Khazars - Knowledge

7992:"During Greco-Roman times, recorded mass conversions led to 6 million people practicing Judaism in Roman times or up to 10% of the population of the Roman Empire. Thus, the genetic proximity of these European/Syrian Jewish populations, including Ashkenazi Jews, to each other and to French, Northern Italian, and Sardinian populations favors the idea of non-Semitic Mediterranean ancestry in the formation of the European/Syrian Jewish groups and is incompatible with theories that Ashkenazi Jews are for the most part the direct lineal descendants of converted Khazars or Slavs. The genetic proximity of Ashkenazi Jews to southern European populations has been observed in several other recent studies.. Admixture with local populations, including Khazars and Slavs, may have occurred subsequently during the 1000 year (2nd millennium) history of the European Jews. Based on analysis of Y chromosomal polymorphisms, Hammer estimated that the rate might have been as high as 0.5% per generation or 12.5% cumulatively (a figure derived from Motulsky), although this calculation might have underestimated the influx of European Y chromosomes during the initial formation of European Jewry.15 Notably, up to 50% of Ashkenazi Jewish Y chromosomal haplogroups (E3b, G, J1, and Q) are of Middle Eastern origin, 15 whereas the other prevalent haplogroups (J2, R1a1, R1b) may be representative of the early European admixture.20 The 7.5% prevalence of the R1a1 haplogroup among Ashkenazi Jews has been interpreted as a possible marker for Slavic or Khazar admixture because this haplogroup is very common among Ukrainians (where it was thought to have originated), Russians, and Sorbs, as well as among Central Asian populations, although the admixture may have occurred with Ukrainians, Poles, or Russians, rather than Khazars." ( 7516:"At a time when Russia masked imperialist goals by pretending to be the protector of Slavic peoples and the Orthodox faith, Crimean Karism was exercising its own version of cultural imperialism. It is clear that the Crimean Karaites intended to expand their dominion to include Cairo, Jerusalem, and Damascus, basing their pre-eminence on the claim that Karaism, an ancient, pre-Talmudic form of Judaism, had been brought to the Middle East by the Khazars. Such an allegation would, however, have been much more difficult, if not impossible, to maintain.To summarize the Khazar-Karaite nexus commonly accepted in the Russian Empire during the last century: the Khazars, who were of pagan Turkic origin, were supposedly brought to Judaism by Karaites, descendants of Jews who had lived in the Black Sea areas since biblical times and whose Judaism was, therefore, pre-Talmudic and nonrabbinic. As a result, the Khazars' Judaism was Karaite, and later Karaites, who spoken a Turkic language, must have descended from the Khazars, with whom the ancient Jews had assimilated. The circularity of the argument aside, modern historians have concluded that the Khazars were converted by Rabbanite Jews and that they and their descendants observed rabbinic law and traditions. Indeed, recent scholarship has demonstrated that Khazaria was altogether unrepresented in the Karaite literature of the ninth and early tenth centuries, as well as that written during its Golden Age – when Karaism had a militant and missionary influence." 6448:"The Khazars, the close allies of the Byzantines, adopted Judaism, as their official religion, apparently by 740, three years after an invasion by the Arabs under Marwan ibn Muhammad. Marwan had used treachery against a Khazar envoy in order to gain peaceful entrance into Khazar territory. He then declared his dishonourable intentions and pressed deep into Khazar territory, subsequently, he released the envoy. The Arabs devastated the horse herds, seized many Khazars and others as captives, and forced much of the population to flee into the Ural Mountains. Marwan's terms dictated that the kaghan and his Khazars should convert to Islam. Having no choice, the kaghan accepted Marwan's terms, and the Arabs returned home in triumph. As soon as the Arabs were gone, the kaghan renounced Islam – with, one may assume, great vehemence. The Khazar Dynasty's conversion to Judaism is best explained by this specific historical background, together with the fact that the mid-eighth century was an age in which the major Eurasian states proclaimed their adherence to distinctive world religions. Adopting Judaism also was politically astute: it meant that the Khazars did not have to accept the overlordship (however theoretical) of the Arab caliph or the Byzantine emperor." ( 7814:"Some limit this denial to European Jews and make use of the theory that the Jews of Europe are not of Israelite descent at all but are the offspring of a tribe of Central Asian Turks converted to Judaism, called the Khazars. This theory, first put forward by an Austrian anthropologist in the early years of this century, is supported by no evidence whatsoever. It has long since been abandoned by all serious scholars in the field, including those in Arab countries, where Khazar theory is little used except in occasional political polemics." Assertions of this kind have been challenged by Paul Wexler who also notes that the arguments on this issue are riven by contrasting ideological investments: "Most writers who have supported the Ashkenazi-Khazar hypothesis have not argued their claims in a convincing manner ... The opponents of the Khazar-Ashkenazi nexus are no less guilty of empty polemics and unconvincing arguments." 6967:"(a court debate on conversion) appears in accounts of Khazar Judaism in two Hebrew accounts, as well as in one eleventh-century Arabic account. These widespread and evidently independent attestations would seem to support the historicity of some kind of court debate, but, more important, clearly suggest the currency of tales recounting the conversion and originating among the Khazar Jewish community itself" ... "the 'authenticity' of the Khazar correspondence is hardly relevant" "The wider issue of the 'authenticity' of the 'Khazar correspondence', and of the significance of this tale's parallels with the equally controversial Cambridge document /Schechter text, has been discussed extensively in the literature on Khazar Judaism; much of the debate loses significance if, as Pritsak has recently suggested, the accounts are approached as 'epic' narratives rather than evaluated from the standpoint of their 'historicity'." 4838:. In 1846, one of his acquaintances, the Russian orientalist Vasilii Vasil'evich Grigor'ev (1816–1881), theorised that the Crimean Karaites were of Khazar stock. Firkovich vehemently rejected the idea, a position seconded by Firkovich, who hoped that by "proving" his people were of Turkic origin, would secure them exception from Russian anti-Jewish laws, since they bore no responsibility for Christ's crucifixion. This idea has a notable impact in Crimean Karaite circles. It is now believed that he forged much of this material on Khazars and Karaites. Specialists in Khazar history also question the connection. Brook's genetic study of European Karaites found no evidence of a Khazar or Turkic origin for any uniparental lineage but did reveal the European Karaites' links to Egyptian Karaites and to Rabbinical Jewish communities. 3495:, where he directed Khazar forces from a throne mounted with al-Djarrah's severed head . In 737, Marwan Ibn Muhammad entered Khazar territory under the guise of seeking a truce. He then launched a surprise attack in which The Qaghan fled north and the Khazars surrendered. The Arabs did not have enough resources to influence the affairs of Transcaucasia. The Qağan was forced to accept terms involving his conversion to Islam, and subject himself to the rule of the Caliphate, but the accommodation was short-lived because a combination of internal instability among the Umayyads and Byzantine support undid the agreement within three years, and the Khazars re-asserted their independence. The suggestion that the Khazars adopted 20857: 4623:

Christian interests in Khazaria in the wake of Islamic and Byzantine persecutions of Jews abroad. Ibn Fadlan recounts specifically an incident in which the king of Khazaria destroyed the minaret of a mosque in Atil as revenge for the destruction of a synagogue in Dâr al-Bâbûnaj, and allegedly said he would have done worse were it not for a fear that the Muslims might retaliate in turn against Jews. Ḥasdai ibn Shaprūṭ sought information on Khazaria in the hope he might discover "a place on this earth where harassed Israel can rule itself" and wrote that, were it to prove true that Khazaria had such a king, he would not hesitate to forsake his high office and his family in order to emigrate there.

4612:. He decided to convert when he was convinced of Judaism's superiority. Many scholars situate this c. 740, a date supported by Halevi's own account. The details are both Judaic and Türkic: a Türkic ethnogonic myth speaks of an ancestral cave in which the Ashina were conceived from the mating of their human ancestor and a wolf ancestress. These accounts suggest that there was a rationalising syncretism of native pagan traditions with Jewish law, by melding through the motif of the cave, a site of ancestral ritual and repository of forgotten sacred texts, Türkic myths of origin and Jewish notions of redemption of Israel's fallen people. It is generally agreed they adopted Rabbinical rather than 2974:). At the peak of their empire, the Khazars ran a centralised fiscal administration, with a standing army of some 7–12,000 men, which could, at need, be multiplied two or three times that number by inducting reserves from their nobles' retinues. Other figures for the permanent standing army indicate that it numbered as many as one hundred thousand. They controlled and exacted tribute from 25 to 30 different nations and tribes inhabiting the vast territories between the Caucasus, the Aral Sea, the Ural Mountains, and the Ukrainian steppes. Khazar armies were led by the Qağan Bek (pronounced as Kagan Bek) and commanded by subordinate 7175:"in Israel, emotions are still high when it comes to the history of the Khazars, as I witnessed in a symposium on the issue at the Israeli Academy of Sciences in Jerusalem (May 24, 2011). Whereas Prof. Shaul Stampfer believed the story of the Khazars' conversion to Judaism was a collection of stories or legends that have no historical foundation, (and insisted that the Ashkenazi of Eastern Europe of today stem from Jews in Central Europe who emigrated eastwards), Prof. Dan Shapiro believed that the conversion of the Khazars to Judaism was part of the history of Russia at the time it established itself as a kingdom." ( 17522: 3771: 17206: 2377: 589: 7458:"If indeed I could learn that this was the case, then, despising all my glory, abandoning my high estate, leaving my family, I would go over mountains and hills, through seas and lands, till I should arrive at the place where my Lord the King resides, that I might see not only his glory and magnificence, and that of his servants and ministers, but also the tranquillity of the Israelites. On beholding this my eyes would brighten, my reins would exult, my lips would pour forth praises to God, who has not withdrawn his favour from his afflicted ones." ( 1592: 4416:, (2013) have challenged the authenticity of the medieval Hebrew documents and argue that the conversion of the Khazar elite to Judaism never happened. Alex M. Feldman is critical of Stampfer and Gil's dismissal of "overwhelming textual and archaeological evidence" of Khazarian Judaism, though agrees it is unlikely that Ashkenazim are descended from Khazarian Jews, he posits "a middle ground which can simultaneously accept Khazarian Judaism and doubt the Khazar-Ashkenazi descent theory advanced in dubious genetic studies." 3417: 3036:". Many Turkic nations had a similar (political, not racial) division between a "white" ruling warrior caste and a "black" class of commoners; the consensus among mainstream scholars is that Istakhri was confused by the names given to the two groups. However, Khazars are generally described by early Arab sources as having a white complexion, blue eyes, and reddish hair. The ethnonym in the Tang Chinese annals, Ashina, often accorded a key role in the Khazar leadership, may reflect an Eastern Iranian or 4322: 4377:, he argues, make it clear the Judaising reforms sent roots down into the whole of the population. The pattern is one of an elite conversion preceding large-scale adoption of the new religion by the general population, which often resisted the imposition. One important condition for mass conversion was a settled urban state, where churches, synagogues or mosques provided a focus for religion, as opposed to the free nomadic lifestyle of life on the open steppes. A tradition of the Iranian 7823:"it is assumed by all historians that those Jewish Khazars who survived the last fateful decades sought and found refuge in the bosom of Jewish communities in the Christian countries to the west, and especially in Russia and Poland, on the one hand, and in the Muslim countries to the east and the south, on the other. Some historians and anthropologists go so far as to consider the modern Jews of East Europe, and more particularly of Poland, the descendants of the medieval Khazars." ( 7940:"Arab anti-Semitism might have been expected to be free from the idea of racial odium, since Jews and Arabs are both regarded by race theory as Semites, but the odium is directed, not against the Semitic race, but against the Jews as a historical group. The main idea is that the Jews, racially, are a mongrel community, most of them being not Semites, but of Khazar and European origin." This essay was translated from Harkabi Hebrew text "Arab Antisemitism" in Shmuel Ettinger, 3257:) to breach the walls. After the campaign, Tong Yabghu is reported, perhaps with some exaggeration, to have left some 40,000 troops behind with Heraclius. Although occasionally identified with Khazars, the Göktürk identification is more probable since the Khazars only emerged from that group after the fragmentation of the former sometime after 630. Some scholars argued that Sasanian Persia never recovered from the devastating defeat wrought by this invasion. 21276: 3113:), supplying it with captured Slavs and tribesmen from the Eurasian northlands. It profited from the latter which enabled it to maintain a standing army of Khwarezm Muslim troops. The capital Atil reflected the division: Kharazān on the western bank where the king and his Khazar elite, with a retinue of some 4,000 attendants, dwelt, and Itil proper to the East, inhabited by Jews, Christians, Muslims and slaves and by craftsmen and foreign merchants. 3175:(c. 60 miles). While customs duties were imposed on traders, and tribute and tithes were exacted from 25 to 30 tribes, with a levy of one sable skin, squirrel pelt, sword, dirham per hearth or ploughshare, or hides, wax, honey and livestock, depending on the zone. Trade disputes were handled by a commercial tribunal in Atil consisting of seven judges, two for each of the monotheistic inhabitants (Jews, Muslims, Christians) and one for the pagans. 6229:. It was not present in the early stages of Khazar history. Given the Old Türk traditions of the Khazar state ... and the overall institutional conservation of steppe society, one must exercise great caution here. Clear evidence for it is relatively late (the latter part of the ninth century perhaps and more probably the tenth century)- although it was probably present by the first third of the ninth century. Iranian influences via the 3611: 4216:, perhaps a god of fortune). Sun amulets were widespread as cultic ornaments. A tree cult was also maintained. Whatever was struck by lightning, man or object, was considered a sacrifice to the high god of heaven. The afterlife, to judge from excavations of aristocratic tumuli, was much a continuation of life on earth, warriors being interred with their weapons, horses, and sometimes with human sacrifices: the funeral of one 18761: 4436: 59: 7390:. Golden has identified Warsān as Transcaucasian Varaˇc'an. Ḥasdai ibn Shaprūṭ's letter also mentions a legend that the Chaldaeans, under persecution, hid the Scriptures in a cave, and taught their sons to pray there, which they did until their descendants forgot the custom. Much later, a tradition has it, a man of Israel entered the cave and, retrieving the books, taught the descendants how to learn the Law. 3981: 3261: 6061:. It is commonly held to denote a group, like the clan, claiming descent from a common (in some culture zones eponymous) ancestor, possessing a common territory, economy, language, culture, religion, and sense of identity. In reality, tribes were often highly fluid sociopolitical structures, arising as 'ad hoc responses to ephemeral situations of competition,' as Morton H. Fried has noted." ( 5230:, the issues of origins are generally complicated by the difficulties of writing history via genome studies and the biases of emotional investments in different narratives, depending on whether the emphasis lies on direct descent or on conversion within Jewish history. At the time of her writing, the lack of Khazar DNA samples that might allow verification also presented difficulties. 4718:, respectively. According to the authors, "The Y-chromosome data are consistent with the results of the craniological study and genome-wide analysis of the same individuals in the sense that they show mixed genetic origins for the early medieval Khazar nobility". Their facial features were of mix of East Asian and European, with East Asian type dominating (70%) in the early Khazars. 2868:, placed three thrones by his own, one for the King of China, a second for the King of Byzantium, and a third for the king of the Khazars. Although anachronistic in retrodating the Khazars to this period, the legend, in placing the Khazar qağan on a throne with equal status to kings of the other two superpowers, bears witness to the reputation won by the Khazars from early times. 3678: 7953:"in the very late 1980s Russian nationalists were fixated on the 'Khazar episode.' For them the Khazar issue seemed to be a crucial one. They treated it as the first historically documented case of the imposition of a foreign yoke on the Slavs, ... In this context the term 'Khazars' became popular as a euphemism for the so-called 'Jewish occupation regime'." ( 4108: 7136:"scholars who have contributed to the subject of the Khazars' conversion, have based their arguments on a limited corpus of textual, and more recently, numismatic evidence ... Taken together these sources offer a cacophony of distortions, contradictions, vested interests, and anomalies in some areas, and nothing but silence in others." ( 7689:"There were Arab tribes who were Jews in the time of Muhammad, and a Turkic people who were mainly Jews in South Russia in the ninth century. Judaism is indeed the reconstructed political ideal of many shattered peoples-mainly semitic. As a result of these coalescences and assimilations, almost everywhere in the towns throughout the 7886:(1948), the Vancouver-based writer C.F. Parker claimed that a tiny remnant of 'true Judah' was pitted against a large group of Idumean-Hittites who masqueraded as the true seed of Abraham and sought to expel the descendants of Jacob. These Esau-Hittites are the Ashkenazim, concentrated in Eastern and Central Europe and America." ( 7525:"Most scholars are skeptical of the hypothesis". Wexler, who proposes a variation of the idea, argues that a combination of three reasons accounts for scholarly aversion to the concept: a desire not to get mixed up in controversy, ideological insecurities, and the incompetence of much earlier work in favor of that hypothesis. 2153:. While it is far from given that the Khazars are not signifying a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual cluster of peoples and clans, some more nomadic, some less, it doesn't exclude that some clans, or splintergroups, or even rulers has identified with the name(s) of the Khazars, in the variety of ways it has been expressed. 7188:"We are not aware of any nation under the sky that would not have Christians among them. For even in Gog and Magog, the Hunnic people who call themselves Gazari, those whom Alexander confined, there was a tribe more brave than the others. This tribe had already been circumcised and they profess all dogmata of Judaism ( 5267:. The intent of the work, although based on Ḥasdai ibn Shaprūṭ's correspondence with the Khazar king, was not historical, but rather to defend Judaism as a revealed religion, written in the context, firstly of Karaite challenges to the Spanish rabbinical intelligentsia, and then against temptations to adapt 2914:. The deputy ruler would enter the presence of the reclusive greater king only with great ceremony, approaching him barefoot to prostrate himself in the dust and then light a piece of wood as a purifying fire, while waiting humbly and calmly to be summoned. Particularly elaborate rituals accompanied a 6989:

Shingiray noting the widespread lack of artifacts of wealth in Khazar burials, arguing that nomads used few materials to express their personal attributes: "The SMC assemblages-even if they were not entirely missing from the Khazar imperial center - presented an outstanding instance of archaeological

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is said to have driven out the sorcerers, and to have received angelic visitations exhorting him to find the true religion, upon which, accompanied by his vizier, he travelled to desert mountains of Warsān on a seashore, where he came across a cave rising from the plain of Tiyul in which Jews used to

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about ways in which the Khazars could be isolated and attacked. The Byzantines during the same period began to attempt alliances with the Pechenegs and the Rus', with varying degrees of success. A further factor undermining the Khazar Qağanate was a shift in Islamic routes at this time, as Muslims in

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the Khazar language was different from any other known tongue. Alano-As was also widely spoken. Eastern Common Turkic, the language of the royal house and its core tribes, in all likelihood remained the language of the ruling elite in the same way that Mongol continued to be used by the rulers of the

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in Poland and Lithuania, of which one branch also existed in the Crimea, descend from the Khazars. "At most, it is conceivable that the smaller Karaite community which lived in Khazaria gained the Kipchak type Turkic language, that they speak today, through an exchange of language." Khazars probably

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Though the assertion they were not of Jewish stock enabled many Crimean Karaites to survive the Holocaust, which led to the murder of 6,000 Krymchaks, after the war, many of the latter, somewhat indifferent to their Jewish heritage, took a cue from the Crimean Karaites, and denied this connection in

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and medieval external sources. The authenticity of the former was long doubted and challenged, but the documents are now widely accepted by specialists as either authentic or as reflecting internal Khazar traditions. Archaeological evidence for conversion, on the other hand, remains elusive, and may

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held that Russian Jews "have considerably less Middle Eastern blood, consisting largely of pagan Slav proselytes or of Khazar Turks." For Glubb, they were not "descendants of the Judeans ...The Arabs of Palestine are probably more closely related to the Judeans (genetically) than are modern Russian

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Olsson identifies this with the onset of Magyar invasions of the Pontic steppe in the 830s, the construction of Sarkel, and the Schechter letter's reference to Bulan, converted to his Jewish wife Serakh's faith, wresting power, in a period of famine, elements which undermined the qağan, and allowed

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economy, a combination of traditional pastoralism – allowing sheep and cattle to be exported – extensive agriculture, abundant use of the Volga's rich fishing stocks, together with craft manufacture, with diversification in lucrative returns from taxing international trade given its pivotal control

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It has been estimated that 25 to 28 distinct ethnic groups made up the population of the Khazar Qağanate, aside from the ethnic elite. The ruling elite seems to have been constituted out of nine tribes/clans, themselves ethnically heterogeneous, spread over perhaps nine provinces or principalities,

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Many sources identify the Göktürks in this alliance as Khazars--for example, Beckwith writes recently: "The alliance sealed by Heraclius with the Khazars in 627 was of seminal importance to the Byzantine Empire through the Early Middle Ages, and helped assure its long-term survival." Early sources

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region) were analyzed in two genetic studies (from 2019 and 2021). According to the 2019 study, the results "confirm the Turkic roots of the Khazars, but also highlight their ethnic diversity and some integration of conquered populations". The samples did not show a genetic connection to Ashkenazi

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reports that the settlement of disputes in Khazaria was adjudicated by judges hailing each from his community, be it Christian, Jewish, Muslim, or Pagan. Some evidence suggests that the Khazar king saw himself as a defender of Jews even beyond the kingdom's frontiers, retaliating against Muslim or

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invaded regions which were located south of the Caucasus in 762–764, devastating Albania, Armenia, and Iberia, and capturing Tiflis. Thereafter, relations between the Khazars and the Abbasids became increasingly cordial, because the foreign policies of the Abbasids were generally less expansionist

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nation of Jewish converts, has been sufficiently unwelcome as to render study of the Khazars an area of research largely off limits for Jewish as well as Russian archaeologists, the Russians being unhappy with the prospect that their empire was initially ruled by Jewish kings, and the Jews being

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Many sources suggest, and a notable number of scholars have argued, that the charismatic Ashina clan played a germinal role in the early Khazar state, although Zuckerman dismisses the widespread notion of their pivotal role as a "phantom". The Ashina were closely associated with the Tengri cult,

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to decide on the prospective religion of the Kievan Rus'. Whether these were Jews who had settled in Kiev or emissaries from some Jewish Khazar remnant state is unclear. Conversion to one of the faiths of the people of Scripture was a precondition to any peace treaty with the Arabs, whose Bulgar

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Whatever the impact of Marwan's campaigns was, warfare between the Khazars and the Arabs ceased for more than two decades after 737. Arab raids continued to occur until 741, but their control of the region was limited because maintaining a large garrison at Derbent further depleted their already

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This regiment was exempt from campaigning against fellow Muslims, evidence that non-Judaic beliefs were no obstacle to access to the highest levels of government. They had abandoned their homeland and sought service with the Khazars in exchange for the right to exercise their religious freedom,

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in 1976, which was both positively reviewed and dismissed as a fantasy, and a somewhat dangerous one. Israeli historian Zvi Ankori argued that Koestler had allowed his literary imagination to espouse Poliak's thesis, which most historians dismissed as speculative. Israel's ambassador to Britain

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Alliances often shifted. Byzantium, threatened by Varangian Rus' raiders, would assist Khazaria, and Khazaria at times allowed the northerners to pass through their territory in exchange for a portion of the booty. From the beginning of the 10th century, the Khazars found themselves fighting on

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around 937. The conversion appears to have occurred against a background of frictions arising from both an intensification of Byzantine missionary activity from the Crimea to the Caucasus, and Arab attempts to wrest control over the latter in the 8th century CE, and a revolt, put down, by the

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Mikheyev, Alexander S.; Qiu, Lijun; Zarubin, Alexei; Moshkov, Nikita; Orlov, Yuri; Chartier, Duane R.; Kornienko, Igor V.; Faleeva, Tatyana G.; Klyuchnikov, Vladimir; Batieva, Elena F.; Tatarinova, Tatiana V. (16 December 2019). "Diverse genetic origins of medieval steppe nomad conquerors".

7775:: "The Russian conquests did not destroy the Khazar kingdom entirely, but they broke it up and diminished it. And this kingdom, which had absorbed Jewish immigration and refugees from many exiles, must itself have become a diaspora mother, the mother of one of the greatest of the diasporas ( 6161:

Whittow states that the word Türk had no strict ethnic meaning at the time: "Throughout the early middle ages on the Eurasian steppes, the term 'Turk' may or may not imply membership of the ethnic group of Turkic peoples, but it does always mean at least some awareness and acceptance of the

6954:"The issue of the authenticity of the Correspondence has a long and mottled history which need not detain us here. Dunlop and most recently Golb have demonstrated that Hasdai's letter, Joseph's response (dating perhaps from the 950s) and the 'Cambridge Document' are, indeed, authentic." ( 4158:. His project was opposed by the rabbinical authorities and he was poisoned in his sleep. One theory maintains that the Star of David, until then a decorative motif or magical emblem, began to assume its national value in late Jewish tradition from its earlier symbolic use by Menachem. 7343:

The name is commonly etymologized as meaning "elk" in Türkic. Shapira identifies him with the Sabriel of the Schechter letter, and suggests, since Sabriel is unattested as a Jewish name, although the root is "hope, believe, find out, understand" that it is a calque on the Oğuz Türkic

3292:(Ἰβουζῆρος Γλιαβάνος), who gave him his sister in marriage, perhaps in response to an offer by Justinian, who may have thought a dynastic marriage would seal by kinship a powerful tribal support for his attempts to regain the throne. The Khazarian spouse thereupon changed her name to 7003:"But, one must ask, are we to expect much religious paraphernalia in a recently converted steppe society? Do the Oğuz, in the century or so after their Islamization, present much physical evidence in the steppe for their new faith? These conclusions must be considered preliminary." ( 6941:, the onus of proof is certainly on him. He must show that a number of ancient manuscripts, which appear to contain references to the correspondence, have all been interpolated since the end of the sixteenth century. This will prove a very difficult or rather an impossible task." ( 7714:

or German Jews.... Of course, an anti-Zionist (as well as an anti-Semitic) point is being made here: The Palestinians have a greater political right to Palestine than the Jews do, as they, not the modern-day Jews, are the true descendants of the land's Jewish inhabitants/owners" (

2792:, Chinese overlordship was imposed to their East after a final mop-up operation in 659, but the two confederations of Bulğars and Khazars fought for supremacy on the western steppeland, and with the ascendency of the latter, the former either succumbed to Khazar rule or, as under 8005:"The extent to which the Khazars contributed to the Jewish gene-pool, and more specifically to the Ashkenazi ethnic-group(s), has become a charged issue among expert scientists as well as nonprofessionals. National and ethnic prejudices play a central role in the controversy." ( 2810:

The Qağanate of the Khazars thus took shape out of the ruins of this nomadic empire as it broke up under pressure from the Tang dynasty armies to the east sometime between 630 and 650. After their conquest of the lower Volga region to the East and an area westwards between the

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each of which would have been allocated to a clan. In terms of caste or class, some evidence suggests that there was a distinction, whether racial or social is unclear, between "White Khazars" (ak-Khazars) and "Black Khazars" (qara-Khazars). The 10th-century Muslim geographer

4681:; pagans). Save for the king, the Khazarians are said to have converted to Islam in order to secure an alliance, and the Turks were, with Khwarezm's military assistance, repelled. It was this that, according to Ibn al-Athîr, led the Jewish king of Khazar to convert to Islam. 8018:"if the genome does not prove Sand wrong, neither can it prove him right. It is the wrong kind of evidence and the wrong style of reasoning for the task at hand." "They (researchers) will never be able to prove descent from Khazars: there are no 'verification' samples." 7266:

Shapira and Zuckerman disagree, positing only one stage and placing it later. Shapira takes stage 1 as a Jewish-Khazar reinterpretation of the Tengri-cult in terms of a monotheism similar to Judaism's; Zuckerman thinks Judaisation took place, just once, after 861

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clan, identified with Obadiyah, compelled the Qağanal clan to convert, an event which putatively caused the Qabar revolt. Golden comments: "There is nothing but conjecture to connect it with the reforms of Obadiyah, the further evolution of Khazar Judaism or the

5929:) respectively, where final "t" often transcribes –r- in foreign words. Thus, while these Chinese forms could transcribe a foreign word of the type *Kasar/*Kazar, *Ġatsar, *Ġazar, *Ġasar, there is a problem phonetically with assimilating these to the Uyğur word 4510:, dwelt in "the land of the Khazars", receiving tribute from some 25 to 28 kingdoms. Another view holds that by the 10th century, while the royal clan officially claimed Judaism, a non-normative variety of Islamisation took place among the majority of Khazars. 6805:"Engravings that resemble the six-pointed Star of David were found on circular Khazar relics and bronze mirrors from Sarkel and Khazarian grave fields in Upper Saltov. However, rather than having been made by Jews, these appear to be shamanistic sun discs." ( 7911:(Dallas 1952). According to him, "the Khazar Jews ... were responsible for all of America's – and the world's ills, beginning with World War 1." The book "had little impact" until the former Wall Street broker and oil tycoon J. Russell Maguire promoted it ( 4987:, who assumed that the Jews of Western Europe resulted from a "panmixia" in the first millennium, asserted that it was widely assumed that Europe's Eastern Jews were descended from a mixture of Khazarian and German Jews. Poliak's work found some support in 4893:

in 1869, when he also claimed that a possible link existed between the Khazars and the Ashkenazim, but the theory that Khazar converts formed a major proportion of the Ashkenazim was first proposed to the Western public in a lecture which was delivered by

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in the 1160s. Khazar communities persisted here and there. Many Khazar mercenaries served in the armies of the Islamic Caliphates and other states. Documents from medieval Constantinople attest to a Khazar community mingled with the Jews of the suburb of

3849:

A visitor to Atil wrote soon after the sacking of the city that its vineyards and garden had been razed, that not a grape or raisin remained in the land, and not even alms for the poor were available. An attempt to rebuild may have been undertaken, since

4138:(d. 1121), one Solomon ben Duji, often identified as a Khazarian Jew, attempted to advocate for a messianic effort for the liberation of, and return of all Jews to, Palestine. He wrote to many Jewish communities to enlist support. He eventually moved to 3408:

and other priorities, the Arabs refrained from repeating an attack on the Khazars until the early 8th century. The Khazars launched a few raids into Transcaucasian principalities under Muslim dominion, including a large-scale raid in 683–685 during the

5707:"Somewhat later, however, in a letter to the Byzantine Emperor Basil I, dated to 871, Louis the German, clearly taking exception to what had apparently become Byzantine usage, declares that 'we have not found that the leader of the Avars, or Khazars ( 5069:

to Judaism and the suggestion they emigrated to form the core population of Ashkenazi Jewry, remain highly polemical issues. One thesis held that the Khazar Jewish population went into a northern diaspora and had a significant impact on the rise of

4037:, introduced into the Byzantine court the distinctive kaftan or riding habit of the nomadic Khazars, the tzitzakion (τζιτζάκιον), and this was adopted as a solemn element of imperial dress. The orderly hierarchical system of succession by "scales" ( 3662:, with technical assistance from Khazaria's Byzantine ally at the time, together with the minting of an autonomous Khazar coinage around the 830s, may have been a defensive measure against emerging threats from Varangians to the north and from the 3745:

foray, with Khazar connivance, through Arab lands led to a request to the Khazar throne by the Khwârazmian Islamic guard for permission to retaliate against the large Rus' contingent on its return. The purpose was to revenge the violence the Rus'

7252:

9:27: "some other commentators are of the opinion that this verse alludes to the Khazars who accepted Judaism", with Golden's comment: "Certainly, by this time, the association of Khazaria and Judaism in the Jewish world was an established fact"

6749:: Mîkâ"il, Isrâ"îl, Mûsâ, Yûnus. Peacock argues that early traditions attesting a Seljuk origin within the Khazar empire when it was powerful, were later rewritten, after Khazaria fell from power in the 11th century, to blank out the connection ( 6720:"thus it is clear that the false doctrine of Yišô in Rome (Hrôm) and that of Môsê among the Khazars and that of Mânî in Turkistan took away their might and the valor that they once possessed and made them feeble and decadent among their rivals" ( 3808:

Khwarazmia forged trade links with the recently converted Volga Bulgarian Muslims, a move which may have caused a drastic drop, perhaps up to 80%, in the revenue base of Khazaria, and consequently, a crisis in its ability to pay for its defence.

3626:, partially in pursuit of the Arab silver that flowed north for hoarding through the Khazarian-Volga Bulgarian trading zones, partially to trade in furs and ironwork. Northern mercantile fleets passing Atil were tithed, as they were at Byzantine 7966:"The Khazar king and part of his court allegedly adopted the Jewish religion ... The truth of such a conversion and its extent has been the topic of many discussions, and the topic of vehement disagreements in our age of genomic DNA analyses." ( 7754:"As for the Jews of Eastern Europe (Poles, Russians, etc.), it has always been assumed that they descended from an amalgamation of Jews of Khazar stock from southern Russia and German Jews (the latter having imposed their superior culture)." ( 4302:, dispatched a bishop, Israyêl, to convert Caucasian "Huns" who were subject to the Khazars, and managed to convince Alp Ilut'uêr, a son-in-law of the Khazar qağan, and his army, to abandon their shamanising cults and join the Christian fold. 1963:

are descended from a hypothetical Khazarian Jewish diaspora which migrated westward from modern-day Russia and Ukraine into modern-day France and Germany. Linguistic and genetic studies have not supported the theory of a Khazar connection to

4549:

around the mid-9th century is often invoked as in part influenced by their refusal to accept Judaism. Modern scholars generally see the conversion as a slow process through three stages, which accords with Richard Eaton's model of syncretic

5221:

and the technical response to such a position from geneticists is mostly dismissive, arguing that, if traces of descent from Khazars exist in the Ashkenazi gene pool, the contribution would be quite minor, or insignificant. One geneticist,

2918:. At one period, travellers had to dismount, bow before the ruler's tomb, and then walk away on foot. Subsequently, the charismatic sovereign's burial place was hidden from view, with a palatial structure ("Paradise") constructed and then 2346:

regards Ashina and their pivotal role in the formation of the Khazars with scepticism. Golden notes that Chinese and Arabic reports are almost identical, making the connection a strong one, and conjectures that their leader may have been

3170:

The ruling elite wintered in the city and spent from spring to late autumn in their fields. A large irrigated greenbelt, drawing on channels from the Volga river, lay outside the capital, where meadows and vineyards extended for some 20

2763:

managed to stabilise the Western division, but upon his death, after providing crucial military assistance to Byzantium in routing the Sasanian army in the Persian heartland, the Western Turkic Qağanate dissolved under pressure from the

2851:

since the state became an international trading hub permitting Western Eurasian merchants safe transit across it to pursue their business without interference. The high status soon to be accorded this empire to the north is attested by

7882:(1972) repeated the Khazar thesis of Stoddard. Christian identity teachings readily seized on this negative reference to Russian Jewry, however, it backdated the history of intermarriage between Jews and Khazars to biblical times. In 5183:, who claimed to have proven that the Jews descended from a prehistoric migrant group parasiting on the Great Civilizations. The phrase "Khazar kaghanate" gained new traction in 2000s among antisemitic nationalists in Russia, such as 6976:"Of the intensive archaeological study of Khazar sites (over a thousand burial sites have been investigated!), not one has yet yielded finds that yet fit in some way the material legacy of antique European or Middle Eastern Jewry." ( 4694:

Jews, and the results do not support the hypothesis of Ashkenazi Jews being descendants of the Khazars. In the 2021 study the results showed both European and East Asian paternal haplogroups in the samples: three individuals carried

3426:

The Second Arab-Khazar War began with a series of raids across the Caucasus in the early 8th century. The Umayyads tightened their grip on Armenia in 705 after suppressing a large-scale rebellion. In 713 or 714, the Umayyad general

7534:"Methodologically, Wexler has opened up some new areas, taking elements of folk culture into account. I think that his conclusions have gone well beyond the evidence. Nonetheless, these are themes that should be pursued further." ( 6396:– 'East Turk' for the designation of the Khazars, and in context, the 'West Turks' may actually have meant the Magyars. We know that Nicholas Misticus referred to the Magyars as 'West Turks' in 924/925. In the 9th century the name 3499:

as early as 740 is based on the idea that, in part, it was, a re-assertion of their independence from the rule of both regional powers, Byzantium and the Caliphate, while it also conformed to a general Eurasian trend to embrace a

5213:, wherein claims have been made concerning evidence both for and against it. Eran Elhaik argued in 2012 for a significant Khazar component in the admixture of Ashkenazi Jews using Caucasian populations—Georgians, Armenians and 2248:

The tribes that were to comprise the Khazar empire were not an ethnic union, but a congeries of steppe nomads and peoples who came to be subordinated, and subscribed to a core Turkic leadership. Many Turkic groups, such as the

3451:

and stormed the city; most of its inhabitants were killed or enslaved, but a few of them managed to flee north. Despite their success, the Arabs had not yet defeated the Khazar army, and they retreated south of the Caucasus.

7727:

First written as an article in 1941 – "The Khazars' Conversion to Judaism", then written as a monograph (1943), it was revised twice, first, it was revised in 1944, and in 1951, it was revised again and it was also retitled

4983:, writing in 1954, thought that very little evidence supported what he considered a mere assumption, and he also argued that the Ashkenazi-Khazar descent theory went far beyond what "our imperfect records" permit. In 1955, 6923:

first published the letters around 1660. Controversy arose over their authenticity; it was even argued that the letters represented "no more than Jewish self-consolation and fantasmagory over the lost dreams of statehood"

5994:"there must have been many different ethnic groups within the Khazar realm ... These groups spoke different languages, some of them no doubt belonging to the Indo-European or different Caucasian language families." ( 7853:"Although the Khazar theory gets surprisingly little attention in scholarly histories of anti-Semitism, it has been an influential theme among American anti-Semites since the immigration restrictionists of the 1920s" ( 7788:"Salo Baron, who incorrectly viewed them as Finno-Ugrians, believed that the Khazars 'sent many offshoots into the unsubdued Slavonic lands, helping ultimately to build up the great Jewish centers of eastern Europe'" ( 7646:

Goldstein writes "The theory that Eastern European Jews are descended from the Khazars was originally proposed by Samuel Weissenberg in an attempt to show that Jews were deeply rooted on Russian soil and the cradle of

3061:("blue", "dark"). The distinction appears to have survived the collapse of the Khazarian empire. Later Russian chronicles, commenting on the role of the Khazars in the magyarisation of Hungary, refer to them as "White 2230:

empire. Similarity, Oğuric, like Qipčaq Turkic in the Jočid realm, functioned as one of the languages of government. One method for tracing their origins consists in the analysis of the possible etymologies behind the

3542:

than the foreign policies of the Umayyads, relations between the Khazars and the Abbasids were ultimately broken by a series of raids which occurred in 799, the raids occurred after another marriage alliance failed.

6818:

Brook says this thesis was developed by Jacob Mann, based on a reading of the word "Khazaria" in the Cairo Geniza fragment. Bernard Lewis, he adds, challenged the assumption by noting that the original text reads

6422:, attributed to Movsēs Dasxurancʿ, and the Chronicle attributed to Theophanes identify these Turks as Khazars (Theophanes has: "Turks, who are called Khazars"). Both Zuckerman and Golden reject the identification. 3750:

had inflicted on their fellow Muslim believers. The Rus' force was thoroughly routed and massacred. The Khazar rulers closed the passage down the Volga to the Rus', sparking a war. In the early 960s, Khazar ruler

3304:

helped him regain the throne. Upon his reinstalment, and despite Busir's treachery during his exile, he sent for Theodora; Busir complied, and she was crowned as Augusta, suggesting that both prized the alliance.

3116:

The Khazar Khaghanate played a key role in the trade between Europe and the Muslim world in the early middle ages. People taken captive during the viking raids in Europe, such as Ireland, could be transported to

1907:

Where the Khazars dispersed after the fall of the Empire is subject to many conjectures. Proposals have been made regarding the possibility of a Khazar factor in the ethnogenesis of numerous peoples, such as the

5285:'s early novel Alroy (1833) draws on Menachem ben Solomon's story. The question of mass religious conversion and the indeterminability of the truth of stories about identity and conversion are central themes of 3479:, launching a major invasion of Albania and Azerbaijan; by 729, the Arabs had lost control of northeastern Transcaucasia and were thrust again into the defensive. In 730, Barjik invaded Iranian Azerbaijan and 6541:

was perhaps issued in reaction to fall-off in Muslim minting in the 820s, and to a felt need in the turbulent upheavals of the 830s to assert a new religious profile, with the Jewish legends stamped on them

4289:

also had exercised an attraction on leaders of both the Eastern (552–742) and Western Qağanates (552–659), the latter being the progenitor of the Khazar state. In 682, according to the Armenian chronicle of

14079:

Kornienko, I. V.; Faleeva, T. G.; Schurr, T. G.; Aramova, O. Yu; Ochir-Goryaeva, M. A.; Batieva, E. F.; Vdovchenkov, E. V.; Moshkov, N. E.; Kukanova, V. V.; Ivanov, I. N.; Sidorenko, Yu S. (1 April 2021).

3537:, but she died inexplicably, possibly during childbirth. Her attendants returned home, convinced that some members of another Arab faction had poisoned her, and her father was enraged. The Khazar general 4392:

Both the date of the conversion, and the extent of its influence beyond the elite, often minimised in some scholarship, are a matter of dispute, but at some point between 740 and 920 CE, the Khazar

3400:

and describe him as a scion of the Göktürk royal house, the Ashina. Whether Irbis ever existed is open to debate, as is whether he can be identified with one of the many Göktürk rulers of the same name.

2906:; the former managed and commanded the military, while the greater king's role was primarily sacral, less concerned with daily affairs. The greater king was recruited from the Khazar house of notables ( 6741:, namely Toqaq Temür Yalığ, began his career as an Oghuz soldier in Khazar service in the early and mid-10th century, and rose to high rank before he fell out with the Khazar rulers and departed for 4010:, whose founding traditions mention Khazar connections. Whatever successor entity survived, it could no longer function as a bulwark against the pressure east and south of nomad expansions. By 1043, 3942:/Cumans. After one more conflict with these Polovtsi in 1106, the Khazars fade from history. By the 13th century they survived in Russian folklore only as "Jewish heroes" in the "land of the Jews". ( 7979:"Strong evidence for the Khazarian hypothesis is the clustering of European Jews with the populations that reside on opposite ends of ancient Khazaria: Armenians, Georgians, and Azerbaijani Jews" ( 3898:'s mention of a "raid of Faḍlūn the Kurd against the Khazars" in 1030 CE, in which 10,000 of his men were vanquished by the latter, has been taken as a reference to such a Khazar remnant, but 3890:. The name suggests Christian affiliations. The account concludes by saying, that after Tzul's defeat, the Khazar ruler of "upper Media", Senaccherib, had to sue for peace and submission. In 1024 3741:, the qağan is said to have given his assent on the condition that the Rus' give him half of the booty. In 913, however, two years after Byzantium concluded a peace treaty with the Rus' in 911, a 7123:"In much of the literature on conversions of Inner Asian peoples, attempts are made, 'to minimize the impact' ... This has certainly been true of some of the scholarship regarding the Khazars." ( 1553: 3894:(one of Vladimir's sons) marched against his brother Yaroslav with an army that included "Khazars and Kassogians" in a repulsed attempt to restore a kind of "Khazarian"-type dominion over Kiev. 20967: 7771:, "before and after the Mongol upheaval the Khazars sent many offshoots into the unsubdued Slavonic lands, helping ultimately to build up the great Jewish center of Eastern Europe"; as well as 3032:

claimed that the White Khazars were strikingly handsome with reddish hair, white skin, and blue eyes, while the Black Khazars were swarthy, verging on deep black as if they were "some kind of

1884:. The polyethnic populace of the Khazar Khaganate appears to have been a multiconfessional mosaic of pagan, Tengrist, Jewish, Christian and Muslim worshippers. Some of the Khazars (namely the 4277:

On Khazaria's southern flank, both Islam and Byzantine Christianity were proselytising great powers. Byzantine success in the north was sporadic, although Armenian and Albanian missions from

4428:, a Persian scholar who wrote an encyclopedic work on geography in the early tenth century. It is believed that ibn Rustah derived much of his information from the works of his contemporary 4871:

Several scholars have suggested that instead of disappearing after the dissolution of their Empire, the Khazars migrated westward and eventually, they formed part of the core of the later

4274:

to attack Khazaria and weaken its hold on Crimea and the Caucasus, while seeking to obtain an entente with the rising Rus' power to the north, which it aspired to convert to Christianity.

3336:, who on his majority co-ruled with his mother, the dowager. He proved unpopular, and his death ended the dynastic link of the Khazars to the Byzantine throne. By the 8th century, Khazars 15011: 7441:

Kohen refers to Khazar killings of Christians or the uncircumcized in retaliation for persecutions of Jews in Byzantium, and Khazar reprisals against Muslims for persecutions of Jews in

3759:

about the deterioration of Khazar relations with the Rus': "I protect the mouth of the river (Itil-Volga) and prevent the Rus arriving in their ships from setting off by sea against the

5041:, however, registered some support for the idea that Khazar remnants had played a role in the growth of Eastern European Jewish communities, and several amateur researchers, such as 3694:

was caught in a pincer movement between steppe Pechenegs and the strengthening of an emergent Rus' power to the north, both undermining Khazaria's tributary empire. According to the

3413:

that rendered much booty and many prisoners. There is evidence from the account of al-Tabari that the Khazars formed a united front with the remnants of the Göktürks in Transoxiana.

7874:, the Khazar ancestry of the Jews was a firm article of faith. Two books, written in this milieu and widely read, came to exercise a strong influence in this regard. John Beaty's 17163: 16053: 4907: 3797:. The Khazar alliance with the Byzantine empire began to collapse in the early 10th century. Byzantine and Khazar forces may have clashed in the Crimea, and by the 940s emperor 15695: 6520:

names by c. 930. Toch on the other hand is sceptical, and argues that "a significant Jewish presence in early medieval Kiev or indeed in Russia at large remains much in doubt".

2952:

and Oğuric Turkic tribes, who were numerically superior within Khazaria. The Khazar Qağans, while taking wives and concubines from the subject populations, were protected by a

6840:

Whittow notes that this native institution, given the constant, lengthy, military and acculturating pressures on the tribes from China to the East, was influenced also by the

5150:, noting in 1987 that Arab scholars had dropped it, remarked that it only occasionally emerged in Arab political discourse. It has also played some role in Soviet antisemitic 4536:, based on his Caliphal mission (921–922) to the Volga Bulğars, also reported that "the core element of the state, the Khazars, were Judaized", something underwritten by the 7205:

The idea of a forced general conversion imposed on the Qağanal dynasty in the 830s was advanced by Omeljian Pritsak, and is now supported by Roman Kovalev and Peter Golden (

6495:

Whittow argues however that: "The title of qaghan, with its claims to lordship over the steppe world, is likely to be no more than ideological booty from the 965 victory." (

16427: 3085:

The import and export of foreign wares, and the revenues derived from taxing their transit, was a hallmark of the Khazar economy, although it is said also to have produced

13763: 6250:; if a Qağan had reigned for at least forty years, his courtiers and subjects felt his ability to reason would become impaired by old age. They would then kill the Qağan ( 1546: 15571: 4052:

The proto-Hungarian Pontic tribe, while perhaps threatening Khazaria as early as 839 (Sarkel), practiced their institutional model, such as the dual rule of a ceremonial

7035:

to Christianity during the Abbasid period; the Volga Bulğars adopted Islam after their leader converted in the 10th century; the Uyğur Qağan accepted Manichaeism in 762.

18528:

These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.

5045:(1994), kept the thesis in the public eye. The theory has been occasionally manipulated to deny Jewish nationhood. Recently, a variety of approaches, from linguistics ( 21487: 15978:

Shirota, Shun (城田俊) (2005). Woods, John E.; Pfeiffer, Judith; Tucker, Ernest (eds.). "The Chinese Chroniclers of the Khazars: Notes on Khazaria in Tang Period Texts".

3999:

registered the collapse of Khazar power in attributing its eclipse to the enfeebling effects of "false" religion. The decline was contemporary to that suffered by the

558: 544: 530: 516: 502: 488: 463: 449: 4161:

The word Khazar, as an ethnonym, was last used in the 13th century by people in the North Caucasus believed to practice Judaism. The nature of a hypothetical Khazar

2928:) is typical of inner Asian peoples. Both the îšâ and the xâqân converted to Judaism sometime in the 8th century, while the rest, according to the Persian traveller 2788:

area while the Khazar Qağanate consolidated further westwards, led apparently by an Ashina dynasty. With a resounding victory over the tribes in 657, engineered by

4603:("Book (of) The Khazari"), which plausibly drew on such sources, provide us with the only direct evidence of the indigenous traditions concerning the conversion. 21492: 20759: 4804:

to Poland and Lithuania have claimed Khazar origins. Specialists in Khazar history question the connection. Scholarship is likewise sceptical of claims that the

3702:(ca.880–890) fought a battle against the allied forces of five lands whose moves were perhaps encouraged by Byzantium. Although Benjamin was victorious, his son 1539: 5204: 4197:

Direct sources for the Khazar religion are not many, but in all likelihood they originally engaged in a traditional Turkic form of religious practices known as

3574:

around 854, though other sources state that an attack by Pechenegs was the reason for their departure to Etelköz. The new neighbours of the Hungarians were the

17132: 4309:, who converted to Christianity within the Khazar kingdom around 779–80, describes local Khazars as irreligious. Some reports register a Christian majority at 4653:), a name used to designate the country of the Arabs. This has been taken as an indication of hopes by Jews that the Khazars might succeed in destroying the 17063: 12609: 5042: 4490:) suggest to many the conversion took place in that decade. Olsson argues that the 837/8 evidence marks only the beginning of a long and difficult official 3447:

responded, sending 25,000 Arab troops north, swiftly driving the Khazars back across the Caucasus, recovering Derbent, and advancing on Balanjar. The Arabs

5981:"The chancellery of the Jewish state of the Khazars is therefore also likely to have used Hebrew writing even if the official language was a Turkic one." ( 4915: 4911: 7149:"Judaism was apparently chosen because it was a religion of the book without being the faith of a neighbouring state which had designs on Khazar lands." ( 21247: 16929: 16643: 6101:"The reader should be warned that the A-shih-na link of the Khazar dynasty, an old phantom of ... Khazarology, will ... lose its last claim to reality" ( 4212:

were made to this supreme deity. Rites involved offerings to fire, water, and the moon, to remarkable creatures, and to "gods of the road" (cf. Old Türk

2293:

to reside in the Western Eurasian steppe lands as early as 463. They appear to stem from Mongolia and South Siberia in the aftermath of the fall of the

20604:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former 5131: 4926: 4068:. Elements within the Hungarian population can be viewed as perpetuating Khazar traditions as a successor state. Byzantine sources refer to Hungary as 6343:

A third division may have contained the dwellings of the tsarina. The dimensions of the western part were 3x3, as opposed to the eastern part's 8 x 8

4373:, began migrating to the more hospitable climate of pagan Khazaria in the wake of these persecutions, and were joined there by Jews from Armenia. The 3874:, by most accounts, the Rus'-Oghuz campaigns left Khazaria devastated, with perhaps many Khazarian Jews in flight, and leaving behind at best a minor 2910:) and, in an initiation ritual, was nearly strangled until he declared the number of years he wished to reign, on the expiration of which he would be 20830: 14728: 12820: 7840:'s monumental history of the subject. It did however come to exercise a particular attraction for advocates of immigration restriction in America." ( 6392:

mentions the Turks together with the Khazars; this may be the first record of the Magyars. Around 813, Theophanes uses – alongside the generic name

4967:, and he identified it as the ancestral homeland of the Khazars, a position which was immediately disputed by Jacob Mann. Ten years later, in 1942, 2982:. When the bek sent out a body of troops, they would not retreat under any circumstances. If they were defeated, every one who returned was killed. 13024:

An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis And State Formation in the Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East

4342:

reflect either the incompleteness of excavations, or that the stratum of actual adherents was thin. Conversion of steppe or peripheral tribes to a

2924: 16723: 14981: 6633:

The letter continues: "I wage war with them. If I left them (in peace) for a single hour they would crush the whole land of the Ishmaelites up to

3340:(650–c. 950), and even extended their influence into the Byzantine peninsula of Cherson until it was wrested back in the 10th century. Khazar and 2156:

After their conversion it is reported that they adopted the Hebrew script, and it is likely that, although speaking a Turkic language, the Khazar

20774: 16683:

The Jews of Poland: A Social and Economic History of the Jewish Community in Poland from 1100 to 1800 he non-Jewish origins of the Sephardic Jews

16256: 6508:

Korobkin citing Golb & Pritsak notes that Khazars have often been connected with Kiev's foundations. Pritsak and Golb state that children in

16585: 16570: 15402: 14177:"The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia" 13022: 11530:"Abraham's children in the genome era: major Jewish diaspora populations comprise distinct genetic clusters with shared Middle Eastern Ancestry" 6326:

Noonan gives the lower figure for the Muslim contingents, but adds that the army could draw on other mercenaries stationed in the capital, Rūs,

20821: 2915: 1682: 381: 11500: 3622:, developing a powerful warrior-merchant system, began probing south down the waterways controlled by the Khazars and their protectorate, the 2893:. The emergence of this system may be deeply entwined with the conversion to Judaism. According to Arabic sources, the lesser king was called 588: 18632: 18112: 6144:, p. 261). However, the hypothesized link between the Akatizoi and the Khazars was not solid, being based on mere phonetic resemblance ( 1968:. The theory still finds occasional support, but most scholars view it with considerable scepticism. The theory is sometimes associated with 14054: 6555:

Scholars are divided as to whether the fortification of Sarkel represents a defensive bulwark against a growing Magyar or Varangian threat (

4208:. Something of its nature may be deduced from what we know of the rites and beliefs of contiguous tribes, such as the North Caucasian Huns. 21312: 18497: 17087: 5074:. Connected to this thesis is the theory, expounded by Paul Wexler, dissenting from the majority of Yiddish linguists, that the grammar of 3300:, to kill Justinian. Warned by Theodora, Justinian escaped, murdering two Khazar officials in the process. He fled to Bulgaria, whose Khan 3269: 17008: 16503: 7284:

Dunlop thought the first stage occurred with the king's conversion c. 740; the second with the installation of Rabbinical Judaism c. 800 (

3977:, perhaps in the Volga region. Although connections are made to the Khazars, the link is based merely on a common attribution of Judaism. 3646:

modelled on the Khazarian state had formed to the east and that the Varangian chieftain of the coalition appropriated the title of qağan (

3197:

provided great assistance to the Byzantines in the 9th century in exchange for regular payments. Byzantium also sought alliances with the

20856: 16873: 16822: 15675: 15031:

Olsson, Joshua T. (2013). "Coup d'état, Coronation and Conversion: Some Reflections on the Adoption of Judaism by the Khazar Khaganate".

14305: 14064:"The Tibetan Title Dru gu Gesar (Turk Caesar / Caesar of the Turks) in the Northern Branch of the Silk Route and the Role of the Khazars" 12376: 6778:, argues that the word referred only to the dress Irene wore at court, perhaps denoting its colourfulness, and compares it to the Hebrew 6162:

traditions and ideology of the Gök Türk empire, and a share, however distant, in the political and cultural inheritance of that state." (

16781: 14431: 12104: 7697:, and through a religious and educational organization. The main part of Jewry never was in Judea and it had never come out of Judea." ( 4240:

whose practices involved rites performed to assure a tribe of heaven's protective providence. The qağan was deemed to rule by virtue of

4111:

Seal discovered in excavations at Khazar sites. However, rather than having been made by Jews, these appear to be shamanistic sun discs.

21242: 17479: 17160: 7561:, has largely been rejected by serious scholars. However, the disputed theory that the stereotypical European Jew is descended from an 4903: 4429: 1651: 16060: 4849:, and very much taken with magical superstitions which, in the wake of the enduring educational efforts of the great Sephardi scholar 4346:

is a fairly well attested phenomenon, and the Khazar conversion to Judaism, although unusual, would not have been without precedent.

3870:

Although Poliak argued that the Khazar kingdom did not wholly succumb to Sviatoslav's campaign, but lingered on until 1224, when the

3833:

In the Russian chronicle, the vanquishing of the Khazar traditions is associated with Vladimir's conversion in 986. According to the

3206: 3184: 2145::突厥曷薩) and "Khazar's" first syllable is transcribed with different characters (可 and 曷) than 葛, which is used to render the syllable 6431:

Scholars dismiss Chinese annals which, reporting the events from Turkic sources, attribute the destruction of Persia and its leader

6388:

refers to the Khazars in 626–628 as the 'West Turks' who were then opposed to the East Turks of Central Asia. Shortly after 679 the

3268:

Once the Khazars emerged as a power, the Byzantines also began to form alliances with them, dynastic and military. In 695, the last

21457: 19352: 15588: 12454:. Translated by Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. Cambridge, MA: The Mediaeval Academy of America. Archived from 11870: 7566:

unhappy with the prospect that the Ashkenazim might not have a genetic connection to the freed slaves who met with God at Sinai." (

2701: 17135:

The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

14631: 12446: 4689:

Nine skeletons dating to the 7th–9th centuries excavated from elite military burial mounds of the Khazar Khaganate (in the modern

4608:

celebrate the Sabbath. Here he was circumcised. Bulan is then said to have convened a royal debate between exponents of the three

3938:

of Khazaria". In 1083 Oleg is said to have exacted revenge on the Khazars after his brother Roman was killed by their allies, the

21477: 20637: 19252: 18530: 17194: 11612: 11587: 4866: 3729:, and embarked on what was to prove to be the foundation of a Rus' empire. The Khazars had initially allowed the Rus' to use the 2780:, the Duōlù clan leader, and the Nǔshībì subconfederation, also consisting of five tribes. The Duōlù challenged the Avars in the 2376: 2055:

is attested, although uncertainty remains whether this represents a personal or tribal name, gradually other hypotheses emerged.

1956: 16044: 6313:

Olsson writes that there is no evidence for this Islamic guard for the 9th century, but that its existence is attested for 913 (

3586:) along with their allies, the Kabars, started a series of raids from the Etelköz into the Carpathian Basin, mostly against the 3332:, who thereafter bore the sobriquet, "the Khazar". Leo died in mysterious circumstances after his Athenian wife bore him a son, 21039: 21002: 20789: 15561: 12811: 12238: 4918:

developed the notion into a book-length study, arguing that the Khazars formed the foundational core of the modern Ashkenazim.

4498:, is said to have informed Spanish Jews in 883 that there was a Jewish polity in the East, and that fragments of the legendary 4405:, in part, it is argued, perhaps to deflect competing pressures from Arabs and Byzantines to accept either Islam or Orthodoxy. 3814:

finally succeeded in destroying Khazar imperial power in the 960s, in a circular sweep that overwhelmed Khazar fortresses like

3389: 3102: 14127:

Kovalev, R.K. (2005). "Creating Khazar Identity through Coins: the Special Issue Dirhams of 837/838". In Curta, Florin (ed.).

12591: 4726:

Claims of Khazar origins of peoples, or suggestions that the Khazars were absorbed by them, have been made with regard to the

3882:, writing ca.985, mentions Khazar beyond the Caspian sea as a district of "woe and squalor", with honey, many sheep and Jews. 3193:

Byzantine diplomatic policy towards the steppe peoples generally consisted of encouraging them to fight among themselves. The

19257: 17041: 16975: 16952: 16908: 16867: 16816: 16775: 16746: 16695: 16666: 16652: 16618: 16549: 16450: 16361: 16329: 16293: 16183: 16154: 16125: 16094: 16016: 15964: 15933: 15895: 15849: 15789: 15762: 15747: 15689: 15660: 15628: 15546: 15519: 15490: 15458: 15372: 15340: 15308: 15281: 15244: 15206: 15177: 15145: 15111: 15079: 15005: 14963: 14925: 14793: 14768: 14736: 14691: 14662: 14606: 14571: 14548: 14518: 14409: 14377: 14348: 14319: 14290: 14258: 14224: 14161: 14136: 14048: 14017: 13988: 13956: 13922: 13890: 13837: 13805: 13744: 13687: 13637: 13605: 13573: 13544: 13515: 13486: 13461: 13432: 13404: 13372: 13311: 13273: 13235: 13201: 13169: 13135: 13097: 13066: 13032: 13004: 12947: 12885: 12834: 12772: 12743: 12711: 12573: 12508: 12479: 12352: 12322: 12256: 12208: 12174: 12151: 12077: 12052: 12025: 11996: 11967: 11938: 11817: 11785: 11753: 11689: 11647: 11514: 11485: 11439: 4765: 4381:

claims that their ancestors were responsible for the Khazar conversion. A legend traceable to the 16th-century Italian rabbi

3957:(sectaries) living amidst desolation in perpetual mourning. The reference seems to be to Karaites. The Franciscan missionary 3878:. It left little trace, except for some placenames, and much of its population was undoubtedly absorbed in successor hordes. 2063:("tyrannize, oppress, terrorize") on the basis of its phonetic similarity to the Uyğur tribal name, Qasar. Róna-Tas connects 13643: 12083: 7606:

O yazykye evreyev, zhivshikh v drevneye vremya na Rusi i o slavianskikh slovakh, vstrechaiuschikhsia u evreiskikh pisatelei,

6478:

The Volga Bulgarian state was converted to Islam in the 10th century, and wrested liberty from its Khazarian suzerains when

4922:

introduced the notion to American audiences in 1911. The idea was also taken up by the Polish-Jewish economic historian and

4665:

In 965, as the Qağanate was struggling against the victorious campaign of the Rus' prince Sviatoslav, the Islamic historian

4333:). It is inscribed with "Moses is the messenger of God" instead of the usual Muslim text "Muhammad is the messenger of God". 3690:

multiple fronts as nomadic incursions were exacerbated by uprisings by former clients and invasions from former allies. The

3264:

Khazar Khaganate and surrounding states, c. 820 (area of direct Khazar control in dark blue, sphere of influence in purple).

3201:

against common enemies: in the early 7th century, one such alliance was brokered with the Western Tűrks against the Persian

2737:

broke out between the senior eastern Göktürks and the junior West Turkic Khaganate some decades later, when on the death of

2321:

of the hegemonic central Asian Avars in 552 and swept westwards, taking in their train other steppe nomads and peoples from

1864:, but it is a matter of intricate difficulty since no indigenous records in the Khazar language survived, and the state was 1849:, and ended Khazaria's independence. The state became the autonomous entity of Rus' and then of Khazar former provinces of ( 17151: 15433: 15033: 13759:"On the Westerly Drifting of Nomades, from the Fifth to the Nineteenth Century. Part IV. The Circassians and White Khazars" 13714: 11528:

Atzmon G, Hao L, Pe'er I, Velez C, Pearlman A, Palamara PF, Morrow B, Friedman E, Oddoux C, Burns E, Ostrer H (June 2010).

2714:. Göktürk armies had penetrated the Volga by 549, ejecting the Avars, who were then forced to flee to the sanctuary of the 2182:, but it is a matter of intricate difficulty since no indigenous records in the Khazar language survive, and the state was 12496:

Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tükles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition

4349:

Jews from both the Islamic world and Byzantium are known to have migrated to Khazaria during periods of persecution under

2772:). Both briefly challenged Tang hegemony in eastern Turkestan. To the West, two new nomadic states arose in the meantime, 21017: 17017: 16594: 15224: 13476: 12310:

Constantinople in the Early Eighth Century: The Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary

6225: ... The fact is we do not know when, precisely, the Khazar system of dual kingship emerged. It could not have come 5522: 5482: 5477: 4459: 4120: 6620:

Al-Mas'udi says the king secretly tipped off the Rus' of the attack but was unable to oppose the request of his guards (

21442: 21237: 21029: 20947: 20846: 20749: 18562: 18220: 16409: 15949:"Ethos, Materiality and Paradigms of Political Action in Early Medieval Communities of the Northwestern Caspian Region" 14858: 14813: 13974: 12275: 11884: 11635: 11534: 7836:"The Khazar theory never figured as a major component of antisemitism. The connection receives only scant attention in 5037:

claimed that the idea was not supported by any evidence whatsoever, and it had been abandoned by all serious scholars.

4886:, suggested as early as 1847 that emigrant Khazars might have influenced the core population of Eastern European Jews. 3782: 3734: 1675: 17172: 15358: 4060:

administering practical and military administration, as tributaries of the Khazars. A dissident group of Khazars, the

3350:

bodyguard after its formation in 840, a position that could openly be purchased by a payment of seven pounds of gold.

20779: 15482: 14468: 14448: 13948: 13859: 5114:, (1923) it began to enjoy a vogue among advocates of immigration restriction in the 1920s; racial theorists such as 4072:

in contrast to Khazaria, Eastern Tourkia. The gyula line produced the kings of medieval Hungary through descent from

4029:

Khazaria nonetheless left its mark on the rising states and some of their traditions and institutions. Much earlier,

3443:. The conflict escalated in 722 with an invasion by 30,000 Khazars into Armenia inflicting a crushing defeat. Caliph 1626: 13187: 5209:

The hypothesis of Khazarian ancestry in Ashkenazi has also been a subject of vehement disagreements in the field of

2021: 1735:

that, in the late 6th-century CE, established a major commercial empire covering the southeastern section of modern

21305: 20961: 16321: 15332: 7693:, and far beyond it in the east, Jewish communities traded and flourished, and they were kept in touch through the 7110:"the Khazars (most of whom did not convert to Judaism, but remained animists, or adopted Islam and Christianity)" ( 6874:

Golden and Shapira thinks the evidence from such Georgian sources renders suspect a conversion prior to this date (

5065:) have emerged to keep the theory alive. In a broad academic perspective, both the idea that the Khazars converted 4882:, in the context of an earlier controversy about possible connections between the Khazars and the ancestors of the 3456: 3106: 2922:

under rerouted river water to avoid disturbance by evil spirits and later generations. Such a royal burial ground (

16421: 6907:

During Islamic invasions, some groups of Khazars who suffered defeat, including a qağan, were converted to Islam (

4898:

in 1883. Occasional suggestions that there was a small Khazar component in East European Jews emerged in works by

2768:

and split into two competing federations, each consisting of five tribes, collectively known as the "Ten Arrows" (

2710:

An embryonic state of Khazaria began to form sometime after 630, when it emerged from the breakdown of the larger

21482: 21034: 19631: 17821: 17055: 16384: 16110:"New remarks on the flow of Byzantine coins in Avaria and Walachia during the second half of the seventh century" 14623:Мы хотим убивать "Медуза" рассказывает, как (и зачем) неонацисты из России отправились "денацифицировать" Украину 6273:) mirrored the Khazarian diarchy, but the comparison was flawed, as there was no sacral kingship among the Rus' ( 5517: 5512: 5507: 3798: 3682: 3221:

sought help via emissaries, and eventually personally, from a Göktürk chieftain of the Western Turkic Khaganate,

2948:, was a relatively small group that differed ethnically and linguistically from its subject peoples, meaning the 2301:

nomadic polities. A variegated tribal federation led by these Turks, probably comprising a complex assortment of

1230: 21007: 20841: 20816: 18273: 16900: 14336:

Between Mysticism and Philosophy: Sufi Language of Religious Experience in Experience in Judah Ha-Levi's Kuzari

14198: 14071: 12196: 7162:"Their conversion to Judaism was the equivalent of a declaration of neutrality between the two rival powers." ( 1837:

with the rising Rus' power to the north, which it aspired to convert to Christianity. Between 965 and 969, the

16991: 3396:

against the opposing troops. A number of Russian sources give the name of a Khazar khagan from this period as

3328:, in 732. On converting to Christianity, she took the name Irene. Constantine and Irene had a son, the future 1591: 21290: 21254: 20997: 20801: 20673: 19178: 18492: 18107: 17521: 16987:"On the date of the Khazars' Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus' Oleg and Igor" 14495: 14033:"Barbarian Emperors? Aspects of the Byzantine Perception of the qaghan (chaganos) in the Earlier Middle Ages" 13910:

The Karaites of Galicia: An Ethnoreligious Minority Among the Ashkenazim, the Turks, and the Slavs, 1772–1945

12565: 12184: 7904: 7871: 7093:

wandering out into the steppe was far more effective in bringing Islam to the Turkic nomads than the learned

6137: 3953:

reported travelling through what he called "Khazaria", and had little to remark on other than describing its

3376:. By 640, Muslim forces had reached Armenia; in 642 they launched their first raid across the Caucasus under 3214: 2958: 2592: 1668: 1571: 1299: 1292: 17138: 16201: 15265:[Judaism in Khazaria according to Archaeological Data]. In Bartal, Israel; Kulik, Alexander (eds.). 14626:[We want to kill "Meduza" tells how (and why) neo-Nazis from Russia set out to "denazify" Ukraine]. 11880:"Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries" 4424:

The earliest surviving Arabic text that refers to Khazar Jewishness appears to be that which was written by

3089:. Distinctively among the nomadic steppe polities, the Khazar Qağanate developed a self-sufficient domestic 20784: 20166: 19345: 18155: 17114: 16767: 15511: 11831:

Behar, D. M.; Metspalu, M.; Baran, Y.; Kopelman, N. M.; Yunusbayev, B.; Gladstein, A.; et al. (2013).

5348: 4084:

suggests the Qabars practised Judaism since warrior graves with Jewish symbols were found there, including

3962: 3213:, and by the 9th century referred to the Khazars as "Turks". During the period leading up to and after the 3055: 16142:

The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century

4474:—observing all the laws of Judaism. New numismatic evidence of coins dated 837/8 bearing the inscriptions 2226:

speech spoken by the bulk of the Turkic tribesmen that constituted the military force of this part of the

21452: 21298: 20993: 20668: 20630: 17187: 14311: 14086: 14009: 12877: 11431: 7048:'s claim (1912) that it was "unique in history". Golden also cites from Jewish history the conversion of 5004: 4834:

was appointed by the Russian government as a researcher into the origins of the Jewish sect known as the

3642:' to unite to protect common interests against Khazarian exactions of tribute. It is often argued that a 3156: 14724:

Karaite Separatism in Nineteenth-Century Russia: Joseph Solomon Lutski's Epistle of Israel's Deliverance

5226:, has argued that "national and ethnic prejudices play a central role in the controversy." According to 4573:(Muslim Spain), wrote a letter of inquiry addressed to the ruler of Khazaria, and received a reply from 3554:

tribes of the Khazars (probably the majority of ethnic Khazars) joined the Hungarians and moved through

3233:. Tong Yabghu responded by sending a large force to ravage the Persian empire, marking the start of the 21346: 20811: 20794: 20769: 20658: 20232: 18041: 16687: 16658: 16285: 16175: 15956: 15450: 15071: 14944:"The Khazar Qaghanate and its impact on the early Rus' state: the Translatio Imperii from Itil to Kiev" 14917: 14216: 13829: 13736: 13453: 12858: 12826: 12764: 12621: 12344: 11809: 11477: 4130:

The Khazar kingdom is said to have stimulated messianic aspirations for a return to Israel as early as

3871: 3793:(recently identified as Oleg of Chernigov) around 941 in which Oleg was defeated by the Khazar general 3710:, whose leader had converted to Christianity and entered into an alliance with Byzantium, which, under 2765: 2157: 18760: 16245: 16082:

The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia

15541:. International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology. Vol. 102. BRILL. pp. 121–188. 12904: 12631:"The Missing Link of Jewish European Ancestry: Contrasting the Rhineland and the Khazarian Hypotheses" 4408:

The conversion of the Khazars to Judaism is an emotionally charged topic in Israel, and two scholars,

3431:

conquered Derbent and drove deeper into Khazar territory. The Khazars launched raids in response into

2002: 144: 21462: 20927: 17110: 16654:

The Jews of Poland: A Social and Economic History of the Jewish Community in Poland from 1100 to 1800

16541: 16086: 15387: 14510: 14250: 12725: 11777: 11713: 11681: 11469: 5291: 5223: 5018:

The Khazar-Ashkenazi hypothesis came to the attention of a much wider public with the publication of

4979:, published a Hebrew monograph in which he concluded that the East European Jews came from Khazaria. 4124: 3526: 3428: 3385: 2827:

union, sometime around 670, a properly constituted Khazar Qağanate emerges, becoming the westernmost

2409: 2382: 15276:] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Moscow; Jerusalem: Bridges of Culture; Gerashim. pp. 149–161. 7399:

The Schechter document has officers during the religious debate speak of a cave in a certain plain (

5286: 2718:. The Ashina clan appeared on the scene by 552, when they overthrew the Rourans and established the 21467: 21053: 20955: 20836: 20826: 20564: 20523: 19691: 17869: 15296: 15137: 14683: 14460: 14401: 12994: 12939: 12871: 12017: 11737: 11733: 6435:

personally to Tong Yabghu. Zuckerman argues instead that the account is correct in its essentials (

6377: 6133: 5873: 5790: 5597: 5580: 3803: 3448: 3377: 2357:), who lost power or was killed around 651. Moving west, the confederation reached the land of the 2339: 1756: 1494: 1140: 1119: 454: 17: 17123: 16054:"Contemporary Racist and Judeophobic Ideology Discovers the Khazars, or, Who Really Are the Jews?" 4100:, candlesnuffers, ash collectors, inscriptions in Hebrew, and a six-pointed star identical to the 21497: 21386: 21012: 20932: 20744: 20696: 19731: 19656: 19420: 19413: 19338: 17897: 17841: 17588: 17584: 17424: 17242: 17237: 16474: 15239:. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. Vol. 17. BRILL. pp. 245–268. 15103: 14594: 14540: 14181: 14032: 13396: 13161: 12143: 12069: 12044: 11988: 11930: 11837: 11799: 6208:

linking its introduction to Obadiyah's reforms and the imposition of full Rabbinical Judaism and

5200: 5095: 5062: 4069: 2314: 2191: 1148: 31: 21381: 17079: 12706:. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. Vol. 17. BRILL. pp. 75–108. 11639: 6330:

and pagans. Olsson's 10,000 refers to the spring-summer horsemen in the nomadic king's retinue (

6019:), famous for his reputed mastery of thirty languages, might have been both Jewish and a Khazar 4645:, interpreted "The Lord hath loved him" as a reference "to the Khazars, who will go and destroy 3770: 3077:, have revealed individuals belonging to the Slavic, other European, and a few Mongolian types. 2847:/ Степная Атлантида). Historians have often referred to this period of Khazar domination as the 1888:) joined the ancient Hungarians in the 9th century. The ruling elite of the Khazars was said by 21200: 21134: 21120: 20623: 20554: 18996: 18555: 18134: 17492: 17469: 17284: 17180: 16986: 16923: 16633: 16483: 16251: 15777: 15681: 15169: 14598: 14040: 12366: 12166: 11878:

Behar, Doron M; Thomas, Mark G; Skorecki, Karl; Hammer, Michael F; et al. (October 2003).

7620:, p. 137: Ernest Renan, "Judaism as a Race and as Religion." Delivered on 27 January 1883. 7583: 5569: 5196: 5046: 4879: 4805: 4793: 3599: 3530: 3472: 3440: 3373: 3234: 3188: 2975: 2797: 2722: 2711: 1641: 1445: 1310: 1111: 16938: 16894: 16843: 16802: 16535: 16436: 16315: 16169: 16109: 15992: 15948: 15719: 15646: 15534: 15444: 15326: 15063: 14901: 14677: 14504: 14395: 14363: 14210: 14003: 13940: 13908: 13823: 13793: 13667: 13530: 13501: 13447: 13081: 13050: 12758: 12729: 12559: 12467: 12308: 12200: 11924: 11803: 11771: 11729: 11665: 11457: 4875:

population of Europe. This hypothesis is greeted with scepticism or caution by most scholars.

3595: 3512:

soon broke out, leading to the Abbasid Revolution and the fall of the Umayyad dynasty in 750.

3276:, nicknamed "the slit-nosed" (ὁ ῥινότμητος) after he was mutilated and deposed, was exiled to 3155:

passed via the Khazar Kaghanate, until it was supplanted in the 10th-century by the route of

1853:

in which Khazars were known as Turks, just as Hungarians were known as Turks in Byzantium) in

1798:–965) the Khazars dominated the vast area extending from the Volga-Don steppes to the eastern 21447: 20210: 19505: 19239: 19198: 19188: 18911: 18642: 18364: 18318: 17926: 17021: 16847: 16761: 16732: 16681: 16598: 16513: 16347: 16140: 16080: 15996: 15917: 15875: 15829: 15727: 15505: 15292: 15228: 15192: 15163: 15097: 14985: 14943: 14783: 14754: 14648: 14559: 14423: 14276: 13876: 13676:

The Persisting Question: Sociological Perspectives and Social Contexts of Modern Antisemitism

13559: 13390: 13287: 13249: 13219: 13215: 13183: 13153: 13149: 13115: 13111: 13046: 13018: 12990: 12695: 12691: 12587: 12398: 12336: 12127: 11982: 7366: 6937:"If anyone thinks that the Khazar correspondence was first composed in 1577 and published in 5433: 5323: 4850: 4578: 4514: 4455: 4338: 4291: 4116: 3950: 3903: 3891: 3397: 2343: 2082: 1901: 1833:

to attack Khazaria and to weaken its hold on Crimea and the Caucasus and sought to obtain an

1024: 206: 58: 16273: 16244: 15871: 15825: 15803:

Shapira, Dan D.Y. (2006). "Remarks on Avraham Firkovicz and the Hebrew Mejelis "Document"".

15478:

Hungarians & Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History

14722: 14334: 13291: 13253: 12760:

Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World: Attitudes and Interactions from Alexander to Justinian

11953: 11678:

The Paranoid Apocalypse: A Hundred-year Retrospective on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion

3312:(ruled 717–741) made a similar alliance to co-ordinate strategy against a common enemy, the 21406: 21154: 20900: 20549: 19886: 19510: 19390: 19122: 19082: 18850: 18845: 18695: 18597: 18517: 17580: 17299: 17254: 17025: 16851: 16719: 16709: 16602: 16040: 16000: 15879: 15833: 15731: 15472: 15232: 14989: 14909: 14707: 13295: 13257: 12699: 12652: 12407: 12248: 12222: 11703: 11607: 11582: 11425: 7768: 7553: 7482:

communities may have existed, but the linguistic and historical evidence suggests that the

6479: 5024: 4988: 4945: 4358: 4076:, while the Qabars retained their traditions longer, and were known as "black Hungarians" ( 4034: 3811: 3774: 3563: 3488: 3359: 3309: 3293: 3277: 3129:

to Russia, where slaves and furs were sold to Muslim merchants in exchange for Arab silver

2828: 2793: 2032: 1877: 1842: 1580: 798: 377: 13160:. Critical Perspectives on the Past Series. American Historical Association. Vol. 2. 11773:

The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade

8031:, 'Saturday', which is likely to have been derived from the Khazar Jews living in Kyiv." ( 5090:, while the Khazar hypothesis generally never played any major role in the development of 4178:. Khazar merchants were active in both Constantinople and Alexandria in the 12th century. 2796:, Kubrat's son, shifted even further west across the Danube to lay the foundations of the 8: 21391: 21371: 21164: 20806: 20734: 20413: 19701: 19436: 18258: 17877: 17502: 17324: 16807:. Trends in linguistics / Studies and monographs: Studies and monographs. Vol. 136. 16804:

Two-Tiered Relexification in Yiddish: Jews, Sorbs, Khazars and the Kiev-Polessian Dialect

13754: 13629: 12735: 12617: 12341:

The Voice of the Poor in the Middle Ages: An Anthology of Documents from the Cairo Geniza

11805:

Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

6666: 6191:, and together they were registered in Chinese sources as the "ten names" (shí míng:十名) ( 5259:), it takes the form of a fictional dialogue between the pagan king of the Khazars and a 5210: 5054: 4976: 4609: 4444: 4362: 4135: 4007: 3288:) presided. He escaped into Khazar territory in 704 or 705 and was given asylum by qağan 3164: 3110: 3037: 3000: 2420: 2085:

tried to link the Chinese term for "Khazars" to one of the tribal names of the Uyğur, or

2044: 1278: 888: 16713: 15600: 12656: 12411: 11832: 11427:

The Genealogical Science: The Search for Jewish Origins and the Politics of Epistemology

7732:

be'Eropa (Khazaria: History of a Jewish Kingdom in Europe) Mosad Bialik, Tel Aviv, 1951.

7587: 6824: 3781:

The Rus' warlords launched several wars against the Khazar Qağanate, and raided down to

3250: 21416: 21321: 21229: 21215: 21149: 21089: 20981: 20922: 20094: 19896: 19806: 19706: 19296: 19218: 18921: 18860: 18670: 18587: 18253: 18102: 18075: 17309: 17202: 16469: 16401: 16224: 15258: 15220: 15125: 15050: 14885: 14835: 14808: 14621: 14587: 14111: 13780: 13663: 13364: 13193: 12978: 12803: 12673: 12642: 12630: 12455: 12428: 12393: 12371: 12292: 11906: 11879: 11862: 11628: 11556: 11529: 7867: 7319: 7069: 6572: 6081: 5327:

allude to or feature elements of Khazar history or create fictional Khazar characters.

5162: 5139: 5123: 5107: 4761: 4642: 4566: 4386: 3961:

likewise found only impoverished pastures in the lower Volga area where Ital once lay.

3958: 3934:

in the 1080s Oleg Sviatoslavich, son of a prince of Chernigov, gave himself the title "

3838: 3756: 3436: 3238: 3222: 3098: 2773: 2760: 2282: 2014: 1850: 1601: 1395: 1266: 468: 265: 16579: 16564: 12822:

The Monotheisation of Pontic-Caspian Eurasia From the Eighth to the Thirteenth Century

12189: 11599: 11574: 9642: 21472: 21401: 21205: 21079: 20912: 20683: 20252: 20151: 19612: 19470: 19208: 18815: 18730: 18715: 18685: 18627: 18592: 18548: 18394: 18313: 18066: 17813: 17487: 17399: 17374: 17364: 17359: 17329: 17269: 17037: 16971: 16948: 16904: 16863: 16812: 16808: 16771: 16742: 16691: 16662: 16614: 16545: 16495: 16464: 16446: 16357: 16343: 16325: 16289: 16228: 16179: 16150: 16121: 16090: 16034: 16012: 15960: 15929: 15925: 15891: 15845: 15785: 15743: 15685: 15656: 15624: 15542: 15515: 15486: 15454: 15429: 15368: 15336: 15304: 15277: 15240: 15202: 15173: 15141: 15130: 15107: 15075: 15054: 15001: 14959: 14921: 14877: 14840: 14789: 14764: 14732: 14687: 14658: 14602: 14567: 14544: 14514: 14464: 14405: 14391: 14373: 14344: 14315: 14286: 14254: 14243: 14220: 14157: 14132: 14115: 14103: 14081: 14044: 14013: 13984: 13952: 13918: 13886: 13833: 13801: 13740: 13710: 13706: 13683: 13679: 13633: 13601: 13569: 13540: 13511: 13482: 13457: 13428: 13422: 13400: 13368: 13326: 13307: 13269: 13231: 13227: 13197: 13165: 13131: 13093: 13062: 13028: 13000: 12982: 12943: 12881: 12830: 12807: 12768: 12739: 12707: 12678: 12569: 12504: 12475: 12433: 12348: 12318: 12296: 12252: 12204: 12170: 12147: 12073: 12048: 12021: 11992: 11963: 11934: 11911: 11854: 11813: 11781: 11749: 11685: 11643: 11561: 11510: 11481: 11435: 7442: 7424:

The original ancestral cavern of the Türks, according to Chinese sources, was called

7073: 6845: 6703:

is still known to Arabs, and many peoples of the region, as the "Khazar Sea" (Arabic

6415: 6008: 5747: 5502: 5451: 5444: 5404: 5282: 5103: 4831: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4507: 4295: 4263: 4046: 3915: 3886:

mentions a joint Rus'-Byzantine attack on Khazaria in 1016, which defeated its ruler

3834: 3730: 3721:

from Kiev, where they collected tribute from Eastern Slavic tribes, began to wane as

3703: 3699: 3643: 3602:. Then they together ended up at the outer slopes of Carpathians, and settled there. 3480: 3432: 3369: 3365: 3329: 3230: 3152: 3126: 2742: 2678: 2647: 1822: 1818: 1772: 1768: 1646: 1254: 1020: 951: 301: 289: 128: 15784:. Vol. 3: (Countries, Regions, and Communities). ABC-CLIO. pp. 1097–1104. 15613: 13945:

An Empire of Others: Creating Ethnographic Knowledge in Imperial Russia and the USSR

12787: 2178:

Determining the origins and nature of the Khazars is closely bound with theories of

2006: 1860:

Determining the origins and nature of the Khazars is closely bound with theories of

21437: 21325: 21210: 21169: 20706: 20559: 20205: 20052: 19921: 19853: 19782: 19726: 19711: 19696: 19681: 19651: 19641: 19617: 19553: 19460: 19319: 19306: 19262: 19213: 19157: 18825: 18805: 18725: 18705: 18680: 18582: 18359: 18339: 18117: 17893: 17881: 17873: 17861: 17837: 17829: 17817: 17798: 17751: 17653: 17616: 17507: 17444: 17439: 17404: 17354: 17279: 17259: 17219: 17149:

The Kitab al-Khazari of Judah Hallevi, full English translation at sacred-texts.com

17033: 17000: 16944: 16859: 16738: 16610: 16522: 16442: 16393: 16216: 16146: 16117: 16008: 15920:. In Reyerson, Kathryn Von; Stavrou, Theofanis George; Tracy, James Donald (eds.). 15887: 15841: 15812: 15768: 15739: 15634: 15592: 15421: 15151: 15042: 14997: 14977: 14947: 14939: 14897: 14889: 14867: 14830: 14822: 14809:"The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East" 14612: 14449:"The Hungarians' Prehistory, Their Conquest of Hungary and their raids to the West" 14264: 14194: 14190: 14095: 13914: 13772: 13565: 13338: 13303: 13265: 13222:. In Reyerson, Kathryn Von; Stavrou, Theofanis George; Tracy, James Donald (eds.). 13119: 12970: 12913: 12795: 12668: 12660: 12543: 12500: 12423: 12415: 12314: 12284: 12214: 12119: 11901: 11893: 11866: 11846: 11767: 11745: 11653: 11551: 11543: 11421: 7710: 7488: 7483: 7428:, and the tribal leaders would travel there annually to conduct sacrificial rites ( 6920: 6734: 6653: 6517: 5934: 5834: 5830: 5766: 5628: 5448: 5276: 5227: 5214: 5115: 4923: 4919: 4827: 4817: 4789: 4785: 4773: 4753: 4582: 4533: 4425: 4259: 4221: 4166: 4085: 3786: 3722: 3666:

on the eastern steppe. By 860, the Rus' had penetrated as far as Kiev and, via the

3630:. Their presence may have prompted the formation of a Rus' state by convincing the 3070: 2929: 2667: 2517: 2400: 2318: 2310: 2211: 2207: 2179: 2114: 2094: 2048: 2025: 1991: 1983: 1937: 1897: 1893: 1861: 1814: 1740: 1702: 1636: 1372: 1242: 1065: 968: 879: 870: 861: 834: 789: 780: 763: 253: 18349: 17249: 16537:

Making a Nation, Breaking a Nation: Literature and Cultural Politics in Yugoslavia

16526: 15322: 14307:

The Economic Role of Jews in Medieval Poland: The Contribution of Yitzhak Schipper

14212:

Masterpieces of Hebrew Literature: Selections from 2000 Years of Jewish Creativity

7837: 7322:, dated 985–986, which refers to "our lord David, the Khazar prince" who lived in 6036:

al-Iṣṭakhrī's account however then contradicts itself by likening the language to

4984: 3681:

Site of the Khazar fortress at Sarkel (aerial photo from excavations conducted by

3364:

During the 7th and 8th centuries, the Khazars fought a series of wars against the

21356: 21280: 21259: 21048: 20754: 20739: 20701: 20569: 20176: 20087: 19926: 19906: 19811: 19801: 19787: 19716: 19676: 19671: 19636: 19537: 19491: 19465: 19272: 19244: 19223: 19006: 18961: 18835: 18740: 18513:

Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)

18195: 18172: 18145: 17885: 17857: 17853: 17825: 17794: 17731: 17688: 17671: 17497: 17459: 17394: 17379: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17334: 17319: 17314: 17304: 17294: 17274: 17264: 17232: 17167: 17155: 17142: 17127: 15715: 15476: 15354: 14147: 13970: 13936: 13904: 13623: 13591: 13507: 13418: 13386: 13358: 13354: 12933: 12929: 12852: 12494: 12394:"A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages" 12063: 12011: 11725: 11707: 10568: 7548: 7479: 7323: 7249: 6775: 6513: 6246:

There was a maximum limit on the number of years of a king's reign, according to

6077:

Struktur und Gesellschaft des Chazaren-Reiches im Licht der schriftlichen Quellen

5560: 5497: 5472: 5372: 5344: 5298: 5272: 5268: 5159: 5019: 4890: 4835: 4626: 4613: 4574: 4541: 4537: 4503: 4499: 4326: 4310: 4267: 4241: 4209: 3970: 3930:

or other steppe peoples then dominant in the Pontic region. Upon his conquest of

3907: 3794: 3752: 3711: 3627: 3501: 3202: 2919: 2861: 2832: 2715: 2286: 2274: 2250: 2173: 2161: 1980: 1965: 1826: 1736: 1459: 1431: 1129: 942: 933: 915: 852: 825: 816: 313: 101: 17148: 16220: 15816: 13941:"National Inventions: The Imperial Emancipation of the Karaites from Jewishness" 13360:

Turks and Khazars: Origins, Institutions, and Interactions in Pre-Mongol Eurasia

13342: 12996:

Khazar Studies: An Historio-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars

12799: 12547: 8282: 8280: 6360:

Outside Muslim traders were under the jurisdiction of a special royal official (

5154:

and Slavic Eurasian historiography; particularly, in the works of scholars like

4369:, Jewish communities from the Balkans and the Bosphoran Crimea, especially from 4169:

mentions encountering rabbinical students descended from Khazars as far away as

3491:

and briefly occupying the town. Barjik was defeated and killed the next year at

2749:, and the ruler appointed by the tribal high council, Āshǐnà Shètú (阿史那摄图), the 21411: 21376: 21184: 21159: 21084: 20605: 20488: 20237: 19992: 19916: 19858: 19777: 19721: 19686: 19661: 19646: 19577: 19404: 19369: 19361: 19183: 19162: 18956: 18810: 18745: 18700: 18675: 18660: 18650: 18622: 18507: 18404: 18384: 18278: 18263: 18228: 18129: 17901: 17889: 17865: 17845: 17806: 17755: 17716: 17621: 17611: 17530: 17464: 17449: 17429: 17414: 17409: 17384: 17369: 17289: 17227: 17210: 16379: 16375: 16240: 16197: 15413: 14905: 13728: 12597: 12522: 12304: 12270: 11673: 11669: 11661: 11623: 11547: 11507:

Secret report from the Great Steppe. The truth about the empire of the Russians

11474:

The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Trade and industry in the Middle Ages

11461: 11453: 7772: 7648: 7562: 7558: 6132:, though he explains that the polity was named Khazar because the Ashina-ruled 5965: 5926: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5857: 5774: 5614: 5547: 5463: 5412: 5318: 5218: 5170: 5106:, both in Britain and the United States. Particularly after the publication of 5102:

and religious polemical literature, particularly in literature which advocated

5087: 5071: 4992: 4872: 4715: 4703: 4695: 4634: 4604: 4483: 4440: 4413: 4042: 3993: 3919: 3899: 3726: 3695: 3671: 3651: 3631: 3623: 3475:

under Muslim suzerainty. The Khazars struck back in 726, led by a prince named

3459:

inflicted a crushing defeat on the Khazars in a long battle between the rivers

3333: 3317: 3090: 3048: 3003:. Other officials in the Khazar government included dignitaries referred to by 2966:. But unlike many other local polities, they hired soldiers (mercenaries) (the 2911: 2750: 2729:. By 568, these Göktürks were probing for an alliance with Byzantium to attack 2689: 2581: 2126: 2076: 2072: 1960: 1881: 1854: 1838: 1788: 1760: 1616: 1452: 1051: 1041: 924: 906: 897: 843: 807: 601: 577: 537: 509: 325: 241: 229: 21320: 20374: 19772: 15425: 15046: 14712: 14099: 13798:

Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History

13189:

Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs

12917: 12288: 4321: 3550:

Around 830, a rebellion broke out in the Khazar khaganate. As a result, three

3416: 2227: 21431: 21174: 20882: 20724: 20533: 20338: 20308: 20242: 20181: 20073: 20066: 20013: 19901: 19891: 19666: 19486: 19291: 19087: 19067: 19057: 18800: 18750: 18612: 18440: 18430: 18233: 18122: 18021: 17976: 17849: 17771: 17767: 17737: 17681: 17666: 17631: 17538: 17454: 17434: 17419: 16499: 16317:

Conversion and Narrative: Reading and Religious Authority in Medieval Polemic

16116:. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450. Vol. 2. 15918:"Closer Encounters with the Byzantine World: The Rus at the Straits of Kerch" 15274:

History of Jewish People in Russia. From Antiquity to the Early Modern Period

15159: 14272: 14238: 14107: 13724: 13597: 12974: 12343:. Jews, Christians, and Muslims from the Ancient to the Modern World Series. 11630:

Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement

11465: 11290: 10580: 8277: 7669: 7077: 7061: 7053: 6771: 6596: 5850: 5455: 5252: 5205:

Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry § Genetics and the Khazar theory

5184: 5175: 5166: 5147: 5127: 5038: 5034: 4996: 4968: 4960: 4938: 4930: 4899: 4777: 4690: 4532:

wrote that "all the Khazars are Jews, but they have been Judaized recently".

4495: 4467: 4382: 4378: 4306: 4170: 4101: 3985: 3911: 3887: 3691: 3591: 3567: 3460: 3337: 3321: 3198: 3062: 3041: 2848: 2836: 2738: 2625: 2528: 2495: 2486: 2302: 2199: 2187: 2134: 1945: 1869: 1732: 1611: 1606: 1519: 1508: 1358: 1101: 700: 337: 17004: 16397: 15267:

Istoriya yevreyskogo naroda v Rossii. Ot drevnosti do rannego Novogo vremeni

14872: 14853: 13116:"Nomads in the Sedentary World: The Case of Pre-Chinggisid Rus' and Georgia" 11502:

Geheimbericht aus der Grossen Steppe. Die Wahrheit über das Reich der Russen

10604: 6286:"the rest of the Khazars profess a religion similar to that of the Turks." ( 5094:, it has exercised a noticeable influence on American antisemites since the 4236:) that were, according to the Khazar Hebrew conversion stories, driven out. 20917: 20905: 20691: 20581: 20448: 20433: 20247: 20186: 20156: 20120: 20080: 19944: 19816: 19793: 19561: 19497: 19384: 19147: 18916: 18775: 18419: 18205: 17833: 17775: 17759: 17721: 17573: 17543: 17047: 16958: 16914: 16885: 16834: 16793: 16752: 16701: 16672: 16624: 16555: 16456: 16438:

The Economic History of European Jews: Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages

16367: 16335: 16306: 16232: 16189: 16160: 16131: 16100: 16022: 15970: 15939: 15908: 15862: 15795: 15753: 15707: 15666: 15652: 15642: 15552: 15525: 15496: 15464: 15378: 15364: 15346: 15314: 15250: 15212: 15183: 15117: 15093: 15085: 15023: 14969: 14931: 14881: 14844: 14799: 14774: 14760: 14750: 14742: 14697: 14668: 14577: 14524: 14474: 14415: 14383: 14354: 14325: 14296: 14230: 14206: 14167: 14119: 14037:

Transcultural Approaches to the Concept of Imperial Rule in the Middle Ages

14023: 13994: 13962: 13928: 13896: 13843: 13819: 13811: 13693: 13655: 13619: 13611: 13587: 13579: 13550: 13521: 13492: 13467: 13438: 13410: 13378: 13346: 13317: 13279: 13241: 13207: 13175: 13141: 13103: 13072: 13038: 13010: 12953: 12891: 12873:

Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen through Contemporary Eyes

12862: 12778: 12749: 12717: 12682: 12601: 12579: 12555: 12514: 12485: 12437: 12362: 12328: 12262: 12234: 12095: 12031: 12002: 11973: 11944: 11915: 11858: 11823: 11791: 11759: 11717: 11695: 11565: 11520: 11491: 11445: 8166: 7690: 7327: 6895: 6841: 6738: 5961: 5822: 5762: 5487: 5306: 5180: 5143: 5119: 5091: 5030: 5000: 4895: 4781: 4757: 4666: 4594: 4586: 4529: 4394: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4354: 4343: 4255: 4131: 3939: 3895: 3879: 3855: 3658:, is often associated with a Khazarian foundation. The construction of the 3605: 3587: 3410: 3313: 3297: 3273: 2945: 2719: 2475: 2329: 2278: 2270: 2266: 1973: 1969: 1921: 1889: 1810: 1764: 1631: 1482: 1194: 1161: 1090: 655: 181: 16844:"Yiddish Evidence for the Khazar Component in the Ashkenazic ethnogenesis" 16380:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 15993:"The Story of an Euphemism: The Khazars in Russian Nationalist Literature" 15270:История еврейского народа в России. От древности до раннего Нового времени 14082:"Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Diversity in Khazar Burials from Southern Russia" 13851: 6461:

Over 520 separate hoards of such silver have been uncovered in Sweden and

6114:

In this view, the name Khazar would derive from a hypothetical *Aq Qasar (

5964:

commenting on script systems in 987–88 recorded that the Khazars wrote in

5415:

region. Some scholars suppose that the Khazar settlement of Sambat on the

5169:. The Kazar hypothesis was further exploited by esoteric fascists such as 4677:, but their appeal was rejected because they were regarded as "infidels" ( 4127:

also adopted Judaism in the 4th century, lasting until the rise of Islam.

3533:, to take a royal Khazar bride. Yazid married a daughter of Khazar Khagan 3151:; during the 8th- and 9th-century this trade route between Europe and the 2831:

of the formidable Göktürk Qağanate after its disintegration. According to

1834: 20887: 20877: 20865: 20764: 20585: 20468: 20463: 20407: 19911: 19827: 19754: 19623: 19604: 19427: 19203: 19193: 19132: 19107: 18896: 18830: 18780: 18710: 18409: 18061: 18006: 17711: 17641: 16638: 16417: 16277: 16114:

The "Other" Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans

15953:

The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions

15620: 15608: 15566: 14650:

The Philosopher-King in Medieval and Renaissance Jewish Political Thought

14532: 14506:

Reconstructing Ashkenaz: The Human Face of Franco-German Jewry, 1000–1250

14452: 13085: 13054: 12925: 12664: 11850: 11278: 7900: 7557:

which claimed that the converted Khazars were the progenitors of today's

6763: 6700: 6604: 5877: 5838: 5786: 5782: 5217:—as proxies. The evidence from historians he used has been criticised by 5155: 5058: 5050: 4980: 4949: 4670: 4638: 4491: 4299: 4143: 4019: 4011: 4000: 3842: 3823: 3635: 3538: 3509: 3405: 3122: 3015: 2840: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2464: 2431: 2348: 2190:. Whereas the royal or ruling elite probably spoke an eastern variety of 2086: 2056: 1987: 1784: 1133: 619: 351: 18906: 17032:. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. Vol. 17. 16858:. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. Vol. 17. 16609:. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. Vol. 17. 16007:. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. Vol. 17. 15738:. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. Vol. 17. 15066:. In Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Charles (eds.). 14996:. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. Vol. 17. 14005:

History of the Byzantine Jews: A Microcosmos in the Thousand Year Empire

13503:

Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype

11266: 10355: 7589:

Die Völker des südlichen Russlands in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung,

7403:) where books are to be retrieved. They turn out to be the books of the 6770:("flower"). Erdal, however, citing the Byzantine work on court ceremony 6669:

argued that the Khazars were the ancestors of contemporary Circassians (

6080:, (Münster, 1982) suggested that the Khazars were Turkic members of the 4435: 4270:. The alliance was dropped around 900. Byzantium began to encourage the 4081: 4064:, joined the Hungarians in their migration westwards as they moved into 1829:. The alliance was dropped around 900. Byzantium began to encourage the 21067: 21024: 20663: 20268: 19515: 19267: 19112: 19077: 19027: 19011: 18981: 18690: 18389: 18354: 18210: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18051: 17389: 16405: 16030: 15328:

The History of Anti-semitism: From the time of Christ to the court Jews

14654: 14560:"Conversion to Judaism: a tale of the good, the bad and the ungrateful" 14340: 13784: 13671: 12561:

History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period

12419: 12392:

Costa, M. D.; Pereira, Joana B.; Richards, Martin B. (8 October 2013).

11326: 10957: 9953: 7305:(Book of the Argument and Demonstration in Aid of the Despised Faith) ( 7045: 6432: 6247: 5694:... could have reflected any of a number of peoples within Khazaria." ( 5438: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5151: 5135: 5098:. Maurice Fishberg and Roland B. Dixon's works were later exploited in 4964: 4857:

order to avoid the antisemitic effects of the stigma attached to Jews.

4741: 4731: 4619: 4570: 4330: 4073: 3931: 3875: 3851: 3819: 3742: 3619: 3575: 3009: 3004: 2895: 2853: 2746: 2195: 2040: 1949: 1913: 1748: 1470: 1419: 1346: 1206: 277: 196: 138: 20453: 19597: 18016: 15951:. In Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. (eds.). 15782:

Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture

15562:"'Jews a Race' Genetic Theory Comes Under Fierce Attack by DNA Expert" 15261:; Flyorov, Valeriy (2010). "Iudaizm v Khazarii po dannym arkheologii" 12123: 10556: 4220:

in 711-12 saw 300 soldiers killed to accompany him to the otherworld.

3559: 1218: 21341: 21336: 21179: 20892: 20483: 20473: 20420: 20387: 20273: 20059: 20021: 20002: 19982: 19957: 19863: 19397: 19142: 19042: 18785: 18617: 18607: 18435: 18414: 18379: 18374: 18323: 18283: 18268: 18238: 18141: 18092: 18001: 17763: 17676: 17636: 17557: 17553: 15922:

Pre-modern Russia and its world: Essays in Honour of Thomas S. Noonan

15198: 14955: 14369: 14282: 13980: 13882: 13536: 13532:

Black Sun: Aryan cults, esoteric nazism, and the politics of identity

13224:

Pre-modern Russia and its world: Essays in Honour of Thomas S. Noonan

13127: 12899: 11959: 11666:"Anti-Semitism from Outer Space: The Protocols in the UFO Subculture" 11314: 11302: 8711: 8709: 6588: 6205: 6176: 6012: 5554: 5380: 4842: 4821: 4769: 4745: 4735: 4654: 4409: 4350: 4282: 4225: 4139: 4045:

was arguably modelled on Khazar institutions, via the example of the

4023: 3859: 3738: 3571: 3522: 3372:

successor. The First Arab-Khazar War began during the first phase of

3346: 3254: 3229:, plying him with gifts and the promise of marriage to his daughter, 3218: 3194: 3086: 2971: 2865: 2734: 2572: 2561: 2358: 1933: 1776: 1656: 1334: 1182: 1006: 982: 754: 664: 495: 166: 72: 18424: 16482:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).

15535:"Anti-Semitism in Eurasian Historiography: The Caser of Lev Gumilev" 14176: 14063: 13776: 13758: 13158:

Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History

12273:(1996). "Byzantines and Jews: some recent work on early Byzantium". 8448: 4963:

ventured the theory that the biblical Ashkenaz referred to northern

3826:

and then back to Kiev. Sarkel fell in 965, with the capital city of

3650:) as early as the 830s: the title survived to denote the princes of 2109:

was not a tribal name but rather the surname of the chief of the 思结

21396: 20729: 20714: 20593: 20438: 20382: 20368: 20353: 20328: 20318: 20288: 19977: 19964: 19950: 19531: 19301: 19127: 19097: 19052: 18966: 18941: 18901: 18886: 18820: 18735: 18602: 18466: 18399: 18344: 18293: 18248: 18097: 18071: 18046: 17996: 17971: 17788: 17601: 17565: 17549: 16737:. Contributions to the sociology of Jewish languages. Vol. 2. 14826: 12961:

Golden, Peter B. (July 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks".

11897: 11218: 9452: 8460: 7741:"Poliak sought the origins of Eastern European Jewry in Khazaria" ( 7673: 7065: 7028: 6742: 6327: 5492: 5392: 5360: 5352: 5340: 4934: 4674: 4526: 4494:

that concluded some decades later. A 9th-century Jewish traveller,

4398: 4286: 4198: 4192: 4162: 4115:

The Khazar state was not the only Jewish state to rise between the

4065: 4015: 4006:

empire to the east, both events paving the way for the rise of the

4003: 3974: 3927: 3883: 3610: 3534: 3525:

attempted to strengthen diplomatic ties with the Khazars, ordering

3444: 3393: 3381: 3160: 3029: 2953: 2941: 2885:

governance structure, typical among Turkic nomads, consisting of a

2603: 2506: 2322: 2254: 2232: 2223: 2218: 2183: 1873: 1865: 1803: 1621: 1407: 1076: 978: 691: 628: 523: 191: 176: 171: 85: 20615: 14788:. Anthem Russian and Slavonic studies. Vol. 1. Anthem Press. 14483: 12647: 12616:. Library of Congress Country Studies. Federal Research Division, 12445:

Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P., eds. (1953).

10247: 8706: 5271:

and Islamic philosophy to the Jewish faith. Originally written in

4952:(1920) used it to argue that "The main part of Jewry never was in 4937:

onwards, polemical pamphlets against the Khazars were inspired by

4521:) with the people of Qazaria (to Judaism) in complete repentance ( 3973:

at that time, mentioned an otherwise unattested Jewish tribe, the

3388:, suffering heavy losses; according to Persian historians such as 1952:(on the basis of their Ukrainian and Cossack origin and others). 996: 21351: 20528: 20478: 20428: 20402: 20397: 20348: 20303: 20298: 20283: 20200: 20146: 20109: 20104: 19997: 19987: 19972: 19821: 19590: 19544: 19455: 19330: 19137: 19117: 19047: 19037: 18976: 18951: 18926: 18891: 18855: 18840: 18795: 18720: 18665: 18476: 18456: 18369: 17981: 17961: 17914: 17783: 17701: 17646: 17626: 17606: 17596: 17561: 16715:

The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind

15225:"Khazaria and Rus': An Examination of their Historical Relations" 10592: 8231: 8229: 7492: 7478:

Rabbinic Judaism rather than Qaraism was the form adopted. Small

7020: 6780: 6634: 6462: 6269: 6209: 6184: 6037: 5889: 5459: 5416: 5364: 5356: 5264: 5075: 4846: 4727: 4650: 4646: 4419: 4402: 4278: 4202: 4151: 4147: 4030: 3996: 3922:, although most scholars believe that this is a reference to the 3918:

was reportedly kidnapped by "Khazars" in 1079 and shipped off to

3764: 3747: 3718: 3667: 3663: 3555: 3516: 3496: 3484: 3341: 3325: 3242: 3066: 2979: 2963: 2882: 2835:, the language of the Onoğur-Bulğar federation was to become the 2824: 2820: 2453: 2328:

The ruling family of this confederation may have hailed from the

2306: 2298: 2290: 2262: 2258: 2203: 1941: 1925: 1917: 1909: 1383: 745: 709: 673: 646: 637: 610: 481: 161: 15872:"Armenian and Georgian Sources on the Khazars – A Re-Evaluation" 14245:

Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice

14035:. In Scholl, Christian; Gebhardt, Torben R.; Clauß, Jan (eds.). 10815: 10813: 10172: 10088: 8616: 6263:

Petrukhin notes that Ibn Fadlan's description of a Rus' prince (

4956:", a thesis that was to have a political echo in later opinion. 3324:(ruled 741–775), to Bihar's daughter, a princess referred to as 2999:

would be appointed for a town nominally within another polity's

21361: 20937: 20646: 20503: 20493: 20443: 20392: 20343: 20333: 20313: 20293: 20278: 20192: 20128: 20114: 20046: 20031: 20026: 20007: 19835: 19749: 19285: 19102: 19072: 19062: 18991: 18986: 18946: 18936: 18790: 18502: 18461: 18243: 18200: 18150: 18011: 17966: 17956: 17940: 17934: 17919: 17909: 17745: 17706: 17696: 17661: 15068:

An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires

13850: 11154: 9401: 9236: 8172: 7500: 7090: 7057: 6785: 6746: 6683: 6580: 6537: 6531: 6129: 5466: 5408: 5368: 5240: 5099: 5012: 4801: 4749: 4630: 4599: 4205: 4175: 4089: 3966: 3935: 3923: 3815: 3659: 3582:. From 862 onwards, the Hungarians (already referred to as the 3519: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3301: 3281: 3246: 3226: 3148: 3131: 3118: 3074: 2992: 2991:. In some cases, such as the Byzantine settlements in southern 2985:

Settlements were governed by administrative officials known as

2902: 2816: 2812: 2777: 2730: 2636: 2552: 2541: 2442: 2391: 2362: 1929: 1799: 1752: 1744: 736: 727: 718: 551: 420: 15599:. Vol. 1. Collins/Fontana. pp. 25–71. Archived from 15539:

Russia Between East and West: Scholarly Debates on Eurasianism

15353: 14854:"Y chromosome evidence for a founder effect in Ashkenazi Jews" 14564:

Religious Conversion: Contemporary Practices and Controversies

13561:

The " Red Jews": Antisemitism in the Apocalyptic Age 1200–1600

12245:

Islam, from its origins to the beginning of the Ottoman Empire

10447: 10445: 10225: 10223: 9323: 9277: 9275: 8696: 8694: 8226: 8091: 7634: 4224:

was observed. The key religious figure appears to have been a

3988:, c. 1015 (areas in blue possibly still under Khazar control). 3980: 3763:

and (equally) all (their) enemies from setting off by land to

3260: 20601: 20498: 20458: 20363: 20323: 20041: 20036: 19868: 19583: 19152: 19092: 19032: 19001: 18931: 18655: 18471: 18056: 17991: 17726: 14131:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 220–251. 14078: 13092:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–255. 13061:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–283. 12902:(July–December 2011). "Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?". 12313:. Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition. Vol. 10. 10810: 10586: 10574: 10457: 10343: 9857: 9821: 9630: 9248: 9176: 9164: 8130: 7694: 7676:, Schipper (1884–1943) was working on the Khazar hypothesis ( 7496: 7404: 7094: 7032: 7024: 6222: 6140:, took over the territory formerly occupied by the Akatziri ( 6123: 5888:) was also mentioned in a Khotanese Saka text about Turks in 5608: 5591: 5411:. A number of Khazar settlements have been discovered in the 5400: 5376: 5245: 5008: 4953: 4883: 4845:

had retained very simple Jewish traditions, mostly devoid of

4738: 4590: 4546: 4271: 4155: 4097: 4093: 4061: 3760: 3707: 3579: 3551: 3492: 3289: 3249:, where the Byzantines may have deployed an early variety of 3144: 3140: 3033: 2987: 2949: 2757: 2614: 2361:, who had been important allies of Byzantium in fighting off 2289:

zone from as early as the 4th century CE and are recorded by

2217:

The latter based upon the assertion of the Persian historian

1885: 1872:. The native religion of the Khazars is thought to have been 1830: 1780: 1767:, Khazaria became one of the foremost trading empires of the 1729: 1711: 1322: 1010: 992: 682: 186: 16059:. Rosaline and Myer Feinstein Lecture Series. Archived from 10909: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10408: 10406: 10283: 10049: 9661: 9659: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9364: 9362: 8484: 4995:, but was dismissed by Bernard Weinryb as a fiction (1962). 4517:

asserts that, after the royal conversion, "Israel returned (

4150:

and, raising an army for this purpose, took the fortress of

3865: 1825:, after serving as the Byzantine Empire's proxy against the 1717: 21366: 20597: 20589: 18971: 18881: 18876: 18540: 18512: 18288: 17056:"КАСПИЙСКОЕ МОРЕ перевод [CASPIAN SEA translation]" 16511:

Vogt, Judith (1975). "Left-wing 'anti-Zionism' in Norway".

15507:

Russian Intellectual Antisemitism in the Post-Communist Era

13424:

Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes

11386: 11230: 11194: 11094: 10933: 10510: 10508: 10442: 10391: 10367: 10220: 10076: 10013: 9929: 9869: 9731: 9299: 9272: 8954: 8691: 8568: 8312: 8310: 7049: 6509: 5420: 5336: 4107: 3827: 3655: 3639: 3136: 2294: 2269:, are attested quite early, having been driven West by the 1846: 1751:. They created what for its duration was the most powerful 1708: 109: 17120: 15648:

The Story of the Jews: Finding the Words (1000 BCE – 1492)

15418:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024

14914:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024

14852:

Nebel, Almut; Filon, Dvora; Faerman, Marina (March 2005).

14756:

The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews

13794:"The legend of Xinnie in the seventh and eighth centuries" 11830: 11350: 11332: 11206: 11130: 11118: 11058: 10885: 10825: 10705: 10493: 10319: 10235: 10066: 10064: 9601: 9565: 9512: 9500: 8894: 8592: 8424: 8286: 8027:"Kiev in Khazar is Sambat, the same as the Hungarian word 16441:. Études sur le Judaïsme Médiéval. Vol. 56. Leiden: 15357:; Basista, Jakub; Link-Lenczowski, Andrzej, eds. (1993). 14704: 13449:

The Price of Whiteness: Jews, Race, and American Identity

11877: 11338: 11296: 11142: 11046: 10861: 10793: 10717: 10645: 10616: 10562: 10403: 10259: 9989: 9656: 9613: 9589: 9536: 9476: 9359: 9260: 9188: 9142: 9140: 9053: 9029: 8297: 8295: 6230: 6213: 5260: 5248: 4975:), later professor for the history of the Middle Ages at 3677: 3101:

constituted one of the two great furnishers of slaves to

2871: 2705:

The Khazar Khaganate and contemporary polities circa 800.

1779:

and playing a key commercial role as a crossroad between

16416: 14129:

East Central and Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages

13976:

The Thirteenth Tribe: The Khazar Empire and Its Heritage

13027:. Turcologica. Vol. 9. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. 12534:

Dobrovits, M. (2004). "The Thirty Tribes of the Turks".

11106: 11082: 11070: 10945: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10505: 10184: 9758: 9748: 9746: 9683: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9430: 9428: 9391: 9389: 9200: 9065: 9019: 9017: 8906: 8793: 8769: 8745: 8721: 8508: 8496: 8454: 8342: 8340: 8307: 8142: 8120: 8118: 7664:

Schipper's first monograph on this was published in the

6745:. Seljuk's sons, significantly, all bear names from the 5686:

are, presumably, the Khazars, although this term or the

3725:

wrested control of the city from the Varangian warlords

3614:

Trade routes of the Black Sea region, 8th–11th centuries

3606:

Rise of the Rus' and the collapse of the Khazarian state

2194:, the subject tribes appear to have spoken varieties of 30:"Khazar" and "Kazar" redirect here. For other uses, see 16921: 15597:

The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Middle Ages

13668:"Contemporary Arab Anti-Semitism: its Causes and Roots" 11833:"No Evidence of a Khazar origin for the Ashkenazi Jews" 11182: 11000: 10998: 10996: 10873: 10729: 10669: 10657: 10544: 10481: 10418: 10295: 10271: 10160: 10148: 10136: 10124: 10112: 10100: 10061: 10037: 10025: 9977: 9941: 9905: 9881: 9833: 9787: 9785: 9707: 9077: 8978: 8930: 8882: 8872: 8870: 8868: 8681: 8679: 8472: 8466: 8400: 8327: 8325: 8103: 6384:. The designation is complex and Róna-Tas writes: "The 3344:

mercenaries constituted part of the imperial Byzantine

18498:

International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)

15446:

ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity

12608: 12474:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 227–248. 11984:

The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam

11034: 11022: 10969: 10765: 10693: 10532: 10520: 10469: 10430: 10331: 10196: 10001: 9965: 9893: 9845: 9809: 9770: 9719: 9671: 9577: 9464: 9458: 9413: 9311: 9152: 9137: 9125: 9113: 9089: 8990: 8918: 8817: 8757: 8733: 8664: 8640: 8544: 8292: 8265: 8241: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8051: 6607:. The provisory identifications are those of Pritsak ( 5730:"Pour une nouvelle hypothèse sur l'origine des Khazar" 4800:), some of whom migrated in the 19th century from the 3296:. Busir was offered a bribe by the Byzantine usurper, 3073:". Studies of the physical remains, such as skulls at 14589:

The Other Zions: The Lost Histories of Jewish Nations

13327:"Irano-Turcica: The Khazar Sacral Kingship Revisited" 12499:. Hermeneutics, Studies in the History of Religions. 12444: 11374: 11362: 11254: 10981: 10849: 10837: 10753: 10741: 10681: 10628: 10379: 10208: 9917: 9743: 9648: 9548: 9488: 9440: 9425: 9386: 9374: 9224: 9212: 9101: 9014: 9002: 8966: 8853: 8841: 8829: 8652: 8604: 8556: 8412: 8388: 8376: 8352: 8337: 8253: 8214: 8202: 8190: 8154: 8115: 5825:, later Toquz Oghuz tribe, and distinguished from 突厥 5330: 5263:

who was invited to instruct him in the tenets of the

5096:

restrictions on immigration were imposed in the 1920s

3380:. In 652 Arab forces advanced on the Khazar capital, 2876: 1720: 1714: 17949: 17082:[Clearly understood: Who are the Mishars?]. 17078: 16966:

Zimonyi, István (1990). Szõnyi-Sándor, Klára (ed.).

16171:

The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History

13943:. In Cvetkovski, Roland; Hofmeister, Alexis (eds.). 13363:. Variorum Collected Studies Series. Vol. 952. 12788:"The Decline and Fall of Khazaria – Might or Money?" 12391: 11320: 11010: 10993: 10921: 10598: 9797: 9782: 9695: 9524: 9335: 9287: 8942: 8865: 8805: 8781: 8676: 8628: 8532: 8520: 8322: 8178: 6084:, where the lingua franca was a variety of Iranian ( 5901:

Kěsà (可薩) would have been pronounced something like

5574: 4941:

organizations which opposed the Khazaro-Ashkenazim.

4262:

and both the nomads of the northern steppes and the

3789:

relates the story of a campaign against Khazaria by

2756:

By the first decades of the 7th century, the Ashina

1994:", an enduring legacy of the medieval Khazar state. 1817:

and both the nomads of the northern steppes and the

17054: 14806: 14647:Melamed, Avraham (2003). Goodman, Lenn Evan (ed.). 14562:. In Lamb, Christopher; Bryant, M. Darroll (eds.). 11284: 11242: 10897: 10307: 9347: 9041: 8079: 8067: 8048: 5029:branded it "an anti-Semitic action financed by the 2243: 1705: 15612: 15129: 14679:Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought 14586: 14242: 12472:Antisemitism in Canada: History and Interpretation 12240:L'Islam, des origines au début de l'Empire ottoman 12188: 11627: 11575:"A Khotanese text concerning the Turks in Kanṭṣou" 11398: 8580: 8436: 7303:Kitâb al-ḥuyya wa'l-dalîl fi naṣr al-din al-dhalîl 6233:guard of the Qağans may have also been a factor" ( 21488:States and territories disestablished in the 960s 17133:Resources – Medieval Jewish History – The Khazars 16271: 14851: 14807:Nebel, Almut; Filon, Dvora; Brinkmann, B (2001). 13764:The Journal of the Ethnological Society of London 11955:Memoirs of an Obscure Professor: And Other Essays 11308: 8622: 6204:Several scholars connect it to Judaization, with 4811: 4266:, after serving as Byzantium's proxy against the 3822:, and reached as far as the Caucasian Kassogians/ 3570:. The Hungarians faced their first attack by the 592:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE. 21429: 17161:Ancient lost capital of the Khazar kingdom found 17018:"The Khazars and Byzantium –The First Encounter" 16481: 16029: 15805:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 15767:. Editorial Solar. pp. 79, 295 – via 15677:The Collapse and Recovery of Europe, AD 476-1648 15257: 13331:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 12536:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 12163:The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews 8490: 8364: 8097: 6784:, the knotted fringes of a ceremonial shawl, or 4466:, presumably Khazars, as living in the lands of 3733:along the Volga River, and raid southwards. See 3714:, encouraged them to fight against the Khazars. 3237:. A joint Byzantine-Tűrk operation breached the 2129:the ethnonym "Khazars" was always prefaced with 1845:, as well as his allies, conquered the capital, 14484:"The Possible Reasons for the Arab-Khazar Wars" 13528: 13500:Goodman, David G.; Miyazawa, Masanori (2000) . 13499: 13254:"Khazar Studies: Achievements and Perspectives" 12935:Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century 12529:. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Bialik Institute. 12448:The Russian Primary Chronicle (Laurentian text) 11458:"Asia, Africa and the Trade of Medieval Europe" 11224: 11160: 7931:, p. 514 has a more detailed bibliography. 7887: 6212:to the same period (799–833), arguing that the 5244:is an influential work written by the medieval 5118:; antisemitic conspiracy-theorists such as the 4246:, "the heavenly mandate/good fortune to rule." 2013:from a hypothetical *Qasar reflecting a Turkic 21493:States and territories established in the 650s 16631: 15886:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 17. 15099:Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People 13302:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 17. 13264:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 17. 8430: 5126:; and some anti-communist polemicists such as 4420:History of discussions about Khazar Jewishness 21306: 20631: 19346: 18556: 17188: 16484:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 16284:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 1. 14422: 14145: 12303: 12221: 10891: 10831: 9254: 7942:Continuity and Discontinuity in Antisemitism, 7779:)-of Israel in Russia, Lithuania and Poland." 7629:The source is Maksymilian Ernest Gumplowicz, 7235:("The Khazars and their king are all Jews") ( 6861:Alp Ilut'uêr is a Turkish subordinate title ( 6118:, pp. 89–90): e.g. Pritsak (1978) links 5635: 5081: 3777:(in boat), destroyer of the Khazar Khaganate. 3706:faced another invasion, this time led by the 2932:, probably followed the old Tūrkic religion. 2352: 2331: 2020:("to ramble, to roam") being an hypothetical 1904:within the Khazar Khanate remains uncertain. 1759:. Astride a major artery of commerce between 1676: 1547: 404:3,000,000 km (1,200,000 sq mi) 18531:State with limited international recognition 17060:Русско-крымскотатарский словарь (кириллица) 16763:The non-Jewish origins of the Sephardic Jews 16577: 15673: 15388:"The Khazar Kingdom's Conversion to Judaism" 14682:. Harvard Historical Series. Vol. 158. 13625:The Kuzari. In Defense of the Despised Faith 13593:The Kuzari: In Defense of the Despised Faith 13294:. In Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; 13256:. In Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; 12999:. Vol. 1, 2. Budapest: Akademia Kiado. 12009: 11527: 11509:] (in German). Saarbrücken: Altschüler. 9305: 8502: 7993: 7635:Polonsky, Basista & Link-Lenczowski 1993 7474: 7472: 7318:Brook mentions also a letter in Hebrew, the 6400:was mainly used to designate the Khazars." ( 6075: 5728: 5142:(1968) and others, it played a role in Arab 4860: 4853:, came to conform with traditional Judaism. 4721: 16592: 16562: 16356:] (in French). Éditions L'Âge d'Homme. 16112:. In Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman (eds.). 15124: 13791: 12924: 12869: 9518: 9407: 9242: 8478: 7412: 6020: 5802: 5645: 5622: 5335:Cities associated with the Khazars include 5146:polemics, and took on an antisemitic edge. 4910:, and by the Russian-Jewish anthropologist 4486:, in imitation of the Islamic coin phrase: 4026:west towards Byzantium's Balkan provinces. 2940:The ruling stratum, like that of the later 2743:succession dispute led to a dynastic crisis 2368: 412:1,000,000 km (390,000 sq mi) 27:Historical semi-nomadic Turkic ethnic group 21313: 21299: 20638: 20624: 19353: 19339: 18563: 18549: 17195: 17181: 17030:The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives 16856:The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives 16607:The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives 16349:Le karaïsme: ses doctrines et son histoire 16005:The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives 15990: 15884:The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives 15838:The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives 15736:The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives 15237:The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives 15194:Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation 15158: 14994:The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives 14397:The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire 13300:The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives 13292:"The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism" 13262:The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives 13154:"Nomad and Sedentary societies in Eurasia" 13051:"The peoples of the South Russian steppes" 12704:The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives 11740:; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 11709:A Social and Religious History of the Jews 11498: 11420: 11356: 11344: 9035: 8316: 7954: 7824: 7672:before falling victim to the Holocaust at 5255:(c. 1075–1141). Divided into five essays ( 5165:and even by terrorist esoteric cults like 4337:Conversion to Judaism is mentioned in the 3717:By the 880s, Khazar control of the Middle 3019:, but their responsibilities are unknown. 1683: 1669: 1554: 1540: 57: 17015: 16984: 16940:Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries 16374: 16282:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 16051: 15946: 15442: 15219: 15061: 14871: 14834: 14711: 13474: 13445: 13090:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 13059:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 12854:The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment 12672: 12646: 12533: 12427: 11980: 11905: 11555: 11175:, pp. 140–141. Cf. Wilmot Robertson 11148: 10879: 10804: 10783: 10663: 10349: 9935: 9665: 9636: 9624: 9595: 9542: 9482: 9182: 9059: 8912: 8775: 8514: 8148: 8109: 7469: 7330:and Dan Shapira dismiss it as a forgery ( 7272: 6991: 6762:Tzitzak is often treated as her original 6638: 6556: 6436: 6274: 6102: 5794: 3866:Aftermath: impact, decline and dispersion 3545: 3316:. He sent an embassy to the Khazar qağan 1900:in the 8th century, but the scope of the 17478: 16734:Explorations in Judeo-Slavic Linguistics 16679: 16650: 16342: 16239: 16196: 15869: 15823: 15471: 15321: 15301:Byzantine Court Culture from 829 To 1204 14061: 13969: 13618: 13586: 13082:"The peoples of the Russian forest belt" 12850: 12818: 12785: 12183: 12010:Bowman, Stephen B.; Ankori, Zvi (2001). 11798: 11724: 11452: 11260: 10843: 10819: 10711: 10514: 10463: 10301: 10289: 10265: 10229: 10154: 9887: 9764: 9607: 9506: 9329: 9206: 9170: 9071: 8984: 8032: 7755: 7592:(1847) 2nd ed. Teubner 1855 pp. 125–126. 7504: 7459: 7373:("expelled the wizards and idolators") ( 7268: 7031:; Al-Masudi records a conversion of the 6879: 6483: 6449: 6401: 6138:losing their territories to Tang Chinese 5806: 5678: 5676: 5462:, a Khazar Turkic princess, daughter of 4434: 4320: 4146:some decades later assumed the title of 4106: 3979: 3769: 3676: 3609: 3439:but were driven back by the Arabs under 3415: 3259: 3178: 16965: 16936: 16892: 16533: 16463: 16313: 16167: 16107: 15977: 15915: 15802: 15775: 15760: 15714: 15586: 15532: 15503: 15385: 15190: 14675: 14646: 14584: 14557: 14502: 14390: 14205: 14126: 14030: 13935: 13903: 13753: 13723: 13662: 13590:(1998). Korobkin, Nissan Daniel (ed.). 13417: 13385: 13324: 13286: 13248: 13148: 13110: 13079: 13045: 12756: 12492: 12269: 11392: 11236: 11200: 11188: 11112: 11100: 10915: 10771: 10675: 10639: 10550: 10538: 10526: 10487: 10451: 10424: 10412: 10397: 10373: 10361: 10337: 10178: 10166: 10142: 10130: 10118: 10106: 10094: 10082: 10070: 10055: 10043: 10031: 10019: 9983: 9947: 9911: 9899: 9875: 9863: 9851: 9839: 9827: 9737: 9713: 9470: 9281: 9158: 9095: 9083: 8924: 8900: 8835: 8823: 8799: 8763: 8751: 8739: 8670: 8658: 8646: 8610: 8598: 8574: 8562: 8418: 8394: 8382: 8301: 8271: 8259: 8247: 8208: 8136: 8124: 7802: 7789: 7777:Em-galuyot, em akhat hagaluyot hagdolot 7742: 7601: 7579: 7567: 7535: 7463: 7429: 7408: 7374: 7353: 7306: 7285: 7254: 7236: 7193: 7124: 7098: 7080:assimilations into North African Jewry. 7016: 7004: 6955: 6908: 6891: 6875: 6862: 6849: 6750: 6721: 6670: 6543: 6496: 6301: 6287: 6234: 6163: 6145: 6141: 6085: 6062: 6041: 5969: 5754: 5727:, p. 16 and n.38 citing L. Bazin, 5724: 5712: 5695: 4867:Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry 4281:built churches extensively in maritime 3965:, the papal legate to the court of the 2202:, a language variously identified with 2160:under Judaism probably corresponded in 14: 21430: 20827:Supreme Council of Crimea (until 2014) 17011:from the original on 29 November 2022. 16841: 16800: 16759: 16730: 16646:from the original on 11 December 2022. 16412:from the original on 19 November 2018. 16354:Karaism: its doctrines and its history 16138: 16078: 16047:from the original on 13 November 2020. 15641: 15412: 15263:Иудаизм в Хазарии по данным археологии 15092: 15030: 14976: 14938: 14896: 14749: 14720: 14619: 14446: 14303: 14201:from the original on 23 December 2021. 14074:from the original on 23 December 2021. 13792:Inaba, Minoru; Balogh, Dániel (2020). 13478:Karaite Exegesis in Medieval Jerusalem 13353: 13214: 13182: 13017: 12989: 12960: 12628: 12586: 12554: 12465: 11951: 11742:First Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1936 11660: 11622: 11597: 11572: 11272: 11248: 11212: 11172: 11136: 11124: 11088: 11064: 11040: 11028: 10939: 10699: 10613:, pp. 145, 149–151, 162–163, 164. 10499: 10475: 10436: 10385: 10325: 10241: 10214: 10202: 10190: 10007: 9971: 9815: 9776: 9725: 9677: 9583: 9571: 9494: 9446: 9419: 9395: 9317: 9146: 9131: 9119: 9107: 9008: 8996: 8972: 8960: 8948: 8936: 8888: 8876: 8859: 8847: 8811: 8787: 8715: 8685: 8634: 8538: 8526: 8442: 8406: 8358: 8346: 8331: 8235: 8220: 8196: 8184: 8160: 8073: 8061: 7980: 7928: 7916: 7912: 7854: 7841: 7715: 7677: 7651:was the Caucasus". Weissenberg's book 7617: 7289: 7233:wa al-ḥazarwa malikuhum kulluhum yahûd 7220: 7206: 7150: 7137: 7111: 6990:material minimalism in this region." ( 6942: 6793: 6733:Some sources claim that the father of 6687: 6621: 6365: 6348: 6331: 6314: 6251: 6192: 6115: 6074:Dieter Ludwig, in his doctoral thesis 6024: 6023:, pp. 376, and n.2, referring to 5011:of the Hakkari mountains in southeast 3846:envoys had arrived in Kiev after 985. 3125:in Scandinavia and from there via the 2872:Khazar state: culture and institutions 2839:of Khazaria as it developed into what 2570: 2559: 2550: 2451: 2440: 2429: 2418: 2407: 2380: 21294: 21113: 20837:Prime Minister of Crimea (until 2014) 20619: 19334: 18544: 17176: 16876:from the original on 17 November 2023 16825:from the original on 17 November 2023 16784:from the original on 17 November 2023 16708: 16588:from the original on 4 November 2020. 16573:from the original on 19 January 2021. 16202:"Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?" 15559: 15408:from the original on 11 January 2022. 15290: 14982:"The Economy of the Khazar Khaganate" 14531: 14361: 14332: 14271: 14237: 14001: 13818: 13700: 12814:from the original on 13 October 2022. 12689: 12521: 12361: 12335: 12233: 12160: 12137: 12102: 12061: 12038: 11922: 11873:from the original on 14 October 2014. 11766: 11702: 11618:from the original on 26 January 2021. 11593:from the original on 26 January 2021. 11404: 11380: 11368: 11016: 10987: 10975: 10963: 10903: 10855: 10759: 10747: 10735: 10723: 10687: 10651: 10622: 10610: 10313: 10253: 9995: 9959: 9923: 9752: 9559: 9434: 9380: 9368: 9341: 9293: 9266: 9230: 9218: 9194: 9047: 9023: 8727: 8700: 8586: 8085: 7884:A Short History of Esau-Edom in Jewry 7698: 7631:Początki religii żydowskiej w Polsce, 7446: 7371:et ha-qosmim ve-et'ovdei avodah zarah 7331: 7163: 6925: 6848:, which signaled legitimacy of rule ( 6828: 6806: 6789: 6708: 6608: 6149: 6089: 5995: 5982: 5864:突厥思結 and Tang Huiyao also counted 思結 5673: 5454:, r. 775–780, born in 750 to Emperor 5197:Ashkenazi Jews § Genetic origins 4766:Khazar hypothesis of Cossack ancestry 4325:The Khazar "Moses coin" found in the 4134:. In the time of the Egyptian vizier 4080:). Some archaeological evidence from 4018:, thrusting westwards, pressured the 3837:, in 986 Khazar Jews were present at 2687: 2634: 2623: 2612: 2579: 2539: 2526: 2515: 2504: 2493: 2484: 2473: 2462: 2398: 2389: 17090:from the original on 8 November 2022 17066:from the original on 26 October 2021 16928:(in Chinese). Vol. 217a Huihe. 16595:"The Khazars and the World of Islam" 16510: 16434: 15720:"The Khazar motif in Judah Halevi's 15607: 15034:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 14954:. Curzon-IIAS Asian studies series. 14781: 14498:from the original on 23 August 2021. 14481: 14451:. In Sugar, Peter F.; Hanák, Péter; 14428:WebChron: The Web Chronology Project 13126:. Curzon-IIAS Asian studies series. 12724: 12197:Catholic University of America Press 11076: 11052: 11004: 10951: 10927: 10867: 9803: 9791: 9701: 9530: 9353: 8370: 8173:Encyclopedia Britannica: Khazar 2020 8006: 7967: 7801:"dismissed ... rather airily" ( 7176: 6977: 6579:, perhaps a central Volga statelet, 6466: 5003:interpreted as Khazaria is actually 4999:was of the opinion that the word in 4808:of the Crimea descend from Khazars. 4669:mentions that Khazaria, attacked by 4165:, Jewish or otherwise, is disputed. 3858:refer to it after that date, but by 3245:in 627. Together they then besieged 2676: 2654: 2645: 2590: 2101:). The objections are that Uyğur 葛薩 20645: 16272:Szádeczky-Kardoss, Samuel (1994) . 15386:Pritsak, Omeljan (September 1978). 14174: 14057:from the original on 21 April 2021. 13874: 13622:(2013). Korobkin, N. Daniel (ed.). 13596:. Northvale, New Jersey-Jerusalem: 13557: 13529:Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2003) . 12898: 11926:Jewish Communities in Exotic Places 10277: 9689: 8550: 7219:the creation of the royal diarchy ( 5821:思結 (also 斯結) was mentioned as a 鐵勒 5798: 5564: 5483:History of the Jews in Central Asia 5478:List of Jewish states and dynasties 5275:, it was translated into Hebrew by 4944:Scholarly anthropologists, such as 4906:, a critic of antisemitism (1893), 4702:, and the rest carried haplogroups 4460:Expositio in Matthaeum Evangelistam 3353: 2665: 2601: 1755:to emerge from the break-up of the 24: 20847:Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People 20750:Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 19360: 19279: 16726:from the original on 13 July 2020. 15698:from the original on 15 April 2023 15615:The Invention of the Jewish People 15303:. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 39–52. 15014:from the original on 15 April 2023 14859:European Journal of Human Genetics 14814:American Journal of Human Genetics 14566:. A&C Black. pp. 89–101. 14434:from the original on 11 April 2020 12635:Genome Biology and Human Evolution 12379:from the original on 14 April 2012 12276:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 12247:] (in French) (2nd ed.). 12105:"The Genetics of Crimean Karaites" 12086:from the original on 17 April 2023 11885:American Journal of Human Genetics 11636:University of North Carolina Press 11535:American Journal of Human Genetics 11321:Costa, Pereira & Richards 2013 7870:was established as a force on the 7730:Kazariyah: Toldot mamlacha yehudit 6737:, the eponymous progenitor of the 6650:From Klavdiy Lebedev (1852–1916), 6007:The high chancery official of the 5331:Cities associated with the Khazars 5190: 4841:Another Turkic Crimean group, the 2877:Royal Diarchy with sacral Qağanate 2860:(c. 1100), which relates that the 2745:between Taspar's chosen heir, the 587: 25: 21509: 20842:Council of Ministers (until 2014) 17104: 17080:"Ясно-понятно. Кто такие мишари?" 16968:The Origins of the Volga Bulghars 16896:The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025 16506:from the original on 20 May 2019. 16488:Journal of World-Systems Research 16430:from the original on 16 May 2011. 15764:Adolf Hitler, the Ultimate Avatar 15574:from the original on 19 July 2014 15483:Central European University Press 15360:The Jews in Old Poland: 1000–1795 14156:] (in German). A. Holzhauen. 13949:Central European University Press 13862:from the original on 2 March 2022 13080:Golden, Peter Benjamin (1994b) . 12103:Brook, Kevin Alan (Summer 2014). 11285:Nebel, Filon & Brinkmann 2001 11275:, pp. 24–27, 93–95, 124–125. 7007:, pp. 150–151, and note 137) 6894:, pp. 135–136, reporting on 6682:Dunlop thought the later city of 6656:, as described by Leo the Deacon. 5690:of the perhaps near contemporary 5666: 5441:his mother was a Khazar princess. 5158:, it came to be exploited by the 4772:and their Crimean neighbours the 4447:(Orkhon) inscription word-phrase 3209:. The Byzantines called Khazaria 3207:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 3185:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 1936:and their Crimean neighbours the 21275: 21274: 20855: 20807:President of Crimea (historical) 20596:, distinct from Levantine (i.e. 18759: 17520: 17204: 16932:from the original on 4 May 2019. 16322:University of Pennsylvania Press 15826:"Iranian Sources on the Khazars" 15780:. In Ehrlich, Mark Avrum (ed.). 15537:. In Shlapentokh, Dmitry (ed.). 15333:University of Pennsylvania Press 15293:"Middle Byzantine Court Costume" 14634:from the original on 8 July 2022 14149:Die Chasaren; historische Studie 13646:from the original on 3 June 2023 13325:Golden, Peter Benjamin (2007c). 12620:. September 1989. Archived from 11166: 10777: 8021: 8012: 7999: 7986: 7973: 7960: 7947: 7934: 7922: 7893: 7860: 7847: 7830: 7817: 7808: 7795: 7782: 7761: 7748: 7735: 7721: 7704: 7683: 7658: 7640: 7623: 7611: 7595: 7573: 7541: 7528: 7519: 7510: 7452: 7435: 7418: 7393: 7380: 7359: 7337: 7312: 7295: 7278: 7260: 7242: 7226: 7212: 7199: 7182: 7169: 7156: 7143: 7130: 7117: 7104: 7083: 7038: 7010: 6997: 6983: 6970: 6961: 6948: 6931: 6914: 6901: 6885: 6868: 6855: 6834: 6812: 6799: 6756: 6727: 6714: 6693: 6676: 6660: 6644: 6627: 6614: 6562: 6549: 6523: 6502: 6489: 6472: 6455: 6442: 6425: 6414:such as the almost contemporary 6407: 6371: 6354: 6337: 6216:, a majordomo from the Iranian * 5913:, while Hésà 葛 (曷薩) would yield 5233: 5007:and therefore it relates to the 4889:The theory was then taken up by 3949:By the end of the 12th century, 3862:'s time (1048) it was in ruins. 3558:to what the Hungarians call the 3457:al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami 3449:broke through the Khazar defence 3392:, both sides in the battle used 3320:and married his son, the future 3107:slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 2375: 2244:Tribal origins and early history 1701: 1590: 556: 542: 528: 514: 500: 486: 461: 447: 21458:Groups who converted to Judaism 18503:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA) 17145: (archived 26 October 2009) 17016:Zuckerman, Constantine (2007). 16985:Zuckerman, Constantine (1995). 16385:International Studies Quarterly 16259:from the original on 1 May 2016 14537:The Oxford History of Byzantium 14154:Those Khazars; historical Study 13825:Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium 12870:Geanakoplos, Deno John (1984). 12825:. Edinburgh Byzantine Studies. 12731:Zionism and the Biology of Jews 12013:The Jews of Byzantium 1204–1453 11600:"The Staël-Holstein Miscellany" 11413: 11309:Nebel, Filon & Faerman 2005 7668:(Vienna) in 1918. While in the 7633:Warsaw: E. Wende i S-ka, 1903 ( 7604:, p. 98: Abraham Harkavy, 6846:Mandate of Heaven (Tiānmìng:天命) 6823:and refers to the Kurds of the 6320: 6307: 6293: 6280: 6257: 6240: 6198: 6169: 6155: 6108: 6095: 6068: 6047: 6030: 6001: 5988: 5975: 5955: 5895: 5812: 5761:, who was possibly inspired by 5740: 5718: 5541: 4249: 3799:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus 3735:Caspian expeditions of the Rus' 3022: 2935: 2819:, and their subjugation of the 2766:encroaching Tang dynasty armies 2265:who earlier formed part of the 2222:Golden Horde, alongside of the 21478:Khanates of the North Caucasus 20780:1944 Crimean Tatar deportation 16901:University of California Press 16680:Weinryb, Bernard Dov (1973b). 16651:Weinryb, Bernard Dov (1973a). 15947:Shingiray, Irina Lita (2012). 15674:Schwartzwald, Jack L. (2015). 15533:Rossman, Vadim Joseph (2007). 15504:Rossman, Vadim Joseph (2002). 15420:. Cambridge University Press. 15132:History of the Byzantine State 14195:10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101 13800:. Barkhuis. pp. 103–107. 12629:Elhaik, Eran (December 2012). 8098:Turchin, Adams & Hall 2006 7878:(1951) and Wilmot Robertson's 7248:Golden, citing his comment on 6809:, pp. 113, 122–123 n.148) 6512:were being given a mixture of 6057:is as troublesome as the term 5701: 5289:'s best-selling mystery story 4812:Crimean Karaites and Krymchaks 4565:Sometime between 954 and 961, 3618:By the 9th century, groups of 2167: 1955:The late 19th century saw the 1771:world, commanding the western 13: 1: 20998:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 20802:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 20674:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 18493:Organization of Turkic States 16527:10.1080/0031322X.1975.9969275 15991:Shnirelman, Victor A (2007). 15191:Peacock, Andrew C.S. (2010). 14952:Nomads in the Sedentary World 13733:Dictionary of the Middle Ages 13392:Central Asia in World History 13124:Nomads in the Sedentary World 12593:History of the Jewish Khazars 12566:Associated University Presses 7909:The Iron Curtain over America 7288:, pp. 127–128, 151–153; 6351:, pp. 208–209, 216–219). 5078:contains a Khazar substrate. 4908:Maksymilian Ernest Gumplowicz 4484:Moses is the messenger of God 2801: 2725:, whose self designation was 2277:, and began to flow into the 1792: 578:History of the Turkic peoples 367: 222: 94: 90: 49: 20785:Renaming of Crimean toponyms 18570: 17115:Cambridge University Library 16970:. Studia Uralo-Altaica, 32. 16584:(in Chinese). Vol. 72. 16569:(in Chinese). Vol. 98. 15980:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 15512:University of Nebraska Press 15443:Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). 15170:Wayne State University Press 15062:Oppenheim, Samuel A (1994). 14902:"European Russia c500-c1050" 14785:A History of Russia: To 1917 14488:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 14146:von Kutschera, Hugo (1909). 13427:. Editura Academiei Române. 13395:. New Oxford World History. 13220:"The Khazar Sacral Kingship" 12963:The Medieval History Journal 10256:, pp. 95, 117 n.51, 52. 8718:, pp. 127–136, 234–237. 8455:Jiu Tangshu, Vol. 199b Tiele 8042: 7903:professor of Old English at 7019:, pp. 128–129 compares 6776:Constantine Porphyrogennetos 6573:Macedon dynasty of Byzantium 5841:. However, in other sources 5592: 5534: 5523:Rus'–Byzantine War (968-971) 4948:(1923), and writers such as 4933:has suggested that from the 4806:Tatar-speaking Krymchak Jews 4401:appear to have converted to 4329:and dated c. 837/8 CE (223 4041::лествичная система) to the 3963:Giovanni da Pian del Carpine 3906:and the "Khazars" as either 3596:Lower Pannonian principality 3562:, the territory between the 3531:military governor of Armenia 3529:, one of his nobles and the 2843:called a "steppe Atlantis" ( 2137:and their splinter groups, ( 2121:) of the Toquz Oğuz (Ch. 九姓 2045:Tes and Terkhin inscriptions 1997: 1791:. For some three centuries ( 7: 21018:2014 parliamentary election 20669:Republic of Crimea (Russia) 16992:Revue des études byzantines 16593:Wasserstein, David (2007). 16221:10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1 15870:Shapira, Dan D.Y. (2007b). 15824:Shapira, Dan D.Y. (2007a). 15817:10.1556/AOrient.59.2006.2.1 15776:Shapira, Dan D. Y. (2009). 15587:Russell, Josiah C. (1972). 15165:The Myth of the Jewish Race 15162:; Patai, Jennifer (1989) . 14312:University Press of America 14087:Russian Journal of Genetics 14062:Kordosis, Stefanos (2017). 14031:Kolditz, Sebastian (2017). 14010:University Press of America 13796:. In Balogh, Dániel (ed.). 13481:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 9. 13446:Goldstein, Eric L. (2006). 13343:10.1556/AOrient.60.2007.2.2 12878:University of Chicago Press 12800:10.31857/S086919080021412-0 12548:10.1556/aorient.57.2004.3.1 12062:Brook, Kevin Alan (2010) . 11432:University of Chicago Press 11225:Goodman & Miyazawa 2000 9459:Country Study: Hungary 1989 8467:Xin Tangshu, vol 217a Huihe 7484:Turkic-speaking Karaim Jews 7445:, perhaps under Emir Nasr ( 7386:This detail is in Halevi's 7271:, pp. 349, and n.178; 6420:Patmutʿiwn Ałuanicʿ Ašxarhi 6380:around 813 defined them as 6044:, pp. 13–14, 14 n.28). 5829:in Chinese sources such as 5636: 5609: 5575: 5426: 5251:philosopher and poet Rabbi 5179:by the German Nazi-scholar 5163:Christian Identity movement 4684: 4470:, who were circumcised and 4186: 4181: 3467:, then moved on to capture 3404:Due to the outbreak of the 3284:, where a Khazar governor ( 3139:, which have been found in 2267:Tiele (Tiělè) confederation 1384:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation 1231:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation 10: 21514: 20812:2003 Tuzla Island conflict 20795:Crimean Tatar repatriation 16688:Jewish Publication Society 16659:Jewish Publication Society 16286:Cambridge University Press 16176:Cambridge University Press 16052:Singerman, Robert (2004). 15957:Cambridge University Press 15916:Shepard, Jonathan (2006). 15589:"The Population in Europe" 15560:Rubin, Rita (7 May 2013). 15451:Edinburgh University Press 15291:Piltz, Elisabeth (2004) . 15072:Greenwood Publishing Group 14918:Cambridge University Press 14729:Hebrew Union College Press 14721:Miller, Philip E. (1993). 14676:Meserve, Margaret (2009). 14362:Logan, F. Donald (1992) . 14251:W. W. Norton & Company 14217:Jewish Publication Society 13830:Cambridge University Press 13558:Gow, Andrew Colin (1995). 13475:Goldstein, Miriam (2011). 13454:Princeton University Press 13156:. In Adas, Michael (ed.). 12851:Fishberg, Maurice (1911). 12827:Edinburgh University Press 12819:Feldman, Alex M. (2022b). 12786:Feldman, Alex M. (2022a). 12765:Princeton University Press 12757:Feldman, Louis H. (1996). 12493:DeWeese, Devin A. (1994). 12345:Princeton University Press 12161:Brook, Kevin Alan (2022). 12138:Brook, Kevin Alan (2018). 12039:Brook, Kevin Alan (2006). 11810:Princeton University Press 11778:W. W. Norton & Company 11548:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015 11499:Altschüler, Boris (1994). 11478:Cambridge University Press 7899:Beaty was an antisemitic, 7044:Golden takes exception to 6831:, pp. 191–192, n.72). 6766:, with a Turkic etymology 6652:Svyatoslav's meeting with 6179:were the left wing of the 6124: 6015:, Sallām the interpreter ( 5845:were also associated with 5584: 5194: 5082:Use in antisemitic polemic 4971:(sometimes referred to as 4864: 4815: 4641:or to the Karaite scholar 4478:(Land of the Khazars), or 4316: 4285:, then a Khazar district. 4254:Khazaria long served as a 4190: 3916:Oleg, grandson of Jaroslav 3902:identified this Faḍlūn as 3830:following, c. 968 or 969. 3357: 3182: 3080: 2238: 2171: 2133:, then still reserved for 1809:Khazaria long served as a 991:Chief gods and goddesses: 382:sacking and razing of Atil 29: 21443:Ancient peoples of Russia 21332: 21272: 21228: 21193: 21142: 21133: 21109: 21102: 21075: 21066: 20989: 20980: 20946: 20873: 20864: 20853: 20822:2014 annexation by Russia 20760:1783 annexation by Russia 20682: 20654: 20578: 20542: 20516: 20261: 20219: 20165: 20137: 19935: 19877: 19844: 19763: 19740: 19697:Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks 19570: 19524: 19479: 19448: 19377: 19368: 19315: 19232: 19171: 19020: 18869: 18768: 18757: 18641: 18578: 18526: 18485: 18449: 18332: 18306: 18219: 18171: 18164: 18085: 18034: 17529: 17518: 17218: 16542:Stanford University Press 16246:"Are We All Khazars Now?" 16168:Spolsky, Bernard (2014). 16087:Columbia University Press 15761:Serrano, Miguel (2011) . 15426:10.1017/CHOL9780521364478 15395:Harvard Ukrainian Studies 15047:10.1017/S1356186313000266 14713:10.1101/2019.12.15.876912 14511:Stanford University Press 14100:10.1134/S1022795421040049 13727:(1984). "Demography". In 13703:Byzantine Armies 886-1118 12918:10.2143/REJ.170.3.2141801 12470:. In Davies, Alan (ed.). 12307:; Herrin, Judith (1984). 12289:10.1179/byz.1996.20.1.249 12227:The Racial History of Man 11734:Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor 11714:Columbia University Press 11682:New York University Press 11586:. New Series 1.1: 28–52. 10599:Who are the Mishars? 2016 9650:Russian Primary Chronicle 9255:Cameron & Herrin 1984 7876:Iron Curtain over America 7432:, pp. 276, 300–304). 7334:, pp. 30, 41, n.75). 6595:, perhaps indicating the 6559:, pp. 247, and n.1). 6486:, pp. 419, 480–483). 5632: 5601: 5551: 5473:List of Turkic Khaganates 5292:Dictionary of the Khazars 5134:, whose views influenced 4861:Ashkenazi-Khazar theories 4722:Claims of Khazar ancestry 4513:By the 10th century, the 4305:The Arab Georgian martyr 4117:fall of the Second Temple 4022:, who in turn pushed the 3914:. A Kievian prince named 3527:Yazid ibn Usayd al-Sulami 3455:In 724, the Arab general 2790:General Sū Dìngfāng (蘇定方) 2353: 2332: 1959:that the core of today's 1412:11th century–13th century 426: 416: 408: 400: 395: 391: 374: 361: 357: 347: 343: 331: 319: 307: 295: 283: 271: 259: 247: 235: 219: 215: 205: 154: 121: 78: 68: 63:Khazar Khaganate, 650–850 56: 48: 41: 21054:Crimean Federal District 20790:1954 transfer to Ukraine 20565:Turkish Cypriot diaspora 20233:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars 18108:Timeline of the Göktürks 17126:21 December 1997 at the 16632:Wei, Zheng; et al. 16534:Wachtel, Andrew (1998). 15926:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 15269: 15262: 15138:Rutgers University Press 14684:Harvard University Press 14622: 14595:Rowman & Littlefield 14558:Mariner, Rodney (1999). 14461:Indiana University Press 14402:Harvard University Press 13228:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 12975:10.1177/0971945818775373 12940:Cornell University Press 12614:A Country Study: Hungary 12144:Rowman & Littlefield 12070:Rowman & Littlefield 12045:Rowman & Littlefield 12018:Bloch Publishing Company 11981:Bowersock, G.W. (2013). 11952:Boller, Paul F. (1992). 11931:Rowman & Littlefield 11800:Beckwith, Christopher I. 11611:. New Series 2.1: 1–45. 10181:, pp. 141–145, 161. 10097:, pp. 226–228, 252. 8238:, pp. 499, 502–503. 7994:Atzmon & Ostrer 2010 7655:, was published in 1895. 7190:omnem Judaismum observat 6378:Theophanes the Confessor 6300:according to al-Masudi ( 5907:Early Middle Chinese/EMC 5529: 5518:Rus'–Byzantine War (941) 5513:Rus'–Byzantine War (907) 5508:Rus'–Byzantine War (860) 5061:, a geneticist from the 4660: 4577:. The exchanges of this 4562:of the older tradition. 4472:omnem Judaismum observat 4462:(c. 860–870s) refers to 4451:, "I read (this or it)". 4313:, or Muslim majorities. 4119:(67–70 CE) and the 4043:Grand Principate of Kiev 3804:De Administrando Imperio 3378:Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah 2369:Rise of the Khazar state 2340:Western Turkic Khaganate 1757:Western Turkic Khaganate 1495:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 1141:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 1120:Western Turkic Khaganate 1066:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate 455:Western Turkic Khaganate 21324:established around the 20697:Crimea in the Roman era 19722:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman 19378:Azerbaijani communities 19249:Khazar ancestry claims 17024:; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; 17005:10.3406/rebyz.1995.1906 16937:Zhivkov, Boris (2015). 16893:Whittow, David (1996). 16850:; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; 16601:; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; 16475:Oxford University Press 16398:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 16139:Spinei, Victor (2009). 16108:Somogyi, Péter (2008). 15999:; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; 15878:; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; 15832:; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; 15730:; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; 15231:; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; 15104:Oxford University Press 14988:; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; 14873:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201319 14541:Oxford University Press 14503:Malkiel, David (2008). 14447:Makkai, László (1994). 14182:Central Asiatic Journal 13856:Encyclopedia Britannica 13737:Charles Scribner's Sons 13397:Oxford University Press 13162:Temple University Press 12905:Revue des Études Juives 12698:; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; 12112:Karadeniz Arastirmalari 11989:Oxford University Press 11462:Postan, Michael Moïssey 10788:Israël chez les nations 9519:Golb & Pritsak 1982 7653:Die Südrussischen Juden 7413:Golb & Pritsak 1982 7348:(one who finds out) or 7326:. As Brook notes, both 7223:, pp. 507, 513ff). 5911:Late Middle Chinese/LMC 5803:Inaba & Balogh 2020 5737:7/8 (1981–1982): 51–71. 5201:Genetic studies on Jews 5063:University of Sheffield 4878:The German Orientalist 4768:), the Turkic-speaking 4432:based in Central Asia. 4268:Sasanian Persian empire 4201:, which focused on the 4121:establishment of Israel 3594:, but also against the 3588:Eastern Frankish Empire 3421:Caucasus region, c. 740 3411:Second Muslim Civil War 3215:siege of Constantinople 3094:of major trade routes. 2273:, who in turn fled the 2059:derived it from Turkic 1149:Second Turkic Khaganate 32:Khazar (disambiguation) 21483:Saltovo-Mayaki culture 21121:Crimean Premier League 20968:Urban-type settlements 20817:2014 status referendum 20775:Crimea in World War II 20555:Crimean Tatar diaspora 19732:Western Thracian Turks 19667:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman 18997:Semikarakorsk Fortress 17822:Bosnia and Herzegovina 17166:10 August 2017 at the 17154:6 January 2010 at the 17111:The Kievan Letter scan 16578:Wang, Pu; et al. 16563:Wang, Pu; et al. 16435:Toch, Michael (2012). 16314:Szpiech, Ryan (2012). 16252:Jewish Review of Books 16079:Sneath, David (2007). 14950:; Wink, André (eds.). 14782:Moss, Walter (2002) . 14620:Meduza (8 July 2022). 14585:Maroney, Eric (2010). 14365:The Vikings in History 14304:Litman, Jacob (1984). 13875:Kim, Hyun Jin (2016). 13419:Golden, Peter Benjamin 13387:Golden, Peter Benjamin 13355:Golden, Peter Benjamin 13288:Golden, Peter Benjamin 13250:Golden, Peter Benjamin 13216:Golden, Peter Benjamin 13184:Golden, Peter Benjamin 13150:Golden, Peter Benjamin 13122:; Wink, Andre (eds.). 13112:Golden, Peter Benjamin 13047:Golden, Peter Benjamin 13019:Golden, Peter Benjamin 12991:Golden, Peter Benjamin 12690:Erdal, Marcel (2007). 12588:Dunlop, Douglas Morton 12167:Academic Studies Press 9036:Patai & Patai 1989 8623:Szádeczky-Kardoss 1994 8317:Patai & Patai 1989 8139:, p. 294, n. 164. 7825:Patai & Patai 1989 7074:Ḥimyârî kings in Yemen 7023:'s conversions of the 6827:in south-east Turkey ( 6267:) and his lieutenant ( 6076: 5729: 5623: 5618: 5173:, referring to a lost 4904:Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu 4794:Crimean Tatar language 4698:Y-haplogroup, two had 4629:noted in 1877 that an 4502:, part of the line of 4452: 4334: 4112: 3989: 3778: 3686: 3615: 3546:Khazars and Hungarians 3510:third Muslim civil war 3508:overstretched army. A 3487:, killing the general 3423: 3406:First Muslim Civil War 3265: 3235:Third Perso-Turkic War 3189:Third Perso-Turkic War 2798:First Bulgarian Empire 2317:clans, vanquished the 2049:Uyğur empire (744–840) 1932:, the Turkic-speaking 1311:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 1112:First Turkic Khaganate 593: 21248:Ukrainian Catholicism 20928:Pontic–Caspian steppe 20262:Extinct Turkic groups 20220:Turkic minorities in 20167:Turkic minorities in 20138:Turkic minorities in 19936:Turkic minorities in 19414:Georgian Azerbaijanis 19240:Khazar Correspondence 18319:Proto-Turkic language 17950:Extinct Turkic groups 16842:Wexler, Paul (2007). 16801:Wexler, Paul (2002). 16760:Wexler, Paul (1996). 16731:Wexler, Paul (1987). 16514:Patterns of Prejudice 16209:Jewish Social Studies 14910:McKitterick, Rosamond 14482:Mako, Gerald (2010). 14333:Lobel, Diana (2000). 14175:Lee, Joo-Yup (2016). 12692:"The Khazar Language" 12468:"The Keegstra Affair" 12466:Davies, Alan (1992). 12399:Nature Communications 12223:Burrage Dixon, Roland 11704:Baron, Salo Wittmayer 11670:Landes, Richard Allen 11598:Bailey, H.W. (1951). 11573:Bailey, H.W. (1949). 11287:, pp. 1095–1112. 11177:Dispossessed Majority 10587:Kornienko et al. 2021 10575:Kornienko et al. 2021 9866:, pp. 28–29, 37. 8963:, pp. 79–80, 88. 8703:, p. 143, n.115. 7944:(Hebrew) 1968 (p.50). 7880:Dispossessed Majority 7582:, p. 389 citing 7367:Letter of King Joseph 6686:lay on or near Atil ( 6334:, pp. 211, 217). 5882:saikairä ttūrkä chārä 5874:Eastern Turkic tribes 5779:pʰɨut̚ -liɪm kˠiᴇi-sɑ 5434:List of Khazar rulers 5324:Gentlemen of the Road 5049:) to historiography ( 4851:Chaim Hezekiah Medini 4579:Khazar Correspondence 4515:letter of King Joseph 4456:Christian of Stavelot 4438: 4339:Khazar Correspondence 4324: 4110: 4033:, the Khazar wife of 3983: 3951:Petachiah of Ratisbon 3892:Mstislav of Chernigov 3773: 3680: 3613: 3419: 3342:Farghânian (Φάργανοι) 3263: 3179:Khazars and Byzantium 3111:Iranian Sâmânid amîrs 3109:(the other being the 2899:and the greater king 2881:Khazaria developed a 2344:Constantine Zuckerman 2075:transcription of the 2043:. In the fragmentary 1957:emergence of a theory 1902:conversion to Judaism 1896:to have converted to 1657:Republic of Tatarstan 1420:Atabegs of Azerbaijan 1052:Yenisei Kyrgyz People 591: 122:Common languages 21382:Kingdom of the Aurès 21342:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms 21030:Legislative Assembly 20580:Central Asian (i.e. 20550:Azerbaijani diaspora 19887:Iranian Azerbaijanis 19525:Turkmen communities 19421:Western Azerbaijanis 19391:Iranian Azerbaijanis 18518:World Turks Qurultai 17139:Khazar Historic Maps 17086:(in Russian). 2016. 17036:. pp. 399–431. 16862:. pp. 387–398. 16613:. pp. 373–386. 16544:. pp. 210–215. 16288:. pp. 206–228. 16041:Chinese Text Project 16011:. pp. 353–372. 15959:. pp. 188–216. 15890:. pp. 307–351. 15844:. pp. 291–305. 15742:. pp. 279–290. 15074:. pp. 305–328. 15000:. pp. 207–244. 14948:Khazanov, Anatoly M. 14920:. pp. 485–534. 14457:A History of Hungary 14002:Kohen, Elli (2007). 13951:. pp. 369–393. 13739:. pp. 136–148. 13682:. pp. 412–427. 13306:. pp. 123–161. 13120:Khazanov, Anatoly M. 12229:. C. Scribners sons. 12191:The Byzantine Empire 12140:The Jews of Khazaria 12065:The Jews of Khazaria 12043:. Lanham, Maryland: 12041:The Jews of Khazaria 11851:10.3378/027.085.0604 11748:. pp. 935–937. 11684:. pp. 163–171. 11480:. pp. 402–473. 11161:Goodrick-Clarke 2003 10966:, pp. 196–206 . 10942:, pp. 261, 263. 10822:, pp. 134, 150. 10563:Mikheyev et al. 2019 10058:, pp. 124, 135. 9962:, pp. 202–204 . 9830:, p. 45, n.157. 9332:, p. 392, n.22. 9173:, pp. 120, 122. 8577:, pp. 235, 248. 8491:Sima Guang, vol. 196 7919:, pp. 141–142). 7888:Goodrick-Clarke 2003 7866:"By the 1960s, when 7769:Salo Wittmayer Baron 7680:, pp. 85–110 ). 7554:The Thirteenth Tribe 7449:, pp. 107–108). 7377:, pp. 93–117 ). 7365:Szpiech, citing the 7239:, pp. 143, 159) 7179:, p. 101, n. 9) 7064:; of the kingdom of 6882:, pp. 347–348). 6878:, pp. 135–136; 6792:, p. 80, n.22; 6673:, pp. 182–192). 6368:, pp. 211–214). 6277:, pp. 256–257). 6254:, pp. 97, 112). 5876:living south of the 5809:, pp. 183–192). 5419:refers to the later 5025:The Thirteenth Tribe 4989:Salo Wittmayer Baron 4581:, together with the 4523:bi-teshuvah shelemah 4488:Muḥammad rasûl Allâh 4232:, and it was these ( 4039:lestvichnaia sistema 3872:Mongols invaded Rus' 3775:Sviatoslav I of Kiev 3489:al-Djarrah al-Hakami 3338:dominated the Crimea 2912:killed by the nobles 2702:class=notpageimage| 1990:is still named the " 1878:North Caucasian Huns 1843:Sviatoslav I of Kiev 333:• 11th century 321:• 10th century 309:• 10th century 297:• 10th century 197:Religious syncretism 21392:Ostrogothic kingdom 20745:Genoese–Mongol Wars 20735:Empire of Trebizond 19571:Turkish communities 19437:Javanshir Qizilbash 18633:Dnieper trade route 18259:Karachay-Cherkessia 16120:. pp. 83–149. 15603:on 29 October 2014. 15259:Petrukhin, Vladimir 15221:Petrukhin, Vladimir 15126:Ostrogorski, George 14958:. pp. 76–102. 13701:Heath, Ian (1979). 13664:Harkabi, Yehoshafat 13630:Feldheim Publishers 13230:. pp. 79–102. 13164:. pp. 71–115. 12657:2012arXiv1208.1092E 12624:on 29 October 2004. 12618:Library of Congress 12461:on 16 October 2013. 12412:2013NatCo...4.2543C 12365:(28 October 2007). 11923:Blady, Ken (2000). 11395:, pp. 210–215. 11311:, pp. 388–391. 11299:, pp. 769–779. 11239:, pp. 79, 295. 11227:, pp. 263–264. 11215:, pp. 142–144. 11203:, pp. 121–188. 11139:, pp. 136–137. 11127:, pp. 513–541. 11103:, pp. 174–177. 11079:, pp. 190–249. 11067:, pp. 387–398. 11055:, p. 155, n.4. 10954:, pp. 241–242. 10918:, p. 263, n.1. 10870:, p. 101, n.9. 10726:, pp. 213–215. 10654:, pp. 208–209. 10625:, pp. 210–216. 10577:, pp. 477–488. 10502:, pp. 117–118. 10466:, p. 352, n.8. 10454:, pp. 304–305. 10400:, pp. 300–308. 10376:, pp. 137–138. 10364:, pp. 92–117 . 10352:, pp. 212–214. 10328:, pp. 140–142. 10292:, pp. 193–205. 10280:, pp. 429–441. 10244:, pp. 122–124. 10085:, pp. 292–293. 10022:, pp. 131–133. 9998:, pp. 177–178. 9878:, pp. 247–248. 9740:, pp. 147–148. 9692:, p. 31, n.28. 9639:, pp. 262–263. 9574:, pp. 502–503. 9410:, pp. 375–376. 9371:, pp. 126–127. 9284:, pp. 137–138. 9269:, pp. 341–342. 9245:, pp. 124–126. 9197:, pp. 143–145. 9185:, pp. 403–404. 8903:, pp. 133–134. 8730:, pp. 154–186. 8601:, pp. 220–223. 8553:, pp. 103–105. 8289:, pp. 859–900. 7996:, pp. 850–859) 7957:, pp. 353–372) 7915:, pp. 2, 6–7; 7844:, pp. 136–137) 7649:Jewish civilization 7466:, pp. 159–162) 6994:, pp. 209–211) 6980:, pp. 162–163) 6958:, pp. 145–146) 6589:Danube-Don Pechnegs 6499:, pp. 243–252) 6290:, pp. 130–131) 6237:, pp. 155–156) 6027:, pp. 190–193. 6017:Sallam al-tardjuman 5735:Materialia Turcica, 5399:, Tamatarkha), and 5315:Wind of the Khazars 5211:population genetics 5112:The Jews in America 5055:population genetics 4977:Tel Aviv University 4758:Cossacks of the Don 4673:, sought help from 4610:Abrahamic religions 4593:nizing dialogue by 4136:Al-Afdal Shahanshah 4008:Great Seljuq Empire 3801:was speculating in 3698:, the Khazar ruler 3441:Hasan ibn al-Nu'man 3251:traction trebuchets 3165:Samanid slave trade 3054:("dark-coloured"): 3001:sphere of influence 2866:Ḫusraw 1, Anûsîrvân 1922:Cossacks of the Don 1876:, like that of the 1300:Eastern Kara-Khanid 1293:Western Kara-Khanid 1279:Kara-Khanid Khanate 363:• Established 285:• 9th century 273:• 9th century 261:• 9th century 249:• 9th century 237:• 8th century 21453:Barbarian kingdoms 21417:Visigothic kingdom 21377:Kingdom of Odoacer 21347:Burgundian kingdom 21337:Alamannian kingdom 21322:Barbarian kingdoms 21090:Crimean Trolleybus 20994:Republic of Crimea 20095:Siberian Bukharans 19897:Chaharmahali Turks 19878:Turkic minorities 19845:Turkic minorities 19764:Turkic minorities 19480:Kyrgyz communities 19449:Kazakh communities 19297:Mandgelis Document 19280:Khazars in fiction 19219:Svetlana Pletnyova 18861:Yitzhak ha-Sangari 18450:Traditional sports 18254:Kabardino-Balkaria 17874:Meskhetia (Ahiska) 16661:. pp. 21–22. 16473:. Vol. 1–12. 16470:A Study of History 16378:(September 1997). 15928:. pp. 15–77. 15778:"Jews in Khazaria" 14392:Luttwak, Edward N. 14043:. pp. 41–76. 13820:Kaegi, Walter Emil 13729:Strayer, Joseph R. 13365:Ashgate Publishing 13130:. pp. 24–74. 12665:10.1093/gbe/evs119 12420:10.1038/ncomms3543 12372:The New York Times 12367:"Jews With Swords" 10892:Burrage Dixon 1923 10832:von Kutschera 1909 10232:, pp. 71, 73. 8431:Wei Zheng, vol. 84 7983:, pp. 61–74). 7868:Christian identity 6753:, pp. 27–35). 6535:based on the Arab 6390:Armenian Geography 6386:Georgian Chronicle 6195:, pp. 54–55). 6088:, pp. 40–41; 6082:Hephthalite Empire 5998:, p. 75, n.2) 5801:, pp. 58–59, 5140:Yehoshafat Harkabi 5124:Hiram Wesley Evans 5108:Burton J. Hendrick 4916:Hugo von Kutschera 4912:Samuel Weissenberg 4762:Ukrainian Cossacks 4643:Benjamin Nahâwandî 4585:discovered in the 4575:Joseph of Khazaria 4567:Ḥasdai ibn Shaprūṭ 4453: 4387:Yitzhak ha-Sangari 4344:universal religion 4335: 4292:Movsês Dasxuranc'i 4113: 3990: 3959:William of Rubruck 3779: 3757:Hasdai ibn Shaprut 3687: 3616: 3437:Iranian Azerbaijan 3424: 3266: 3099:Khazar slave trade 2845:stepnaja Atlantida 2774:Old Great Bulgaria 2149:in the Uyğur word 2077:Roman title Caesar 1396:Khwarazmian Empire 1267:Karluk Yabgu State 1005:Epics and heroes: 594: 469:Old Great Bulgaria 141:(dynastic, spoken) 113:(750 – c. 965–969) 21425: 21424: 21402:Sub-Roman Britain 21372:Kingdom of Altava 21288: 21287: 21268: 21267: 21243:Roman Catholicism 21224: 21223: 21129: 21128: 21098: 21097: 21062: 21061: 20976: 20975: 20913:Crimean Mountains 20613: 20612: 20512: 20511: 20423: 20416: 20377: 20253:Tatars of Romania 20226: 20195: 20152:Mongolian Kazakhs 20123: 20097: 20090: 20083: 20076: 20069: 20062: 20055: 19967: 19960: 19953: 19830: 19796: 19707:Palestinian Turks 19702:Montenegrin Turks 19626: 19607: 19600: 19593: 19586: 19556: 19547: 19540: 19500: 19471:Mongolian Kazakhs 19439: 19430: 19423: 19416: 19407: 19400: 19393: 19328: 19327: 19209:Alexander Harkavy 19179:Mikhail Artamonov 18628:Volga trade route 18538: 18537: 18314:Old Turkic script 18302: 18301: 18113:Timeline 500–1300 18030: 18029: 17516: 17515: 17375:Kipchak languages 17330:Karamanli Turkish 17043:978-90-04-16042-2 16977:978-963-481-839-7 16954:978-9-004-29448-6 16910:978-0-520-20496-6 16869:978-90-04-16042-2 16818:978-3-11-017258-4 16809:Walter de Gruyter 16777:978-1-4384-2393-7 16748:978-90-04-07656-3 16697:978-0-8276-0016-4 16668:978-0-8276-0016-4 16620:978-90-04-16042-2 16551:978-0-8047-3181-2 16452:978-90-04-23534-2 16363:978-2-8251-3088-9 16331:978-0-8122-0761-3 16295:978-0-521-24304-9 16255:. pp. 1–72. 16185:978-1-107-05544-5 16156:978-9-004-17536-5 16127:978-90-04-16389-8 16096:978-0-231-51167-4 16018:978-90-04-16042-2 15966:978-1-107-01652-1 15935:978-3-447-05425-6 15897:978-90-04-16042-2 15851:978-90-04-16042-2 15791:978-1-85109-873-6 15749:978-90-04-16042-2 15691:978-1-476-66230-5 15662:978-1-409-04004-0 15630:978-1-84467-623-1 15593:Cipolla, Carlo M. 15548:978-90-04-15415-5 15521:978-0-8032-3948-7 15492:978-963-9116-48-1 15460:978-1-474-40031-2 15374:978-1-85043-342-2 15342:978-0-8122-1863-3 15310:978-0-88402-308-1 15283:978-5-457-51756-1 15246:978-90-04-16042-2 15208:978-0-415-54853-3 15179:978-0-8143-1948-2 15147:978-0-8135-0599-2 15113:978-0-19-997638-6 15081:978-0-313-27497-8 15007:978-90-04-16042-2 14978:Noonan, Thomas S. 14965:978-0-7007-1369-1 14940:Noonan, Thomas S. 14927:978-0-521-36447-8 14898:Noonan, Thomas S. 14795:978-0-85728-752-6 14770:978-1-86064-989-9 14738:978-0-878-20137-2 14693:978-0-674-02656-8 14664:978-0-7914-8770-9 14608:978-1-4422-0045-6 14573:978-0-826-43713-6 14550:978-0-19-814098-6 14520:978-0-8047-8684-3 14411:978-0-674-03519-5 14379:978-0-415-08396-6 14350:978-0-7914-4451-1 14321:978-0-8191-4244-3 14292:978-1-135-03021-6 14278:The Jews of Islam 14260:978-0-393-30420-6 14226:978-0-8276-0954-9 14163:978-0-274-47307-6 14138:978-0-472-11498-6 14050:978-3-631-70624-4 14019:978-0-7618-3623-0 13990:978-0-09-125550-3 13958:978-6-155-22576-5 13924:978-90-04-16602-8 13892:978-1-317-34090-4 13858:. 29 March 2020. 13839:978-0-521-81459-1 13807:978-9-493-19401-4 13746:978-0-684-17024-4 13707:Osprey Publishing 13689:978-3-11-010170-6 13680:Walter de Gruyter 13639:978-1-59826-961-1 13607:978-0-7657-9970-8 13575:978-90-04-10255-2 13546:978-0-8147-3155-0 13517:978-0-7391-0167-4 13488:978-3-16-150972-8 13463:978-0-691-12105-5 13434:978-973-27-2152-0 13406:978-0-19-979317-4 13374:978-1-4094-0003-5 13313:978-90-04-16042-2 13275:978-90-04-16042-2 13268:. pp. 7–57. 13237:978-3-447-05425-6 13203:978-0-86078-885-0 13171:978-1-56639-832-9 13137:978-0-7007-1369-1 13099:978-0-521-24304-9 13068:978-0-521-24304-9 13034:978-3-447-03274-2 13006:978-0-226-28461-3 12949:978-0-8014-1221-9 12887:978-0-226-28461-3 12836:978-1-474-47810-6 12774:978-1-4008-2080-1 12745:978-3-319-57345-8 12713:978-90-04-16042-2 12575:978-0-8453-6659-2 12510:978-0-271-04445-3 12481:978-0-889-20216-0 12354:978-0-691-09271-3 12324:978-90-04-07010-3 12258:978-2-8185-0155-9 12210:978-0-8132-0754-4 12176:978-1-64469-984-3 12153:978-1-5381-0342-5 12124:10.12787/KARAM859 12079:978-0-7425-4982-1 12054:978-1-4422-0302-0 12027:978-0-8197-0703-1 11998:978-0-199-33384-4 11969:978-0-87565-097-5 11940:978-0-765-76112-5 11819:978-0-691-15034-5 11808:. Princeton, NJ: 11787:978-0-393-07817-6 11768:Bauer, Susan Wise 11755:978-90-04-09790-2 11691:978-0-8147-4945-6 11649:978-0-8078-4638-4 11516:978-3-9803917-0-2 11487:978-0-521-08709-4 11441:978-0-226-20142-9 11422:Abu El-Haj, Nadia 11333:Behar et al. 2013 11297:Behar et al. 2003 11091:, pp. 61–74. 10738:, pp. 69–84. 10714:, pp. 21–22. 10415:, pp. 24–26. 10193:, pp. 77–78. 9938:, pp. 85ff.. 9610:, pp. 75–84. 9306:Schwartzwald 2015 8939:, pp. 79–81. 8891:, pp. 81–82. 8802:, pp. 11–13. 8754:, pp. 94–95. 8409:, pp. 34–40. 8287:Behar et al. 2013 7666:Almanach Žydowski 7570:, pp. 95–96) 7499:is accepted, the 7443:Caucasian Albania 7352:(one who knows) ( 7301:Arabic original: 7097:of the cities." ( 6825:Hakkâri mountains 6747:Jewish scriptures 6009:Abbasid Caliphate 5985:, pp. 98–99) 5781:), a king of the 5757:, p. 16) or 5753:(the Turk Gesar)( 5607: 5590: 5573: 5445:Leo IV the Khazar 5283:Benjamin Disraeli 5160:white supremacist 5104:British Israelism 4832:Abraham Firkovich 4527:Persian historian 4506:and half-line of 4439:The 10th century 4385:attributed it to 4363:Romanus Lakapēnos 4296:Caucasian Albania 3992:The 10th century 3944:zemlya Jidovskaya 3904:Faḍl ibn Muḥammad 3835:Primary Chronicle 3683:Mikhail Artamonov 3654:, whose capital, 3366:Umayyad Caliphate 3270:Heraclian emperor 3223:Tong Yabghu Qağan 3153:Abbasid Caliphate 3127:Volga trade route 3103:the Muslim market 2908:ahl bait ma'rûfīn 2712:Göktürk Khaganate 2649:ABBASID CALIPHATE 2022:retracted variant 1942:Moldavian Csángós 1823:Abbasid Caliphate 1819:Umayyad Caliphate 1802:and the northern 1765:Southwestern Asia 1693: 1692: 1647:Kazan Governorate 1564: 1563: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1500: 1488: 1476: 1471:Qarlughid Kingdom 1437: 1425: 1413: 1401: 1389: 1364: 1352: 1340: 1335:Pecheneg Khanates 1328: 1316: 1284: 1272: 1260: 1255:Oghuz Yabgu State 1248: 1236: 1224: 1219:Türgesh Khaganate 1212: 1200: 1188: 1176: 1153: 1145: 1124: 1116: 1082: 1057: 1032: 1031: 959: 958: 771: 770: 582: 572: 571: 568: 567: 564: 563: 474: 473: 16:(Redirected from 21505: 21463:History of Kuban 21352:Frankish kingdom 21326:Migration Period 21315: 21308: 21301: 21292: 21291: 21278: 21277: 21140: 21139: 21111: 21110: 21107: 21106: 21073: 21072: 20987: 20986: 20871: 20870: 20859: 20707:Bosporan Kingdom 20659:Political status 20640: 20633: 20626: 20617: 20616: 20560:Turkish diaspora 20419: 20412: 20373: 20224: 20206:Karategin Uzbeks 20191: 20119: 20093: 20086: 20079: 20072: 20065: 20058: 20053:Astrakhan Tatars 20051: 20016: 19963: 19956: 19949: 19922:Iranian Turkmens 19854:Crimean Karaites 19826: 19792: 19692:Macedonian Turks 19657:Dodecanese Turks 19622: 19603: 19596: 19589: 19582: 19554:Iranian Turkmens 19552: 19543: 19536: 19496: 19435: 19426: 19419: 19412: 19403: 19396: 19389: 19375: 19374: 19355: 19348: 19341: 19332: 19331: 19307:Schechter Letter 19263:Crimean Karaites 19214:Thomas S. Noonan 18763: 18598:Arab–Khazar wars 18565: 18558: 18551: 18542: 18541: 18360:Tibetan Buddhism 18340:Turkic mythology 18221:Autonomous areas 18173:Sovereign states 18169: 18168: 17947: 17946: 17929: 17904: 17801: 17778: 17740: 17691: 17656: 17617:Crimean Karaites 17591: 17568: 17524: 17476: 17475: 17355:Khorasani Turkic 17209: 17208: 17207: 17197: 17190: 17183: 17174: 17173: 17099: 17097: 17095: 17075: 17073: 17071: 17051: 17026:Róna-Tas, András 17022:Golden, Peter B. 17012: 16981: 16962: 16933: 16925:New Book of Tang 16918: 16889: 16883: 16881: 16852:Róna-Tas, András 16848:Golden, Peter B. 16838: 16832: 16830: 16797: 16791: 16789: 16756: 16727: 16705: 16676: 16647: 16628: 16603:Róna-Tas, András 16599:Golden, Peter B. 16589: 16574: 16559: 16530: 16507: 16478: 16460: 16443:Brill Publishers 16431: 16413: 16371: 16339: 16310: 16304: 16302: 16268: 16266: 16264: 16248: 16236: 16206: 16193: 16164: 16135: 16104: 16075: 16073: 16071: 16065: 16058: 16048: 16026: 16001:Róna-Tas, András 15997:Golden, Peter B. 15987: 15974: 15943: 15912: 15906: 15904: 15880:Róna-Tas, András 15876:Golden, Peter B. 15866: 15860: 15858: 15840:. 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7806: 7799: 7793: 7786: 7780: 7765: 7759: 7752: 7746: 7739: 7733: 7725: 7719: 7711:John Bagot Glubb 7708: 7702: 7687: 7681: 7662: 7656: 7644: 7638: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7599: 7593: 7577: 7571: 7563:Eastern European 7545: 7539: 7532: 7526: 7523: 7517: 7514: 7508: 7489:Rabbinic Judaism 7476: 7467: 7456: 7450: 7439: 7433: 7422: 7416: 7397: 7391: 7384: 7378: 7363: 7357: 7356:, p. 1102). 7341: 7335: 7320:Mejelis document 7316: 7310: 7299: 7293: 7282: 7276: 7264: 7258: 7246: 7240: 7230: 7224: 7216: 7210: 7203: 7197: 7186: 7180: 7173: 7167: 7160: 7154: 7147: 7141: 7134: 7128: 7121: 7115: 7108: 7102: 7087: 7081: 7042: 7036: 7014: 7008: 7001: 6995: 6987: 6981: 6974: 6968: 6965: 6959: 6952: 6946: 6935: 6929: 6921:Johannes Buxtorf 6918: 6912: 6905: 6899: 6889: 6883: 6872: 6866: 6859: 6853: 6844:doctrine of the 6838: 6832: 6816: 6810: 6803: 6797: 6760: 6754: 6731: 6725: 6718: 6712: 6697: 6691: 6680: 6674: 6664: 6658: 6648: 6642: 6631: 6625: 6618: 6612: 6566: 6560: 6553: 6547: 6527: 6521: 6506: 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Polak 4927:Yitzhak Schipper 4920:Maurice Fishberg 4873:Ashkenazi Jewish 4847:halakhic content 4818:Crimean Karaites 4790:Crimean Karaites 4780:, the Moldavian 4583:Schechter Letter 4542:Ya'kub Qirqisânî 4519:yashuvu yisra'el 4480:Mûsâ rasûl Allâh 4375:Geniza fragments 4260:Byzantine empire 4222:Ancestor worship 4210:Horse sacrifices 4167:Avraham ibn Daud 4078:fekete magyarság 3787:Schechter Letter 3723:Oleg of Novgorod 3624:Volga Bulgarians 3578:and the eastern 3473:Caucasian Iberia 3374:Muslim expansion 3360:Arab–Khazar wars 3354:Arab–Khazar wars 3330:Leo IV (775–780) 2956:guard corps, or 2930:Ahmad ibn Rustah 2806: 2803: 2800:in the Balkans ( 2696: 2694: 2685: 2683: 2674: 2672: 2663: 2661: 2652: 2650: 2643: 2641: 2632: 2630: 2621: 2619: 2610: 2608: 2599: 2597: 2588: 2586: 2577: 2575: 2568: 2566: 2557: 2555: 2548: 2546: 2537: 2535: 2524: 2522: 2513: 2511: 2502: 2500: 2491: 2489: 2482: 2480: 2471: 2469: 2460: 2458: 2449: 2447: 2438: 2436: 2427: 2425: 2416: 2414: 2405: 2403: 2402:UYGHUR KHAGANATE 2396: 2394: 2387: 2385: 2379: 2356: 2355: 2335: 2334: 2319:Rouran Khaganate 1984:Turkic languages 1938:Crimean Karaites 1898:Rabbinic Judaism 1894:Abraham ibn Daud 1815:Byzantine Empire 1797: 1794: 1741:southern Ukraine 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1685: 1678: 1671: 1637:Khanate of Kazan 1594: 1584: 1566: 1565: 1556: 1549: 1542: 1523: 1498: 1486: 1474: 1435: 1423: 1411: 1399: 1387: 1373:Sultanate of Rum 1362: 1350: 1347:Ghaznavid Empire 1338: 1326: 1314: 1282: 1270: 1258: 1246: 1243:Uyghur Khaganate 1234: 1222: 1210: 1198: 1186: 1174: 1171:Khazar Khaganate 1151: 1143: 1122: 1114: 1080: 1055: 1047: 1046: 1042:Pre-14th century 1019:Major concepts: 974: 973: 969:Turkic Mythology 786: 785: 781:Turkic Languages 764:Crimean Karaites 701:Cherniye Klobuki 607: 606: 581:pre–14th century 580: 574: 573: 560: 559: 546: 545: 532: 531: 518: 517: 504: 503: 490: 489: 478: 477: 465: 464: 451: 450: 444: 443: 428: 427: 369: 224: 114: 106: 98: 96: 92: 61: 51: 43:Khazar Khaganate 39: 38: 21: 21513: 21512: 21508: 21507: 21506: 21504: 21503: 21502: 21468:Jewish polities 21428: 21427: 21426: 21421: 21407:Suebian kingdom 21387:Lombard kingdom 21357:Frisian kingdom 21328: 21319: 21289: 21284: 21264: 21220: 21189: 21125: 21094: 21058: 21049:Black Sea Fleet 20972: 20942: 20923:Perekop Isthmus 20860: 20851: 20755:Crimean Khanate 20702:Cherson (theme) 20678: 20650: 20644: 20614: 20609: 20574: 20570:Kazakh diaspora 20538: 20508: 20257: 20223: 20221: 20215: 20177:Afghan Turkmens 20168: 20161: 20139: 20133: 20088:Siberian Tatars 20012: 19937: 19931: 19927:Iranian Kazakhs 19907:Khorasani Turks 19879: 19873: 19846: 19840: 19783:Chinese Kazakhs 19765: 19759: 19742: 19741:Turkic peoples 19736: 19637:Bulgarian Turks 19613:Abkhazian Turks 19566: 19538:Afghan Turkmens 19520: 19475: 19466:Iranian Kazakhs 19461:Chinese Kazakhs 19444: 19364: 19359: 19329: 19324: 19311: 19273:Jewish Cossacks 19245:Khazar language 19228: 19224:Omeljan Pritsak 19199:Peter B. Golden 19167: 19016: 18865: 18764: 18755: 18637: 18574: 18569: 18539: 18534: 18529: 18522: 18481: 18445: 18328: 18298: 18215: 18196:Northern Cyprus 18160: 18146:Altai Mountains 18081: 18026: 17945: 17925: 17870:North Macedonia 17812: 17793: 17750: 17736: 17732:Siberian Tatars 17687: 17672:Khorasani Turks 17652: 17579: 17548: 17525: 17512: 17474: 17395:Ottoman Turkish 17315:Karachay-Balkar 17214: 17205: 17203: 17201: 17168:Wayback Machine 17156:Wayback Machine 17143:Wayback Machine 17128:Wayback Machine 17107: 17102: 17093: 17091: 17069: 17067: 17044: 16978: 16955: 16911: 16879: 16877: 16870: 16828: 16826: 16819: 16787: 16785: 16778: 16749: 16718:. Vol. 1. 16698: 16669: 16621: 16552: 16465:Toynbee, Arnold 16453: 16423:Vol. 199b Tiele 16420:; Jiu Tangshu. 16376:Taagepera, Rein 16364: 16344:Szyszman, Simon 16332: 16300: 16298: 16296: 16262: 16260: 16241:Stampfer, Shaul 16204: 16198:Stampfer, Shaul 16186: 16157: 16128: 16097: 16069: 16067: 16066:on 5 March 2014 16063: 16056: 16019: 15967: 15936: 15902: 15900: 15898: 15856: 15854: 15852: 15792: 15750: 15722:Sefer ha-Kuzari 15701: 15699: 15692: 15663: 15631: 15577: 15575: 15549: 15522: 15493: 15461: 15436: 15414:Reuter, Timothy 15405: 15390: 15375: 15343: 15311: 15284: 15271: 15264: 15247: 15209: 15180: 15148: 15114: 15082: 15017: 15015: 15008: 14966: 14928: 14916:. Vol. 3. 14906:Reuter, Timothy 14796: 14771: 14739: 14694: 14665: 14637: 14635: 14624: 14609: 14574: 14551: 14521: 14471: 14437: 14435: 14412: 14380: 14351: 14322: 14293: 14261: 14227: 14164: 14139: 14070:(47): 183–192. 14051: 14020: 13991: 13959: 13925: 13893: 13865: 13863: 13840: 13808: 13777:10.2307/3014425 13747: 13735:. Vol. 4. 13717: 13690: 13649: 13647: 13640: 13620:HaLevi, Yehudah 13608: 13576: 13547: 13518: 13508:Lexington Books 13489: 13464: 13435: 13407: 13375: 13314: 13276: 13238: 13204: 13172: 13138: 13100: 13069: 13035: 13007: 12950: 12888: 12841: 12839: 12837: 12792:Vostok (Oriens) 12775: 12746: 12714: 12610:"Early History" 12576: 12564:. Vol. 2. 12527:Yisrael ba-gola 12523:Dinur, Ben-Zion 12511: 12482: 12458: 12451: 12382: 12380: 12355: 12325: 12305:Cameron, Averil 12271:Cameron, Averil 12259: 12211: 12177: 12154: 12133:on 2 June 2019. 12130: 12107: 12089: 12087: 12080: 12055: 12047:. p. 192. 12028: 11999: 11970: 11941: 11820: 11788: 11756: 11744:. Vol. 4. 11712:. Vol. 3. 11692: 11674:Katz, Steven T. 11662:Barkun, Michael 11650: 11624:Barkun, Michael 11615: 11602: 11590: 11577: 11517: 11488: 11476:. Vol. 2. 11454:Abulafia, David 11442: 11430:. Chicago, IL: 11416: 11411: 11403: 11399: 11391: 11387: 11379: 11375: 11371:, pp. 2–4. 11367: 11363: 11357:Abu El-Haj 2012 11355: 11351: 11345:Abu El-Haj 2012 11343: 11339: 11331: 11327: 11319: 11315: 11307: 11303: 11295: 11291: 11283: 11279: 11271: 11267: 11259: 11255: 11247: 11243: 11235: 11231: 11223: 11219: 11211: 11207: 11199: 11195: 11187: 11183: 11171: 11167: 11159: 11155: 11151:, pp. 4–5. 11147: 11143: 11135: 11131: 11123: 11119: 11111: 11107: 11099: 11095: 11087: 11083: 11075: 11071: 11063: 11059: 11051: 11047: 11039: 11035: 11027: 11023: 11015: 11011: 11003: 10994: 10986: 10982: 10974: 10970: 10962: 10958: 10950: 10946: 10938: 10934: 10926: 10922: 10914: 10910: 10902: 10898: 10890: 10886: 10878: 10874: 10866: 10862: 10854: 10850: 10842: 10838: 10830: 10826: 10818: 10811: 10803: 10794: 10782: 10778: 10770: 10766: 10758: 10754: 10746: 10742: 10734: 10730: 10722: 10718: 10710: 10706: 10702:, pp. 7–9. 10698: 10694: 10686: 10682: 10674: 10670: 10662: 10658: 10650: 10646: 10638: 10629: 10621: 10617: 10609: 10605: 10597: 10593: 10585: 10581: 10573: 10569: 10561: 10557: 10549: 10545: 10537: 10533: 10525: 10521: 10513: 10506: 10498: 10494: 10486: 10482: 10474: 10470: 10462: 10458: 10450: 10443: 10435: 10431: 10423: 10419: 10411: 10404: 10396: 10392: 10384: 10380: 10372: 10368: 10360: 10356: 10348: 10344: 10336: 10332: 10324: 10320: 10312: 10308: 10300: 10296: 10288: 10284: 10276: 10272: 10264: 10260: 10252: 10248: 10240: 10236: 10228: 10221: 10213: 10209: 10201: 10197: 10189: 10185: 10177: 10173: 10165: 10161: 10153: 10149: 10141: 10137: 10129: 10125: 10117: 10113: 10105: 10101: 10093: 10089: 10081: 10077: 10069: 10062: 10054: 10050: 10042: 10038: 10030: 10026: 10018: 10014: 10006: 10002: 9994: 9990: 9982: 9978: 9970: 9966: 9958: 9954: 9946: 9942: 9934: 9930: 9922: 9918: 9910: 9906: 9898: 9894: 9886: 9882: 9874: 9870: 9862: 9858: 9850: 9846: 9838: 9834: 9826: 9822: 9814: 9810: 9802: 9798: 9790: 9783: 9775: 9771: 9763: 9759: 9751: 9744: 9736: 9732: 9724: 9720: 9712: 9708: 9700: 9696: 9688: 9684: 9676: 9672: 9664: 9657: 9647: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9623: 9614: 9606: 9602: 9594: 9590: 9582: 9578: 9570: 9566: 9558: 9549: 9541: 9537: 9529: 9525: 9517: 9513: 9505: 9501: 9493: 9489: 9481: 9477: 9469: 9465: 9457: 9453: 9445: 9441: 9433: 9426: 9418: 9414: 9406: 9402: 9394: 9387: 9379: 9375: 9367: 9360: 9352: 9348: 9340: 9336: 9328: 9324: 9316: 9312: 9304: 9300: 9292: 9288: 9280: 9273: 9265: 9261: 9253: 9249: 9241: 9237: 9229: 9225: 9217: 9213: 9205: 9201: 9193: 9189: 9181: 9177: 9169: 9165: 9157: 9153: 9145: 9138: 9130: 9126: 9118: 9114: 9106: 9102: 9094: 9090: 9082: 9078: 9070: 9066: 9058: 9054: 9046: 9042: 9034: 9030: 9026:, pp. 3–4. 9022: 9015: 9007: 9003: 8995: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8971: 8967: 8959: 8955: 8947: 8943: 8935: 8931: 8923: 8919: 8911: 8907: 8899: 8895: 8887: 8883: 8875: 8866: 8858: 8854: 8846: 8842: 8834: 8830: 8826:, pp. 7–8. 8822: 8818: 8810: 8806: 8798: 8794: 8786: 8782: 8774: 8770: 8762: 8758: 8750: 8746: 8738: 8734: 8726: 8722: 8714: 8707: 8699: 8692: 8684: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8657: 8653: 8645: 8641: 8633: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8609: 8605: 8597: 8593: 8585: 8581: 8573: 8569: 8561: 8557: 8549: 8545: 8537: 8533: 8525: 8521: 8513: 8509: 8501: 8497: 8489: 8485: 8479:Wang Pu, vol 98 8477: 8473: 8465: 8461: 8453: 8449: 8441: 8437: 8429: 8425: 8417: 8413: 8405: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8381: 8377: 8369: 8365: 8357: 8353: 8345: 8338: 8330: 8323: 8315: 8308: 8300: 8293: 8285: 8278: 8270: 8266: 8258: 8254: 8246: 8242: 8234: 8227: 8219: 8215: 8207: 8203: 8195: 8191: 8183: 8179: 8171: 8167: 8159: 8155: 8147: 8143: 8135: 8131: 8123: 8116: 8108: 8104: 8096: 8092: 8084: 8080: 8072: 8068: 8060: 8049: 8045: 8040: 8039: 8026: 8022: 8017: 8013: 8004: 8000: 7991: 7987: 7978: 7974: 7965: 7961: 7955:Shnirelman 2007 7952: 7948: 7939: 7935: 7927: 7923: 7898: 7894: 7865: 7861: 7857:, p. 165). 7852: 7848: 7835: 7831: 7822: 7818: 7813: 7809: 7800: 7796: 7787: 7783: 7766: 7762: 7753: 7749: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7722: 7709: 7705: 7688: 7684: 7663: 7659: 7645: 7641: 7628: 7624: 7616: 7612: 7608:St. Petersburg. 7600: 7596: 7578: 7574: 7549:Arthur Koestler 7546: 7542: 7533: 7529: 7524: 7520: 7515: 7511: 7507:, p. 232). 7503:being ignored ( 7477: 7470: 7457: 7453: 7440: 7436: 7423: 7419: 7415:, p. 111). 7411:, p. 303; 7398: 7394: 7388:Sefer Ha-Kusari 7385: 7381: 7364: 7360: 7342: 7338: 7317: 7313: 7309:, p. 279). 7300: 7296: 7292:, p. 170). 7283: 7279: 7275:, p. 250). 7265: 7261: 7257:, p. 143). 7247: 7243: 7231: 7227: 7217: 7213: 7209:, p. 497). 7204: 7200: 7187: 7183: 7174: 7170: 7161: 7157: 7148: 7144: 7135: 7131: 7122: 7118: 7109: 7105: 7088: 7084: 7043: 7039: 7015: 7011: 7002: 6998: 6988: 6984: 6975: 6971: 6966: 6962: 6953: 6949: 6936: 6932: 6928:, p. 112). 6919: 6915: 6906: 6902: 6890: 6886: 6873: 6869: 6865:, p. 124). 6860: 6856: 6852:, p. 220). 6839: 6835: 6817: 6813: 6804: 6800: 6761: 6757: 6732: 6728: 6724:, p. 130). 6719: 6715: 6698: 6694: 6690:, p. 248). 6681: 6677: 6665: 6661: 6649: 6645: 6632: 6628: 6624:, p. 507). 6619: 6615: 6611:, p. 106). 6567: 6563: 6554: 6550: 6546:, p. 156). 6528: 6524: 6507: 6503: 6494: 6490: 6477: 6473: 6460: 6456: 6447: 6443: 6439:, p. 417). 6433:Shah Khusrau II 6430: 6426: 6412: 6408: 6376: 6372: 6359: 6355: 6342: 6338: 6325: 6321: 6317:, p. 507). 6312: 6308: 6304:, p. 138). 6298: 6294: 6285: 6281: 6262: 6258: 6245: 6241: 6203: 6199: 6185:Nǔshībì (弩失畢: * 6174: 6170: 6160: 6156: 6148:, p. 136, 6113: 6109: 6105:, p. 404). 6100: 6096: 6073: 6069: 6052: 6048: 6035: 6031: 6006: 6002: 5993: 5989: 5980: 5976: 5972:, p. 148). 5960: 5956: 5900: 5896: 5817: 5813: 5805:, p. 106, 5745: 5741: 5723: 5719: 5706: 5702: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5598:Church Slavonic 5581:Old East Slavic 5546: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5498:History of Kyiv 5429: 5333: 5311:Book of Abraham 5299:H.N. Turteltaub 5269:Aristotelianism 5265:Jewish religion 5236: 5207: 5193: 5191:Genetic studies 5138:. According to 5084: 5020:Arthur Koestler 4946:Roland B. Dixon 4924:General Zionist 4869: 4863: 4824: 4816:Main articles: 4814: 4724: 4687: 4663: 4614:Qaraite Judaism 4600:Sefer ha-Kuzari 4589:and the famous 4500:Ten Lost Tribes 4422: 4327:Spillings Hoard 4319: 4252: 4195: 4189: 4184: 4070:Western Tourkia 3868: 3783:the Caspian sea 3737:. According to 3712:Leo VI the Wise 3660:Sarkel fortress 3608: 3548: 3483:Arab forces at 3422: 3362: 3356: 3308:Decades later, 3191: 3181: 3083: 3045:âşşeina-āššsena 3025: 2968:junûd murtazîqa 2938: 2879: 2874: 2833:Omeljan Pritsak 2829:successor state 2804: 2735:internecine war 2716:Hungarian plain 2708: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2595:Paleo-Siberians 2593: 2591: 2589: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2371: 2315:Palaeo-Siberian 2246: 2241: 2180:their languages 2176: 2174:Khazar language 2170: 2125:), and that in 2035:objected that * 2033:András Róna-Tas 2000: 1966:Ashkenazi Jewry 1862:their languages 1827:Sasanian Empire 1795: 1737:European Russia 1704: 1700: 1689: 1627:Mongol invasion 1582: 1575: 1560: 1531: 1530: 1460:Tughlaq dynasty 1432:Delhi Sultanate 1130:Tokhara Yabghus 1091:Tiele (Gaoche) 1056:202 BCE–13th CE 1044: 1034: 1033: 977:Belief system: 971: 961: 960: 916:Karachay-Balkar 783: 773: 772: 604: 557: 543: 529: 515: 501: 487: 462: 448: 384: 364: 334: 322: 310: 298: 286: 274: 262: 250: 238: 226: 201: 150: 117: 112: 104: 88: 64: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21511: 21501: 21500: 21498:Turkic peoples 21495: 21490: 21485: 21480: 21475: 21470: 21465: 21460: 21455: 21450: 21445: 21440: 21423: 21422: 21420: 21419: 21414: 21412:Vandal kingdom 21409: 21404: 21399: 21397:Rugian kingdom 21394: 21389: 21384: 21379: 21374: 21369: 21364: 21359: 21354: 21349: 21344: 21339: 21333: 21330: 21329: 21318: 21317: 21310: 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20782: 20777: 20767: 20762: 20757: 20752: 20747: 20742: 20740:Genoese Crimea 20737: 20732: 20727: 20722: 20717: 20712: 20711: 20710: 20704: 20694: 20688: 20686: 20680: 20679: 20677: 20676: 20671: 20666: 20661: 20655: 20652: 20651: 20649: articles 20643: 20642: 20635: 20628: 20620: 20611: 20610: 20579: 20576: 20575: 20573: 20572: 20567: 20562: 20557: 20552: 20546: 20544: 20540: 20539: 20537: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20520: 20518: 20514: 20513: 20510: 20509: 20507: 20506: 20501: 20496: 20491: 20489:Yenisei Kyrgyz 20486: 20481: 20476: 20471: 20466: 20461: 20456: 20451: 20446: 20441: 20436: 20431: 20426: 20425: 20424: 20417: 20405: 20400: 20395: 20390: 20385: 20380: 20379: 20378: 20366: 20361: 20356: 20351: 20346: 20341: 20336: 20331: 20326: 20321: 20316: 20311: 20306: 20301: 20296: 20291: 20286: 20281: 20276: 20271: 20265: 20263: 20259: 20258: 20256: 20255: 20250: 20245: 20240: 20238:Finnish Tatars 20235: 20229: 20227: 20217: 20216: 20214: 20213: 20208: 20203: 20198: 20197: 20196: 20184: 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17222: 17216: 17215: 17200: 17199: 17192: 17185: 17177: 17171: 17170: 17158: 17146: 17136: 17130: 17118: 17106: 17105:External links 17103: 17101: 17100: 17084:Инде (inde.io) 17076: 17062:(in Russian). 17052: 17042: 17013: 16982: 16976: 16963: 16953: 16934: 16922:Xin, Tangshu. 16919: 16909: 16890: 16868: 16839: 16817: 16798: 16776: 16757: 16747: 16728: 16706: 16696: 16677: 16667: 16648: 16642:(in Chinese). 16629: 16619: 16590: 16575: 16560: 16550: 16531: 16508: 16479: 16461: 16451: 16432: 16426:(in Chinese). 16414: 16372: 16362: 16340: 16330: 16311: 16294: 16269: 16237: 16194: 16184: 16165: 16155: 16136: 16126: 16105: 16095: 16076: 16049: 16033:; et al. 16027: 16017: 15988: 15975: 15965: 15944: 15934: 15913: 15896: 15867: 15850: 15821: 15811:(2): 131–180. 15800: 15790: 15773: 15758: 15748: 15712: 15690: 15671: 15661: 15639: 15629: 15605: 15584: 15557: 15547: 15530: 15520: 15501: 15491: 15469: 15459: 15440: 15434: 15416:, ed. (1999). 15410: 15401:(3): 261–281. 15383: 15373: 15351: 15341: 15323:Poliakov, Léon 15319: 15309: 15297:Maguire, Henry 15288: 15282: 15255: 15245: 15217: 15207: 15188: 15178: 15160:Patai, Raphael 15156: 15146: 15122: 15112: 15090: 15080: 15059: 15041:(4): 495–526. 15028: 15006: 14974: 14964: 14936: 14926: 14894: 14866:(3): 388–391. 14849: 14827:10.1086/324070 14804: 14794: 14779: 14769: 14747: 14737: 14727:. Cincinnati: 14718: 14702: 14692: 14673: 14663: 14644: 14630:(in Russian). 14617: 14607: 14582: 14572: 14555: 14549: 14535:, ed. (2002). 14529: 14519: 14500: 14479: 14469: 14463:. p. 11. 14444: 14420: 14410: 14388: 14378: 14359: 14349: 14330: 14320: 14301: 14291: 14273:Lewis, Bernard 14269: 14259: 14239:Lewis, Bernard 14235: 14225: 14203: 14172: 14162: 14143: 14137: 14124: 14094:(4): 477–488. 14076: 14059: 14049: 14028: 14018: 13999: 13989: 13967: 13957: 13933: 13923: 13901: 13891: 13872: 13848: 13838: 13816: 13806: 13789: 13771:(2): 182–192. 13755:Howorth, H. H. 13751: 13745: 13725:Herlihy, David 13721: 13715: 13698: 13688: 13660: 13638: 13616: 13606: 13588:HaLevi, Yehuda 13584: 13574: 13555: 13545: 13526: 13516: 13497: 13487: 13472: 13462: 13443: 13433: 13415: 13405: 13383: 13373: 13351: 13337:(2): 161–194. 13322: 13312: 13284: 13274: 13246: 13236: 13212: 13202: 13180: 13170: 13146: 13136: 13108: 13098: 13077: 13067: 13043: 13033: 13015: 13005: 12987: 12958: 12948: 12922: 12896: 12886: 12867: 12848: 12835: 12816: 12783: 12773: 12754: 12744: 12722: 12712: 12687: 12626: 12606: 12598:Schocken Books 12584: 12574: 12552: 12531: 12519: 12509: 12490: 12480: 12463: 12442: 12389: 12359: 12353: 12337:Cohen, Mark R. 12333: 12323: 12301: 12267: 12257: 12231: 12219: 12209: 12181: 12175: 12158: 12152: 12135: 12100: 12078: 12059: 12053: 12036: 12026: 12007: 11997: 11978: 11968: 11949: 11939: 11920: 11898:10.1086/378506 11892:(4): 768–779. 11875: 11845:(6): 859–900. 11828: 11818: 11796: 11786: 11764: 11754: 11738:Bosworth, C.E. 11722: 11700: 11690: 11658: 11648: 11620: 11595: 11570: 11542:(6): 850–859. 11525: 11515: 11496: 11486: 11470:Miller, Edward 11466:Habakkuk, H.J. 11450: 11440: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11409: 11397: 11385: 11383:, p. 204. 11373: 11361: 11359:, p. 133. 11349: 11337: 11325: 11313: 11301: 11289: 11277: 11265: 11253: 11241: 11229: 11217: 11205: 11193: 11191:, p. 424. 11181: 11165: 11163:, p. 237. 11153: 11149:Singerman 2004 11141: 11129: 11117: 11105: 11093: 11081: 11069: 11057: 11045: 11043:, p. 537. 11033: 11031:, p. 538. 11021: 11009: 11007:, p. 240. 10992: 10990:, p. 192. 10980: 10968: 10956: 10944: 10932: 10930:, p. 234. 10920: 10908: 10896: 10884: 10880:Singerman 2004 10872: 10860: 10858:, p. 210. 10848: 10836: 10824: 10809: 10807:, p. 131. 10805:Goldstein 2006 10792: 10784:Singerman 2004 10776: 10764: 10762:, p. 126. 10752: 10750:, p. 122. 10740: 10728: 10716: 10704: 10692: 10690:, p. 125. 10680: 10678:, p. 166. 10668: 10664:Goldstein 2011 10656: 10644: 10627: 10615: 10603: 10591: 10589:, p. 478. 10579: 10567: 10555: 10553:, p. 161. 10543: 10531: 10519: 10517:, p. 232. 10504: 10492: 10490:, p. 157. 10480: 10478:, p. 170. 10468: 10456: 10441: 10439:, p. 512. 10429: 10427:, p. 302. 10417: 10402: 10390: 10378: 10366: 10354: 10350:Shingiray 2012 10342: 10330: 10318: 10306: 10294: 10282: 10270: 10258: 10246: 10234: 10219: 10207: 10205:, p. 266. 10195: 10183: 10171: 10169:, p. 153. 10159: 10147: 10145:, p. 123. 10135: 10133:, p. 102. 10123: 10121:, p. 305. 10111: 10109:, p. 171. 10099: 10087: 10075: 10073:, p. 125. 10060: 10048: 10046:, p. 133. 10036: 10034:, p. 220. 10024: 10012: 10010:, p. 229. 10000: 9988: 9986:, p. 149. 9976: 9974:, p. 514. 9964: 9952: 9950:, p. 286. 9940: 9936:Bowersock 2013 9928: 9926:, p. 167. 9916: 9914:, p. 150. 9904: 9892: 9880: 9868: 9856: 9844: 9842:, p. 159. 9832: 9820: 9818:, p. 792. 9808: 9806:, p. 227. 9796: 9794:, p. 102. 9781: 9779:, p. 253. 9769: 9767:, p. 305. 9757: 9755:, p. 109. 9742: 9730: 9728:, p. 503. 9718: 9716:, p. 148. 9706: 9704:, p. 229. 9694: 9682: 9680:, p. 242. 9670: 9668:, p. 263. 9666:Petrukhin 2007 9655: 9641: 9637:Petrukhin 2007 9629: 9627:, p. 262. 9625:Petrukhin 2007 9612: 9600: 9598:, p. 259. 9596:Petrukhin 2007 9588: 9586:, p. 508. 9576: 9564: 9562:, p. 107. 9547: 9545:, p. 257. 9543:Petrukhin 2007 9535: 9533:, p. 166. 9523: 9511: 9499: 9487: 9485:, p. 245. 9483:Petrukhin 2007 9475: 9463: 9451: 9439: 9437:, p. 115. 9424: 9422:, p. 179. 9412: 9400: 9385: 9383:, p. 127. 9373: 9358: 9346: 9334: 9322: 9320:, p. 220. 9310: 9298: 9286: 9271: 9259: 9257:, p. 212. 9247: 9235: 9233:, p. 341. 9223: 9221:, p. 145. 9211: 9209:, p. 230. 9199: 9187: 9183:Zuckerman 2007 9175: 9163: 9151: 9149:, p. 214. 9136: 9134:, p. 504. 9124: 9122:, p. 232. 9112: 9100: 9088: 9086:, p. 173. 9076: 9074:, p. 936. 9064: 9062:, p. 312. 9060:Oppenheim 1994 9052: 9040: 9028: 9013: 9001: 8999:, p. 113. 8989: 8977: 8975:, p. 495. 8965: 8953: 8941: 8929: 8927:, p. 181. 8917: 8915:, p. 212. 8913:Shingiray 2012 8905: 8893: 8881: 8864: 8862:, p. 496. 8852: 8850:, p. 500. 8840: 8828: 8816: 8804: 8792: 8780: 8778:, p. 417. 8776:Zuckerman 2007 8768: 8766:, p. 128. 8756: 8744: 8742:, p. 222. 8732: 8720: 8705: 8690: 8675: 8673:, p. 165. 8663: 8651: 8649:, p. 261. 8639: 8627: 8625:, p. 206. 8615: 8603: 8591: 8579: 8567: 8555: 8543: 8531: 8519: 8517:, p. 259. 8515:Dobrovits 2004 8507: 8495: 8483: 8471: 8459: 8447: 8435: 8423: 8411: 8399: 8387: 8375: 8363: 8361:, p. 242. 8351: 8349:, p. 536. 8336: 8321: 8306: 8304:, p. 335. 8291: 8276: 8274:, p. 149. 8264: 8252: 8250:, p. 131. 8240: 8225: 8223:, p. 498. 8213: 8201: 8199:, p. 493. 8189: 8177: 8165: 8163:, p. 294. 8153: 8151:, p. 255. 8149:Petrukhin 2007 8141: 8129: 8127:, p. 152. 8114: 8112:, p. 496. 8110:Taagepera 1997 8102: 8100:, p. 222. 8090: 8088:, p. 107. 8078: 8066: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8035:, p. 152) 8020: 8011: 8009:, p. 100) 7998: 7985: 7972: 7970:, p. 100) 7959: 7946: 7933: 7921: 7892: 7890:, p. 237) 7859: 7846: 7829: 7816: 7807: 7805:, p. 55). 7794: 7781: 7773:Ben-Zion Dinur 7760: 7758:, p. 285) 7747: 7745:, p. 29). 7734: 7720: 7718:, p. 22). 7703: 7701:, p. 570) 7682: 7657: 7639: 7637:, p. 120) 7622: 7610: 7594: 7572: 7559:Ashkenazi Jews 7540: 7527: 7518: 7509: 7468: 7462:, p. 63; 7451: 7434: 7417: 7392: 7379: 7358: 7336: 7311: 7294: 7277: 7273:Zuckerman 1995 7259: 7241: 7225: 7211: 7198: 7196:, p. 139) 7181: 7168: 7166:, p. 198) 7155: 7153:, p. 502) 7142: 7140:, p. 496) 7129: 7127:, p. 127) 7116: 7114:, p. 514) 7103: 7101:, p. 126) 7082: 7037: 7009: 6996: 6992:Shingiray 2012 6982: 6969: 6960: 6947: 6945:, p. 130) 6930: 6913: 6911:, p. 73). 6900: 6884: 6867: 6854: 6833: 6811: 6798: 6796:, p. 72). 6774:, authored by 6755: 6726: 6713: 6711:, p. 156) 6705:Bahr ul-Khazar 6692: 6675: 6659: 6643: 6641:, p. 257) 6639:Petrukhin 2007 6626: 6613: 6561: 6557:Petrukhin 2007 6548: 6522: 6501: 6488: 6471: 6469:, p. 16). 6454: 6452:, p. 149) 6441: 6437:Zuckerman 2007 6424: 6406: 6404:, p. 282) 6370: 6353: 6336: 6319: 6306: 6292: 6279: 6275:Petrukhin 2007 6256: 6239: 6197: 6168: 6166:, p. 221) 6154: 6152:, p. 10). 6128:) to the name 6107: 6103:Zuckerman 2007 6094: 6067: 6046: 6029: 6000: 5987: 5974: 5954: 5940:< EMC/LMC * 5894: 5886:sïqïr türk čor 5860:mentioned the 5858:Zizhi Tongjian 5811: 5795:Rezakhani 2017 5791:Western Turkic 5775:Middle Chinese 5739: 5717: 5700: 5698:, p. 139) 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667:Resource notes 5665: 5662: 5661: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5503:Rus' Khaganate 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5413:Mayaki-Saltovo 5332: 5329: 5319:Michael Chabon 5235: 5232: 5219:Shaul Stampfer 5192: 5189: 5171:Miguel Serrano 5088:Michael Barkun 5083: 5080: 5072:Ashkenazi Jews 4993:Ben-Zion Dinur 4891:Albert Harkavi 4884:Slavic peoples 4865:Main article: 4862: 4859: 4813: 4810: 4792:(known in the 4723: 4720: 4686: 4683: 4662: 4659: 4633:commentary on 4627:Albert Harkavy 4558:and, finally, 4556:identification 4441:Kievian Letter 4430:Abu al Jayhani 4421: 4418: 4414:Shaul Stampfer 4318: 4315: 4294:, the king of 4264:Umayyad empire 4251: 4248: 4191:Main article: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4142:where his son 4125:state in Yemen 4047:Rus' Khaganate 3986:Pontic steppes 3920:Constantinople 3867: 3864: 3727:Askold and Dir 3696:Schechter Text 3685:in the 1950s). 3672:Constantinople 3644:Rus' Khaganate 3620:Varangian Rus' 3607: 3604: 3590:(Germany) and 3547: 3544: 3502:world religion 3420: 3358:Main article: 3355: 3352: 3334:Constantine VI 3180: 3177: 3157:Volga Bulgaria 3082: 3079: 3049:Middle Persian 3042:Khotanese Saka 3024: 3021: 2937: 2934: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2700: 2699: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2307:proto-Mongolic 2251:Oğuric peoples 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2172:Main article: 2169: 2166: 2127:Middle Chinese 2007:Zoltán Gombocz 1999: 1996: 1961:Ashkenazi Jews 1924:region and of 1882:Turkic peoples 1855:Volga Bulgaria 1769:early medieval 1761:Eastern Europe 1691: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1680: 1673: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1617:Volga Bulgaria 1614: 1609: 1604: 1602:Great Bulgaria 1596: 1595: 1587: 1586: 1577: 1576: 1569: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1551: 1544: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1526: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1502: 1501: 1490: 1489: 1478: 1477: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1456: 1453:Khalji dynasty 1449: 1446:Mamluk dynasty 1439: 1438: 1427: 1426: 1415: 1414: 1408:Kerait Khanate 1403: 1402: 1391: 1390: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1366: 1365: 1354: 1353: 1342: 1341: 1330: 1329: 1318: 1317: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1296: 1286: 1285: 1274: 1273: 1262: 1261: 1250: 1249: 1238: 1237: 1226: 1225: 1214: 1213: 1202: 1201: 1190: 1189: 1178: 1177: 1166: 1165: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1146: 1126: 1125: 1117: 1106: 1105: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1084: 1083: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1059: 1058: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1016: 1015: 1013: 1002: 1001: 999: 988: 987: 985: 972: 967: 966: 963: 962: 957: 956: 954: 948: 947: 945: 939: 938: 936: 930: 929: 927: 921: 920: 918: 912: 911: 909: 903: 902: 900: 894: 893: 891: 885: 884: 882: 876: 875: 873: 867: 866: 864: 858: 857: 855: 849: 848: 846: 840: 839: 837: 831: 830: 828: 822: 821: 819: 813: 812: 810: 804: 803: 801: 795: 794: 792: 784: 779: 778: 775: 774: 769: 768: 766: 760: 759: 757: 751: 750: 748: 742: 741: 739: 733: 732: 730: 724: 723: 721: 715: 714: 712: 706: 705: 703: 697: 696: 694: 688: 687: 685: 679: 678: 676: 670: 669: 667: 661: 660: 658: 652: 651: 649: 643: 642: 640: 634: 633: 631: 625: 624: 622: 616: 615: 613: 605: 602:Turkic peoples 600: 599: 596: 595: 584: 583: 570: 569: 566: 565: 562: 561: 554: 548: 547: 540: 538:Volga Bulgaria 534: 533: 526: 520: 519: 512: 506: 505: 498: 492: 491: 484: 475: 472: 471: 466: 458: 457: 452: 440: 439: 434: 424: 423: 418: 414: 413: 410: 406: 405: 402: 398: 397: 393: 392: 389: 388: 385: 375: 372: 371: 365: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 349: 348:Historical era 345: 344: 341: 340: 335: 332: 329: 328: 323: 320: 317: 316: 311: 308: 305: 304: 299: 296: 293: 292: 287: 284: 281: 280: 275: 272: 269: 268: 263: 260: 257: 256: 251: 248: 245: 244: 239: 236: 233: 232: 227: 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 203: 202: 200: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 158: 156: 152: 151: 149: 148: 142: 136: 125: 123: 119: 118: 116: 115: 107: 99: 82: 80: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21510: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21484: 21481: 21479: 21476: 21474: 21471: 21469: 21466: 21464: 21461: 21459: 21456: 21454: 21451: 21449: 21446: 21444: 21441: 21439: 21436: 21435: 21433: 21418: 21415: 21413: 21410: 21408: 21405: 21403: 21400: 21398: 21395: 21393: 21390: 21388: 21385: 21383: 21380: 21378: 21375: 21373: 21370: 21368: 21367:Hunnic empire 21365: 21363: 21362:Gepid kingdom 21360: 21358: 21355: 21353: 21350: 21348: 21345: 21343: 21340: 21338: 21335: 21334: 21331: 21327: 21323: 21316: 21311: 21309: 21304: 21302: 21297: 21296: 21293: 21283: 21282: 21271: 21261: 21258: 21256: 21253: 21249: 21246: 21244: 21241: 21240: 21239: 21236: 21235: 21233: 21231: 21227: 21217: 21214: 21212: 21209: 21207: 21204: 21202: 21201:Crimean Tatar 21199: 21198: 21196: 21192: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21175:Pontic Greeks 21173: 21171: 21168: 21166: 21163: 21161: 21158: 21156: 21153: 21151: 21148: 21147: 21145: 21141: 21138: 21136: 21132: 21122: 21119: 21118: 21116: 21112: 21108: 21105: 21101: 21091: 21088: 21086: 21083: 21081: 21078: 21077: 21074: 21071: 21069: 21065: 21055: 21052: 21050: 21047: 21041: 21040:2017 election 21038: 21037: 21036: 21033: 21031: 21028: 21027: 21026: 21023: 21019: 21016: 21014: 21013:State Council 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 21000: 20999: 20995: 20992: 20991: 20988: 20985: 20983: 20979: 20969: 20966: 20964: 20963: 20959: 20957: 20954: 20953: 20951: 20949: 20945: 20939: 20936: 20934: 20931: 20929: 20926: 20924: 20921: 20919: 20916: 20914: 20911: 20907: 20904: 20902: 20899: 20898: 20896: 20894: 20891: 20889: 20886: 20884: 20881: 20879: 20876: 20875: 20872: 20869: 20867: 20863: 20858: 20848: 20845: 20843: 20840: 20838: 20835: 20832: 20828: 20825: 20823: 20820: 20818: 20815: 20813: 20810: 20808: 20805: 20803: 20800: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20788: 20786: 20783: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20772: 20771: 20770:Soviet period 20768: 20766: 20763: 20761: 20758: 20756: 20753: 20751: 20748: 20746: 20743: 20741: 20738: 20736: 20733: 20731: 20728: 20726: 20725:Crimean Goths 20723: 20721: 20718: 20716: 20713: 20708: 20705: 20703: 20700: 20699: 20698: 20695: 20693: 20690: 20689: 20687: 20685: 20681: 20675: 20672: 20670: 20667: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20656: 20653: 20648: 20641: 20636: 20634: 20629: 20627: 20622: 20621: 20618: 20608:territories). 20607: 20603: 20599: 20595: 20591: 20587: 20583: 20577: 20571: 20568: 20566: 20563: 20561: 20558: 20556: 20553: 20551: 20548: 20547: 20545: 20541: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20521: 20519: 20515: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20487: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20447: 20445: 20442: 20440: 20437: 20435: 20432: 20430: 20427: 20422: 20418: 20415: 20411: 20410: 20409: 20406: 20404: 20401: 20399: 20396: 20394: 20391: 20389: 20386: 20384: 20381: 20376: 20372: 20371: 20370: 20367: 20365: 20362: 20360: 20357: 20355: 20352: 20350: 20347: 20345: 20342: 20340: 20337: 20335: 20332: 20330: 20327: 20325: 20322: 20320: 20317: 20315: 20312: 20310: 20309:Black Klobuks 20307: 20305: 20302: 20300: 20297: 20295: 20292: 20290: 20287: 20285: 20282: 20280: 20277: 20275: 20272: 20270: 20267: 20266: 20264: 20260: 20254: 20251: 20249: 20246: 20244: 20241: 20239: 20236: 20234: 20231: 20230: 20228: 20225:(exc. Russia) 20218: 20212: 20211:Afghan Kyrgyz 20209: 20207: 20204: 20202: 20199: 20194: 20190: 20189: 20188: 20185: 20183: 20180: 20178: 20175: 20174: 20172: 20170: 20164: 20158: 20155: 20153: 20150: 20148: 20145: 20144: 20142: 20136: 20130: 20127: 20122: 20118: 20117: 20116: 20113: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20103: 20096: 20092: 20091: 20089: 20085: 20082: 20078: 20075: 20071: 20068: 20067:Mishar Tatars 20064: 20061: 20057: 20054: 20050: 20049: 20048: 20045: 20043: 20040: 20038: 20035: 20033: 20030: 20028: 20025: 20023: 20020: 20015: 20011: 20010: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19976: 19974: 19971: 19966: 19962: 19959: 19955: 19952: 19948: 19947: 19946: 19943: 19942: 19940: 19934: 19928: 19925: 19923: 19920: 19918: 19915: 19913: 19910: 19908: 19905: 19903: 19900: 19898: 19895: 19893: 19890: 19888: 19885: 19884: 19882: 19876: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19851: 19849: 19843: 19837: 19834: 19829: 19825: 19824: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19808: 19805: 19803: 19800: 19795: 19791: 19790: 19789: 19786: 19784: 19781: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19770: 19768: 19762: 19756: 19753: 19751: 19748: 19747: 19745: 19743:in Uzbekistan 19739: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19723: 19720: 19718: 19717:Serbian Turks 19715: 19713: 19710: 19708: 19705: 19703: 19700: 19698: 19695: 19693: 19690: 19688: 19685: 19683: 19680: 19678: 19677:Kosovan Turks 19675: 19673: 19672:Israeli Turks 19670: 19668: 19665: 19663: 19660: 19658: 19655: 19653: 19652:Cypriot Turks 19650: 19648: 19645: 19643: 19640: 19638: 19635: 19633: 19632:Bosnian Turks 19630: 19625: 19621: 19620: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19606: 19602: 19599: 19595: 19592: 19588: 19585: 19581: 19580: 19579: 19576: 19575: 19573: 19569: 19563: 19560: 19555: 19551: 19546: 19542: 19541: 19539: 19535: 19534: 19533: 19530: 19529: 19527: 19523: 19517: 19514: 19512: 19509: 19507: 19506:Afghan Kyrgyz 19504: 19499: 19495: 19494: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19484: 19482: 19478: 19472: 19469: 19467: 19464: 19462: 19459: 19457: 19454: 19453: 19451: 19447: 19438: 19434: 19429: 19425: 19424: 19422: 19418: 19415: 19411: 19406: 19402: 19399: 19395: 19394: 19392: 19388: 19387: 19386: 19383: 19382: 19380: 19376: 19373: 19371: 19367: 19363: 19356: 19351: 19349: 19344: 19342: 19337: 19336: 19333: 19321: 19318: 19317: 19314: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19300: 19298: 19295: 19293: 19292:Kievan Letter 19290: 19288: 19287: 19283: 19281: 19278: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19264: 19261: 19259: 19256: 19254: 19251: 19250: 19248: 19246: 19243: 19241: 19238: 19237: 19235: 19231: 19225: 19222: 19220: 19217: 19215: 19212: 19210: 19207: 19205: 19202: 19200: 19197: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19187: 19185: 19182: 19180: 19177: 19176: 19174: 19170: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19129: 19126: 19124: 19121: 19119: 19116: 19114: 19111: 19109: 19106: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19068:Crimean Goths 19066: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19058:Black Klobuks 19056: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19044: 19041: 19039: 19036: 19034: 19031: 19029: 19026: 19025: 19023: 19019: 19013: 19010: 19008: 19005: 19003: 19000: 18998: 18995: 18993: 18990: 18988: 18985: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18960: 18958: 18955: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18933: 18930: 18928: 18925: 18923: 18920: 18918: 18915: 18913: 18910: 18908: 18905: 18903: 18900: 18898: 18895: 18893: 18890: 18888: 18885: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18874: 18872: 18868: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18801:Hazer Tarkhan 18799: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18773: 18771: 18769:Other figures 18767: 18762: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18734: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18724: 18722: 18719: 18717: 18714: 18712: 18709: 18707: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18648: 18646: 18644: 18643:Khazar rulers 18640: 18634: 18631: 18629: 18626: 18624: 18621: 18619: 18616: 18614: 18613:Pax Khazarica 18611: 18609: 18606: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18591: 18589: 18586: 18584: 18581: 18580: 18577: 18573: 18566: 18561: 18559: 18554: 18552: 18547: 18546: 18543: 18532: 18525: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18490: 18488: 18486:Organizations 18484: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18458: 18455: 18454: 18452: 18448: 18442: 18441:Vattisen Yaly 18439: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18426: 18423: 18421: 18418: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18408: 18406: 18403: 18401: 18398: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18376: 18373: 18371: 18368: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18358: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18337: 18335: 18331: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18311: 18309: 18305: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18234:Bashkortostan 18232: 18230: 18227: 18226: 18224: 18222: 18218: 18212: 18209: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18197: 18194: 18192: 18189: 18187: 18184: 18182: 18179: 18178: 18176: 18174: 18170: 18167: 18163: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18143: 18140: 18136: 18133: 18132: 18131: 18128: 18124: 18123:Turkification 18121: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18110: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18090: 18088: 18084: 18077: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18048: 18045: 18043: 18040: 18039: 18037: 18033: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17958: 17955: 17954: 17952: 17948: 17942: 17939: 17936: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17922: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17903: 17899: 17895: 17891: 17887: 17883: 17879: 17875: 17871: 17867: 17863: 17859: 17855: 17851: 17847: 17843: 17839: 17835: 17831: 17827: 17823: 17819: 17815: 17810: 17809: 17808: 17805: 17800: 17796: 17792: 17791: 17790: 17787: 17785: 17782: 17777: 17773: 17769: 17765: 17761: 17757: 17753: 17749: 17748: 17747: 17744: 17739: 17738:Baraba Tatars 17735: 17734: 17733: 17730: 17728: 17725: 17723: 17720: 17718: 17715: 17713: 17710: 17708: 17705: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17684: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17649: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17635: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17590: 17586: 17582: 17577: 17576: 17575: 17572: 17567: 17563: 17559: 17555: 17551: 17547: 17546: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17536: 17534: 17532: 17528: 17523: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17493:Common Turkic 17491: 17489: 17486: 17485: 17483: 17481: 17477: 17471: 17470:Western Yugur 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17285:Crimean Tatar 17283: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17244: 17241: 17239: 17236: 17235: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17225: 17223: 17221: 17217: 17212: 17198: 17193: 17191: 17186: 17184: 17179: 17178: 17175: 17169: 17165: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17153: 17150: 17147: 17144: 17140: 17137: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17125: 17122: 17119: 17116: 17112: 17109: 17108: 17089: 17085: 17081: 17077: 17065: 17061: 17057: 17053: 17049: 17045: 17039: 17035: 17031: 17027: 17023: 17019: 17014: 17010: 17006: 17002: 16998: 16994: 16993: 16988: 16983: 16979: 16973: 16969: 16964: 16960: 16956: 16950: 16946: 16942: 16941: 16935: 16931: 16927: 16926: 16920: 16916: 16912: 16906: 16902: 16898: 16897: 16891: 16887: 16875: 16871: 16865: 16861: 16857: 16853: 16849: 16845: 16840: 16836: 16824: 16820: 16814: 16810: 16806: 16805: 16799: 16795: 16783: 16779: 16773: 16769: 16765: 16764: 16758: 16754: 16750: 16744: 16740: 16739:Brill Archive 16736: 16735: 16729: 16725: 16721: 16717: 16716: 16711: 16707: 16703: 16699: 16693: 16689: 16685: 16684: 16678: 16674: 16670: 16664: 16660: 16656: 16655: 16649: 16645: 16641: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16626: 16622: 16616: 16612: 16608: 16604: 16600: 16596: 16591: 16587: 16583: 16582: 16576: 16572: 16568: 16567: 16561: 16557: 16553: 16547: 16543: 16539: 16538: 16532: 16528: 16524: 16520: 16516: 16515: 16509: 16505: 16501: 16497: 16493: 16489: 16485: 16480: 16476: 16472: 16471: 16466: 16462: 16458: 16454: 16448: 16444: 16440: 16439: 16433: 16429: 16425: 16424: 16419: 16415: 16411: 16407: 16403: 16399: 16395: 16391: 16387: 16386: 16381: 16377: 16373: 16369: 16365: 16359: 16355: 16351: 16350: 16345: 16341: 16337: 16333: 16327: 16323: 16319: 16318: 16312: 16308: 16297: 16291: 16287: 16283: 16279: 16275: 16270: 16258: 16254: 16253: 16247: 16242: 16238: 16234: 16230: 16226: 16222: 16218: 16214: 16210: 16203: 16199: 16195: 16191: 16187: 16181: 16177: 16173: 16172: 16166: 16162: 16158: 16152: 16148: 16144: 16143: 16137: 16133: 16129: 16123: 16119: 16115: 16111: 16106: 16102: 16098: 16092: 16088: 16084: 16083: 16077: 16062: 16055: 16050: 16046: 16042: 16038: 16037: 16032: 16028: 16024: 16020: 16014: 16010: 16006: 16002: 15998: 15994: 15989: 15985: 15981: 15976: 15972: 15968: 15962: 15958: 15954: 15950: 15945: 15941: 15937: 15931: 15927: 15923: 15919: 15914: 15910: 15899: 15893: 15889: 15885: 15881: 15877: 15873: 15868: 15864: 15853: 15847: 15843: 15839: 15835: 15831: 15827: 15822: 15818: 15814: 15810: 15806: 15801: 15797: 15793: 15787: 15783: 15779: 15774: 15770: 15766: 15765: 15759: 15755: 15751: 15745: 15741: 15737: 15733: 15729: 15725: 15723: 15717: 15713: 15709: 15697: 15693: 15687: 15683: 15679: 15678: 15672: 15668: 15664: 15658: 15654: 15650: 15649: 15644: 15643:Schama, Simon 15640: 15636: 15632: 15626: 15622: 15617: 15616: 15610: 15606: 15602: 15598: 15594: 15590: 15585: 15573: 15569: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15554: 15550: 15544: 15540: 15536: 15531: 15527: 15523: 15517: 15513: 15509: 15508: 15502: 15498: 15494: 15488: 15484: 15480: 15479: 15474: 15470: 15466: 15462: 15456: 15452: 15448: 15447: 15441: 15437: 15431: 15427: 15423: 15419: 15415: 15411: 15404: 15400: 15396: 15389: 15384: 15380: 15376: 15370: 15366: 15362: 15361: 15356: 15352: 15348: 15344: 15338: 15334: 15330: 15329: 15324: 15320: 15316: 15312: 15306: 15302: 15298: 15294: 15289: 15285: 15279: 15275: 15268: 15260: 15256: 15252: 15248: 15242: 15238: 15234: 15230: 15226: 15222: 15218: 15214: 15210: 15204: 15200: 15196: 15195: 15189: 15185: 15181: 15175: 15171: 15167: 15166: 15161: 15157: 15153: 15149: 15143: 15139: 15134: 15133: 15127: 15123: 15119: 15115: 15109: 15105: 15101: 15100: 15095: 15094:Ostrer, Harry 15091: 15087: 15083: 15077: 15073: 15069: 15065: 15060: 15056: 15052: 15048: 15044: 15040: 15036: 15035: 15029: 15025: 15013: 15009: 15003: 14999: 14995: 14991: 14987: 14983: 14979: 14975: 14971: 14967: 14961: 14957: 14953: 14949: 14945: 14941: 14937: 14933: 14929: 14923: 14919: 14915: 14911: 14907: 14903: 14899: 14895: 14891: 14887: 14883: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14865: 14861: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14846: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14828: 14824: 14820: 14816: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14801: 14797: 14791: 14787: 14786: 14780: 14776: 14772: 14766: 14762: 14758: 14757: 14752: 14751:Morris, Benny 14748: 14744: 14740: 14734: 14730: 14726: 14725: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14703: 14699: 14695: 14689: 14685: 14681: 14680: 14674: 14670: 14666: 14660: 14656: 14652: 14651: 14645: 14633: 14629: 14625: 14618: 14614: 14610: 14604: 14600: 14596: 14591: 14590: 14583: 14579: 14575: 14569: 14565: 14561: 14556: 14552: 14546: 14542: 14538: 14534: 14530: 14526: 14522: 14516: 14512: 14508: 14507: 14501: 14497: 14493: 14489: 14485: 14480: 14476: 14472: 14470:0-253-35578-8 14466: 14462: 14458: 14454: 14450: 14445: 14433: 14429: 14425: 14421: 14417: 14413: 14407: 14403: 14399: 14398: 14393: 14389: 14385: 14381: 14375: 14371: 14367: 14366: 14360: 14356: 14352: 14346: 14342: 14338: 14337: 14331: 14327: 14323: 14317: 14313: 14309: 14308: 14302: 14298: 14294: 14288: 14284: 14280: 14279: 14274: 14270: 14266: 14262: 14256: 14252: 14247: 14246: 14240: 14236: 14232: 14228: 14222: 14218: 14214: 14213: 14208: 14207:Leviant, Curt 14204: 14200: 14196: 14192: 14188: 14184: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14169: 14165: 14159: 14155: 14151: 14150: 14144: 14140: 14134: 14130: 14125: 14121: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14105: 14101: 14097: 14093: 14089: 14088: 14083: 14077: 14073: 14069: 14065: 14060: 14056: 14052: 14046: 14042: 14038: 14034: 14029: 14025: 14021: 14015: 14011: 14007: 14006: 14000: 13996: 13992: 13986: 13982: 13978: 13977: 13972: 13968: 13964: 13960: 13954: 13950: 13946: 13942: 13938: 13934: 13930: 13926: 13920: 13916: 13912: 13911: 13906: 13902: 13898: 13894: 13888: 13884: 13880: 13879: 13873: 13861: 13857: 13853: 13849: 13845: 13841: 13835: 13831: 13827: 13826: 13821: 13817: 13813: 13809: 13803: 13799: 13795: 13790: 13786: 13782: 13778: 13774: 13770: 13766: 13765: 13760: 13756: 13752: 13748: 13742: 13738: 13734: 13730: 13726: 13722: 13718: 13712: 13708: 13704: 13699: 13695: 13691: 13685: 13681: 13677: 13673: 13669: 13665: 13661: 13657: 13645: 13641: 13635: 13631: 13627: 13626: 13621: 13617: 13613: 13609: 13603: 13599: 13598:Jason Aronson 13595: 13594: 13589: 13585: 13581: 13577: 13571: 13567: 13563: 13562: 13556: 13552: 13548: 13542: 13538: 13534: 13533: 13527: 13523: 13519: 13513: 13509: 13505: 13504: 13498: 13494: 13490: 13484: 13480: 13479: 13473: 13469: 13465: 13459: 13455: 13451: 13450: 13444: 13440: 13436: 13430: 13426: 13425: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13402: 13398: 13394: 13393: 13388: 13384: 13380: 13376: 13370: 13366: 13362: 13361: 13356: 13352: 13348: 13344: 13340: 13336: 13332: 13328: 13323: 13319: 13315: 13309: 13305: 13301: 13297: 13293: 13289: 13285: 13281: 13277: 13271: 13267: 13263: 13259: 13255: 13251: 13247: 13243: 13239: 13233: 13229: 13225: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13205: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13190: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13167: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13139: 13133: 13129: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13095: 13091: 13087: 13083: 13078: 13074: 13070: 13064: 13060: 13056: 13052: 13048: 13044: 13040: 13036: 13030: 13026: 13025: 13020: 13016: 13012: 13008: 13002: 12998: 12997: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12980: 12976: 12972: 12968: 12964: 12959: 12955: 12951: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12936: 12931: 12927: 12923: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12907: 12906: 12901: 12897: 12893: 12889: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12874: 12868: 12864: 12860: 12856: 12855: 12849: 12838: 12832: 12828: 12824: 12823: 12817: 12813: 12809: 12805: 12801: 12797: 12793: 12789: 12784: 12780: 12776: 12770: 12766: 12762: 12761: 12755: 12751: 12747: 12741: 12737: 12733: 12732: 12727: 12726:Falk, Raphael 12723: 12719: 12715: 12709: 12705: 12701: 12697: 12693: 12688: 12684: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12666: 12662: 12658: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12640: 12636: 12632: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12607: 12603: 12599: 12595: 12594: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12577: 12571: 12567: 12563: 12562: 12557: 12556:Dubnov, Simon 12553: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12537: 12532: 12528: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12512: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12497: 12491: 12487: 12483: 12477: 12473: 12469: 12464: 12457: 12450: 12449: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12409: 12405: 12401: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12378: 12374: 12373: 12368: 12364: 12363:Cokal, Susann 12360: 12356: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12320: 12316: 12315:Brill Archive 12312: 12311: 12306: 12302: 12298: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12282: 12278: 12277: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12254: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12241: 12236: 12235:Cahen, Claude 12232: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12193: 12192: 12186: 12182: 12178: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12159: 12155: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12136: 12129: 12125: 12121: 12118:(42): 69–84. 12117: 12113: 12106: 12101: 12097: 12085: 12081: 12075: 12071: 12067: 12066: 12060: 12056: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12037: 12033: 12029: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12014: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11994: 11990: 11986: 11985: 11979: 11975: 11971: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11956: 11950: 11946: 11942: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11927: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11840: 11839: 11838:Human Biology 11834: 11829: 11825: 11821: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11806: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11774: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11710: 11705: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11671: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11655: 11651: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11632: 11631: 11625: 11621: 11614: 11610: 11609: 11601: 11596: 11589: 11585: 11584: 11576: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11503: 11497: 11493: 11489: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11428: 11423: 11419: 11418: 11406: 11401: 11394: 11389: 11382: 11377: 11370: 11365: 11358: 11353: 11347:, p. 28. 11346: 11341: 11334: 11329: 11322: 11317: 11310: 11305: 11298: 11293: 11286: 11281: 11274: 11269: 11262: 11261:Stampfer 2013 11257: 11250: 11245: 11238: 11233: 11226: 11221: 11214: 11209: 11202: 11197: 11190: 11185: 11178: 11174: 11169: 11162: 11157: 11150: 11145: 11138: 11133: 11126: 11121: 11114: 11109: 11102: 11097: 11090: 11085: 11078: 11073: 11066: 11061: 11054: 11049: 11042: 11037: 11030: 11025: 11019:, p. 48. 11018: 11013: 11006: 11001: 10999: 10997: 10989: 10984: 10977: 10972: 10965: 10960: 10953: 10948: 10941: 10936: 10929: 10924: 10917: 10912: 10905: 10900: 10893: 10888: 10881: 10876: 10869: 10864: 10857: 10852: 10845: 10844:Fishberg 1911 10840: 10833: 10828: 10821: 10820:Koestler 1977 10816: 10814: 10806: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10789: 10785: 10780: 10774:, p. 98. 10773: 10768: 10761: 10756: 10749: 10744: 10737: 10732: 10725: 10720: 10713: 10712:Weinryb 1973a 10708: 10701: 10696: 10689: 10684: 10677: 10672: 10665: 10660: 10653: 10648: 10641: 10636: 10634: 10632: 10624: 10619: 10612: 10607: 10600: 10595: 10588: 10583: 10576: 10571: 10564: 10559: 10552: 10547: 10541:, p. 34. 10540: 10535: 10529:, p. 72. 10528: 10523: 10516: 10515:Róna-Tas 1999 10511: 10509: 10501: 10496: 10489: 10484: 10477: 10472: 10465: 10464:Korobkin 1998 10460: 10453: 10448: 10446: 10438: 10433: 10426: 10421: 10414: 10409: 10407: 10399: 10394: 10388:, p. 50. 10387: 10382: 10375: 10370: 10363: 10358: 10351: 10346: 10340:, p. 42. 10339: 10334: 10327: 10322: 10315: 10310: 10304:, p. 17. 10303: 10302:Stampfer 2013 10298: 10291: 10290:Feldman 2022b 10286: 10279: 10274: 10267: 10266:Stampfer 2013 10262: 10255: 10250: 10243: 10238: 10231: 10230:Szyszman 1980 10226: 10224: 10217:, p. 61. 10216: 10211: 10204: 10199: 10192: 10187: 10180: 10175: 10168: 10163: 10157:, p. 52. 10156: 10155:Koestler 1977 10151: 10144: 10139: 10132: 10127: 10120: 10115: 10108: 10103: 10096: 10091: 10084: 10079: 10072: 10067: 10065: 10057: 10052: 10045: 10040: 10033: 10028: 10021: 10016: 10009: 10004: 9997: 9992: 9985: 9980: 9973: 9968: 9961: 9956: 9949: 9944: 9937: 9932: 9925: 9920: 9913: 9908: 9902:, p. 33. 9901: 9896: 9890:, p. 56. 9889: 9888:Róna-Tas 1999 9884: 9877: 9872: 9865: 9860: 9854:, p. 35. 9853: 9848: 9841: 9836: 9829: 9824: 9817: 9812: 9805: 9800: 9793: 9788: 9786: 9778: 9773: 9766: 9765:Shapira 2007a 9761: 9754: 9749: 9747: 9739: 9734: 9727: 9722: 9715: 9710: 9703: 9698: 9691: 9686: 9679: 9674: 9667: 9662: 9660: 9652: 9651: 9645: 9638: 9633: 9626: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9609: 9608:Feldman 2022a 9604: 9597: 9592: 9585: 9580: 9573: 9568: 9561: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9544: 9539: 9532: 9527: 9521:, p. 15. 9520: 9515: 9508: 9507:Korobkin 1998 9503: 9497:, p. 81. 9496: 9491: 9484: 9479: 9473:, p. 19. 9472: 9467: 9460: 9455: 9449:, p. 11. 9448: 9443: 9436: 9431: 9429: 9421: 9416: 9409: 9404: 9398:, p. 64. 9397: 9392: 9390: 9382: 9377: 9370: 9365: 9363: 9356:, p. 45. 9355: 9350: 9344:, p. 14. 9343: 9338: 9331: 9330:Beckwith 2011 9326: 9319: 9314: 9308:, p. 26. 9307: 9302: 9296:, p. 42. 9295: 9290: 9283: 9278: 9276: 9268: 9263: 9256: 9251: 9244: 9239: 9232: 9227: 9220: 9215: 9208: 9207:Róna-Tas 1999 9203: 9196: 9191: 9184: 9179: 9172: 9171:Beckwith 2011 9167: 9161:, p. 52. 9160: 9155: 9148: 9143: 9141: 9133: 9128: 9121: 9116: 9110:, p. 91. 9109: 9104: 9098:, p. 64. 9097: 9092: 9085: 9080: 9073: 9072:Barthold 1993 9068: 9061: 9056: 9049: 9044: 9038:, p. 70. 9037: 9032: 9025: 9020: 9018: 9011:, p. 96. 9010: 9005: 8998: 8993: 8987:, p. 18. 8986: 8985:Koestler 1977 8981: 8974: 8969: 8962: 8957: 8951:, p. 88. 8950: 8945: 8938: 8933: 8926: 8921: 8914: 8909: 8902: 8897: 8890: 8885: 8879:, p. 77. 8878: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8861: 8856: 8849: 8844: 8838:, p. 73. 8837: 8832: 8825: 8820: 8814:, p. 91. 8813: 8808: 8801: 8796: 8790:, p. 90. 8789: 8784: 8777: 8772: 8765: 8760: 8753: 8748: 8741: 8736: 8729: 8724: 8717: 8712: 8710: 8702: 8697: 8695: 8688:, p. 89. 8687: 8682: 8680: 8672: 8667: 8661:, p. 53. 8660: 8655: 8648: 8643: 8637:, p. 86. 8636: 8631: 8624: 8619: 8613:, p. 14. 8612: 8607: 8600: 8595: 8588: 8583: 8576: 8571: 8565:, p. 17. 8564: 8559: 8552: 8547: 8541:, p. 19. 8540: 8535: 8529:, p. 50. 8528: 8523: 8516: 8511: 8504: 8499: 8492: 8487: 8480: 8475: 8468: 8463: 8456: 8451: 8444: 8439: 8432: 8427: 8421:, p. 16. 8420: 8415: 8408: 8403: 8397:, p. 58. 8396: 8391: 8385:, p. 15. 8384: 8379: 8372: 8367: 8360: 8355: 8348: 8343: 8341: 8334:, p. 70. 8333: 8328: 8326: 8319:, p. 73. 8318: 8313: 8311: 8303: 8298: 8296: 8288: 8283: 8281: 8273: 8268: 8262:, p. 28. 8261: 8256: 8249: 8244: 8237: 8232: 8230: 8222: 8217: 8211:, p. 65. 8210: 8205: 8198: 8193: 8187:, p. 25. 8186: 8181: 8174: 8169: 8162: 8157: 8150: 8145: 8138: 8133: 8126: 8121: 8119: 8111: 8106: 8099: 8094: 8087: 8082: 8076:, p. 50. 8075: 8070: 8064:, p. 91. 8063: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8047: 8034: 8033:Róna-Tas 1999 8030: 8024: 8015: 8008: 8002: 7995: 7989: 7982: 7976: 7969: 7963: 7956: 7950: 7943: 7937: 7930: 7925: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7896: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7872:extreme right 7869: 7863: 7856: 7850: 7843: 7839: 7838:Léon Poliakov 7833: 7827:, p. 71) 7826: 7820: 7811: 7804: 7798: 7792:, p. 55) 7791: 7785: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7764: 7757: 7756:Poliakov 2005 7751: 7744: 7738: 7731: 7724: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7670:Warsaw ghetto 7667: 7661: 7654: 7650: 7643: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7619: 7614: 7607: 7603: 7598: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7581: 7576: 7569: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7544: 7538:, p. 56) 7537: 7531: 7522: 7513: 7506: 7505:Róna-Tas 1999 7502: 7498: 7494: 7491:, whereas in 7490: 7487:converted to 7485: 7481: 7475: 7473: 7465: 7461: 7460:Koestler 1977 7455: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7431: 7427: 7421: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7389: 7383: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7340: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7315: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7291: 7287: 7281: 7274: 7270: 7269:Shapira 2007b 7263: 7256: 7251: 7245: 7238: 7234: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7202: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7178: 7172: 7165: 7159: 7152: 7146: 7139: 7133: 7126: 7120: 7113: 7107: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7062:Aristobulus I 7059: 7055: 7054:John Hyrcanus 7051: 7047: 7041: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7013: 7006: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6973: 6964: 6957: 6951: 6944: 6940: 6934: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6910: 6904: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6881: 6880:Shapira 2007b 6877: 6871: 6864: 6858: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6802: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6773: 6772:De Ceremoniis 6769: 6765: 6759: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6730: 6723: 6717: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6672: 6668: 6667:H. H. Howorth 6663: 6657: 6655: 6647: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6623: 6617: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6597:Volga Bulgars 6594: 6590: 6587:denoting the 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6565: 6558: 6552: 6545: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6533: 6526: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6498: 6492: 6485: 6484:Abulafia 1987 6481: 6475: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6451: 6450:Beckwith 2011 6445: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6421: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6402:Róna-Tas 1999 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6382:Eastern Turks 6379: 6374: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6350: 6346: 6340: 6333: 6329: 6323: 6316: 6310: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6283: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6260: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6194: 6190: 6188: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6134:Western Turks 6131: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6104: 6098: 6092:, p. 4). 6091: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6071: 6065:, p. 78) 6064: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6004: 5997: 5991: 5984: 5978: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5958: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5815: 5808: 5807:Kordosis 2017 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5751:dru-gu Ge-sar 5749: 5743: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5715:, p. 33) 5714: 5710: 5704: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5677: 5672: 5643: 5638: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5599: 5594: 5582: 5577: 5571: 5562: 5557: 5549: 5544: 5540: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5456:Constantine V 5453: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5403:; and in the 5402: 5398: 5395:(also called 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5287:Milorad Pavić 5284: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5253:Yehuda Halevi 5250: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5234:In literature 5231: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5185:Yan Petrovsky 5182: 5178: 5177: 5176:Palestinabuch 5172: 5168: 5167:Aum Shinrikyō 5164: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5148:Bernard Lewis 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5128:John O. Beaty 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5092:anti-Semitism 5089: 5086:According to 5079: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5039:Raphael Patai 5036: 5035:Bernard Lewis 5032: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4997:Bernard Lewis 4994: 4990: 4986: 4985:Léon Poliakov 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4961:Samuel Krauss 4957: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4931:Israel Bartal 4928: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4900:Joseph Jacobs 4897: 4892: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4874: 4868: 4858: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4826:In 1839, the 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4778:Mishar Tatars 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4744:, the Muslim 4743: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4496:Eldad ha-Dani 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4468:Gog and Magog 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4383:Judah Moscato 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4345: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4179: 4177: 4172: 4171:Toledo, Spain 4168: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4109: 4105: 4103: 4102:Star of David 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3888:Georgius Tzul 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3700:King Benjamin 3697: 3693: 3692:pax Khazarica 3684: 3679: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3592:Great Moravia 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3568:Dnieper River 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3513: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3418: 3414: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3322:Constantine V 3319: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3262: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3239:Caspian gates 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2962:, called the 2961: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883:dual kingship 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2849:Pax Khazarica 2846: 2842: 2838: 2837:lingua franca 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2751:Ishbara Qağan 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2695: 2684: 2673: 2662: 2651: 2642: 2640: 2631: 2629: 2620: 2618: 2609: 2607: 2598: 2596: 2587: 2585: 2576: 2567: 2556: 2547: 2545: 2536: 2534: 2523: 2521: 2512: 2510: 2501: 2499: 2490: 2481: 2470: 2459: 2448: 2437: 2426: 2415: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2378: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2236: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2224:Qipčaq Turkic 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2139:Tūjué Kěsà bù 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2089:, namely the 2088: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2026:Common Turkic 2023: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1946:Mountain Jews 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1928:, the Muslim 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733:Turkic people 1731: 1725: 1698: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1612:Great Tartary 1610: 1608: 1607:Turco-Mongols 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1534: 1522: 1521: 1520:Ottoman State 1517: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1509:Bahri dynasty 1506: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1359:Seljuk Empire 1356: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162:Sabiri People 1159: 1158: 1150: 1147: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1121: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 989: 986: 984: 980: 976: 975: 970: 965: 964: 955: 953: 950: 949: 946: 944: 941: 940: 937: 935: 932: 931: 928: 926: 923: 922: 919: 917: 914: 913: 910: 908: 905: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 892: 890: 887: 886: 883: 881: 878: 877: 874: 872: 869: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 856: 854: 851: 850: 847: 845: 842: 841: 838: 836: 833: 832: 829: 827: 824: 823: 820: 818: 815: 814: 811: 809: 806: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 793: 791: 788: 787: 782: 777: 776: 767: 765: 762: 761: 758: 756: 753: 752: 749: 747: 744: 743: 740: 738: 735: 734: 731: 729: 726: 725: 722: 720: 717: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 704: 702: 699: 698: 695: 693: 690: 689: 686: 684: 681: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 668: 666: 663: 662: 659: 657: 654: 653: 650: 648: 645: 644: 641: 639: 636: 635: 632: 630: 627: 626: 623: 621: 618: 617: 614: 612: 609: 608: 603: 598: 597: 590: 586: 585: 579: 576: 575: 555: 553: 550: 549: 541: 539: 536: 535: 527: 525: 522: 521: 513: 511: 508: 507: 499: 497: 494: 493: 485: 483: 480: 479: 476: 470: 467: 460: 459: 456: 453: 446: 445: 442: 441: 438: 435: 433: 430: 429: 425: 422: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 390: 386: 383: 379: 373: 366: 360: 356: 353: 350: 346: 342: 339: 336: 330: 327: 324: 318: 315: 312: 306: 303: 300: 294: 291: 288: 282: 279: 276: 270: 267: 264: 258: 255: 252: 246: 243: 240: 234: 231: 228: 218: 214: 210: 208: 204: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 157: 153: 146: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133:lingua franca 130: 127: 126: 124: 120: 111: 108: 103: 100: 87: 84: 83: 81: 77: 74: 71: 67: 60: 55: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 21448:Ashina tribe 21279: 21238:Christianity 21135:Demographics 21003:Constitution 20960: 20948:Subdivisions 20918:Kerch Strait 20719: 20692:Greek Crimea 20358: 20248:Lipka Tatars 20121:Tozhu Tuvans 20081:Volga Tatars 19794:Akto Turkmen 19687:Libyan Turks 19647:Cretan Turks 19562:Akto Turkmen 19511:Tajik Kyrgyz 19498:Akto Turkmen 19385:Azerbaijanis 19284: 18912:Golden Hills 18776:Alp Iluetuer 18571: 18420:Qalandariyya 18395:Christianity 18206:Turkmenistan 18144: / 18135:Turco-Mongol 17986: 17574:Azerbaijanis 17121:Khazaria.com 17092:. Retrieved 17083: 17068:. Retrieved 17059: 17048:Google Books 17046:– via 17029: 16996: 16990: 16967: 16959:Google Books 16957:– via 16939: 16924: 16915:Google Books 16913:– via 16895: 16886:Google Books 16884:– via 16878:. Retrieved 16855: 16835:Google Books 16833:– via 16827:. Retrieved 16803: 16794:Google Books 16792:– via 16786:. Retrieved 16762: 16753:Google Books 16751:– via 16733: 16714: 16710:Wells, H. G. 16702:Google Books 16700:– via 16682: 16673:Google Books 16671:– via 16653: 16637: 16625:Google Books 16623:– via 16606: 16580: 16565: 16556:Google Books 16554:– via 16536: 16521:(6): 15–q8. 16518: 16512: 16491: 16487: 16468: 16457:Google Books 16455:– via 16437: 16422: 16418:Tangshu, Jiu 16389: 16383: 16368:Google Books 16366:– via 16353: 16348: 16336:Google Books 16334:– via 16316: 16307:Google Books 16305:– via 16299:. Retrieved 16281: 16278:Sinor, Denis 16261:. Retrieved 16250: 16233:Project MUSE 16231:– via 16212: 16208: 16190:Google Books 16188:– via 16170: 16161:Google Books 16159:– via 16141: 16132:Google Books 16130:– via 16113: 16101:Google Books 16099:– via 16081: 16068:. Retrieved 16061:the original 16035: 16023:Google Books 16021:– via 16004: 15983: 15979: 15971:Google Books 15969:– via 15952: 15940:Google Books 15938:– via 15921: 15909:Google Books 15907:– via 15901:. Retrieved 15883: 15863:Google Books 15861:– via 15855:. Retrieved 15837: 15808: 15804: 15796:Google Books 15794:– via 15781: 15763: 15754:Google Books 15752:– via 15735: 15721: 15708:Google Books 15706:– via 15700:. Retrieved 15676: 15667:Google Books 15665:– via 15653:Random House 15647: 15633:– via 15614: 15609:Sand, Shlomo 15601:the original 15596: 15576:. Retrieved 15565: 15553:Google Books 15551:– via 15538: 15526:Google Books 15524:– via 15506: 15497:Google Books 15495:– via 15477: 15465:Google Books 15463:– via 15445: 15417: 15398: 15394: 15379:Google Books 15377:– via 15365:I. B. Tauris 15359: 15347:Google Books 15345:– via 15327: 15315:Google Books 15313:– via 15300: 15273: 15266: 15251:Google Books 15249:– via 15236: 15213:Google Books 15211:– via 15193: 15184:Google Books 15182:– via 15164: 15150:– via 15131: 15118:Google Books 15116:– via 15098: 15086:Google Books 15084:– via 15067: 15038: 15032: 15024:Google Books 15022:– via 15016:. Retrieved 14993: 14970:Google Books 14968:– via 14951: 14932:Google Books 14930:– via 14913: 14863: 14857: 14818: 14812: 14800:Google Books 14798:– via 14784: 14775:Google Books 14773:– via 14761:I. B. Tauris 14755: 14743:Google Books 14741:– via 14723: 14698:Google Books 14696:– via 14678: 14669:Google Books 14667:– via 14649: 14636:. Retrieved 14627: 14611:– via 14588: 14578:Google Books 14576:– via 14563: 14536: 14533:Mango, Cyril 14525:Google Books 14523:– via 14505: 14491: 14487: 14475:Google Books 14473:– via 14456: 14453:Frank, Tibor 14436:. Retrieved 14427: 14416:Google Books 14414:– via 14396: 14384:Google Books 14382:– via 14364: 14355:Google Books 14353:– via 14335: 14326:Google Books 14324:– via 14306: 14297:Google Books 14295:– via 14277: 14263:– via 14249:. New York: 14244: 14231:Google Books 14229:– via 14211: 14186: 14180: 14168:Google Books 14166:– via 14153: 14148: 14128: 14120:ResearchGate 14118:– via 14091: 14085: 14068:ΘΗΣΑΥΡΙΣΜΑΤΑ 14067: 14036: 14024:Google Books 14022:– via 14004: 13995:Google Books 13993:– via 13975: 13963:Google Books 13961:– via 13944: 13929:Google Books 13927:– via 13909: 13897:Google Books 13895:– via 13877: 13864:. 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Retrieved 12821: 12794:(4): 75–84. 12791: 12779:Google Books 12777:– via 12759: 12750:Google Books 12748:– via 12730: 12718:Google Books 12716:– via 12703: 12641:(1): 61–74. 12638: 12634: 12622:the original 12613: 12602:Google Books 12600:– via 12592: 12580:Google Books 12578:– via 12560: 12539: 12535: 12526: 12515:Google Books 12513:– via 12495: 12486:Google Books 12484:– via 12471: 12456:the original 12447: 12403: 12397: 12381:. Retrieved 12370: 12340: 12329:Google Books 12327:– via 12309: 12280: 12274: 12263:Google Books 12261:– via 12244: 12239: 12226: 12213:– via 12190: 12162: 12139: 12128:the original 12115: 12111: 12096:Google Books 12094:– via 12088:. Retrieved 12064: 12040: 12032:Google Books 12030:– via 12012: 12003:Google Books 12001:– via 11983: 11974:Google Books 11972:– via 11954: 11945:Google Books 11943:– via 11925: 11889: 11883: 11842: 11836: 11824:Google Books 11822:– via 11804: 11792:Google Books 11790:– via 11772: 11760:Google Books 11758:– via 11741: 11718:Google Books 11716:– via 11708: 11696:Google Books 11694:– via 11677: 11652:– via 11629: 11606: 11581: 11539: 11533: 11521:Google Books 11519:– via 11506: 11501: 11492:Google Books 11490:– via 11473: 11446:Google Books 11444:– via 11426: 11414:Bibliography 11400: 11393:Wachtel 1998 11388: 11376: 11364: 11352: 11340: 11328: 11316: 11304: 11292: 11280: 11268: 11256: 11244: 11237:Serrano 2011 11232: 11220: 11208: 11201:Rossman 2007 11196: 11189:Harkabi 1987 11184: 11176: 11168: 11156: 11144: 11132: 11120: 11113:Golden 2007a 11108: 11101:Spolsky 2014 11096: 11084: 11072: 11060: 11048: 11036: 11024: 11012: 10983: 10971: 10959: 10947: 10935: 10923: 10916:Malkiel 2008 10911: 10906:, p. ?. 10899: 10887: 10882:, p. 4. 10875: 10863: 10851: 10839: 10827: 10787: 10779: 10772:Rossman 2002 10767: 10760:Blady (2000) 10755: 10748:Blady (2000) 10743: 10731: 10719: 10707: 10695: 10688:Blady (2000) 10683: 10676:Shapira 2006 10671: 10666:, p. 9. 10659: 10647: 10642:, p. 9. 10640:Golden 2007a 10618: 10606: 10594: 10582: 10570: 10558: 10551:Golden 2007b 10546: 10539:Golden 2007a 10534: 10527:Maroney 2010 10522: 10495: 10488:Golden 2007b 10483: 10471: 10459: 10452:DeWeese 1994 10432: 10425:DeWeese 1994 10420: 10413:Melamed 2003 10398:DeWeese 1994 10393: 10381: 10374:Golden 2007b 10369: 10362:Szpiech 2012 10357: 10345: 10338:Zhivkov 2015 10333: 10321: 10316:, p. 6. 10309: 10297: 10285: 10273: 10261: 10249: 10237: 10210: 10198: 10186: 10179:Golden 2007b 10174: 10167:Golden 2007b 10162: 10150: 10143:Golden 2007b 10138: 10131:Szpiech 2012 10126: 10119:DeWeese 1994 10114: 10107:DeWeese 1994 10102: 10095:Kovalev 2005 10090: 10083:DeWeese 1994 10078: 10071:Golden 2007b 10056:Golden 2007b 10051: 10044:Golden 2007b 10039: 10032:Whittow 1996 10027: 10020:Golden 2007b 10015: 10003: 9991: 9984:Golden 2007b 9979: 9967: 9955: 9948:Schweid 2007 9943: 9931: 9919: 9912:Golden 2007b 9907: 9900:Golden 2007a 9895: 9883: 9876:Golden 1994b 9871: 9864:Golden 2001a 9859: 9852:Peacock 2010 9847: 9840:Golden 2007b 9835: 9828:Golden 2007a 9823: 9811: 9799: 9772: 9760: 9738:Golden 2007b 9733: 9721: 9714:Golden 2007b 9709: 9697: 9685: 9673: 9649: 9644: 9632: 9603: 9591: 9579: 9567: 9538: 9526: 9514: 9502: 9490: 9478: 9471:Shepard 2006 9466: 9454: 9442: 9415: 9403: 9376: 9349: 9337: 9325: 9313: 9301: 9289: 9282:Luttwak 2009 9262: 9250: 9238: 9226: 9214: 9202: 9190: 9178: 9166: 9159:Luttwak 2009 9154: 9127: 9115: 9103: 9096:Golden 2011a 9091: 9084:Zhivkov 2015 9079: 9067: 9055: 9050:, p. 3. 9043: 9031: 9004: 8992: 8980: 8968: 8956: 8944: 8932: 8925:DeWeese 1994 8920: 8908: 8901:Golden 2007b 8896: 8884: 8855: 8843: 8836:Golden 2001b 8831: 8824:Golden 2007a 8819: 8807: 8800:Golden 2007a 8795: 8783: 8771: 8764:Somogyi 2008 8759: 8752:Golden 2001b 8747: 8740:Whittow 1996 8735: 8723: 8671:Golden 2007c 8666: 8659:Golden 2007a 8654: 8647:Pritsak 1978 8642: 8630: 8618: 8611:Golden 2007a 8606: 8599:Whittow 1996 8594: 8589:, p. 5. 8582: 8575:Shirota 2005 8570: 8563:Golden 2007a 8558: 8546: 8534: 8522: 8510: 8498: 8486: 8474: 8462: 8450: 8438: 8426: 8419:Golden 2007a 8414: 8402: 8395:Zimonyi 1990 8390: 8383:Golden 2007a 8378: 8366: 8354: 8302:Kizilov 2009 8272:Golden 2007a 8267: 8260:Golden 2007a 8255: 8248:Golden 2007a 8243: 8216: 8209:Golden 2011a 8204: 8192: 8180: 8168: 8156: 8144: 8137:Meserve 2009 8132: 8125:Luttwak 2009 8105: 8093: 8081: 8069: 8028: 8023: 8014: 8001: 7988: 7975: 7962: 7949: 7941: 7936: 7924: 7908: 7907:, author of 7895: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7862: 7849: 7832: 7819: 7810: 7803:Golden 2007a 7797: 7790:Golden 2007a 7784: 7776: 7763: 7750: 7743:Golden 2007a 7737: 7729: 7723: 7706: 7691:Roman Empire 7685: 7665: 7660: 7652: 7642: 7630: 7625: 7613: 7605: 7602:Rossman 2002 7597: 7588: 7584:Karl Neumann 7580:Kizilov 2014 7575: 7568:Mariner 1999 7552: 7543: 7536:Golden 2007a 7530: 7521: 7512: 7464:Leviant 2008 7454: 7437: 7430:DeWeese 1994 7425: 7420: 7409:DeWeese 1994 7400: 7395: 7387: 7382: 7375:Szpiech 2012 7370: 7361: 7354:Shapira 2009 7349: 7345: 7339: 7328:D. M. Dunlop 7314: 7307:Schweid 2007 7302: 7297: 7286:Golden 2007b 7280: 7262: 7255:Golden 2007b 7244: 7237:Golden 2007b 7232: 7228: 7214: 7201: 7194:Golden 2007b 7189: 7184: 7171: 7158: 7145: 7132: 7125:Golden 2007b 7119: 7106: 7099:Golden 2007b 7085: 7070:Queen Helena 7040: 7017:Golden 2007b 7012: 7005:Golden 2007b 6999: 6985: 6972: 6963: 6956:Golden 2007b 6950: 6939:Qol Mebasser 6938: 6933: 6916: 6909:DeWeese 1994 6903: 6896:al-Muqaddasi 6892:Golden 2007b 6887: 6876:Golden 2007b 6870: 6863:Golden 2007b 6857: 6850:Whittow 1996 6836: 6820: 6814: 6801: 6779: 6767: 6758: 6751:Peacock 2010 6739:Seljuk Turks 6729: 6722:Golden 2007b 6716: 6704: 6695: 6678: 6671:Howorth 1870 6662: 6654:Emperor John 6651: 6646: 6629: 6616: 6600: 6592: 6584: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6551: 6544:Golden 2007b 6536: 6530: 6525: 6504: 6497:Whittow 1996 6491: 6482:razed Atil ( 6474: 6457: 6444: 6427: 6419: 6409: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6373: 6361: 6356: 6344: 6339: 6322: 6309: 6302:Golden 2007b 6295: 6288:Golden 2007b 6282: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6242: 6235:Golden 2007b 6226: 6217: 6200: 6187:Nu Šad(a)pit 6186: 6180: 6171: 6164:Whittow 1996 6157: 6146:Golden 2011b 6142:Pritsak 1978 6119: 6110: 6097: 6086:Golden 2007a 6070: 6063:Golden 2001b 6058: 6054: 6049: 6042:Golden 2007a 6032: 6016: 6003: 5990: 5977: 5970:Golden 2007b 5962:Ibn al-Nadīm 5957: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5922: 5914: 5902: 5897: 5885: 5881: 5872:) among the 5869: 5865: 5861: 5853: 5846: 5842: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5778: 5770: 5763:Fromo Kesaro 5759:Phrom Ge-sar 5758: 5755:Golden 2007a 5750: 5742: 5734: 5725:Golden 2007a 5720: 5713:Golden 2001a 5708: 5703: 5696:Golden 2007b 5691: 5687: 5683: 5641: 5555: 5543: 5488:Turkish Jews 5458:and Empress 5334: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5307:Marek Halter 5302: 5297: 5290: 5281: 5256: 5239: 5237: 5224:Raphael Falk 5208: 5181:Herman Wirth 5174: 5144:anti-Zionist 5120:Ku Klux Klan 5111: 5085: 5066: 5031:Palestinians 5023: 5017: 5001:Cairo Geniza 4972: 4958: 4943: 4896:Ernest Renan 4888: 4880:Karl Neumann 4877: 4870: 4855: 4840: 4825: 4797: 4784:and others. 4725: 4688: 4678: 4667:Ibn al-Athîr 4664: 4637:ascribed to 4635:Isaiah 48:14 4625: 4618: 4598: 4595:Judah Halevi 4587:Cairo Geniza 4564: 4560:displacement 4559: 4555: 4551: 4530:Ibn al-Faqîh 4522: 4518: 4512: 4487: 4479: 4476:arḍ al-ḫazar 4475: 4471: 4463: 4454: 4448: 4423: 4407: 4391: 4371:Panticapaeum 4367:Simon Schama 4355:Justinian II 4348: 4336: 4304: 4276: 4258:between the 4256:buffer state 4253: 4250:Christianity 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4217: 4213: 4196: 4160: 4132:Judah Halevi 4129: 4114: 4077: 4057: 4053: 4051: 4038: 4028: 3991: 3954: 3948: 3943: 3896:Ibn al-Athir 3880:Al-Muqaddasi 3869: 3856:al-Muqaddasi 3848: 3832: 3812:Sviatoslav I 3810: 3802: 3790: 3780: 3716: 3688: 3647: 3617: 3583: 3549: 3515:In 758, the 3514: 3506: 3454: 3425: 3403: 3363: 3345: 3314:Muslim Arabs 3307: 3298:Tiberius III 3290:Busir Glavan 3285: 3274:Justinian II 3267: 3210: 3192: 3172: 3169: 3130: 3115: 3096: 3084: 3071:Black Oghurs 3058: 3051: 3044: 3026: 3023:Demographics 3014: 3008: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2967: 2957: 2946:Golden Horde 2939: 2936:Ruling elite 2923: 2916:royal burial 2907: 2900: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2857: 2854:Ibn al-Balḫî 2844: 2809: 2769: 2755: 2739:Taspar Qağan 2726: 2709: 2656: 2638: 2627: 2616: 2605: 2594: 2583: 2543: 2530: 2519: 2508: 2497: 2327: 2253:, including 2247: 2216: 2177: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2083:D. M. Dunlop 2081: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2036: 2028: 2017: 2010: 2005:, following 2003:Gyula Németh 2001: 1978: 1974:anti-Zionism 1970:antisemitism 1954: 1948:, even some 1906: 1890:Judah Halevi 1859: 1813:between the 1811:buffer state 1808: 1696: 1694: 1632:Golden Horde 1518: 1507: 1493: 1483:Golden Horde 1481: 1469: 1458: 1451: 1444: 1430: 1418: 1406: 1394: 1382: 1371: 1357: 1345: 1333: 1321: 1309: 1298: 1291: 1277: 1265: 1253: 1241: 1229: 1217: 1205: 1195:Kangar Union 1193: 1181: 1170: 1169: 1160: 1127: 1100: 1089: 1075: 1064: 1050: 437:Succeeded by 436: 431: 182:Christianity 132: 36: 20878:Arabat Spit 20765:Crimean War 20469:Toquz Oghuz 20408:Oghuz Turks 20375:Sir-Kıvchak 20169:Afghanistan 19912:Qarai Turks 19828:Tor Uyghurs 19807:Fuyu Kyrgyz 19755:Karakalpaks 19624:Kouloughlis 19428:Karapapakhs 19204:Lev Gumilev 19194:Norman Golb 19189:D.M. Dunlop 19021:Tributaries 18897:Chersonesus 18831:Ras Tarkhan 18781:Alp Tarkhan 18711:Manasseh II 18410:Malamatiyya 18062:Pan-Turkism 18042:Grey Wolves 18007:Oghuz Turks 17927:Afghanistan 17712:Qarai Turks 17642:Karakalpaks 17410:Sakha/Yakut 17300:Fuyü Gïrgïs 17255:Azerbaijani 17117:collection. 17070:12 February 16999:: 237–270. 16788:12 December 16639:Book of Sui 16581:Tang Huiyao 16566:Tang Huiyao 16301:13 February 16274:"The Avars" 16215:(3): 1–72. 15903:13 February 15857:13 February 15621:Verso Books 15567:The Forward 13672:Fein, Helen 12283:: 249–274. 11273:Ostrer 2012 11249:Meduza 2022 11213:Barkun 1997 11173:Barkun 1997 11137:Barkun 1997 11125:Wexler 2002 11089:Elhaik 2012 11065:Wexler 2007 11041:Wexler 2002 11029:Wexler 2002 10940:Dunlop 1954 10700:Miller 1993 10500:Dunlop 1954 10476:Dunlop 1954 10437:Olsson 2013 10386:Spinei 2009 10326:Dunlop 1954 10242:Dunlop 1954 10215:Wexler 1987 10203:Schama 2013 10191:Noonan 2001 10008:Noonan 2007 9972:Wexler 2002 9816:Dubnov 1980 9777:Dunlop 1954 9726:Noonan 1999 9678:Dunlop 1954 9584:Noonan 1999 9572:Noonan 1999 9495:Noonan 2001 9447:Makkai 1994 9420:Dunlop 1954 9396:Golden 1980 9318:Noonan 2007 9147:Noonan 2007 9132:Reuter 1999 9120:Noonan 2007 9108:Reuter 1999 9009:Dunlop 1954 8997:Dunlop 1954 8973:Olsson 2013 8961:Golden 2006 8949:Golden 2006 8937:Golden 2006 8889:Golden 2006 8877:Noonan 2001 8860:Olsson 2013 8848:Noonan 1999 8812:Noonan 2001 8788:Golden 2006 8716:Golden 1992 8686:Golden 2006 8635:Golden 2006 8539:Bailey 1951 8527:Bailey 1949 8443:Golden 1992 8407:Dunlop 1954 8359:Davies 1992 8347:Wexler 2002 8332:Wexler 1987 8236:Noonan 1999 8221:Noonan 1999 8197:Noonan 1999 8185:Sneath 2007 8161:Golden 2018 8074:Wexler 1996 8062:Golden 2006 7981:Elhaik 2012 7929:Wexler 2002 7917:Barkun 1997 7913:Boller 1992 7901:McCarthyite 7855:Barkun 2012 7842:Barkun 1997 7767:Sand cites 7716:Morris 2003 7678:Litman 1984 7618:Barkun 1997 7290:Dunlop 1954 7221:Olsson 2013 7207:Olsson 2013 7151:Noonan 1999 7138:Olsson 2013 7112:Wexler 2002 6943:Dunlop 1954 6842:sinocentric 6794:Wexler 1987 6764:proper name 6701:Caspian Sea 6688:Dunlop 1954 6622:Olsson 2013 6605:Oghuz Turks 6366:Noonan 2007 6349:Noonan 2007 6332:Noonan 2007 6315:Olsson 2013 6252:Dunlop 1954 6193:Golden 2010 6116:Golden 2006 6025:Dunlop 1954 5878:Gobi desert 5862:Tujue Sijie 5839:Tang Huiyao 5787:Hephthalite 5783:Turk Shahis 5771:Fúlǐn Jìsuō 5655:Türk Khazar 5156:Lev Gumilev 5059:Eran Elhaik 5051:Shlomo Sand 5047:Paul Wexler 4981:D.M. Dunlop 4950:H. G. Wells 4914:. In 1909, 4639:Saadia Gaon 4492:Judaization 4412:(2011) and 4300:Varaz Trdat 4054:kende-kündü 4001:Transoxiana 3994:Zoroastrian 3843:disputation 3824:Circassians 3761:Ishmaelites 3731:trade route 3652:Kievan Rus' 3564:Carpathians 3539:Ras Tarkhan 3471:, bringing 3384:, but were 3241:and sacked 3056:Tokharian A 3030:al-Iṣṭakhrī 2954:Khwârazmian 2944:within the 2841:Lev Gumilev 2786:Sea of Azov 2782:Kuban River 2342:, although 2275:Asian Avars 2192:Shaz Turkic 2168:Linguistics 2158:chancellery 2057:Louis Bazin 2031:; however, 1988:Caspian Sea 1839:Kievan Rus' 1789:Kievan Rus' 1785:Middle East 1581:History of 1134:Turk Shahis 1081:71 BC–?? AD 799:Azerbaijani 620:Oghuz Turks 510:Kievan Rus' 432:Preceded by 352:Middle Ages 21432:Categories 21155:Ukrainians 21025:Sevastopol 20883:Arabat Bay 20664:Sevastopol 19516:Van Kyrgyz 19398:Shahsevans 19268:Subbotniks 19113:Laz people 19078:East Slavs 19028:Abkhazians 19012:Tamatarkha 18982:Samosdelka 18846:Sviatoslav 18691:Manasseh I 18618:Radhanites 18390:Burkhanism 18355:Aiyy Faith 18274:Nakhchivan 18211:Uzbekistan 18191:Kyrgyzstan 18186:Kazakhstan 18181:Azerbaijan 18052:Burkhanism 17878:Montenegro 17842:Dodecanese 17503:Old Uyghur 17488:Old Turkic 17390:Old Turkic 17325:Karakalpak 16494:(2): 222. 16392:(3): 496. 16031:Sima Guang 15986:: 231–261. 15619:. London: 14655:SUNY Press 14597:. p. 14341:SUNY Press 14041:Peter Lang 13979:. London: 13049:(1994a) . 12969:(2): 294. 12900:Gil, Moshe 12859:Scribner's 12542:(3): 259. 12199:. p. 11638:. p. 11608:Asia Major 11583:Asia Major 11405:Cokal 2007 11381:Baron 1957 11369:Lobel 2000 11017:Lewis 1987 10988:Brook 2006 10976:Dinur 1961 10964:Baron 1957 10904:Wells 1920 10856:Brook 2010 10736:Brook 2014 10724:Brook 2018 10652:Brook 2018 10623:Brook 2018 10611:Brook 2018 10314:Brook 2018 10254:Brook 2010 9996:Brook 2010 9960:Baron 1957 9924:Brook 2010 9753:Kohen 2007 9560:Kohen 2007 9435:Brook 2018 9381:Brook 2010 9369:Brook 2010 9342:Heath 1979 9294:Piltz 2004 9267:Bauer 2010 9231:Bauer 2010 9219:Kaegi 2003 9195:Kaegi 2003 9048:Brook 2010 9024:Brook 2010 8728:Kaegi 2003 8701:Kaegi 2003 8587:Brook 2010 8086:Brook 2010 7699:Wells 1920 7447:Kohen 2007 7332:Brook 2010 7164:Baron 1957 7046:J. B. Bury 6926:Kohen 2007 6829:Brook 2010 6807:Brook 2010 6790:Erdal 2007 6709:Brook 2010 6609:Kohen 2007 6480:Svyatislav 6248:Ibn Fadlan 6177:Duōlù (咄陆) 6150:Brook 2006 6120:Ak-Katzirs 6090:Brook 2010 6053:"The word 5996:Erdal 2007 5983:Erdal 2007 5642:Tūjué Kěsà 5637:Tūjué Hésà 5565:כּוּזָרִים 5439:Hormizd IV 5397:Tmutarakan 5385:Yevpatoria 5195:See also: 5152:chauvinism 5136:David Duke 4965:Asia Minor 4788:-speaking 4742:Subbotniks 4732:Hungarians 4620:Ibn Fadlan 4605:King Bulan 4571:al-Andalus 4554:, gradual 4534:Ibn Fadlân 4445:Old Turkic 4426:ibn Rustah 4379:Judeo-Tats 4214:yol tengri 4123:(1948). A 3932:Tmutarakan 3912:Abkhazians 3876:rump state 3852:Ibn Hawqal 3820:Tamatarkha 3739:Al-Mas'udi 3576:Varangians 3183:See also: 3163:, and the 3010:Jawyshyghr 3005:ibn Fadlan 2972:al-Mas'ûdî 2942:Činggisids 2805: 679 2413:PRATIHARAS 2349:Yǐpíshèkuì 2235:"Khazar". 2198:, such as 2196:Lir Turkic 2188:polyethnic 2143:Tūjué Hésà 2087:Toquz Oğuz 2041:ghost word 2009:, derived 1992:Khazar Sea 1950:Subbotniks 1914:Hungarians 1880:and other 1870:polyethnic 1796: 650 1749:Kazakhstan 1652:Tatar ASSR 1207:Turk Shahi 889:Karakalpak 378:Sviatoslav 139:Old Turkic 21216:Ukrainian 21194:Languages 21180:Krymchaks 21165:Armenians 20893:Black Sea 20866:Geography 20543:Diasporas 20484:Xueyantuo 20474:Uriankhai 20421:Pechenegs 20414:Turkomans 20388:Kutrigurs 20060:Kryashens 20022:Kumandins 20003:Karachays 19983:Besermyan 19958:Telengits 19864:Krymchaks 19847:in Crimea 19812:Ili Turks 19405:Küresünni 19253:Ashkenazi 19143:Pechenegs 19043:Baranjars 18786:Balgitzin 18671:Zachariah 18608:Meshchera 18583:Byzantium 18436:Zahediyeh 18431:Safaviyya 18380:Bayramiye 18375:Batiniyya 18350:Shamanism 18333:Religions 18324:Turkology 18284:Tatarstan 18269:Khakassia 18239:Chuvashia 18165:Locations 18142:Tian Shan 18118:Migration 18093:Turkestan 18076:Hungarian 18067:Turkesism 17764:Kryashens 17752:Astrakhan 17677:Krymchaks 17637:Karachays 17558:Telengits 17554:Kumandins 17480:Alphabets 17310:Ili Turki 17220:Languages 16880:14 August 16829:14 August 16720:Macmillan 16634:"vol. 84" 16500:1076-156X 16467:(1962) . 16229:161320785 15682:McFarland 15611:(2010) . 15325:(2005) . 15199:Routledge 15055:161833156 14956:Routledge 14753:(2003) . 14638:26 August 14494:: 45–57. 14438:22 August 14424:"Magyars" 14370:Routledge 14283:Routledge 14241:(1987) . 14209:(2008) . 14116:233479468 14108:1608-3369 13981:Pan Books 13973:(1977) . 13883:Routledge 13666:(1987) . 13537:NYU Press 13421:(2011b). 13389:(2011a). 13290:(2007b). 13252:(2007a). 13152:(2001b). 13128:Routledge 13114:(2001a). 12983:166026934 12808:253192191 12648:1208.1092 12297:162277927 12237:(2011) . 12187:(1992) . 12090:14 August 11960:TCU Press 11802:(2011) . 11728:(1993) . 11456:(1987) . 11077:Sand 2010 11053:Toch 2012 11005:Sand 2010 10952:Sand 2010 10928:Sand 2010 10868:Falk 2017 9804:Sand 2010 9792:Falk 2017 9702:Sand 2010 9531:Toch 2012 9354:Mako 2010 8371:Vogt 1975 8043:Citations 8007:Falk 2017 7968:Falk 2017 7495:only the 7177:Falk 2017 7056:; of the 6978:Toch 2012 6467:Moss 2002 6418:history, 6227:ex nihilo 6206:Artamonov 6125:Άκατζίροι 6013:Al-Wathiq 5793:origins ( 5785:of mixed 5709:Gasanorum 5570:romanized 5535:Footnotes 5449:Byzantine 5381:Theodosia 5347:; in the 5303:Justinian 5257:ma'amarim 5033:", while 4959:In 1932, 4929:in 1918. 4843:Krymchaks 4822:Krymchaks 4770:Krymchaks 4746:Karachays 4736:Judaizing 4679:al-kuffâr 4655:Caliphate 4651:Babylonia 4649:" (i.e., 4552:inclusion 4410:Moshe Gil 4351:Heraclius 4283:Daghestan 4154:north of 4140:Kurdistan 4024:Pechenegs 3908:Georgians 3860:Al-Biruni 3755:wrote to 3743:Varangian 3572:Pechenegs 3523:al-Mansur 3394:catapults 3390:al-Tabari 3347:Hetaireia 3255:ἑλέπόλεις 3231:Epiphania 3219:Heraclius 3203:Sasanians 3195:Pechenegs 3087:isinglass 3047:"blue"): 3038:Tokharian 2978:known as 2959:comitatus 2747:Apa Qağan 2669:BYZANTINE 2660:KHAGANATE 2574:SRIVIJAYA 2365:'s army. 2359:Akatziroi 2257:, Oğurs, 2228:Činggisid 2051:the form 1998:Etymology 1934:Krymchaks 1777:Silk Road 1728:) were a 1583:Tatarstan 1524:1299–1922 1499:1250–1517 1487:1242–1502 1475:1224–1266 1436:1206–1526 1424:1136–1225 1400:1077–1231 1388:1067–1239 1363:1037–1194 1183:Xueyantuo 1025:Grey wolf 1007:Ergenekon 983:Shamanism 755:Krymchaks 665:Kutrigurs 496:Pechenegs 266:Zachariah 167:Judaizers 155:Religion 105:(720–750) 73:Khaganate 21473:Khanates 21281:Category 21230:Religion 21206:Krymchak 21170:Karaites 21150:Russians 21035:Governor 20982:Politics 20888:Azov Sea 20831:Chairman 20730:Kipchaks 20715:Akatziri 20594:Turkmens 20582:Turkmeni 20439:Saragurs 20383:Kurykans 20369:Kipchaks 20354:Keraites 20339:Göktürks 20329:Dughlats 20319:Dingling 20289:Berendei 20140:Mongolia 20110:Tofalars 20074:Nağaybäk 19978:Bashkirs 19965:Tubalars 19951:Chelkans 19945:Altaians 19766:in China 19598:Tahtacıs 19591:Muhacirs 19532:Turkmens 19320:Category 19302:Red Jews 19258:Cossacks 19172:Scholars 19128:Mordvins 19098:Kipchaks 19053:Bashkirs 18967:Sambalut 18962:Samandar 18942:Khazaran 18907:Güsliyev 18902:Dagestan 18887:Balanjar 18851:Theodora 18821:Papatzys 18736:Aaron II 18731:Benjamin 18696:Hanukkah 18686:Hezekiah 18603:Kipchaks 18593:Abbasids 18588:Bulgaria 18572:Khazaria 18400:Hurufism 18345:Tengrism 18294:Xinjiang 18249:Gagauzia 18098:Mongolia 18072:Turanism 18047:Kemalism 18035:Politics 17997:Kipchaks 17977:Göktürks 17972:Dughlats 17826:Bulgaria 17814:Abkhazia 17789:Turkmens 17772:Nağaybäk 17602:Bashkirs 17566:Tubalars 17550:Chelkans 17544:Altaians 17498:Cyrillic 17400:Pecheneg 17365:Krymchak 17270:Chagatai 17243:Southern 17238:Northern 17164:Archived 17152:Archived 17124:Archived 17088:Archived 17064:Archived 17028:(eds.). 17009:Archived 16930:Archived 16874:Archived 16854:(eds.). 16823:Archived 16782:Archived 16724:Archived 16712:(1920). 16644:Archived 16605:(eds.). 16586:Archived 16571:Archived 16504:Archived 16428:Archived 16410:Archived 16346:(1980). 16257:Archived 16243:(2014). 16200:(2013). 16045:Archived 16036:vol. 196 16003:(eds.). 15882:(eds.). 15836:(eds.). 15734:(eds.). 15718:(2007). 15702:19 March 15696:Archived 15645:(2013). 15572:Archived 15475:(1999). 15403:Archived 15235:(eds.). 15223:(2007). 15128:(1969). 15096:(2012). 15018:19 March 15012:Archived 14992:(eds.). 14980:(2007). 14942:(2001). 14912:(eds.). 14900:(1999). 14882:15523495 14845:11573163 14632:Archived 14496:Archived 14455:(eds.). 14432:Archived 14394:(2009). 14275:(2013). 14199:Archived 14072:Archived 14055:Archived 13939:(2014). 13907:(2009). 13878:The Huns 13860:Archived 13852:"Khazar" 13822:(2003). 13757:(1870). 13644:Archived 13357:(2010). 13298:(eds.). 13260:(eds.). 13218:(2006). 13186:(2003). 13021:(1992). 12993:(1980). 12932:(1982). 12812:Archived 12736:Springer 12728:(2017). 12702:(eds.). 12683:23241444 12590:(1954). 12558:(1980). 12525:(1961). 12438:24104924 12406:: 2543. 12383:5 August 12377:Archived 12339:(2005). 12249:Hachette 12225:(1923). 12084:Archived 11916:13680527 11871:Archived 11859:25079123 11770:(2010). 11730:"Khazar" 11706:(1957). 11676:(eds.). 11664:(2012). 11626:(1997). 11613:Archived 11588:Archived 11566:20560205 11472:(eds.). 11424:(2012). 10278:Gil 2011 9690:Gow 1995 8551:Lee 2016 7674:Majdanek 7551:'s book 7066:Adiabene 7058:Itureans 7050:Idumeans 7029:Arianism 6743:Khwarazm 6583:, Asya; 6416:Armenian 6345:farsakhs 6328:Ṣaqāliba 6136:, after 6038:Bulğaric 5923:xɦat sat 5905:in both 5799:Kim 2016 5746:Compare 5711:)'..." ( 5556:Kházaroi 5493:Red Jews 5427:See also 5407:valley, 5393:Samkarsh 5375:region, 5371:and the 5361:Sambalut 5353:Balanjar 5349:Caucasus 5345:Samandar 5341:Khazaran 5067:en masse 4939:Sephardi 4935:Haskalah 4902:(1886), 4836:Karaites 4830:scholar 4798:Qaraylar 4774:Karaites 4760:and the 4685:Genetics 4675:Khwarezm 4671:the Oğuz 4540:scholar 4508:Manasseh 4449:OKHQURÜM 4399:nobility 4311:Samandar 4287:Buddhism 4199:Tengrism 4193:Tengrism 4187:Tengrism 4182:Religion 4163:diaspora 4144:Menachem 4086:menorahs 4082:Čelarevo 4066:Pannonia 4016:Qipchaqs 3975:Brutakhi 3940:Polovtsi 3928:Kipchaks 3900:Barthold 3884:Kedrenos 3839:Vladimir 3704:Aaron II 3638:and the 3600:Bulgaria 3566:and the 3535:Baghatur 3481:defeated 3445:Yazid II 3429:Maslamah 3386:defeated 3382:Balanjar 3368:and its 3294:Theodora 3217:in 626, 3199:Göktürks 3173:farsakhs 3161:Khwarazm 2980:tarkhans 2976:officers 2950:Alano-As 2887:shad/bäk 2862:Sasanian 2858:Fârsnâma 2815:and the 2794:Asparukh 2723:Qağanate 2606:Samoyeds 2509:Jurchens 2422:RASHTRA- 2411:GURJARA- 2330:Āshǐnà ( 2323:Sogdiana 2255:Šarağurs 2233:ethnonym 2219:Istakhri 2204:Bulğaric 2184:polyglot 2141::突厥可薩部; 2135:Göktürks 2123:jĭu xìng 1874:Tengrism 1866:polyglot 1851:Khwarazm 1804:Caucasus 1622:Kipchaks 1572:a series 1570:Part of 1351:963–1186 1339:860–1091 1327:856–1335 1315:848–1036 1283:840–1212 1259:750–1055 1235:743–1035 1175:618–1048 1102:Göktürks 1077:Dingling 979:Tengrism 952:Krymchak 692:Kipchaks 629:Saragurs 524:Durdzuks 417:Currency 409:900 est. 401:850 est. 338:Georgios 290:Benjamin 278:Manasseh 192:Paganism 177:Buddhism 172:Tengrism 147:(spoken) 102:Samandar 86:Balanjar 18:Khazaria 21438:Khazars 21255:Judaism 21211:Russian 21143:Peoples 21103:Society 21080:Tourism 21068:Economy 20906:Vyalova 20720:Khazars 20684:History 20606:Ottoman 20590:Iranian 20586:Afghani 20534:Mughals 20529:Hazaras 20479:Utigurs 20454:Türgesh 20429:Onogurs 20403:Nushibi 20398:Naimans 20359:Khazars 20349:Karluks 20304:Chigils 20299:Bulgars 20284:Barsils 20222:Europe 20201:Ansarlu 20147:Khotons 20105:Teleuts 19998:Dolgans 19993:Chuvash 19988:Chulyms 19973:Balkars 19917:Qashqai 19902:Khalajs 19880:in Iran 19822:Uyghurs 19545:Ansarlu 19456:Kazakhs 19370:Peoples 19158:Uralics 19138:Onogurs 19123:Magyars 19118:Lezgins 19108:Kassogs 19048:Barsils 19038:Arsiyah 18977:Samiran 18952:Levedia 18927:Kazarki 18856:Tzitzak 18841:Sfengus 18796:Bulchan 18726:Menahem 18721:Aaron I 18706:Zebulun 18681:Obadiah 18666:Parsbit 18477:Chovgan 18457:Kyz kuu 18370:Alevism 18307:Studies 18103:History 18086:Origins 18017:Türgesh 17987:Khazars 17982:Karluks 17962:Bulgars 17937:(Sakha) 17915:Uyghurs 17894:Tunisia 17882:Romania 17862:Lebanon 17830:Croatia 17818:Algeria 17807:Turkish 17799:Iranian 17784:Tofalar 17756:Chinese 17717:Qashqai 17702:Naimans 17647:Kazakhs 17627:Dolgans 17612:Chuvash 17607:Chulyms 17597:Balkars 17589:Georgia 17585:Armenia 17562:Teleuts 17539:Afshars 17531:Peoples 17508:Persian 17445:Turkmen 17440:Turkish 17405:Qashqai 17360:Kipchak 17280:Chuvash 17260:Bashkir 17141:at the 17113:in the 16406:2600793 16280:(ed.). 16070:1 March 15595:(ed.). 15299:(ed.). 14890:1466556 14836:1274378 14708:bioRxiv 13866:30 July 13785:3014425 13731:(ed.). 13674:(ed.). 13194:Ashgate 13088:(ed.). 13057:(ed.). 12674:3595026 12653:Bibcode 12429:3806353 12408:Bibcode 11907:1180600 11867:2173604 11557:3032072 8029:szombat 7493:Karaism 7250:Genesis 7021:Ulfilas 6821:Hakkâri 6635:Baghdad 6571:or the 6463:Gotland 6270:khalifa 6210:Pritsak 5946:Kar sar 5942:Kat-sat 5915:ɣat-sat 5890:Ganzhou 5884:(< * 5748:Tibetan 5649: 5640:; 突厥可薩 5629:Chinese 5576:Kūzārīm 5572:: 5552:Χάζαροι 5460:Tzitzak 5452:emperor 5417:Dnieper 5389:Güzliev 5365:Samiran 5357:Kazarki 5246:Spanish 5076:Yiddish 5005:Hakkari 4782:Csángós 4728:Kazakhs 4569:, from 4547:Khavars 4538:Qaraite 4458:in his 4403:Judaism 4395:royalty 4359:Leo III 4317:Judaism 4279:Derbend 4203:sky god 4152:Amadiya 4148:Messiah 4090:shofars 4035:Leo III 4031:Tzitzak 4004:Sāmānid 3997:Dênkart 3748:razzias 3719:Dnieper 3668:Dnieper 3664:Magyars 3628:Cherson 3560:Etelköz 3556:Levedia 3517:Abbasid 3497:Judaism 3485:Ardabil 3433:Albania 3370:Abbasid 3326:Tzitzak 3310:Leo III 3280:in the 3278:Cherson 3243:Derbent 3211:Tourkía 3205:in the 3091:Saltovo 3081:Economy 3067:Magyars 3052:axšaêna 2964:Ursiyya 2901:Khazar 2727:Tür(ü)k 2720:Göktürk 2691:TIBETAN 2639:Shatuos 2628:Tanguts 2584:Kyrgyzs 2498:Khitans 2479:DYNASTY 2338:of the 2303:Iranian 2299:Xiōngnú 2291:Priscus 2283:Caspian 2263:Bulğars 2259:Onoğurs 2239:History 2212:Hunnish 2208:Chuvash 2115:Sogdian 2113:tribe ( 2073:Pahlavi 2047:of the 1926:Ukraine 1918:Kazakhs 1910:Hazaras 1841:ruler, 1835:entente 1775:of the 1773:marches 1730:nomadic 1697:Khazars 1642:Muscovy 1271:756–940 1247:744–840 1223:699–766 1211:665-850 1199:659–750 1187:628–646 1152:682–744 1144:581–650 1123:581–657 1115:552–581 880:Qasgqai 871:Chuvash 862:Bashkir 835:Turkmen 790:Turkish 746:Dolgans 710:Uyghurs 674:Karluks 647:Bulgars 638:Utigurs 611:Onogurs 482:Cumania 376:• 254:Obadiah 221:• 162:Judaism 145:Alanian 129:Oghuric 79:Capital 52:650–969 21114:Sports 20962:Raions 20956:Cities 20938:Syvash 20901:Marble 20897:Caves 20647:Crimea 20602:Syrian 20524:Abdals 20517:Others 20504:Yabaku 20494:Yueban 20444:Shatuo 20434:Sabirs 20393:Merkit 20344:Kangly 20334:Esegel 20314:Cumans 20294:Bulaqs 20279:Basmyl 20243:Gagauz 20193:Timuri 20187:Aimaqs 20182:Afshar 20129:Yakuts 20115:Tuvans 20047:Tatars 20042:Soyots 20032:Nogais 20027:Kumyks 20014:Koibal 20008:Khakas 19938:Russia 19892:Afshar 19836:Yugurs 19750:Uzbeks 19605:Yörüks 19487:Kyrgyz 19286:Kuzari 19233:Legacy 19148:Sabirs 19103:Kumyks 19093:Kabars 19088:Juhuri 19073:Cumans 19063:Burtas 18992:Sarkel 18987:Saqsin 18972:Sambat 18947:Khumar 18922:Kavkaz 18870:Places 18836:Serach 18826:Pesakh 18816:Leo IV 18791:Barjik 18751:George 18741:Joseph 18467:Kokpar 18462:Jereed 18425:Rifaʽi 18415:Qadiri 18244:Crimea 18201:Turkey 18151:Otuken 18012:Shatuo 18002:K'o-sa 17967:Cumans 17957:Bulaqs 17941:Yugurs 17935:Yakuts 17920:Uzbeks 17910:Tuvans 17886:Serbia 17858:Kosovo 17854:Israel 17838:Cyprus 17795:Afghan 17768:Mishar 17746:Tatars 17707:Nogais 17697:Kumyks 17682:Kyrgyz 17667:Khalaj 17662:Khakas 17632:Gagauz 17460:Uyghur 17380:Kyrgyz 17350:Khazar 17345:Khalaj 17340:Khakas 17335:Kazakh 17320:Karaim 17305:Gagauz 17295:Dolgan 17275:Chulym 17265:Bulgar 17228:Afshar 17213:topics 17211:Turkic 17094:23 May 17040: 16974: 16951: 16907: 16866: 16815: 16774: 16745: 16694: 16665: 16617: 16548: 16498: 16449: 16404: 16360: 16328: 16292: 16227: 16182: 16153: 16124: 16093: 16015: 15963: 15932: 15894: 15848: 15788: 15746: 15688: 15659: 15627: 15578:9 June 15545: 15518: 15489: 15457: 15432: 15371: 15339: 15307: 15280: 15243: 15205: 15176: 15144: 15110: 15078: 15064:"Jews" 15053: 15004: 14962: 14924: 14888: 14880: 14843: 14833: 14792: 14767: 14735: 14710: 14690: 14661: 14628:Meduza 14605: 14570: 14547: 14517: 14467: 14408: 14376: 14347: 14318: 14289: 14257: 14223: 14160: 14135: 14114: 14106: 14047: 14016: 13987: 13955: 13921: 13889: 13836: 13804: 13783: 13743: 13713: 13686: 13650:3 June 13636: 13604: 13572: 13543: 13514: 13485: 13460: 13431: 13403: 13371: 13310: 13272: 13234: 13200: 13168: 13134: 13096: 13065: 13031: 13003: 12981: 12946: 12884: 12833: 12806: 12771: 12742: 12710: 12681: 12671: 12572: 12507: 12478: 12436: 12426: 12351: 12321: 12295: 12255: 12207: 12173: 12150: 12076: 12051: 12024: 11995: 11966: 11937: 11914: 11904: 11865: 11857: 11816: 11784: 11752: 11688: 11646: 11564: 11554: 11513: 11484: 11438: 11179:(1972) 10790:(1893) 7501:Talmud 7480:Karaim 7426:Ötüken 7095:'ulamâ 7078:Berber 7076:, and 7072:; the 7068:under 7060:under 7052:under 6786:tallit 6781:ciciot 6735:Seljuk 6684:Saqsin 6599:, and 6585:PYYNYL 6581:Burtas 6538:dirhem 6532:yarmaq 6518:Slavic 6514:Hebrew 6362:ghulām 6223:Qabars 6183:, the 6130:Khazar 6122:(< 6011:under 5966:Hebrew 5921:) and 5903:ka'sat 5854:Ttrūka 5765:(拂菻罽娑 5688:Kozary 5684:Gazari 5631:: 5624:Gasani 5619:Gazari 5610:kozari 5602:коꙁари 5593:kozare 5585:коꙁаре 5561:Hebrew 5467:Khagan 5409:Sarkel 5369:Crimea 5363:, and 5317:, and 5273:Arabic 5249:Jewish 5241:Kuzari 5203:, and 5100:racist 5053:) and 5013:Turkey 4973:Poliak 4828:Karaim 4802:Crimea 4786:Turkic 4756:, the 4752:, the 4750:Kumyks 4748:, the 4739:Slavic 4734:, the 4730:, the 4714:, and 4691:Rostov 4631:Arabic 4504:Simeon 4464:Gazari 4365:. For 4361:, and 4307:St Abo 4234:qozmím 4228:-like 4226:shaman 4218:tudrun 4206:Tengri 4098:lulavs 4094:etrogs 4062:Qabars 4056:and a 4012:Kimeks 3967:Mongol 3936:Archon 3924:Cumans 3816:Sarkel 3795:Pesakh 3785:. 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