 5631: 5422: 5335: 5286: 4898: 4728: 4475: 3474:

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures

3289: 3191: 2995: 2756: 2710: 2668: 2006:

societies, allowing room for independent thought and a libertine lifestyle. Figures like

1968: 1736: 1583: 1457: 1081: 886: 684: 680: 456: 143: 4620: 4174: 4122: 9048: 9033: 8759: 8552: 7914: 7899: 7869: 7730: 7574: 7315: 7233: 7120: 7102: 6593: 6494: 6249: 6188: 6143: 6102: 6087: 5993: 5863: 5391: 5267: 5259: 5218: 5012: 4954: 4932: 4924: 4865: 4762: 4754: 4689: 4643: 4579: 4554: 4520: 4388: 4384:"A Survey of Research in the Mathematical Sciences in Medieval Islam from 1996 to 2011" 4328: 4287: 4236: 4186: 4178: 4103: 4095: 4055: 4047: 4001: 3957: 3882: 3864: 3539: 3531: 3428: 3420: 3373: 3327: 3319: 3225: 3217: 3173: 3165: 2820: 2702: 2500: 2368: 2048: 1925: 1759: 1571: 1393: 1144: 969: 936: 882: 865: 726: 688: 538: 305: 297: 293: 172: 72: 3083: 1729:

who described Omar Khayyam as "an unhappy philosopher, atheist, and materialist", and

1213:

who believed that Khayyam's solution was more accurate and sophisticated than that of

9063: 9038: 8935: 8668: 8438: 8394: 8346: 8292: 8223: 7980: 7919: 7825: 7790: 7775: 7760: 7671: 7534: 7447: 7407: 7392: 7310: 7305: 7218: 7125: 7077: 6809: 6661: 6598: 6451: 6395: 6224: 6067: 5936: 5924: 5916: 5870: 5847: 5825: 5817: 5435: 5345: 5341:

Islamic Philosophy from its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy

5319: 5271: 5183: 5133: 5038: 4936: 4830: 4790: 4766: 4429: 4404: 4361: 4338: 4190: 4107: 4075:"Archimedes Transformed: The Case of a Result Stating a Maximum for a Cubic Equation" 4059: 3894: 3829: 3796: 3767: 3757: 3684: 3567: 3543: 3485: 3432: 3331: 3250: 3229: 3177: 3106: 3102: 3033: 3003: 2975: 2890: 2861: 2730: 2682: 2499:

With an error of one day accumulating over 5,000 years, it was more precise than the

2377: 2362: 2149: 2085: 2052: 2020: 1937: 1730: 1579: 1407: 1295: 1268: 1210: 904: 873: 824: 795: 744: 714: 657: 4958: 377:). This poetry became widely known to the English-reading world in a translation by 9083: 9078: 8950: 8587: 8518: 8331: 8263: 8119: 8001: 7830: 7820: 7780: 7765: 7745: 7725: 7720: 7653: 7529: 7496: 7432: 7330: 7325: 7160: 7072: 7039: 6817: 6707: 6489: 6132: 5957: 5894: 5604: 5564: 5383: 5251: 5004: 4950: 4916: 4746: 4681: 4624: 4512: 4396: 4320: 4228: 4170: 4087: 4039: 3993: 3949: 3749: 3720: 3523: 3505: 3481: 3477: 3412: 3365: 3311: 3268: 3209: 3157: 3098: 2967: 2882: 2672: 2444: 2437: 2354: 2326: 2175: 2154: 2028: 1921: 1726: 1317: 1285: 1196: 1085: 1055: 861: 623: 410: 352: 273: 90: 5942: 4642:

Heydari-Malayeri, M. (21 October 2004). "Concise Review of the Iranian Calendar".

3744:

A History of Non-Euclidean Geometry: Evolution of the Concept of a Geometric Space

2886: 2729:. Routledge Library Editions: Iran, Volume: XV. London & New York: Routledge. 1440: 393: 8734: 8356: 8278: 8016: 7975: 7934: 7840: 7795: 7755: 7554: 7519: 7480: 7475: 7422: 7175: 7150: 7130: 7107: 7097: 7052: 6915: 6846: 6633: 6570: 6479: 6456: 6446: 6390: 6317: 6148: 5510: 5177: 5153: 5127: 5093:

Hedayat's "Blind Owl" as a Western Novel. Princeton Legacy Library: Michael Beard

5034: 4962: 4824: 4575: 4460:

The Quatrains of Omar Khayyam: The Persian Text with an English Verse Translation

3627: 3527: 3464: 2871: 2802: 2090: 2007: 1913: 1894: 1854: 1834: 1709: 1411: 1399: 1352: 1325: 1101: 1067: 752: 432: 414: 340: 236: 5917:"Khayyām: Ghiyāth al-Dīn Abū al-Fatḥ ʿUmar ibn Ibrāhīm al-Khayyāmī al-Nīshāpūrī" 4400: 2866: 851:

of a point of intersection of two conics, for instance, the intersection of two

66: 9068: 9058: 8965: 8899: 8889: 8814: 8794: 8683: 8400: 8351: 8288: 8258: 8228: 8167: 7985: 7970: 7965: 7955: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7864: 7835: 7800: 7735: 7715: 7705: 7648: 7584: 7539: 7524: 7402: 7367: 7335: 7295: 7274: 7269: 7254: 7185: 7170: 7067: 6937: 6902: 6756: 6666: 6525: 6330: 5173: 3788: 3053: 2667: 1998: 1901: 1775: 1705: 1679: 1612: 1603:

emphasized the religious skepticism he found in Khayyam. In his preface to the

1112: 820: 772: 669: 653: 480: 460: 359: 344: 336: 324: 313: 246: 211: 177: 5387: 4920: 4750: 4685: 4383: 3753: 3315: 3213: 3161: 2678:

An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia. Volume I: From Zoroaster to Omar Khayyam

1331: 1324:

in 1460, which contains 158 quatrains on 47 folia. The manuscript belonged to

725:, was familiar with the work of Wallis. The American historian of mathematics 721:, 1733) is generally considered the first step in the eventual development of 534:

After the death of Malik-Shah and his vizier (murdered, it is thought, by the

9108: 9073: 9043: 8970: 8673: 8311: 8021: 8006: 7929: 7924: 7909: 7904: 7879: 7740: 7700: 7618: 7470: 7460: 7437: 7417: 7320: 7249: 7200: 7135: 7092: 6854: 6769: 6746: 6741: 6671: 6653: 6638: 6623: 6619: 6546: 6461: 6367: 6338: 6301: 6275: 6234: 6122: 4904:"Musaffariyé: Containing a Recent Contribution to the Study of 'Omar Khayyām" 4663: 3821: 3771: 3469: 3394: 3088: 2340: 2193: 1718: 1591: 1377: 1365: 1164: 1148: 1136: 1089: 1042: 916: 828: 804: 650:

Commentary on the Difficulties Concerning the Postulates of Euclid's Elements

590:

Commentary on the Difficulties Concerning the Postulates of Euclid's Elements

550: 541:), Khayyam fell from favor at court, and as a result, he soon set out on his 519: 317: 309: 241: 94: 43: 3898: 3742: 1889:

in 1859. FitzGerald's work at first was unsuccessful but was popularised by

1336: 705:'s commentaries on Khayyam's treatment of parallels made its way to Europe. 216: 8975: 8925: 8884: 8849: 8607: 8430: 8386: 8248: 8187: 7939: 7815: 7785: 7623: 7589: 7514: 7504: 7397: 7351: 7208: 7145: 7062: 6907: 6859: 6838: 6801: 6785: 6761: 6736: 6611: 6578: 6405: 6244: 6127: 6082: 4648: 4152: 2236: 2179: 2172: 2165: 2144: 2124: 1991: 1961: 1876: 1594:. Conversely, the Khayyamic quatrains have also been described as mystical 1555: 1225: 1155: 1132: 1100:

before noon. The resultant calendar was named in Malik-Shah's honor as the

565: 512: 493:

under the patronage of Abu Tahir Abd al-Rahman ibn ʿAlaq, the governor and

448: 251: 201: 4091: 2093:

and published in 1942 was inspired by this quatrain of the translation of

1080:

In 1074–5, Omar Khayyam was commissioned by Sultan Malik-Shah to build an

9053: 8894: 8879: 8874: 8854: 8834: 8572: 8557: 8532: 8419: 8300: 8233: 8182: 8177: 8050: 7810: 7663: 7643: 7569: 7259: 7155: 7112: 6833: 6107: 4607:

Farrell, Charlotte (1996). "The Ninth-century Renaissance in Astronomy".

4232: 4182: 3997: 3975: 3293: 2312: 2136: 2063: 1997:

The diverse talents and intellectual pursuits of Khayyam captivated many

1868: 1860: 1697: 1624: 1563: 1486: 1267:, 1174). One of the earliest specimens of Omar Khayyam's Rubiyat is from 1230: 1105: 940: 823:. It is divided into three parts: (i) equations which can be solved with 756: 706: 622:), most likely completed in 1079. He furthermore wrote a treatise on the 573: 388: 327:, where he provided a geometric formulation based on the intersection of 221: 5609: 5596: 5569: 5556: 5395: 5370: 5263: 5238: 5222: 5205: 4928: 4903: 4869: 4852: 4291: 4274: 4240: 4215: 4099: 4074: 4005: 3980: 3868: 3851: 3683:. Vol. VII. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. pp. 323b–334a. 3535: 3510: 3272: 3169: 3144: 2824: 2807: 2043: 1875:(1774–1856) translated some of Khayyam's poems into German in 1818, and 1473:

The necessity of contradiction in the world, determinism and subsistence

1455:. According to Al-Bayhaqi, he was reading the metaphysics in Avicenna's 694: 455:

Khayyam's boyhood was spent in Nishapur, a leading metropolis under the

9023: 8930: 8804: 8789: 8769: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8709: 8648: 8597: 8562: 8162: 8046: 7750: 7658: 7605: 7140: 6565: 6474: 6425: 6410: 6377: 6325: 6309: 6296: 6239: 6117: 5016: 4991: 4693: 4668: 4524: 4499: 4332: 4307: 4051: 4026: 3961: 3936: 3725: 1929: 1912:, 1934) reintroduced Khayyam's poetic legacy to modern Iran. Under the 1842: 1419: 1218: 1214: 1128: 1124: 912: 908: 847:, Prop 12. The positive root of a cubic equation was determined as the 738:

This treatise on Euclid contains another contribution dealing with the

554: 196: 8060: 6499: 5822:

The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume V: The Saljug and Mongol Periods

5255: 4758: 4733: 4628: 3424: 3399: 3377: 3352: 3323: 3298: 3255: 3221: 3196: 417:

stock, in 1048. In medieval Persian texts he is usually simply called

8809: 8663: 8577: 8486: 8296: 8207: 8147: 6692: 6218: 6027: 5962: 5839: 3705: 3045: 2276: 1616: 1482: 1257:

The earliest allusion to Omar Khayyam's poetry is from the historian

1250: 1047: 944: 856: 791: 665: 484: 468: 5239:"The Benefits of Reading the "Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám" as Pastoral" 5008: 4559: 4516: 4324: 4043: 3953: 3937:"Review: Omar Khayyam, the Mathmetician by R. Rashed, B. Vahabzadeh" 3828:. Vol. II. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 115–159. 1650:) appears to confirm this view of Khayyam's philosophy. In his work 1093: 1072: 526:. Khayyam was subsequently commissioned to set up an observatory in 368: 8955: 8658: 8632: 8567: 6777: 6484: 6257: 6214: 5903: 5899: 4943: 3416: 3369: 2972:

The Wine of Wisdom: The Life, Poetry and Philosophy of Omar Khayyam

2530: 1978: 1953: 1850: 1846: 1771: 1767: 1741: 1640: 1559: 1551: 1452: 1415: 1340: 852: 848: 627: 546: 472: 440: 406: 363: 301: 281: 226: 128: 86: 5426: 3511:"Review: Omar Khayyam: Poet, Rebel, Astronomer, Hazhir Teimourian" 3476:(3rd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer–Verlag. pp. 4330b–4332a. 3000:

Aspects of Islamic Civilization: As Depicted in the Original Texts

2107:

also cites this quatrain of Omar Khayyam in one of his speeches, "

1774:. In most biographical extracts, he is referred to with religious 1696:. The view of Omar Khayyam as a Sufi was defended by Bjerregaard, 9028: 8191: 7300: 6506: 6430: 6372: 6077: 5636:"The Moving Finger: Glimpses into the Life of a Persian Quatrain" 5315: 4909:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

3150:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

3097:. Vol. X (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 827b–834a. 2153:

on Khayyam's life and the creation of his Rubaiyat. The sculptor

2047:

A line of English translation of ''The Moving Finger'' quatrain.

1893:

from 1861 onward, and the work came to be greatly admired by the

1822: 1762:

style and are explicitly theistic, dealing with subjects such as

1620: 1307: 1076:

Representation of the intercalation scheme of the Jalali calendar

535: 527: 497:

of the city. Khayyam was kindly received by the Karakhanid ruler

476: 3673:; Rosenfeld, Boris A. (1970–1980) . "Khayyāmī (or Khayyām)". In 3081:

Fouchécour, Charles-Henri de; Rosenfeld, Boris A. (1954–2007) .

2856: 2854: 2334: 1781: 8980: 8945: 8920: 6945: 6717: 6514: 6280: 6270: 6265: 6209: 6204: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2291: 2189: 2002: 1960:

as their source of inspiration. The earliest such composer was

1933: 1755: 1328:(1767–1842) and was purchased by the Bodleian Library in 1844. 1321: 1174: 1116: 710: 516: 509: 332: 138: 4426:

Mathematical Masterpieces: Further Chronicles by the Explorers

3557: 3555: 3553: 3284: 3282: 1994:

was given the nickname "Omar the Tent-Maker" in World War II.

1948:. In 2016, three statues of Khayyam were unveiled: one at the 8990: 6977: 6702: 6400: 5806:"Omar Khayyam (Impact On Literature And Society In The West)" 2459: 1692: 1451:

Khayyam considered himself intellectually to be a student of

1058:

in Iran, so that it is now known as Omar Khayyam's triangle.

569: 568:

relates the story that sometime during 1112–3 Khayyam was in

502: 328: 206: 4424:

Knoebel, Art; Laubenbacher, Reinhard; Lodder, Jerry (2007).

2831: 2213:"A Ruby kindles in the vine", illustration for FitzGerald's 545:. A possible ulterior motive for his pilgrimage reported by 8985: 8960: 8042: 6751: 6648: 5428:

The Great 'Umar Khayyam: A Global Reception of the Rubáiyát

3550: 3279: 2471: 2450: 2260: 1825:

in 1997, entitled "850th birth anniversary of Omar Khayyam"

1722: 1595: 922: 713:, translated Tusi's commentary into Latin. Jesuit geometer 542: 523: 494: 444: 2881:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 658–664. 2127:, the 42nd president of the US, also cites this quatrain. 1108:

itself was disused after the death of Malik-Shah in 1092.

911:, and further developed by the 10th-century mathematician 5515:"Khayyam, Omar xiii. Musical Works Based On The Rubaiyat" 5480:"Khayyam statue finally set up at University of Oklahoma" 4423: 3669: 2503:

of 1582, which has an error of one day every 3,330 years.

2480: 2477: 2456: 1511:

On the knowledge of the universal principles of existence

3080: 4949: 4358:

A History of Algebra: From al-Khwārizmī to Emmy Noether

1952:, one in Nishapur and one in Florence, Italy. Over 150 5865:

Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction

5770:"How Omar Khayyam changed the way people measure time" 3815: 1151:

considered it the most perfect calendar ever devised.

463:. His full name, as it appears in Arabic sources, was 4473: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2754: 2565: 2468: 2447: 2147:

based the first half of his historical fiction novel

1865:

Historia religionis veterum Persarum eorumque magorum

1397: 1299: 1002: 972: 595:

Risāla fī Sharḥ mā Ashkal min Muṣādarāt Kitāb Uqlīdis

266:

Ghiyāth al-Dīn Abū al-Fatḥ ʿUmar ibn Ibrāhīm Nīsābūrī

4275:"Review: The Algebra of Omar Khayyam by Daoud Kasir" 3566:. Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2302: 2290:

Monument to Omar Khayyam in Ciudad Universitaria of

1801: 1791: 1779: 1749: 1524: 1514: 1504: 1494: 1476: 1466: 1387: 1381: 1311: 1289: 1272: 1262: 1182: 1168: 1096:, a day in which the Sun enters the first degree of 991: 617: 603: 593: 5288:

Omar Khayyam, FitzGerald, Edward, 1809-1883, Sufism

4540:

Al-Karaji: Tenth-Century Mathematician and Engineer

4360:. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. 4254:Amir-Moez, A.R. (1963). "A Paper of Omar Khayyam". 4027:"The History of the Solution of the Cubic Equation" 2867:"'Umar Khayyām: Astronomer, Mathematician and Poet" 2483: 2474: 2462: 2453: 2130: 1611:, the Flesh and Blood that poured it out for him." 331:. He also contributed to a deeper understanding of 268:(18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131), commonly known as 5862: 5768: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5509:Martin, William H.; Mason, Sandra (15 July 2009). 5369: 5237: 5204: 4990: 4902: 4851: 4732: 4667: 4498: 4382: 4306: 4273: 4214: 4156: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4073: 4025: 3979: 3935: 3850: 3741: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3509: 3463: 3398: 3351: 3297: 3256:"Omar Khayyām: Astronomer, Mathematician and Poet" 3254: 3195: 3143: 3082: 2879:. Volume IV: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs 2865: 2806: 1867:, 1700). Western interest in Persia grew with the 1849:in the various branches of philosophic learning". 1119:. The calendar reform introduced a unique 33-year 1027: 978: 855:, or the intersection of a parabola and a circle, 800:Treatise on the Division of a Quadrant of a Circle 600:Treatise On the Division of a Quadrant of a Circle 479:, where he frequented the renowned library of the 5812:. Vol. 15. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. 5159:A Short History of Freethough: Ancient and Modern 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 2903: 1335:Inscription of a poem written by Omar Khayyam at 827:, (ii) equations which can be solved by means of 771:Omar Khayyam's construction of a solution to the 451:decoration on the exterior body of his mausoleum. 9106: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5211:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 4711:Ali Dashti (translated by L. P. Elwell-Sutton), 4641: 2051:of Omar Khayyam on one the faculty buildings of 1478:Darurat al-tadād fi’l-‘ālam wa’l-jabr wa’l-baqā’ 1274:al-Tanbih ‘ala ba‘d asrar al-maw‘dat fi’l-Qur’an 1143:. The Jalali calendar is more accurate than the 355:that is still in use after nearly a millennium. 6033:Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress 5577: 5328: 4140: 3606: 1688:On the Knowledge of the Principles of Existence 588:. His surviving mathematical works include (i) 459:, which had earlier been a major center of the 8476:Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences 5172: 5121: 5119: 5117: 4811:A Bibliography of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam 4197: 3885:(1935). "Euclid, Omar Khayyâm, and Saccheri". 3824:; in collaboration with Régis Morelon (eds.). 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 2552: 810: 8502: 8076: 5978: 5617: 4380: 4341:of Khayyam's method to degree four equations. 3848: 3826:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science 3589:"In Which Omar Khayyam Is Grumpy with Euclid" 3444: 3442: 3029:Pathfinders: The Golden Age of Arabic Science 2038: 1360:changed significantly since Schaeder's time. 372: 55: 5921:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers 5803: 5630: 5548: 5421: 5129:The World in Pictures. Omar Khayyam. Rubáyát 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4723: 4721: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4266: 3981:"Omar Khayyam's Solution of Cubic Equations" 3783: 3781: 2675:; with the assistance of M. R. Jozi (2008). 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2592: 2171:was named in his honour in 1970, as was the 2119:In one of his apologetic speeches about the 2062:is one of the most popular quatrains in the 1973:Omar, the Tentmaker: A Romance of Old Persia 1414:who occasionally wrote quatrains, including 1410:emphasized that there are a number of other 1104:, and was inaugurated on 15 March 1079. The 425:means 'tent-maker' in Arabic. The historian 387:, 1859), which enjoyed great success in the 5914: 5594: 5554: 5543:The Private Life of General Omar N. Bradley 5508: 5448: 5284: 5114: 3849:Rolwing, Raymond H.; Levine, Maita (1969). 3652: 3061: 2637:"Omar Khayyam: Persian poet and astronomer" 2506: 2070:The Moving Finger writes; and having writ, 1920:of white marble, designed by the architect 1221:who also dealt with the subject elsewhere. 8509: 8495: 8083: 8069: 6038:Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island 5985: 5971: 4739:Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 4151: 4123:"Khayyām's Scientific Revision of Algebra" 3911: 3703: 3625: 3504: 3439: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3304:Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 3202:Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 3025: 3019: 2966: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2523: 2076:Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line, 1501:The Treatise on Transcendence in Existence 1249:from the Bodleian manuscript, rendered in 9175:Astronomers of the medieval Islamic world 8049:and one of the two official languages of 5671:"17. MLK Beyond Vietnam.pdf (hawaii.edu)" 5608: 5568: 5415: 5364: 5152: 4876: 4849: 4826:Middle Eastern Literature and Their times 4718: 4715:, Routledge Library Editions: Iran (2012) 4707: 4705: 4703: 4647: 4573: 4558: 4453: 4442: 4304: 4253: 3929: 3927: 3793:A History of Mathematics: An Introduction 3778: 3739: 3724: 3461: 3455: 3389: 3387: 2654: 2621: 2540: 2157:produced four massive iron pieces titled 2079:Nor all your Tears wash out a Word of it. 1924:, was erected over his tomb. A statue by 1224:Another short treatise is concerned with 630:of natural numbers, which has been lost. 487:, where he started to compose his famous 5954:The illustrated Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám 5919:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). 5824:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 5074: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4496: 4395:. New York: Springer. pp. 101–138. 4247: 4023: 3942:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3349: 3288: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2634: 2406: 2042: 1816: 1754:), where he expresses orthodox views on 1521:Abridgement concerning natural phenomena 1330: 1240: 1201:Khayyam has a short treatise devoted to 1092:. This marks the beginning of spring or 1071: 923:Binomial theorem and extraction of roots 831:, and (iii) equations which involve the 766: 693: 683:of Gauss-Bolyai-Lobachevsky, to that of 584:Khayyam was famous during his life as a 431: 362:to Omar Khayyam, written in the form of 27:Persian polymath and poet (1048–1131 CE) 8090: 5202: 5196: 5125: 4606: 4537: 4484:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive 4352: 4308:"Khayyam's Solution of Cubic Equations" 4212: 3561: 3338: 3299:"The Earliest Account of 'Umar Khayyām" 2994: 2766:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive 2743: 2109:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 1481:), is written in Arabic and deals with 14: 9107: 8516: 5992: 5923:. New York: Springer. pp. 627–8. 5860: 5235: 4700: 4662: 4552: 3933: 3924: 3393: 3384: 3138: 2801: 2558:O'Connor & Robertson (July 1999): 2400:The Keeper: The Legend of Omar Khayyam 1619:(1934), he even considered Khayyam an 733: 633: 608:), undated but completed prior to the 465:Abu’l Fath Omar ibn Ibrahim al-Khayyam 9165:12th-century Persian-language writers 9140:11th-century Persian-language writers 8490: 8142:Khayyam's Solution of Cubic Equations 8064: 7009: 6170: 6054: 6004: 5966: 5838: 5816: 5683:from the original on 10 October 2022. 5410:Persian Poetry in England and America 5029: 4988: 4975: 4784: 4773: 4580:"Calendars ii. In the Islamic period" 4080:Archive for History of Exact Sciences 3881: 3713:Lucerna: Honors Undergraduate Journal 3249: 3236: 3026:Al-Khalili, Jim (30 September 2010). 2860: 2776: 2436: 2161:(Omar Khayyam's Table) in the 1980s. 2073:Moves on: nor all your Piety nor Wit 1986:in an oriental setting, adapted as a 640:Non-Euclidean geometry § History 553:to Marv, possibly to work as a court 312:, and lived during the period of the 5376:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 5334: 4897: 4822: 4789:. London & New York: Routledge. 4727: 4574:Abdollahy, Reza (15 December 1990). 4337:This paper contains an extension by 4120: 4071: 3974: 3809: 3787: 3632:"Khayyam, Omar xv. As Mathematician" 3586: 3261:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 3190: 2724: 2701: 1489:. The titles of his other works are 1123:cycle. As indicated by the works of 762: 598:), completed in December 1077, (ii) 447:. Some of his rubáiyáts are used as 358:There is a tradition of attributing 9160:12th-century Persian-language poets 9155:12th-century Iranian mathematicians 9135:11th-century Persian-language poets 5948:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5434:. Leiden: Leiden University Press. 4968:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4500:"The Story of the Binomial Theorem" 4175:10.4169/amer.math.monthly.123.2.149 3145:"Yet More Light on 'Umar-i-Khayyām" 3125:Peter Avery and John Heath-Stubbs, 1838: 1686:In the context of a piece entitled 508:In 1073–4 peace was concluded with 373: 277: 56: 24: 9195:Persian-language spiritual writers 5797: 5291:. London: Sufi Publishing Society. 5047:. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation 4588:. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation 3680:Dictionary of Scientific Biography 2635:Tikkanen, Amy (28 February 2023). 1541: 522:to meet Malik-Shah in the city of 25: 9221: 6073:Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan 5884: 5523:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 4463:. New York: Psychology Press Ltd. 4163:The American Mathematical Monthly 3640:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 2235:"At the Tomb of Omar Khayyam" by 1516:Risālah dar ‘ilm kulliyāt-i wujūd 719:euclides ab omni naevo vindicatus 644:Parallel postulate § History 605:Risālah fī Qismah Rub‘ al-Dā’irah 351:which provided the basis for the 284:, known for his contributions to 9150:12th-century Iranian astronomers 9130:11th-century Iranian astronomers 8369: 8198:Najm al-Din al-Qazwini al-Katibi 7010: 5907: 5781:from the original on 24 May 2022 5761: 5746:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names 5737: 5725: 5713: 5687: 5660:FitzGerald, Stanza LXXI, 4th ed. 5463: 3795:(2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley. 3626:Vahabzadeh, Bijan (7 May 2014). 3593:Scientific American Blog Network 3587:Lamb, Evelyn (28 October 2014). 3103:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1284 2443: 2384: 2361: 2347: 2333: 2319: 2305: 2283: 2268: 2244: 2228: 2206: 2131:Other popular culture references 619:Risālah fi al-Jabr wa'l-Muqābala 489: 65: 9210:Scholars from the Seljuk Empire 8012:Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi 7443:Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer) 5663: 5654: 5595:Balıkçıoğlu, Efe Murat (2024). 5555:Balıkçıoğlu, Efe Murat (2024). 5535: 5502: 5472: 5457: 5402: 5358: 5308: 5295: 5278: 5229: 5166: 5146: 5105: 5096: 5087: 5068: 5059: 5023: 4843: 4816: 4803: 4656: 4635: 4600: 4567: 4546: 4531: 4490: 4467: 4417: 4374: 4346: 4298: 4114: 4065: 4012: 3968: 3905: 3875: 3842: 3733: 3697: 3580: 3498: 3184: 3132: 3119: 2988: 2598:پیوسته قلم ز نیک و بد فرسوده‌ست 2586: 2493: 2253:United Nations Office in Vienna 1942:United Nations Office in Vienna 1111:The Jalālī calendar was a true 929:Binomial theorem § History 8138:Khayyam-Saccheri quadrilateral 7083:Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani 6093:Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan 5891:Works by or about Omar Khayyam 3482:10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_9775 2718: 2695: 2604:غم خوردن و کوشیدن ما بیهوده‌ست 2546:Katz (1998), p. 270. Excerpt: 2430: 1871:movement in the 19th century. 1190: 1016: 1003: 939:one has methods for obtaining 677:Khayyam-Saccheri quadrilateral 579: 13: 1: 7191:Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani 6421:Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami 6171: 5869:. University of Texas Press. 5844:History of Iranian Literature 5126:Khayyam, Omar (18 May 2017). 4542:. New York: Rosen Publishing. 4505:American Mathematical Monthly 3127:The Ruba'iyat of Omar Khayyam 2887:10.1017/CHOL9780521200936.023 2877:The Cambridge History of Iran 2808:"Omar Khayyam, mathematician" 2614: 2601:در روز ازل هر آنچه بایست بداد 2143:. The French-Lebanese writer 2139:published a historical novel 1644: 1496:Risālah fī’l-kawn wa’l-taklīf 1446: 1278: 32:Omar Khayyam (disambiguation) 9205:Poets from the Seljuk Empire 9185:Mathematicians from Nishapur 8460:Iranian Mathematical Society 6986:Mahmud Khan Malek al-Sho'ara 5915:Hashemipour, Behnaz (2007). 5285:Bjerregaard, C.H.A. (1915). 4853:"Pessoa, Borges and Khayyam" 4850:Boscaglia, Fabrizio (2015). 4480:"Muslim Extraction of Roots" 4381:Van Brummelen, Glen (2014). 3740:Rosenfeld, Boris A. (1988). 3528:10.1080/00210862.2010.495592 3462:Rosenfeld, Boris A. (2016). 2595:بر لوح نشان بودنی‌ها بوده‌ست 1812: 1506:al-Risālah al-ulā fi’l-wujūd 1320:MS. Ouseley 140, written in 1061: 483:. In about 1070 he moved to 347:with a very precise 33-year 7: 6884:Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani 5906:(public domain audiobooks) 4785:Blois, François de (2004). 4486:. University of St Andrews. 4401:10.1007/978-3-642-36736-6_6 4155:; Muraki, David J. (2016). 3704:Nethington, Amanda (2020). 3564:Great Muslim Mathematicians 3044:Later, al-Karkhi (correct: 2298: 1946:Vienna International Center 1873:Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall 1802: 1792: 1780: 1750: 1525: 1515: 1505: 1495: 1477: 1467: 1398: 1388: 1382: 1312: 1300: 1290: 1273: 1263: 1183: 1179:Enumeration of the Sciences 1169: 1054:; Khayyam popularized this 992: 811:Solution of cubic equations 709:, professor of geometry at 618: 604: 594: 449:calligraphic (taliq script) 10: 9226: 9200:Philosophers from Nishapur 6970:Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr 6055: 5861:Turner, Howard R. (1997). 5804:Biegstraaten, Jos (2008). 3675:Charles Coulston Gillispie 3400:"The Tomb of Omar Khayyâm" 2275:Statue of Omar Khayyam in 2199: 2039:The Moving Finger quatrain 1652:The History of Learned Men 1532:Khayyam himself once said: 1194: 1065: 988:Difficulties of Arithmetic 926: 637: 108:Nishapur, Khorasan, Persia 29: 8999: 8908: 8692: 8641: 8525: 8468: 8452: 8429: 8410: 8385: 8378: 8367: 8216: 8134:Khayyam-Pascal's triangle 8105: 8096: 8038: 7994: 7948: 7854: 7680: 7598: 7489: 7380: 7360: 7344: 7288: 7242: 7226: 7196:Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar 7033: 7020: 7016: 7005: 6930: 6895: 6826: 6794: 6729: 6722:Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani 6685: 6558: 6439: 6289: 6197: 6181: 6177: 6166: 6113:Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr 6063: 6050: 6013: 6000: 5842:(1968). Karl Jahn (ed.). 5757:– via Google Books. 5388:10.1017/S0035869X00033530 5236:Albano, Giuseppe (2008). 4921:10.1017/S0035869X00025235 4751:10.1017/S0041977X00102897 4713:In Search of Omar Khayyam 4686:10.1017/S0021086200003686 4305:Amir-Moez, A. R. (1962). 4121:Oaks, Jeffrey A. (2011). 3754:10.1007/978-1-4419-8680-1 3562:Mohamed, Mohaini (2000). 3316:10.1017/S0041977X00084615 3214:10.1017/S0041977X00102897 3162:10.1017/S0035869X00026538 3002:. Routledge. p. 16. 2257:Persian Scholars Pavilion 2251:The statue of Khayyam in 1971:published a novel called 1526:Mukhtasar fi’l-Tabi‘iyyāt 1306:, c. 1226–1283). In 1340 1236: 1156:Nizami Aruzi of Samarcand 1028:{\displaystyle (a+b)^{n}} 825:compass and straight edge 562:Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam 437:Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam 405:Omar Khayyam was born in 316:, around the time of the 259: 202:Nizami Aruzi of Samarcand 185: 156: 151: 122: 117: 113: 105:4 December 1131 (aged 83) 101: 79: 64: 53: 41: 9145:12th-century astronomers 8316:The Bridges Organization 8268:Langlands–Shahidi method 8243:Firoozbakht's conjecture 8158:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri 7611:Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh 6644:Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo 6467:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi 6363:Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani 6023:Old Persian inscriptions 5846:. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. 5734:Retrieved 8 August 2021. 5732:Omar Khayyam's Table III 5722:Retrieved 8 August 2021. 5640:Leiden Medievalists Blog 5344:. New York: SUNY Press. 5206:"The Real 'Omar Khayyām" 5179:Les chants d'Omar Khayam 5176:; Khayyam, Omar (1993). 4213:Kennedy, Evelyn (1966). 4024:Guilbeau, Lucye (1930), 3934:Cooper, Glen M. (2003). 3852:"The Parallel Postulate" 3450:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam 2771:University of St Andrews 2641:Encyclopaedia Britannica 2593: 2423: 2216:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam 2121:Clinton–Lewinsky scandal 2096:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam 1886:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam 1566:. This view is taken by 1436:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam 1386:, c. 1201–1211), Qifti ( 384:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam 9089:Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk 9069:Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani 8307:Ebadollah S. Mahmoodian 7961:Houshang Moradi Kermani 7565:Houshang Moradi Kermani 7560:Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi 7545:Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh 7456:Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei 6954:Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani 6920:Abbas Foroughi Bastami 6005: 5720:Omar Khayyam's Table II 4809:Ambrose George Potter, 4538:Nichols, Susan (2017). 4497:Coolidge, J.L. (1985). 4280:The Mathematics Teacher 4221:The Mathematics Teacher 4032:Mathematics News Letter 3857:The Mathematics Teacher 3820:(1996). "Geometry". In 2813:The Mathematics Teacher 2571:E.g., by the author of 2438:[oˈmæɾxæjˈjɒːm] 2418:Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob 2413:Badiozzaman Forouzanfar 2221:Adelaide Hanscom Leeson 2083:The title of the novel 1371:Edward Granville Browne 1259:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani 1167:explains that the term 1141:modern Iranian calendar 564:. One of his disciples 400: 9019:Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah 9014:Abu'l-Hasan Isfarayini 8700:Abu Dawud al-Sijistani 8253:Havel–Hakimi algorithm 7413:Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad 6962:Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat 6575:Shams al-Din Qays Razi 6318:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari 5699:exploring khayyaam -US 5305:, Octagon Press (1999) 5132:. Aegitas Publishing. 4989:Bowen, J.C.E. (1973). 3671:Yuschkevich, Adolph P. 3350:Meyerhof, Max (1948). 3094:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3091:; et al. (eds.). 2725:Levy, Reuben (2011) . 2514:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 2117: 2081: 2055: 1977:Omar the Tentmaker of 1950:University of Oklahoma 1826: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1588:Edward Henry Whinfield 1576:Hans Heinrich Schaeder 1539: 1491:On being and necessity 1357:Hans Heinrich Schaeder 1347: 1345:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1254: 1082:observatory at Isfahan 1077: 1029: 980: 955: 895: 787: 723:non-Euclidean geometry 699: 452: 8916:Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr 8800:Ibn Tayfour Sajawandi 8628:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi 8538:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi 8342:Mohammad Mehdi Zahedi 8327:Gholamhossein Mosaheb 8173:Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani 7949:Children's literature 7806:Rasoul Mollagholipour 7696:Rakhshan Bani-E'temad 7639:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi 7634:Alireza Koushk Jalali 7580:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi 7466:Shahriyar Mandanipour 6698:Shah Ni'matullah Wali 6542:Kamal al-Din Esfahani 6383:Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani 6154:Shikand-gumanig Vizar 6137:Anthology of Zadspram 5900:Works by Omar Khayyam 5810:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5642:. Universiteit Leiden 5182:. Paris: José Corti. 5044:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4585:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4092:10.1007/s004070050032 4072:Netz, Reviel (1999). 3816:Rosenfeld, Boris A.; 2714:(in Persian). Tehran. 2407:Noted Khayyamologists 2113: 2068: 2046: 1820: 1798:The Evidence of Truth 1702:Mohammad Ali Foroughi 1668: 1663: 1660:it! believe that too. 1657: 1534: 1433:(1859). FitzGerald's 1334: 1244: 1203:Archimedes' principle 1181:, that this science, 1075: 1030: 981: 933: 879: 819:contains his work on 770: 740:theory of proportions 697: 435: 71:Statue of Khayyam by 9180:Iranian philosophers 9024:Abu Muslim Khorasani 8730:Abu Qasim Samarqandi 8720:Abu Layth Samarqandi 8618:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 8593:Abu Ja'far al-Khazin 8284:Ramin Takloo-Bighash 8274:Hamid Naderi Yeganeh 8203:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 8153:Muhammad Baqir Yazdi 8115:Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani 7846:Sohrab Shahid-Saless 7711:Pouran Derakhshandeh 7691:Mohammad Reza Aslani 7629:Amir Reza Koohestani 7388:Ali Mohammad Afghani 7058:Mohammad Reza Aslani 6713:Fazlallah Astarabadi 6589:Afdal al-Din Kashani 6584:Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī 6534:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 6416:Afdal al-Din Kashani 6230:Abu Tahir Khosrovani 6018:Behistun Inscription 5520:Encyclopædia Iranica 5203:Gsillik, B. (1960). 5039:"Fitzgerald, Edward" 4823:Moss, Joyce (2004). 4387:. In Nathan Sidoli; 4313:Mathematics Magazine 4286:(4): 238–241. 1932. 4233:10.5951/MT.59.2.0140 3998:10.5951/MT.51.4.0285 3637:Encyclopædia Iranica 2974:. Oxford: Oneworld. 2757:Robertson, Edmund F. 2727:The Persian Language 2184:Lyudmila Zhuravlyova 2159:Mesa de Omar Khayyam 1990:in 1922. US General 1984:Richard Walton Tully 1910:Taranehha-ye Khayyam 1764:the existence of God 1751:al-Khutbat al-Tawhīd 1721:(spiritual guide of 1635:Christopher Hitchens 1630:The Portable Atheist 1302:Tarikh-i Jahangushay 1000: 970: 794:in the invention of 461:Zoroastrian religion 30:For other uses, see 8322:Siavash Shahshahani 8239:Farideh Firoozbakht 8091:Mathematics in Iran 7771:Varuzh Karim-Masihi 7510:Abolhassan Etessami 7428:Mahmoud Dowlatabadi 7280:Abdul Ali Mustaghni 7265:Khalilullah Khalili 7205:Manouchehr Sheybani 7181:Tahereh Saffarzadeh 7088:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar 7045:Mehdi Akhavan-Sales 6677:Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani 6522:Faramarz-e Khodadad 6108:Shabuhragan of Mani 5749:. 1979. p. 255 5610:10.1017/irn.2023.72 5570:10.1017/irn.2023.72 5541:Jeffrey D. Lavoie, 5318:Gnostic Press 1991 5033:(31 January 2012). 4621:1996PhTea..34..268F 4609:The Physics Teacher 4474:O'Connor, John J.; 4256:Scripta Mathematica 3986:Mathematics Teacher 3887:Scripta Mathematica 3818:Youschkevitch, A.P. 3448:Edward FitzGerald, 3273:10.7227/BJRL.52.1.3 2755:O'Connor, John J.; 2573:Firdaws al-tawārikh 2025:Sabahattin Eyüboğlu 1969:Nathan Haskell Dole 1788:The Patron of Faith 1737:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 1584:Edward Denison Ross 1458:the Book of Healing 960:Treatise on Algebra 817:Treatise on Algebra 734:Real number concept 685:Riemannian geometry 681:hyperbolic geometry 634:Theory of parallels 626:and extracting the 614:Treatise on Algebra 610:Treatise on Algebra 543:pilgrimage to Mecca 490:Treatise on Algebra 457:Great Seljuq Empire 349:intercalation cycle 144:Apollonius of Perge 118:Academic background 9190:Persian physicists 9009:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi 8890:Tha'labi Nishapuri 8705:Abu Barakat Nasafi 8533:Abu Hatam Isfizari 8124:al-Kashi's theorem 7915:Ebrahim Pourdavoud 7900:Ahmad Kamyabi Mask 7870:Najaf Daryabandari 7731:Behrouz Gharibpour 7575:Shahrnush Parsipur 7550:Aboutorab Khosravi 7452:Aboutorab Khosravi 7316:Gulrukhsor Safieva 7234:Edward Haghverdian 6888:Rasa Salim Tehrani 6607:Abu'l Majd Tabrizi 6594:Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi 6250:Abusaeid Abolkheir 6189:Muhammad ibn Wasif 6144:Zand-i Wahman yasn 6103:Dana-i Menog Khrat 6088:Book of Arda Viraf 5994:Persian literature 5701:. 21 December 2006 5632:Seyed-Gohrab, A.A. 5423:Seyed-Gohrab, A.A. 5316:Who is the Potter? 4858:Variaciones Borges 4649:astro-ph/0409620v2 4389:Glen Van Brummelen 2501:Gregorian calendar 2369:Mathematics portal 2105:Martin Luther King 2056: 1926:Abolhassan Sadighi 1827: 1746:Discourse on Unity 1572:Arthur Christensen 1394:Hamdallah Mustawfi 1348: 1255: 1154:One of his pupils 1145:Gregorian calendar 1078: 1025: 993:Mushkilāt al-Ḥisāb 976: 788: 727:David Eugene Smith 700: 689:Euclidean geometry 648:Part of Khayyam's 572:in the company of 539:order of Assassins 499:Shams al-Mulk Nasr 453: 173:Persian philosophy 73:Abolhassan Sadighi 9102: 9101: 9064:Khalid ibn Barmak 9039:Ata-Malik Juvayni 9002:political figures 8909:Poets and artists 8765:Fatima Samarqandi 8669:Haji Bektash Veli 8548:Abu Ubayd Juzjani 8484: 8483: 8448: 8447: 8439:Maryam Mirzakhani 8395:Maryam Mirzakhani 8365: 8364: 8347:Mohsen Hashtroodi 8293:Fuzzy mathematics 8224:Maryam Mirzakhani 8058: 8057: 8034: 8033: 8030: 8029: 7981:Farhad Hasanzadeh 7920:Hamid Samandarian 7861:Amrollah Abjadian 7826:Fereydoun Rahnema 7791:Mohsen Makhmalbaf 7776:Samuel Khachikian 7761:Ebrahim Hatamikia 7672:Mohammad Yaghoubi 7668:Mirza Aqa Tabrizi 7535:Houshang Golshiri 7448:Houshang Golshiri 7408:Mahshid Amirshahi 7393:Ghazaleh Alizadeh 7376: 7375: 7311:Abolqasem Lahouti 7306:Iskandar Khatloni 7219:Fereydoon Moshiri 7166:Mohammad Mokhtari 7126:Forugh Farrokhzad 7078:Manouchehr Atashi 7001: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6990: 6982: 6974: 6966: 6958: 6950: 6942: 6923: 6912: 6875: 6871:Abdul-Qādir Bēdil 6864: 6851: 6843: 6814: 6810:Mohtasham Kashani 6806: 6782: 6774: 6766: 6662:Nozhat al-Majales 6658: 6616: 6603: 6599:Mahmud Shabistari 6566:Abu Tahir Tarsusi 6551: 6538: 6530: 6519: 6511: 6503: 6471: 6452:Suzani Samarqandi 6396:Abu-al-Faraj Runi 6387: 6359: 6351: 6347:Masud Sa'd Salman 6343: 6335: 6322: 6314: 6306: 6262: 6254: 6225:Abu Shakur Balkhi 6162: 6161: 6098:Cube of Zoroaster 6068:Ayadgar-i Zariran 6046: 6045: 5930:978-0-387-31022-0 5853:978-94-010-3481-4 5831:978-0-521-06936-6 5634:(13 April 2018). 5441:978-94-0060-079-9 5256:10.1353/vp.0.0010 4955:Van Brummelen, G. 4629:10.1119/1.2344432 4435:978-0-387-33060-0 4410:978-3-642-36736-6 4367:978-3-642-51599-6 4339:Mohsen Hashtroodi 3920:(53–54): 125–134. 3763:978-1-4419-8680-1 3491:978-94-007-7747-7 3465:"Umar al-Khayyām" 3084:"ʿUmar K̲h̲ayyām" 3039:978-0-14-196501-7 3009:978-0-415-42600-8 2981:978-1-85168-355-0 2896:978-0-521-20093-6 2736:978-0-203-83301-8 2688:978-1-84511-541-8 2378:Nozhat al-Majales 2192:has released two 2101:Edward Fitzgerald 2086:The Moving Finger 2060:Edward Fitzgerald 2053:Leiden University 1944:, inaugurated at 1881:Edward FitzGerald 1678:Persian novelist 1601:Edward FitzGerald 1580:John Andrew Boyle 1431:Edward FitzGerald 1288:in his writings ( 1269:Fakhr al-Din Razi 1211:Eilhard Wiedemann 1052:Pascal's triangle 979:{\displaystyle n} 874:Renaissance Italy 796:analytic geometry 763:Geometric algebra 745:irrational number 715:Girolamo Saccheri 658:petitio principii 409:—a metropolis in 379:Edward FitzGerald 300:. He was born in 280:), was a Persian 263: 262: 232:Edward FitzGerald 16:(Redirected from 9217: 9094:Shihab al-Nasawi 9079:Tahir ibn Husayn 8951:Farrukhi Sistani 8926:Aruzi Samarqandi 8725:Abu Mu'in Nasafi 8693:Islamic scholars 8511: 8504: 8497: 8488: 8487: 8383: 8382: 8379:Prize Recipients 8373: 8332:Amin Shokrollahi 8264:Freydoon Shahidi 8120:Jamshid al-Kashi 8103: 8102: 8085: 8078: 8071: 8062: 8061: 8002:Aydin Aghdashloo 7831:Rasul Sadr Ameli 7821:Kambuzia Partovi 7781:Abbas Kiarostami 7766:Abdolreza Kahani 7746:Ebrahim Golestan 7726:Farrokh Ghaffari 7721:Bahman Farmanara 7654:Abbas Nalbandian 7530:Ebrahim Golestan 7497:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad 7433:Soudabeh Fazaeli 7331:Mirzo Tursunzoda 7326:Payrav Sulaymoni 7161:Shams Langeroodi 7117:Parviz Eslampour 7073:Aminollah Rezaei 7040:Ahmadreza Ahmadi 7031: 7030: 7018: 7017: 7007: 7006: 6988: 6980: 6972: 6964: 6956: 6948: 6940: 6921: 6910: 6879:Naw'i Khabushani 6873: 6862: 6849: 6841: 6812: 6804: 6780: 6772: 6764: 6708:Abu Ali Qalandar 6656: 6614: 6601: 6549: 6536: 6528: 6517: 6509: 6497: 6490:Najm al-Din Razi 6469: 6385: 6357: 6349: 6341: 6333: 6320: 6312: 6304: 6260: 6252: 6179: 6178: 6168: 6167: 6133:Dadestan-i Denig 6052: 6051: 6002: 6001: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5964: 5963: 5958:Internet Archive 5934: 5911: 5910: 5895:Internet Archive 5880: 5868: 5857: 5835: 5813: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5772: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5675: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5628: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5592: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5552: 5546: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5486:. Archived from 5476: 5470: 5469: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5433: 5419: 5413: 5408:J. D. Yohannan, 5406: 5400: 5399: 5373: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5332: 5326: 5312: 5306: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5244:Victorian Poetry 5241: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5208: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5123: 5112: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5094: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5077:Victorian Poetry 5072: 5066: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5027: 5021: 5020: 4994: 4986: 4973: 4972: 4963:Zalta, Edward N. 4947: 4941: 4940: 4906: 4895: 4874: 4873: 4855: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4829:. Thomson Gale. 4820: 4814: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4782: 4771: 4770: 4736: 4725: 4716: 4709: 4698: 4697: 4680:(1–3): 220–225. 4671: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4502: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4451: 4440: 4439: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4386: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4310: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4277: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4218: 4210: 4195: 4194: 4160: 4153:Kent, Deborah A. 4149: 4138: 4137: 4127: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4077: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4029: 4016: 4010: 4009: 3983: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3939: 3931: 3922: 3921: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3854: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3747: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3710: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3667: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3623: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3559: 3548: 3547: 3513: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3467: 3459: 3453: 3446: 3437: 3436: 3402: 3391: 3382: 3381: 3355: 3347: 3336: 3335: 3301: 3286: 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1385: 1315: 1305: 1293: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1266: 1264:Kharidat al-qasr 1205:(in full title, 1197:Specific gravity 1186: 1172: 1086:Persian calendar 1056:triangular array 1040: 1034: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1023: 995: 985: 983: 982: 977: 962: 899: 835:of the unknown. 624:binomial theorem 621: 607: 597: 471:, a disciple of 376: 375: 353:Persian calendar 279: 69: 60: 59: 58: 39: 38: 21: 9225: 9224: 9220: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9215: 9214: 9105: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9049:Abu Ali Bal'ami 9034:Ali-Shir Nava'i 9001: 8995: 8936:Attar Nishapuri 8904: 8785:Hakim Nishapuri 8715:Abu Hafs Nasafi 8688: 8637: 8553:Abu Zayd Balkhi 8521: 8515: 8485: 8480: 8464: 8444: 8425: 8406: 8374: 8361: 8357:Amir Ali Ahmadi 8279:Esmail Babolian 8212: 8107: 8092: 8089: 8059: 8054: 8026: 8017:Ehsan Yarshater 7990: 7976:Poopak NikTalab 7944: 7935:Ahmad Tafazzoli 7850: 7841:Parviz Shahbazi 7796:Dariush Mehrjui 7756:Abolfazl Jalili 7676: 7594: 7555:Mostafa Mastoor 7520:Simin Daneshvar 7485: 7481:Iraj Pezeshkzad 7476:Mansour Koushan 7423:Simin Daneshvar 7372: 7356: 7340: 7284: 7238: 7222: 7213:She'r-e Nimaa'i 7176:Yadollah Royaee 7151:Siavash Kasraie 7131:Hossein Monzavi 7121:Parvin E'tesami 7108:Hushang Ebtehaj 7098:Simin Behbahani 7053:Qeysar Aminpour 7029: 7012: 6993: 6926: 6916:Neshat Esfahani 6891: 6847:Asir-e Esfahani 6822: 6790: 6725: 6681: 6634:Bahram-e-Pazhdo 6571:Awhadi Maraghai 6554: 6480:Falaki Shirvani 6457:Hassan Ghaznavi 6435: 6431:Mahsati Ganjavi 6391:Uthman Mukhtari 6285: 6193: 6173: 6158: 6149:Drakht-i Asurig 6059: 6042: 6009: 5996: 5991: 5931: 5908: 5887: 5877: 5854: 5832: 5800: 5798:Further reading 5795: 5794: 5784: 5782: 5777:. 17 May 2019. 5775:The Independent 5767: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5704: 5702: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5680: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5645: 5643: 5629: 5618: 5601:Iranian Studies 5593: 5578: 5561:Iranian Studies 5553: 5549: 5540: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5511:Ehsan Yarshater 5507: 5503: 5493: 5491: 5490:on 5 April 2016 5478: 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Frye 2859: 2832: 2800: 2777: 2753: 2744: 2737: 2723: 2719: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2666: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2633: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2591: 2587: 2570: 2566: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2528: 2524: 2511: 2507: 2498: 2494: 2467: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2409: 2387: 2367: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2339: 2332: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2294: 2288: 2279: 2273: 2264: 2249: 2240: 2233: 2224: 2211: 2202: 2133: 2091:Agatha Christie 2041: 2008:Abdullah Cevdet 1928:was erected in 1914:Pahlavi dynasty 1895:Pre-Raphaelites 1855:Richard N. Frye 1815: 1647: 1544: 1542:Religious views 1449: 1400:Tarikh-i guzida 1383:Nuzhat al-Arwah 1353:pseudepigraphic 1326:William Ouseley 1313:Mu’nis al-ahrār 1291:Mirṣād al-‘Ibad 1281: 1245:Rendition of a 1239: 1199: 1193: 1102:Jalālī calendar 1084:and reform the 1070: 1068:Jalali calendar 1064: 1036: 1019: 1015: 1001: 998: 997: 971: 968: 967: 964: 958:—Omar Khayyam, 957: 931: 925: 901: 897: 881:Whoever thinks 843:, Prop 13, and 821:cubic equations 813: 765: 736: 652:deals with the 646: 636: 582: 403: 341:Jalali calendar 325:cubic equations 237:Maurice Bouchor 109: 106: 97: 84: 75: 54: 49: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9223: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9059:Ibn Khordadbeh 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9005: 9003: 9000:Historians and 8997: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8912: 8910: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8780:Hakim Tirmidhi 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8696: 8694: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8645: 8643: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8529: 8527: 8523: 8522: 8514: 8513: 8506: 8499: 8491: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8478: 8472: 8470: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8462: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8442: 8435: 8433: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8423: 8416: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8401:Caucher Birkar 8398: 8391: 8389: 8380: 8376: 8375: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8359: 8354: 8352:Hossein Zakeri 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8309: 8304: 8289:Lotfi A. Zadeh 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8261: 8259:Siamak Yassemi 8256: 8246: 8236: 8231: 8229:Caucher Birkar 8226: 8220: 8218: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8168:Kushyar Gilani 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8127: 8117: 8111: 8109: 8100: 8098:Mathematicians 8094: 8093: 8088: 8087: 8080: 8073: 8065: 8056: 8055: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7986:Ramak NikTalab 7983: 7978: 7973: 7971:Hengameh Mofid 7968: 7966:Babak NikTalab 7963: 7958: 7956:Samad Behrangi 7952: 7950: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7895:Saleh Hosseini 7892: 7890:Ramak NikTalab 7887: 7885:Sadegh Hedayat 7882: 7877: 7875:Mohammad Ghazi 7872: 7867: 7865:Jaleh Amouzgar 7862: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7836:Mohammad Sadri 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7801:Reza Mirkarimi 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7736:Bahman Ghobadi 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7716:Asghar Farhadi 7713: 7708: 7706:Hajir Darioush 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7649:Hengameh Mofid 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7615:Mohsen Yalfani 7613: 7608: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7585:Bahram Sadeghi 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7540:Sadegh Hedayat 7537: 7532: 7527: 7525:Nader Ebrahimi 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7499: 7493: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7403:Reza Amirkhani 7400: 7395: 7390: 7384: 7382: 7378: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7368:Muhammad Iqbal 7364: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7354: 7348: 7346: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7336:Satim Ulugzade 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7296:Sadriddin Ayni 7292: 7290: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7275:Massoud Nawabi 7272: 7270:Youssof Kohzad 7267: 7262: 7257: 7255:Wasef Bakhtari 7252: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7216: 7206: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7186:Sohrab Sepehri 7183: 7178: 7173: 7171:Nosrat Rahmani 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7068:Ahmad NikTalab 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7049:Hormoz Alipour 7047: 7042: 7037: 7035: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7014: 7013: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6983: 6975: 6967: 6959: 6951: 6943: 6938:Yaghma Jandaqi 6934: 6932: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6918: 6913: 6905: 6903:Hatef Esfahani 6899: 6897: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6868: 6865: 6857: 6852: 6850:(c. 1620–1648) 6844: 6836: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6807: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6775: 6767: 6759: 6757:Kamal Khujandi 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6667:Khwaju Kermani 6664: 6659: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6617: 6609: 6604: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6573: 6568: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6552: 6544: 6539: 6531: 6526:Nizami Ganjavi 6523: 6520: 6512: 6504: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6352: 6344: 6336: 6331:Qatran Tabrizi 6328: 6323: 6315: 6307: 6299: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6255: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6212: 6207: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6185: 6183: 6175: 6174: 6164: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6083:Book of Jamasp 6080: 6075: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6048: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6010: 5998: 5997: 5990: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5951: 5940: 5929: 5912: 5897: 5886: 5885:External links 5883: 5882: 5881: 5875: 5858: 5852: 5836: 5830: 5820:, ed. (1968). 5814: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5760: 5736: 5724: 5712: 5686: 5662: 5653: 5616: 5576: 5547: 5534: 5501: 5471: 5456: 5447: 5440: 5425:, ed. (2012). 5414: 5401: 5382:(3): 521–526. 5371:"Omar Khayyam" 5357: 5350: 5327: 5307: 5294: 5277: 5228: 5195: 5188: 5165: 5145: 5138: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5086: 5067: 5058: 5022: 4974: 4959:"Umar Khayyam" 4951:Aminrazavi, M. 4942: 4915:(2): 349–366. 4875: 4842: 4835: 4815: 4802: 4795: 4772: 4745:(3): 433–439. 4717: 4699: 4655: 4634: 4615:(5): 268–272. 4599: 4566: 4545: 4530: 4511:(3): 147–157. 4489: 4466: 4441: 4434: 4416: 4409: 4373: 4366: 4345: 4319:(5): 269–271. 4297: 4265: 4246: 4227:(3): 140–142. 4196: 4169:(2): 149–160. 4139: 4113: 4064: 4011: 3992:(4): 285–286. 3967: 3948:(1): 248–249. 3923: 3904: 3874: 3863:(8): 665–669. 3841: 3834: 3808: 3801: 3777: 3762: 3732: 3696: 3689: 3651: 3605: 3579: 3572: 3549: 3522:(4): 569–571. 3506:Aminrazavi, M. 3497: 3490: 3454: 3438: 3417:10.1086/347379 3383: 3370:10.1086/368514 3337: 3310:(3): 467–473. 3278: 3235: 3208:(3): 433–439. 3183: 3156:(2): 409–420. 3131: 3118: 3111: 3060: 3054:Ibn al-Haytham 3052:and the great 3038: 3032:. Penguin UK. 3018: 3008: 2987: 2980: 2968:Aminrazavi, M. 2902: 2895: 2830: 2819:(4): 280–285. 2775: 2761:"Omar Khayyam" 2742: 2735: 2717: 2703:Dehkhoda, A.A. 2694: 2687: 2673:Aminrazavi, M. 2653: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2585: 2564: 2551: 2539: 2522: 2518:Munis al-ahrar 2505: 2492: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2396: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2373: 2372: 2358: 2344: 2330: 2316: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2289: 2282: 2280: 2274: 2267: 2265: 2250: 2243: 2241: 2234: 2227: 2225: 2212: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2194:Google Doodles 2178:discovered by 2132: 2129: 2040: 2037: 1956:have used the 1902:Sadegh Hedayat 1891:Whitley Stokes 1814: 1811: 1803:Hujjat al-Haqq 1793:Ghīyāth al-Dīn 1706:Mojtaba Minovi 1680:Sadegh Hedayat 1613:Sadegh Hedayat 1543: 1540: 1448: 1445: 1271:. In his work 1238: 1235: 1192: 1189: 1113:solar calendar 1090:vernal equinox 1066:Main article: 1063: 1060: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 975: 932: 924: 921: 878: 829:conic sections 812: 809: 778: + 2 764: 761: 735: 732: 717:, whose work ( 670:Ibn al-Haytham 654:parallel axiom 635: 632: 581: 578: 402: 399: 345:solar calendar 337:parallel axiom 314:Seljuk dynasty 304:, the initial 261: 260: 257: 256: 255: 254: 249: 247:Jean Chapelain 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 212:Sadegh Hedayat 209: 204: 199: 194: 187: 183: 182: 181: 180: 178:Persian poetry 175: 170: 165: 158: 157:Main interests 154: 153: 149: 148: 147: 146: 141: 136: 131: 124: 120: 119: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 103: 99: 98: 85: 81: 77: 76: 70: 62: 61: 51: 50: 47: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9222: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9084:Yahya Barmaki 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9074:Nizam al-Mulk 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9004: 8998: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8971:Nasir Khusraw 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8907: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8835:Mulla al-Qari 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8674:Nasir Khusraw 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8640: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8583:Hasib Marwazi 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8512: 8507: 8505: 8500: 8498: 8493: 8492: 8489: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8453:Organizations 8451: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8428: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8409: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8381: 8377: 8372: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8317: 8313: 8312:Reza Sarhangi 8310: 8308: 8305: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8269: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8247: 8244: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8128: 8125: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8095: 8086: 8081: 8079: 8074: 8072: 8067: 8066: 8063: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8037: 8023: 8022:Ahmad Kasravi 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8007:Ali Latifiyan 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7947: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7930:Jafar Shahidi 7928: 7926: 7925:Jalal Sattari 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7910:Mohammad Moin 7908: 7906: 7905:Ahmad Shamlou 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7880:Lili Golestan 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7741:Fereydun Gole 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7701:Bahram Beyzai 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687:Saeed Aghighi 7686: 7685: 7683: 7679: 7673: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7619:Bahram Beyzai 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490:Short stories 7488: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7471:Abbas Maroufi 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7461:Ahmad Mahmoud 7459: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7438:Reza Ghassemi 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7418:Reza Baraheni 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7379: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7321:Loiq Sher-Ali 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7287: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7250:Nadia Anjuman 7248: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7225: 7220: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7201:Ahmad Shamlou 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7136:Hushang Irani 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7093:Reza Baraheni 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 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6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6557: 6548: 6547:Shams Tabrizi 6545: 6543: 6540: 6535: 6532: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6516: 6513: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6462:Faramarz Nama 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6368:Ahmad Ghazali 6366: 6364: 6361: 6356: 6353: 6348: 6345: 6340: 6339:Nizam al-Mulk 6337: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6319: 6316: 6311: 6308: 6303: 6302:Nasir Khusraw 6300: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6276:Kisai Marvazi 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6259: 6256: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6235:Shahid Balkhi 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6165: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6123:Menog-i Khrad 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6049: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5988: 5983: 5981: 5976: 5974: 5969: 5968: 5965: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5913: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5878: 5876:0-292-78149-0 5872: 5867: 5866: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5801: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5764: 5748: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5721: 5716: 5700: 5696: 5695:"Quatrain 36" 5690: 5679: 5672: 5666: 5657: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5538: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5467: 5460: 5451: 5443: 5437: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5418: 5411: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5366:Beveridge, H. 5361: 5353: 5351:0-7914-6799-6 5347: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5324:0-473-01064-X 5321: 5317: 5311: 5304: 5301:Idries Shah, 5298: 5290: 5289: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5199: 5191: 5189:9782714304896 5185: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5169: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5141: 5139:9781773132372 5135: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5108: 5099: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5062: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4871: 4867: 4864:(40): 41–64. 4863: 4859: 4854: 4846: 4838: 4836:9780787637316 4832: 4828: 4827: 4819: 4812: 4806: 4798: 4796:9780947593476 4792: 4788: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4714: 4708: 4706: 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3862: 3858: 3853: 3845: 3837: 3835:0-415-02063-8 3831: 3827: 3823: 3822:Roshdi Rashed 3819: 3812: 3804: 3802:0-321-01618-1 3798: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3782: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3690:0-684-16962-2 3686: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3575: 3573:983-52-0157-9 3569: 3565: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3501: 3493: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3470:Helaine Selin 3466: 3458: 3451: 3445: 3443: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3390: 3388: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3283: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 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A. R. Gibb 3085: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3022: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996:Arberry, A.J. 2991: 2983: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2898: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2759:(July 1999), 2758: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2690: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2620: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2589: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2502: 2496: 2488: 2439: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2385:Notable films 2380: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2345: 2342: 2341:Poetry portal 2336: 2331: 2328: 2317: 2314: 2303: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2278: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2255:as a part of 2254: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2209: 2204: 2203: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1819: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1783: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719:Shams Tabrizi 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1653: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1627:, such as in 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1592:George Sarton 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1538: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1454: 1444: 1442: 1441:fin de siècle 1438: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1395: 1392:, 1255), and 1390: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1366:Sindbad-Nameh 1361: 1358: 1354: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1234: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1188: 1185: 1184:‘ilm al-nujūm 1180: 1176: 1171: 1170:‘ilm al-nujūm 1166: 1165:George Saliba 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1149:Moritz Cantor 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121:intercalation 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1074: 1069: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1043:mathematician 1039: 1020: 1012: 1009: 1006: 994: 989: 973: 963: 961: 954: 952: 951: 946: 942: 938: 930: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 905:M. Hachtroudi 900: 898:—Omar Khayyam 894: 892: 888: 884: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 858: 854: 850: 846: 845:Apollonius II 842: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 808: 806: 805:perpendicular 801: 797: 793: 785: 781: 777: 774: 769: 760: 758: 754: 750: 749:Youschkevitch 746: 741: 731: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 696: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 645: 641: 631: 629: 625: 620: 615: 612:, and (iii) 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 587: 586:mathematician 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 558: 556: 552: 551:Sultan Sanjar 548: 544: 540: 537: 532: 529: 525: 521: 520:Nizam al-Mulk 518: 514: 511: 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 491: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 413:province, of 412: 408: 398: 396: 395: 394:fin de siècle 390: 386: 385: 380: 371: 370: 365: 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 321: 319: 318:First Crusade 315: 311: 310:Seljuk Empire 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 275: 271: 267: 258: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 242:Henri Cazalis 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 189: 188: 184: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 160: 159: 155: 152:Academic work 150: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 125: 121: 116: 112: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 82: 78: 74: 68: 63: 52: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 9115:Omar Khayyam 8976:Rabia Balkhi 8642:Philosophers 8623:Omar Khayyam 8622: 8469:Institutions 8431:Satter Prize 8387:Fields Medal 8337:Reza Sadeghi 8249:S. L. Hakimi 8188:Al-Khwarizmi 8130:Omar Khayyam 8129: 8108:20th Century 7940:Abbas Zaryab 7816:Jafar Panahi 7786:Majid Majidi 7624:Bahman Forsi 7590:Goli Taraqqi 7515:Javad Mojabi 7505:Sadeq Chubak 7501:Shamim Bahar 7398:Bozorg Alavi 7352:Asad Gulzoda 7209:Nima Yooshij 7146:Bijan Jalali 7063:Aref Qazvini 7011:Contemporary 6946:Mirza Ghalib 6908:Azar Bigdeli 6867:Saba Kashani 6860:Hazin Lāhiji 6839:Saib Tabrizi 6802:Vahshi Bafqi 6786:Baba Faghani 6762:Ahli Shirazi 6737:Ubayd Zakani 6612:Amir Khusrau 6602:(1288–1320s) 6579:Sultan Walad 6406:Banu Goshasp 6355:Omar Khayyam 6354: 6245:Rabia Balkhi 6128:Jamasp Namag 5946: 5943:Umar Khayyam 5920: 5864: 5843: 5821: 5818:Boyle, J. A. 5809: 5783:. Retrieved 5774: 5763: 5751:. Retrieved 5745: 5739: 5727: 5715: 5703:. Retrieved 5698: 5689: 5665: 5656: 5644:. Retrieved 5639: 5600: 5560: 5550: 5542: 5537: 5525:. Retrieved 5518: 5504: 5492:. 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Retrieved 3592: 3582: 3563: 3519: 3515: 3500: 3473: 3457: 3449: 3411:(1): 15–19. 3408: 3404: 3361: 3357: 3307: 3303: 3294:Gibb, H.A.R. 3267:(1): 30–45. 3264: 3260: 3205: 3201: 3186: 3153: 3149: 3140:Browne, E.G. 3134: 3126: 3121: 3092: 3043: 3028: 3021: 3013: 2999: 2990: 2971: 2875: 2816: 2812: 2803:Struik, D.J. 2764: 2726: 2720: 2709: 2697: 2677: 2644:. Retrieved 2640: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2588: 2576: 2575:, author of 2572: 2567: 2559: 2554: 2547: 2542: 2525: 2517: 2508: 2495: 2432: 2398: 2392:Omar Khayyam 2391: 2376: 2237:Jay Hambidge 2214: 2188: 2173:minor planet 2169:Omar Khayyam 2166:lunar crater 2163: 2158: 2148: 2145:Amin Maalouf 2141:Omar Khayyam 2140: 2134: 2125:Bill Clinton 2118: 2114: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066:. It reads: 2057: 2021:Nâzım Hikmet 1996: 1992:Omar Bradley 1976: 1972: 1966: 1962:Liza Lehmann 1957: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1884: 1877:Gore Ouseley 1864: 1859: 1830: 1828: 1808: 1797: 1787: 1756:Divine Unity 1745: 1744:'s treatise 1735: 1713: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1658: 1651: 1639: 1628: 1608: 1604: 1568:Iranologists 1556:Epicureanism 1545: 1535: 1531: 1520: 1510: 1500: 1490: 1472: 1463:On existence 1462: 1456: 1450: 1434: 1428: 1406: 1375: 1364: 1362: 1349: 1256: 1253:calligraphy. 1246: 1226:music theory 1223: 1206: 1200: 1178: 1159: 1153: 1133:Greater Iran 1110: 1079: 1037: 987: 965: 959: 956: 950:The Elements 948: 934: 902: 896: 880: 837: 816: 814: 799: 789: 783: 779: 775: 753:D. J. Struik 737: 718: 701: 674: 661: 649: 647: 613: 609: 599: 589: 583: 566:Nizami Aruzi 559: 533: 517:Grand Vizier 513:Malik-Shah I 507: 488: 464: 454: 422: 419:Omar Khayyam 418: 404: 392: 382: 367: 357: 322: 270:Omar Khayyam 269: 265: 264: 252:Amin Maalouf 134:al-Khwārizmī 48:Omar Khayyam 36: 9170:Algebraists 9125:1131 deaths 9120:1048 births 9054:Gawhar Shad 8900:Zamakhshari 8880:Shaykh Tusi 8795:Ibn Mubarak 8684:Shahrastani 8420:Sara Zahedi 8301:Fuzzy logic 8234:Sara Zahedi 8183:Al-Isfizari 8178:Al-Isfahani 8051:Afghanistan 7855:Translators 7811:Amir Naderi 7681:Screenplays 7664:Pari Saberi 7644:Bijan Mofid 7570:Bijan Najdi 7260:Raziq Faani 7243:Afghanistan 7156:Esmail Khoi 7113:Bijan Elahi 6989:(1813–1893) 6981:(1808–1854) 6973:(1801–1880) 6965:(1800–1871) 6957:(1779–1837) 6949:(1797–1869) 6941:(1782–1859) 6922:(1798–1857) 6911:(1722–1781) 6874:(1642–1720) 6863:(1692–1766) 6842:(1607–1670) 6834:Taleb Amoli 6813:(1500–1588) 6805:(1523–1583) 6781:(1487–1524) 6773:(1483–1556) 6765:(1454–1535) 6657:(1238–1314) 6615:(1253–1325) 6537:(1149–1209) 6529:(1141–1209) 6518:(1126–1189) 6510:(1120–1190) 6470:(1155–1191) 6386:(1098–1131) 6358:(1048–1131) 6350:(1046–1121) 6342:(1018–1092) 6334:(1009–1072) 6321:(1006–1088) 6313:(1058–1111) 6305:(1004–1088) 6140:Warshtmansr 5937:PDF version 5753:8 September 5336:Nasr, S. 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