Khmer architecture

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them susceptible to the ravages of time and leaving no trace of their existence in the present day. The enduring remnants of this era are the brick or stone temples, such as those found in the Angkor complex, which stand as the sole vestiges of what was once expansive wooden settlements and palaces. However, a meticulous 13th-century account by a Chinese emissary to Angkor provides a detailed description of the palace, depicting it as an assemblage of imposing structures crowned with lead-tiled roofs. Intricately carved bas reliefs at Bayon and Banteay Chhmar portray various wooden buildings featuring triangular pediments and roofs, identified as representative of the royal halls within Angkorian palaces. As the Khmer people gradually embraced Buddhism, a discernible transition from stone temples to wooden architecture occurred. This shift marked the adoption of wooden structures as the new norm in Khmer architecture, supplanting the erstwhile prominence of stone temples in earlier periods.

1047: 1963: 802:. Decorations were usually carved into a stucco applied to the brick, rather than into the brick itself. This was because bricks were a softer material, and did not lend themselves to sculpting, as opposed to stones of different kinds such as the Sandstones or the Granites. However, the tenets of the Sacred Architecture as enunciated in the Vedas and the Shastras, require no adhesives to be used while building blocks are assembled one over the other to create the Temples, as such bricks have been used only in relatively smaller temples such as Lolei and The Preah Ko. Besides, strength of bricks is much lesser as compared to the stones (mentioned here-in) and the former degrade with age. 2192: 2117: 1035: 2990: 2048: 1006: 422: 1269: 3066: 20: 883: 1756: 2978: 767: 2664: 2272: 2589: 1771: 450: 2707: 2523: 390:

distinct style is particularly evident in artistic depictions of divine and royal figures with facial features representative of the local Khmer population, including rounder faces, broader brows, and other physical characteristics. In any study of Angkorian architecture, the emphasis is necessarily on religious architecture, since all the remaining Angkorian buildings are religious in nature. During the period of Angkor, only temples and other religious buildings were constructed of stone.

1456: 868: 2945: 2769: 4241: 2638: 408: 853: 3054: 3028: 1800:. The use of corbelling prevented the Angkorian engineers from constructing large openings or spaces in buildings roofed with stone, and made such buildings particularly prone to collapse once they were no longer maintained. These difficulties did not, of course, exist for buildings constructed with stone walls surmounted by a light wooden roof. The problem of preventing the collapse of corbelled structures at Angkor remains a serious one for modern conservation. 1704: 5168: 2094: 276: 5178: 2924: 436: 2912: 2383: 1432: 1185: 912: 3016: 1828: 464: 52: 1472: 2957: 2679:. The composition of such lintels characteristically consists in a dominant image at the center of a rectangle, from which issue swirling elements that reach to the far ends of the rectangle. These swirling elements may take shape as either vinelike vegetation or as the bodies of nāgas. Some such nāgas are depicted wearing crowns, and others are depicted serving as mounts for human riders. 997:, the mythical home of the gods. Enclosures are the spaces between these walls, and between the innermost wall and the temple itself. By modern convention, enclosures are numbered from the centre outwards. The walls defining the enclosures of Khmer temples are frequently lined by galleries, while passage through the walls is by way of gopuras located at the cardinal points. 2071:, producing an angle of ascent somewhere between 45 and 70 degrees. The reasons for this peculiarity appear to be both religious and monumental. From the religious perspective, a steep stairway can be interpreted as a "stairway to heaven", the realm of the gods. "From the monumental point of view", according to Angkor-scholar 2402:. In Khmer temple architecture, the kala serves as a common decorative element on lintels, tympana and walls, where it is depicted as a monstrous head with a large upper jaw lined by large carnivorous teeth, but with no lower jaw. Some kalas are shown disgorging vine-like plants, and some serve as the base for other figures. 846:

Laterite was more commonly used in the Khmer provinces than at Angkor itself. Because the water table in this entire region is well high, Laterite has been used in the underlying layers of Angkor Wat and other temples (especially the larger ones), because it can absorb water and help towards better stability of the Temple.

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completion. The houses of poorer persons may contain only a single large room. Food is prepared in a separate kitchen located near the house but usually behind it. Toilet facilities consist of simple pits in the ground, located away from the house, that are covered up when filled. Any livestock is kept below the house.

2152:. Other stories in the Mahabharata detail the exploits of individual apsaras, who were often used by the gods as agents to persuade or seduce mythological demons, heroes and ascetics. The widespread use of apsaras as a motif for decorating the walls and pillars of temples and other religious buildings, however, was a 955:). Since the temple was not considered a place of worship for use by the population at large, but rather a home for the deity, the sanctuary needed only to be large enough to hold the statue or linga; it was never more than a few metres across. Its importance was instead conveyed by the height of the tower ( 1853:

The styles employed by Angkorean artists in the decoration of lintels evolved over time, as a result, the study of lintels has proven a useful guide to the dating of temples. Some scholars have endeavored to develop a periodization of lintel styles. The most beautiful Angkorean lintels are thought to

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Structures conventionally known as "libraries" are a common feature of the Khmer temple architecture, but their true purpose remains unknown. Most likely they functioned broadly as religious shrines rather than strictly as repositories of manuscripts. Freestanding buildings, they were normally placed

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A gallery is a passageway running along the wall of an enclosure or along the axis of a temple, often open to one or both sides. Historically, the form of the gallery evolved during the 10th century from the increasingly long hallways which had earlier been used to surround the central sanctuary of a

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typically are raised on stilts as much as three meters for protection from annual floods. Two ladders or wooden staircases provide access to the house. The steep thatch roof overhanging the house walls protects the interior from rain. Typically a house contains three rooms separated by partitions of

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is a mythical sea monster with the body of a serpent, the trunk of an elephant, and a head that can have features reminiscent of a lion, a crocodile, or a dragon. In Khmer temple architecture, the motif of the makara is generally part of a decorative carving on a lintel, tympanum, or wall. Often the

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of Angkor, however, he had no religious status, and served only as a decorative motif in architecture. Indra is associated with the East; since Angkorian temples typically open to the East, his image is sometimes encountered on lintels and pediments facing that direction. Typically, he is mounted on

2215:

are human or demonic temple guardians, generally armed with lances and clubs. They are presented either as a stone statues or as relief carvings in the walls of temples and other buildings, generally close to entrances or passageways. Their function is to protect the temples. Dvarapalas may be seen,

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are individual figures, groups of figures, or entire scenes cut into stone walls, not as drawings but as sculpted images projecting from a background. Sculpture in bas-relief is distinguished from sculpture in haut-relief, in that the latter projects farther from the background, in some cases almost

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During the Angkor era, the architectural landscape consisted predominantly of temples constructed from durable materials such as brick, sandstone, and laterite. In stark contrast, the royal residences of the Khmer courts were predominantly crafted from wood and other perishable materials, rendering

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In free-standing nāga sculptures, such as in nāga bridges and balustrades, Garuda is often depicted in relief against the fan of nāga heads. The relationship between Garuda and the nāga heads is ambiguous in these sculptures: it may be one of cooperation, or it may again be one of domination of the

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as it developed its own special characteristics, some of which were created independently and others of which were incorporated from neighboring cultural traditions, resulting in a new artistic style in Asian architecture unique to the Angkorian tradition. The development of Khmer architecture as a

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in order to construct rooms, passageways and openings in buildings. A corbel arch is constructed by adding layers of stones to the walls on either side of an opening, with each successive layer projecting further towards the centre than the one supporting it from below, until the two sides meet in

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Non-religious buildings such as dwellings were constructed of perishable materials such as wood, and so have not survived. The religious architecture of Angkor has characteristic structures, elements, and motifs, which are identified in the glossary below. Since a number of different architectural

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Angkorian builders used laterite, a clay that is soft when taken from the ground but that hardens when exposed to the sun, for foundations and other hidden parts of buildings. Because the surface of laterite is uneven, it was not suitable for decorative carvings, unless first dressed with stucco.

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The front room serves as a living room used to receive visitors, the next room is the parents' bedroom, and the third is for unmarried daughters. Sons sleep anywhere they can find space. Family members and neighbors work together to build the house, and a house-raising ceremony is held upon its

666:, who visited Angkor toward the end of the 13th century. Its unique relief carvings have a naive dynamic quality that contrast with the rigidity of the figures typical of some other periods. As of 2008, Baphuon is under restoration and cannot currently be appreciated in its full magnificence. 633:

Style (967–1000): Banteay Srei is the only major Angkorian temple constructed not by a monarch, but by a courtier. It is known for its small scale and the extreme refinement of its decorative carvings, including several famous narrative bas-reliefs dealing with scenes from Indian

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style (825–875): continuation of pre-Angkorean style but it was a period of innovation and borrowing such as from Cham temples. Tower is mainly square and relatively high as well as brick with laterite walls and stone door surrounds but square and octagonal colonettes begin to

1127:. It is a rectangular building elongated along the temple's east axis and divided into four courtyards by galleries. Formerly it had a roof made of perishable materials; now only the stone walls remain. The pillars of the galleries are decorated with carved designs of dancing 2006:

style: less ornate than those of Banteay Srei. Central kala with triangular tongue, its hands holding the garland which is bent at the center. Kala sometimes surmounted by a divinity. Loops of garland on either side divided by flora stalk and pendant. Vigorous treatment of

1080:, passage through the enclosure walls surrounding a temple compound is frequently accomplished by means of an impressive gopura, rather than just an aperture in the wall or a doorway. Enclosures surrounding a temple are often constructed with a gopura at each of the four 3095:

Chinese and Vietnamese houses in Cambodian town and villages typically are built directly on the ground and have earthen, cement, or tile floors, depending upon the economic status of the owner. Urban housing and commercial buildings may be of brick, masonry, or wood.

2410:. Such skulls tended to lose their lower jaws when the ligaments holding them together dried out. Thus, the kalas of Angkor may represent the Khmer civilization's adoption into its decorative iconography of elements derived from long forgotten primitive antecedents. 1288:. Enclosures represented the mountain chains surrounding Mount Meru, while a moat represented the ocean. The temple itself took shape as a pyramid of several levels, and the home of the gods was represented by the elevated sanctuary at the center of the temple. 2156:

innovation. In modern descriptions of Angkorian temples, the term "apsara" is sometimes used to refer not only to dancers but also to other minor female deities, though minor female deities who are depicted standing rather than dancing are more commonly called

1311:, going into architectural details such as the gateways and stairs to the upper terraces, strongly suggests that Borobudur might have served as the prototype of Bakong. There must have been exchanges of travelers, if not mission, between Khmer kingdom and the 394:

styles succeeded one another during the Angkorean period, not all of these features were equally in evidence throughout the period. Indeed, scholars have referred to the presence or absence of such features as one source of evidence for dating the remains.

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style: some of the most beautiful of all Khmer lintels, rich, will-carved and imaginative. Kala in center, issuing garland on either side. Distinct loops of vegetation curl down from garland. Outward-facing makaras sometimes appear at the ends. Vishnu on

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style: most figures disappear, usually only a kala at the bottom of the lintel surmounted by small figure. Mainly Buddhist motifs. In the middle of the period the garland is cut into four parts, while later a series of whorls of foliage replace the four

1365:, was embodied in a linga... housed in the central sanctuary which served as a temple-mausoleum for the ruler after his death...these central temples also contained shrines dedicated to the royal ancestors and thus became centres of ancestor worship". 2660:, represent an important motif in Khmer architecture as well as in free-standing sculpture. They are frequently depicted as having multiple heads, always uneven in number, arranged in a fan. Each head has a flared hood, in the manner of a cobra. 2546:, certain lingas were erected as symbols of the king himself, and were housed in royal temples in order to express the king's consubstantiality with Siva. The lingas that survive from the Angkorean period are generally made of polished stone. 2405:

Scholars have speculated that the origin of the kala as a decorative element in Khmer temple architecture may be found in an earlier period when the skulls of human victims were incorporated into buildings as a kind of protective magic or

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The nuclear family, in rural Cambodia, typically lives in a rectangular house that may vary in size from four by six meters to six by ten meters. It is constructed of a wooden frame with gabled thatch roof and walls of woven bamboo.

587:, who built his capital of Yasodharapura around it. Located on a hill (phnom), it is currently one of the most endangered of the monuments, having become a favorite perch for tourists eager to witness a glorious sundown at Angkor. 1934:

style: high quality carving. Arches replaced by a garland of vegetation (like a wreath) more or less segmented. Medallions disappear, central one sometimes replaced by a knot of leaves. Leafy pendants spray out above and below

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style: continuation of Sambor Prei Kuk but makaras disappear, being replaced by incurving ends and figures. Arches more rectilinear. Large figures sometimes at each end. A variation is a central scene below the arch, usually

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Scholars have worked to develop a periodization of Angkorean architectural styles. The following periods and styles may be distinguished. Each is named for a particular temple regarded as paradigmatic for the style.

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Angkorean shrines frequently opened in only one direction, typically to the east. The other three sides featured fake or blind doors to maintain symmetry. Blind windows were often used along otherwise blank walls.

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were taken to exhibit this arrangement, and Khmer temples were arranged accordingly in order to convey a symbolic identification with the sacred mountain. The five brick towers of the 10th-century temple known as

711:. Thereafter, he began a massive program of monumental construction, paradigmatic for which was the state temple called the Bayon. The king's other foundations participated in the style of the Bayon, and included 1180:

expressed his admiration for these rest houses when he visited Angkor in 1296 CE. Another theory is that the House of Fire had a religious function as the repository the sacred flame used in sacred ceremonies.

833:. Since its obtainment was considerably more expensive than that of brick, sandstone only gradually came into use, and at first was used for particular elements such as door frames. The 10th-century temple of 5143: 523:

style (635–700): structures reveal masterpieces of sculpture but examples are scarce. Colonettes are larger than those of previous styles. Buildings were more heavily decorated but had general decline in

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is a mythical animal with the body of a lion and the head of an elephant. At Angkor, it is portrayed as a guardian of temples and as a mount for some warriors. The gajasimha may be found at

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Narrative bas-reliefs are bas-reliefs depicting stories from mythology or history. Until about the 11th century, the Angkorian Khmer confined their narrative bas-reliefs to the space on the

2328:. In this context, Garuda symbolizes the military power of the Khmer kings and their victories over their enemies. Not coincidentally, the city of Preah Khan was built on the site of King 1747:

above doorways or windows. Depending on the period, they were round, rectangular, or octagonal in shape. Colonnettes were often circled with molded rings and decorated with carved leaves.

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makara is depicted with some other creature, such as a lion or serpent, emerging from its gaping maw. The makara is a central motif in the design of the famously beautiful lintels of the

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If the wall is constructed with an accompanying gallery, the gallery is sometimes connected to the arms of the gopura. Many Angkorian gopuras have a tower at the centre of the cross. The

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style: centered, framed and linked by garlands. A second type is a narrative scene filled with figures. When nagas appear, they curls are tight and prominent. Dress mirrors that of

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supporting a superstructure, as in the bas relief at Angkor Wat that depicts heaven and hell. Garudas and stylized mythological lions are the most common atlas figures at Angkor.

5107: 3280: 1420:, the external gallery wall is covered with some 12,000 or 13,000 square meters of such scenes, some of them historical, some mythological. Similarly, the outer gallery at the 5052: 4972: 993:

Khmer temples were typically enclosed by a concentric series of walls, with the central sanctuary in the middle; this arrangement represented the mountain ranges surrounding

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gods associated with the four cardinal directions, with the identity of the god depicted on a given lintel or pediment depending on the direction faced by that element.

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To the Angkorian Khmer, nāgas were symbols of water and figured in the myths of origin for the Khmer people, who were said to be descended from the union of an Indian

2298:. Depictions of Garuda at Angkor number in the thousands, and though Indian in inspiration exhibit a style that is uniquely Khmer. They may be classified as follows: 867: 763:

and wood as their materials. The ruins that remain are of brick, sandstone and laterite, the wood elements having been lost to decay and other destructive processes.

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The reachisey is another mythical animal, similar to the gajasimha, with the head of a lion, a short elephantine trunk, and the scaly body of a dragon. It occurs at

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style: center occupied by a prominent scene, taking up almost the entire height of the lintel. Usually no lower border. Dress of figures shows a curved line to the

4862: 677:, is the greatest of the Angkorian temples and defines what has come to be known as the classical style of Angkorian architecture. Other temples in this style are 2310:, bearing the god on his shoulders, and simultaneously fighting against the god's enemies. Numerous such images of Garuda may be observed in the outer gallery of 499:. This earliest extant architecture consists of relatively small cells made from prefabricated megalithic construction parts, which probably date at least to the 2829:, though they also fashioned anthropomorphic statues of the god. Anthropomorphic representations are also found in Angkorian bas reliefs. A famous tympanum from 2542:

and of creative power. As a religious symbol, the function of the linga is primarily that of worship and ritual, and only secondarily that of decoration. In the

2430:, are common in the relief carvings decorating Angkorian temples, and unknown in Angkorian sculpture in the round. The literary sources for these scenes are the 734:

Style (1243–1431): following the period of frantic construction under Jayavarman VII, Angkorian architecture entered the period of its decline. The 13th century

4992: 2805:, for example, are arranged in the shape of a quincunx. The quincunx also appears elsewhere in designs of the Angkorian period, as in the riverbed carvings of 2686:

and a serpent princess from Cambodia. Nāgas were also characters in other well-known legends and stories depicted in Khmer art, such as the churning of the

2075:, "the advantage is clear – the square of the base not having to spread in surface area, the entire building rises to its zenith with a particular thrust". 1812:

is a horizontal beam connecting two vertical columns between which runs a door or passageway. Because the Angkorean Khmer lacked the ability to construct a

727:. Though grandiose in plan and elaborately decorated, the temples exhibit a hurriedness of construction that contrasts with the perfection of Angkor Wat. 644:

temples, first use of galleries. Cruciform gopuras. Octagonal colonettes. Restrained decorative carving. A few temples that were built in this style are

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is a spatial arrangement of five elements, with four elements placed as the corners of a square and the fifth placed in the center. The five peaks of

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The dominant scheme for the construction of state temples in the Angkorian period was that of the Temple Mountain, an architectural representation of

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as he sat in meditation, was a favorite motif for Cambodian Buddhist sculptors from the 11th century. This statue is dated between 1150 and 1175 CE.

959:) rising above it, by its location at the centre of the temple, and by the greater decoration on its walls. Symbolically, the sanctuary represented 583:

Style (889–923): Bakheng was the first temple mountain constructed in the area of Angkor proper north of Siem Reap. It was the state temple of King

2845:, Shiva is depicted as a bearded ascetic. His attributes include the mystical eye in the middle of his forehead, the trident, and the rosary. His 1931: 817:. A Cham story tells of the time that the two countries settled an armed conflict by means of a tower-building contest proposed by the Cham King 527: 2140:, divine nymphs or celestial dancing girls, are characters from Indian mythology. Their origin is explained in the story of the churning of the 2000:

style: increase in complexity and detail. Garland sometimes makes pronounced loop on either side with kala at top of each loop. Central figure.

3132: 3127: 1920: 520: 306: 3159: 4661: 1424:

contains extensive bas-reliefs documenting the everyday life of the medieval Khmer as well as historical events from the reign of King

1222:, respectively. It is not clear whether the significance of these reservoirs was religious, agricultural, or a combination of the two. 923:

The central sanctuary of an Angkorian temple was home to the temple's primary deity, the one to whom the site was dedicated: typically

852: 821:. While the Khmer built a standard brick tower, Po Klaung Garai directed his people to build an impressive replica of paper and wood. 5222: 4099: 530:

style (700–800): temples with more decorative rings on colonettes which remain cylindrical. Brick constructions were being continued.

5057: 4323: 1319:. Transmitting to Cambodia not only ideas, but also technical and architectural details of Borobudur, including arched gateways in 262: 2168:, but are most common in the foundations of the 12th century. Depictions of true (dancing) apsaras are found, for example, in the 577:. The temples of the Preah Ko style are known for their small brick towers and for the great beauty and delicacy of their lintels. 5082: 2398:

The kala is a ferocious monster symbolic of time in its all-devouring aspect and associated with the destructive side of the god

4220: 2740:, the nāga-shaped balustrades are supported not by simple posts but by stone statues of gigantic warriors. These giants are the 3276:"Earliest Khmer Stone Architecture and its Origin: A Case Study of Megalithic Remains and Spirit Belief at the Site of Vat Phu" 2324:

Garuda is depicted in the pose of a victor, often dominating a nāga, as in the gigantic relief sculptures on the outer wall of

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Earliest Khmer Stone Architecture and its Origin: A Case Study of Megalithic Remains and Spirit Belief at the Site of Vat Phu.

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This scene from the outer gallery at the Bayon shows Chinese expats negotiating with Khmer merchants at an Angkorean market.

4809: 4271: 4261: 1149:, is the name given to a type of building found only in temples constructed during the reign of late 12th-century monarch 809:

was also the home to numerous brick temples that are similar in style to those of Angkor. The most extensive ruins are at

4308: 4175: 1917:. Small figure on each makara. A variation is with figures replacing the makaras and a scene with figures below the arch. 1303:, popularly identified as temple mountain of early Khmer temple architecture. The striking similarity of the Bakong and 5212: 4762: 4495: 4490: 4215: 4112: 3567: 2917:

Triangular gabled roof depicted on a Bayon's bas relief still used in today Khmer architecture for palaces and pagodas.

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style: tendency to copy earlier style, especially Preah Ko and Bakheng. Central figures. Re-appearance of lower border.

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By the 12th century, however, the Angkorian artists were covering entire walls with narrative scenes in bas-relief. At

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style: the central kala surmounted by divinity, usually riding a steed or a Vishnu scene, typically from the life of

299: 2460:. In Angkorian depictions, Krishna is shown effortlessly stepping on and pushing down his opponent's multiple heads. 2881:, the 12th-century temple that was originally dedicated to Vishnu. Bas reliefs depict Vishna battling with against 2169: 1397:

above doorways. The most famous early narrative bas-reliefs are those on the tympana at the 10th-century temple of

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Scholars theorize that the House of Fire functioned as a "rest house with fire" for travellers. An inscription at

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The following is a listing of the motifs illustrated in some of the more famous Angkorian narrative bas-reliefs:

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A Hall of Dancers is the structure of a type found in certain late 12th-century temples constructed under King

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include anthropomorphic representations of the god himself, as well as representations of his incarnations or

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style: continuation of Preah Ko but less fanciful and tiny figures disappear. Loop of vegetation below the

358: 292: 236: 60: 1046: 4942: 4937: 4832: 4726: 4603: 4391: 4291: 4168: 2629:, carvings of makaras disgorging other monsters may be observed on many of the corners of the buildings. 109: 94: 1962: 5062: 4952: 4932: 4852: 4842: 4421: 4313: 4276: 517:. Temples of Sambor Prei Kuk were built in rounded, plain colonettes with capitals that include a bulb. 200: 165: 2736:

In some Angkorian nāga-bridges, as for example those located at the entrances to 12th century city of

5217: 5148: 5027: 5022: 4902: 4551: 4452: 4296: 4281: 4133: 3966: 2290:

is a divine being that is part man and part bird. He is the lord of birds, the mythological enemy of

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is a roughly triangular structure above a lintel. A tympanum is the decorated surface of a pediment.

735: 539: 89: 3314:

The periodization of Angkorean architecture presented here is based on that of Freeman and Jacques,

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depicting the churning of the Ocean of Milk. The largest population of devatas (around 2,000) is at

5042: 4997: 4977: 4967: 4867: 4824: 4802: 4608: 4588: 4541: 4457: 4369: 4085: 2605: 2191: 1910: 1870: 985:

is the tall finger-like spire, usually richly carved, common to much Khmer religious architecture.

252: 4069: 3152: 2017:. Loops of garland no longer cut. Another type is a scene with many figures and little vegetation. 354:

from approximately the later half of the 8th century CE to the first half of the 15th century CE.

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The earliest Angkorian temples were made mainly of brick. Good examples are the temple towers of

605:, scale of buildings diminishes toward center. Brick still main material but sandstone also used. 174: 3915: 1084:. In plan, gopuras are usually cross-shaped and elongated along the axis of the enclosure wall. 1022:

in the first half of the 12th century, additional half galleries on one side were introduced to

5112: 5047: 5012: 4947: 4927: 4917: 4877: 4857: 4711: 4701: 4411: 4406: 4364: 4240: 3105: 2989: 1034: 916: 385:). Evolved from Indian influences, Khmer architecture became clearly distinct from that of the 205: 195: 3498: 3185: 5202: 5153: 5072: 5032: 5007: 4987: 4922: 4897: 4887: 4872: 4618: 4583: 4546: 4510: 4381: 4354: 4249: 1831: 1590: 1514: 1088: 104: 2474:

Krishna is frequently depicted killing or subduing various demons, including his evil uncle

2442:. The following are some of the most important Angkorian depictions of the life of Krishna: 4957: 4912: 4907: 4696: 4593: 4566: 4556: 4401: 4337: 4318: 4193: 2318: 1913:

with tapering bodies. Four arches joined by three medallions, the central once carved with

982: 976: 876:, a temple built in the 10th century, was constructed more or less entirely from sandstone. 597:, capital of Khmer empire was removed from Angkor region through the north which is called 386: 185: 114: 4064:. Phnom Penh: Department of Media and Communication, Royal University of Phnom Penh, 2012. 2047: 1005: 8: 5122: 4795: 4755: 4736: 4633: 4573: 4505: 4435: 4349: 4188: 4120: 1268: 659: 227: 99: 69: 3939:

Stark, Miriam; Carter, Alison; Piphal, Heng; Rachna, Chhay; Evans, Damian (2018-01-01),

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In some scenes, Krishna is depicted in his role as charioteer, advisor and protector of

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with one hand in order to provide the cowherds with shelter from the deluge caused by

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is the first Angkorian temple to be constructed more or less entirely from Sandstone.

19: 5177: 4771: 4731: 4716: 4676: 4666: 4623: 4598: 4536: 4018: 3940: 3563: 3539: 3531: 3504: 3191: 3110: 3084: 1743:

Colonnettes were narrow decorative columns that served as supports for the beams and

1165:. A House of Fire has thick walls, a tower at the west end and south-facing windows. 1131:; hence scholars have suggested that the hall itself may have been used for dancing. 766: 421: 222: 212: 190: 180: 170: 129: 124: 27:

is the masterpiece of Angkorian architecture. Constructed under the direction of the

2977: 2825:. In general, the Angkorian Khmer represented and worshipped Shiva in the form of a 2588: 4032:. 1944. A translation from the original French into English is available online at 3285: 2893:. Vishnu's attributes include the discus, the conch shell, the baton, and the orb. 2882: 2745: 2711: 2657: 2560:

On the surface of some lingas is engraved the face of Siva. Such lingas are called

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style (610–650): Sambor Prei Kuk, also known as Isanapura, was the capital of the

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Bruyn, Pippa de; Bain, Keith; Allardice, David; Shonar Joshi (18 February 2010).

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from 10th century Angkor has a square base, an octagonal middle, and a round tip.

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

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A double-tiered roof of Khmer wooden architecture as depicted at Bayon temple.

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depicts Shiva sitting on Mount Kailasa with his consort, while the demon king

1862: 1256:. Scholars have speculated that the Jayataka represents the Himalayan lake of 1202:

in pairs on either side of the entrance to an enclosure, opening to the west.

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Latest research reveals that the Khmer already erected stone buildings in the

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or elixir of immortality. The story of the Churning of the Ocean of Milk or

2176:, in the pillars that line the passageways through the outer gallery of the 810: 673:

Style (1080–1175): Angkor Wat, the temple and perhaps the mausoleum of King

4148: 3072: 2962: 2944: 2850: 2830: 2768: 2626: 2610: 2543: 2506: 2391: 2253: 2249: 2233: 2225: 2200: 2153: 2107: 1997: 1873:, as well as various forms of vegetation. Also frequently depicted are the 1839: 1708: 1680: 1663: 1484: 1455: 1440: 1398: 1383: 1241:

is an 11th-century temple standing at the center of the West Baray and the

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The only stone used by Angkorian builders was sandstone, obtained from the

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As part of a narrative bas relief, Garuda is shown as the battle steed of

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is the Jayataka, in the middle of which stands the 12th-century temple of

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freed the country of Angkor from occupation by an invasionary force from

663: 649: 627:. Their common style is named after the state temple mountain of Pre Rup. 624: 257: 3916:"LIDAR Scans Reveal Hidden Megacity Around Cambodia's Angkor Wat Temple" 3053: 3027: 1703: 1361:, "A temple was built for the worship of the ruler, whose essence, if a 738:

is known for its dynamic relief sculptures of demon kings, dancers, and

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Some lingas are segmented into three parts: a square base symbolic of

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A type of traditional Khmer roofing concept known as somnong muk dach

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Images of the Gods: Khmer Mythology in Cambodia, Laos & Thailand

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releasing the rains in an attempt to extinguish the fire created by

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was apparently the temple that most impressed the Chinese traveller

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located in the area of Angkor; its ruins are in the area now called

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The lingas of the Angkorian period are of several different types.

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is a 10th-century temple standing at the center of the East Baray.

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guide book by Micheal Freeman and Claude Jacques, pp. 32–34, 2003

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Numerous bas reliefs in various temples show Krishna subduing the

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A series of bas reliefs at the 11th-century temple pyramid called

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Style (1181–1243): in the final quarter of the 12th century, King

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bas-reliefs on the walls of the outer and inner galleries at the

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as well as scenes from the great works of Indian literature, the

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temple. The deity was represented by a statue (or in the case of

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guide book, by Michael Freeman and Claude Jacques, p. 30, 2003.

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serves as the base for a deity at the 10th-century Hindu temple

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Style (1050–1080): Baphuon, the massive temple mountain of King

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Many temples had been built before Cambodia became the powerful

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Influence of Indian Hindu temple architecture on Southeast Asia

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is part of a decorative lintel from the end of the 9th century.

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form tight circular coils. Garland begins to dip in the center.

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appear on this pillar at the 12th-century Buddhist temple the

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Bana. In battle, Krishna is shown riding on the shoulders of

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the middle. The corbel arch is structurally weaker than the

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preferred to work in bas-relief, while their neighbors the

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Nāga bridges are causeways or true bridges lined by stone

2505:. A well-known bas relief from the 10th-century temple of 2463:

Also common is the depiction of Krishna as he lifts Mount

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Some lingas are implanted in a flat square base called a

861:, completed in 879 CE, was a temple made mainly of brick. 16:

Architecture built by the Khmers during the Angkor period

3538:. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 2752:

in order to the churn the Ocean of Milk in quest of the

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toward the end of the 12th century, such as this one at

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A gopura leads into the 12th-century temple compound at

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some fifteen kilometers southeast of the modern city of

3942:

The Angkorian City: From Hariharalaya to Yashodharapura

3938: 1861:

Common motifs in the decoration of lintels include the

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tells of 121 such rest houses lining the highways into

2950:

Khmer wooden architecture as depicted at Bayon temple.

1816:, they constructed their passageways using lintels or 915:

The central prang of Angkor Wat temple symbolizes the

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A wooden spire structure as depicted at Bayon temple.

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The corner of a lintel on one of the brick towers at

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depicts scenes of the birth and childhood of Krishna.

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are notoriously steep. Frequently, the length of the

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In: JoGA 2022: 2–137, Journal of Global Archaeology.

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is the earliest surviving Temple Mountain at Angkor.

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There are three pre-Angkorean architectural styles:

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kingdom, the predecessor state of the Khmer empire.

2721:on a bridge leading into the 12th century city of 2538:is a phallic post or cylinder symbolic of the god 2478:. An extensive bas relief in the outer gallery of 2275:In this 9th century lintel, now on display at the 1715:, above which is a tympanum with a scene from the 495:period, which they used for the worship of mighty 1803: 1560:bas-reliefs on the walls of the outer gallery at 361:, particularly in sculpture, had an influence on 5194: 3577: 3575: 3071:Typical double-tiered roof used in contemporary 2366:and holds his trusty weapon, the thunderbolt or 2188:, where they appear individually and in groups. 1949:, including the kala and outward-facing makaras. 1295:, a five-level pyramid dedicated in 881 by King 1009:A cruciform gallery separates the courtyards at 3497:David G. Marr, Anthony Crothers Milner (1986). 1881:, the god of the sky, is associated with East; 2263:in the epic bas reliefs of the outer gallery. 1896: 1711:is flanked by colonettes. Above the door is a 1225:The two largest reservoirs at Angkor were the 4803: 4093: 3572: 3133:History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia 2885:opponents, or riding on the shoulders of his 2357:the sky-god reigned supreme. In the medieval 2051:The stairs leading to the inner enclosure at 1941:style: great diversity, with influences from 770:Wooden structure depicted in a bas relief in 300: 3177: 1885:, the god of judgment and Hell, with South; 3995:. Hanoi: Imprimerie d'Extrême-Orient, 1943. 3500:Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries 2675:Nāgas are frequently depicted in Angkorian 1260:, known for its miraculous healing powers. 1095:are often decorated, and guardian figures ( 1058:, are adorned with gigantic stone faces of 615:, the Angkorian Khmer built the temples of 359:architecture of the Indian rock-cut temples 4810: 4796: 4100: 4086: 3962: 3960: 3958: 2571:, an octagonal middle section symbolic of 2239: 593:Style (921–944): during the reign of King 484:. At that time, Cambodia was known as the 307: 293: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3619: 3617: 3242: 1966:Rich-carved decoration of Preah Ko lintel 1498:, and the intervention of the human hero 480:which dominated a large part of mainland 4817: 3236: 3190:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 333–. 2929:Wat Botum Watey Reacheveraram pagoda in 2877:. Depictions of Vishnu are prominent at 2767: 2705: 2662: 2636: 2587: 2521: 2381: 2270: 2190: 2046: 1961: 1826: 1723: 1702: 1470: 1454: 1430: 1382:detaching itself from it. The Angkorian 1299:. The structure of Bakong took shape of 1291:The first great temple mountain was the 1267: 1183: 1045: 1033: 1004: 910: 765: 601:. The architectural style of temples in 18: 3955: 3636:See, for example, Freeman and Jacques, 3536:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 3145: 2600:that in turn disgorges another monster. 2509:depicts the Krishna and Arjuna helping 1889:, the god of the ocean, with West; and 342:), is the architecture produced by the 5195: 4013:Freeman, Michael and Jacques, Claude. 3998:Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2011). 3746: 3614: 3552: 3524: 2896: 2164:Apsaras and devatas are ubiquitous at 1791:Angkorian engineers tended to use the 1527:shaking Mount Kailasa, upon which sit 1218:, generally created by excavation and 1050:Many of the gopuras constructed under 4791: 4107: 4081: 3530: 3273: 1463:is the subject of this bas-relief at 1326:Other Khmer temple mountains include 4043:. London: Thames & Hudson, 2004. 2760:has its source in Indian mythology. 2596:shows a man riding on the back of a 2252:and at the temples belonging to the 2083: 1761:Corbelled arch at the south gate of 906: 4050:. Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers, 2006. 3043: 2837:shakes the mountain from below. At 1555:'s attempt to extinguish the flames 1544:as the latter sits on Mount Kailasa 1192:open to both the East and the West. 565:. The earliest surviving temple of 13: 4041:Art & Architecture of Cambodia 4000:Angkor, Eighth Wonder of the World 3975:Research completed December 1987. 3969:. Russell R. Ross, ed. "Housing". 3932: 3913: 3562:. Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., 3485:Art & Architecture of Cambodia 2482:depicts Krishna's battle with the 2180:, and in the famous bas-relief of 1547:the burning of Khandava Forest by 1263: 1102: 553:was the first capital city of the 14: 5234: 4030:The Monuments of the Angkor Group 4002:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. 3902:The Monuments of the Angkor Group 3664:The Monuments of the Angkor Group 2889:or mount, the gigantic eagle-man 2784:, is carved into the riverbed at 1858:style from the late 9th century. 1673:scenes from the everyday life of 1582:the court and procession of King 1237:. The East Baray is now dry. The 1205: 5223:Archaeological sites in Cambodia 5176: 5167: 5166: 4662:Courtship, marriage, and divorce 4239: 3064: 3052: 3026: 3014: 2988: 2976: 2955: 2943: 2922: 2910: 2115: 2092: 2031:in bas-reliefs. No empty spaces. 1769: 1754: 1662:battles on land and sea between 1643:the story of the monkey princes 1134: 881: 866: 851: 462: 448: 434: 420: 406: 397: 365:and was widely adopted into the 274: 50: 4159:French protectorate of Cambodia 3985: 3907: 3894: 3881: 3868: 3855: 3842: 3829: 3816: 3803: 3790: 3777: 3764: 3733: 3720: 3707: 3694: 3682: 3669: 3656: 3643: 3630: 3601: 3588: 3534:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). 3490: 3477: 3464: 3451: 3438: 3425: 3412: 3399: 3386: 3373: 3360: 3347: 3165:from the original on 2022-10-09 2349:In the ancient religion of the 1842:; the motif on the pediment is 1490:the duel of the monkey princes 5134:British Indian Ocean Territory 4216:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998) 4211:People's Republic of Kampuchea 4017:. Bangkok: River Books, 1999. 3334: 3321: 3308: 3296: 3267: 2701: 2575:, and a round tip symbolic of 2332:'s victory over invaders from 2283:bears Vishnu on his shoulders. 1804:Lintel, pediment, and tympanum 1483:bas-reliefs in the tympana at 1: 4057:. Bangkok: River Books, 2005. 3863:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3772:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3728:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3715:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3625:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3609:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3596:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3583:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3560:Early Mainland Southeast Asia 3394:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3381:Monuments of the Angkor Group 3281:Journal of Global Archaeology 3138: 2861:Angkorian representations of 2513:to burn down Khandava forest. 1893:, god of wealth, with North. 1786: 1732: 1612:Churning of the Ocean of Milk 1390:were partial to haut-relief. 1373: 1026:the structure of the temple. 1018:temple. During the period of 901: 4062:The Architecture of Cambodia 3993:Pour mieux comprendre Angkor 3876:Pour mieux comprendre Angkor 3420:Pour mieux comprendre Angkor 3368:Pour mieux comprendre Angkor 2374:are not depicted at Angkor. 2207: 1685:the legend of the Leper King 1188:Unusually, the libraries at 1076:is an entrance building. At 988: 963:, the legendary home of the 824: 746: 611:Style (944–968): under King 569:is Preah Ko; the others are 7: 3099: 2763: 2490:, the traditional mount of 2106:(right) grace the walls at 1586:, the builder of Angkor Wat 1368: 840: 805:Angkor's neighbor state of 23:The 12th-century temple of 10: 5239: 3972:Cambodia: A Country Study. 3153:"Advisory body evaluation" 2901: 2413: 2362:the three-headed elephant 2294:, and the battle steed of 1736: 1284:, the home of the gods in 1248:The baray associated with 1233:located on either side of 1196: 1138: 1065: 1000: 974: 896:, was built with laterite. 5213:Hindu temple architecture 5162: 5121: 5081: 4823: 4749: 4632: 4532: 4523: 4443: 4434: 4345: 4336: 4257: 4248: 4237: 4119: 3967:Federal Research Division 2856: 2583: 2266: 2078: 2042: 1029: 736:Terrace of the Leper King 339: 327: 5208:Architecture in Cambodia 4883:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4262:Administrative divisions 4206:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 4039:Jessup, Helen Ibbitson. 3243:Nietupski, Paul (2019). 2999:Walled Compound Entrance 2812: 2517: 2418:Scenes from the life of 2344: 1607:and the tortures of Hell 1401:, depicting scenes from 1176:. The Chinese traveller 970: 777: 751:Angkorian builders used 5144:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3889:The Monuments of Angkor 3472:The Monuments of Angkor 3274:Gabel, Joachim (2022). 2748:who used the nāga king 2632: 2557:, symbolic of the womb. 2377: 2240:Gajasimha and Reachisey 1679:civil strife among the 1502:on behalf of the latter 1346:, and most notably the 4496:Special Economic Zones 4491:Science and technology 3106:New Khmer Architecture 2789: 2726: 2672: 2656:Mythical serpents, or 2653: 2601: 2531: 2395: 2284: 2204: 2056: 1988:tucked in below waist. 1967: 1850: 1720: 1476: 1468: 1452: 1277: 1193: 1063: 1043: 1014: 920: 774: 640:Style (968–1010): the 332:Angkorian architecture 44: 4048:Champa:Ancient Towers 3675:Freeman and Jacques, 3649:Freeman and Jacques, 3457:Freeman and Jacques, 3444:Freeman and Jacques, 3431:Freeman and Jacques, 3405:Freeman and Jacques, 3353:Freeman and Jacques, 3340:Freeman and Jacques, 3327:Freeman and Jacques, 3033:Wat Kandal pagoda in 2849:or mount is the bull 2771: 2709: 2666: 2640: 2591: 2525: 2385: 2274: 2194: 2050: 1965: 1909:style: inward-facing 1830: 1776:Corbelled hallway at 1724:Blind door and window 1706: 1636:the conflict between 1591:Battle of Kurukshetra 1515:Battle of Kurukshetra 1474: 1458: 1434: 1271: 1187: 1049: 1037: 1008: 951:, most commonly by a 914: 769: 340:ស្ថាបត្យកម្មសម័យអង្គរ 22: 5058:United Arab Emirates 4818:Architecture of Asia 4324:World Heritage Sites 4194:Democratic Kampuchea 3914:Ronson, Jacqueline. 3249:ASIANetwork Exchange 2317:Garuda serves as an 2067:exceeds that of the 1659:(late 12th century) 977:Prang (architecture) 387:Indian sub-continent 263:World Heritage Sites 5085:limited recognition 4614:Social organization 4164:Japanese occupation 3558:Higham, C. (2014). 2897:Wooden architecture 2694:, and the story of 1707:This blind door at 1564:(mid-12th century) 1540:firing an arrow at 888:Prasat Prang Ku in 660:Udayadityavarman II 281:Cambodia portal 70:Culture of Cambodia 4501:Telecommunications 4199:Cambodian genocide 4154:Post-Angkor period 4053:Roveda, Vittorio. 4034:theangkorguide.com 3945:, pp. 158–177 3850:Images of the Gods 3837:Images of the Gods 3824:Images of the Gods 3811:Images of the Gods 3798:Images of the Gods 3785:Images of the Gods 3759:Images of the Gods 3741:Images of the Gods 3702:Images of the Gods 3290:10.34780/8a3v-k1ib 2790: 2727: 2673: 2667:This multi-headed 2654: 2648:king who shielded 2613:group of temples: 2602: 2532: 2501:, the hero of the 2396: 2285: 2205: 2057: 1968: 1851: 1721: 1694:groups of dancing 1640:and the asura Bana 1477: 1469: 1453: 1435:A bas-relief in a 1278: 1194: 1145:House of Fire, or 1064: 1044: 1015: 921: 798:, and Chóp Mạt in 775: 320:Khmer architecture 45: 35:, Angkor Wat is a 5190: 5189: 5127:other territories 4785: 4784: 4745: 4744: 4579:Human trafficking 4519: 4518: 4478:Natural resources 4430: 4429: 4417:Political parties 4360:Foreign relations 4332: 4331: 4221:State of Cambodia 4028:Glaize, Maurice. 3545:978-0-8248-0368-1 3197:978-0-470-64580-2 3122:Indian influence: 3111:Rural Khmer house 2821:are dedicated to 2776:in the form of a 2733:shaped as nāgas. 2084:Apsara and devata 1626:a battle between 1616:a battle between 943:in the case of a 931:in the case of a 907:Central sanctuary 549:style (877–886): 501:second century BC 330:), also known as 328:ស្ថាបត្យកម្មខ្មែរ 317: 316: 5230: 5218:Buddhist temples 5180: 5170: 5169: 5139:Christmas Island 4825:Sovereign states 4812: 4805: 4798: 4789: 4788: 4765: 4758: 4530: 4529: 4486: 4468:Economic history 4441: 4440: 4343: 4342: 4255: 4254: 4243: 4179: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4067:Gabel, Joachim. 3991:Coedès, George. 3979: 3964: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3911: 3905: 3898: 3892: 3885: 3879: 3872: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3846: 3840: 3833: 3827: 3820: 3814: 3807: 3801: 3794: 3788: 3781: 3775: 3768: 3762: 3755: 3744: 3737: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3711: 3705: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3673: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3647: 3641: 3634: 3628: 3621: 3612: 3605: 3599: 3592: 3586: 3579: 3570: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3494: 3488: 3481: 3475: 3468: 3462: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3436: 3429: 3423: 3416: 3410: 3403: 3397: 3390: 3384: 3377: 3371: 3364: 3358: 3351: 3345: 3338: 3332: 3325: 3319: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3068: 3056: 3044:Ordinary housing 3030: 3018: 2992: 2980: 2959: 2947: 2926: 2914: 2817:Most temples at 2440:Bhagavata Purana 2216:for example, at 2199:stands guard at 2119: 2096: 1854:be those of the 1773: 1758: 1603:the judgment of 885: 870: 855: 497:tutelary spirits 466: 452: 438: 424: 410: 381:temples (of the 369:architecture of 341: 329: 309: 302: 295: 279: 278: 277: 239: 72: 54: 47: 46: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5158: 5126: 5117: 5098:Northern Cyprus 5084: 5077: 4819: 4816: 4786: 4781: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4741: 4727:Public holidays 4628: 4604:Sex trafficking 4515: 4484: 4426: 4392:Law enforcement 4328: 4309:Protected areas 4244: 4235: 4231:Modern Cambodia 4177: 4115: 4106: 4046:Ngô Vǎn Doanh, 3988: 3983: 3982: 3965: 3956: 3948: 3946: 3937: 3933: 3924: 3922: 3912: 3908: 3899: 3895: 3886: 3882: 3873: 3869: 3860: 3856: 3847: 3843: 3834: 3830: 3821: 3817: 3808: 3804: 3795: 3791: 3782: 3778: 3769: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3721: 3712: 3708: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3674: 3670: 3661: 3657: 3648: 3644: 3635: 3631: 3622: 3615: 3606: 3602: 3593: 3589: 3580: 3573: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3495: 3491: 3482: 3478: 3469: 3465: 3456: 3452: 3448:, pp. 161, 188. 3443: 3439: 3430: 3426: 3417: 3413: 3404: 3400: 3391: 3387: 3378: 3374: 3365: 3361: 3352: 3348: 3339: 3335: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3187:Frommer's India 3182: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3116:Khmer sculpture 3102: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3069: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3031: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3004: 3003: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2966: 2960: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2927: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2904: 2899: 2859: 2815: 2780:, set inside a 2766: 2758:samudra manthan 2704: 2635: 2586: 2526:This segmented 2520: 2416: 2380: 2347: 2340:nāga by Garuda. 2269: 2242: 2210: 2170:Hall of Dancers 2148:, found in the 2146:samudra manthan 2135: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2120: 2112: 2111: 2097: 2086: 2081: 2045: 1907:Sambor Prei Kuk 1903: 1806: 1789: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1774: 1766: 1765: 1759: 1741: 1735: 1726: 1688:the worship of 1630:and a force of 1487:(10th century) 1403:Hindu mythology 1376: 1371: 1301:stepped pyramid 1266: 1264:Temple mountain 1208: 1199: 1143: 1137: 1105: 1103:Hall of Dancers 1082:cardinal points 1070: 1060:Avalokiteshvara 1032: 1003: 991: 979: 973: 909: 904: 897: 886: 877: 871: 862: 856: 843: 831:Kulen mountains 827: 819:Po Klaung Garai 780: 749: 685:in the area of 511:Sambor Prei Kuk 474: 473: 472: 471: 470: 467: 458: 457: 456: 453: 444: 443: 442: 439: 430: 429: 428: 425: 416: 415: 414: 413:Sambor Prei Kuk 411: 400: 313: 275: 273: 237: 68: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5236: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5174: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4792: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4766: 4759: 4751: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4511:Transportation 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4422:Prime Minister 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4277:Climate change 4274: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4191: 4186: 4184:Khmer Republic 4181: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4105: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4065: 4060:Sthapatyakam. 4058: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4026: 4015:Ancient Angkor 4011: 3996: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3954: 3931: 3906: 3893: 3880: 3867: 3854: 3841: 3828: 3815: 3802: 3789: 3776: 3763: 3745: 3743:, pp. 211–212. 3732: 3719: 3706: 3693: 3689:Ancient Angkor 3681: 3677:Ancient Angkor 3668: 3655: 3651:Ancient Angkor 3642: 3638:Ancient Angkor 3629: 3613: 3600: 3587: 3571: 3568:978-6167339443 3551: 3544: 3523: 3509: 3489: 3476: 3463: 3459:Ancient Angkor 3450: 3446:Ancient Angkor 3437: 3433:Ancient Angkor 3424: 3411: 3407:Ancient Angkor 3398: 3385: 3372: 3359: 3355:Ancient Angkor 3346: 3342:Ancient Angkor 3333: 3329:Ancient Angkor 3320: 3316:Ancient Angkor 3307: 3303:Ancient Angkor 3295: 3266: 3235: 3210: 3196: 3176: 3158:. UNESCO.org. 3143: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3101: 3098: 3088:woven bamboo. 3070: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3032: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3009: 2994: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2971: 2961: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2928: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2858: 2855: 2814: 2811: 2765: 2762: 2703: 2700: 2634: 2631: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2565: 2558: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2495: 2472: 2461: 2451: 2415: 2412: 2379: 2376: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2330:Jayavarman VII 2322: 2315: 2268: 2265: 2241: 2238: 2209: 2206: 2121: 2114: 2113: 2098: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2073:Maurice Glaize 2044: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2032: 2018: 2008: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1979: 1969: 1950: 1936: 1929: 1918: 1902: 1897:List of Khmer 1895: 1805: 1802: 1788: 1785: 1775: 1768: 1767: 1760: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1737:Main article: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1641: 1634: 1624: 1614: 1608: 1601: 1587: 1584:Suryavarman II 1580: 1567:the Battle of 1558: 1557: 1556: 1545: 1535: 1517: 1503: 1459:The Battle of 1426:Jayavarman VII 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1359:Charles Higham 1265: 1262: 1207: 1206:Srah and baray 1204: 1198: 1195: 1163:Banteay Chhmar 1151:Jayavarman VII 1139:Main article: 1136: 1133: 1125:Banteay Chhmar 1109:Jayavarman VII 1104: 1101: 1066:Main article: 1052:Jayavarman VII 1031: 1028: 1002: 999: 990: 987: 975:Main article: 972: 969: 908: 905: 903: 900: 899: 898: 887: 880: 878: 872: 865: 863: 857: 850: 842: 839: 826: 823: 779: 776: 748: 745: 744: 743: 728: 705:Jayavarman VII 698: 675:Suryavarman II 667: 653: 635: 628: 613:Rajendravarman 606: 588: 578: 544: 532: 531: 525: 518: 515:Chenla Kingdom 482:Southeast Asia 468: 461: 460: 459: 454: 447: 446: 445: 440: 433: 432: 431: 426: 419: 418: 417: 412: 405: 404: 403: 402: 401: 399: 396: 363:Southeast Asia 350:period of the 315: 314: 312: 311: 304: 297: 289: 286: 285: 284: 283: 268: 267: 266: 265: 260: 255: 250: 242: 241: 233: 232: 231: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 209: 208: 203: 198: 188: 183: 178: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 140: 139: 135: 134: 133: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 79: 78: 74: 73: 65: 64: 56: 55: 33:Suryavarman II 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5235: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5173: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5108:South Ossetia 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4813: 4808: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4722:Ornamentation 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4671:royal cuisine 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4552:Ethnic groups 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4282:Deforestation 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4176:Sihanouk era 4174: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4134:Early history 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4091: 4089: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4073: 4071: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4023:0-8348-0426-3 4020: 4016: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3944: 3943: 3935: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3897: 3890: 3884: 3877: 3871: 3864: 3858: 3851: 3845: 3838: 3832: 3825: 3819: 3812: 3806: 3799: 3793: 3786: 3780: 3773: 3767: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3742: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3716: 3710: 3704:, pp. 200 ff. 3703: 3697: 3690: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3665: 3659: 3652: 3646: 3639: 3633: 3626: 3620: 3618: 3610: 3604: 3597: 3591: 3584: 3578: 3576: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3547: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3532:Cœdès, George 3527: 3512: 3510:9971-988-39-9 3506: 3502: 3501: 3493: 3486: 3480: 3473: 3467: 3460: 3454: 3447: 3441: 3434: 3428: 3422:, pp. 197 ff. 3421: 3415: 3408: 3402: 3395: 3389: 3382: 3376: 3369: 3363: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3330: 3324: 3317: 3311: 3304: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3270: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3199: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3180: 3161: 3154: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3074: 3067: 3055: 3036: 3029: 3017: 3008: 2998: 2997:Silver Pagoda 2991: 2979: 2964: 2958: 2946: 2932: 2925: 2913: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2869:, especially 2868: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2688:Ocean of Milk 2685: 2680: 2678: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2524: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2422:, a hero and 2421: 2411: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2264: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2150:Vishnu Purana 2147: 2143: 2142:Ocean of Milk 2139: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2109: 2105: 2102:(left) and a 2101: 2095: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2055:are daunting. 2054: 2049: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1932:Kompong Preah 1930: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1801: 1799: 1794: 1779: 1772: 1764: 1757: 1748: 1746: 1740: 1730: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1473: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1357:According to 1355: 1353: 1349: 1348:Phnom Bakheng 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1297:Indravarman I 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1275: 1270: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1142: 1135:House of Fire 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1041: 1036: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1012: 1007: 998: 996: 986: 984: 978: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 918: 913: 895: 891: 884: 879: 875: 869: 864: 860: 854: 849: 848: 847: 838: 836: 832: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 773: 768: 764: 762: 758: 754: 741: 737: 733: 729: 726: 725:Banteay Chmar 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 699: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 679:Banteay Samre 676: 672: 669:Classical or 668: 665: 661: 657: 654: 651: 647: 643: 639: 636: 632: 629: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 607: 604: 600: 596: 595:Jayavarman IV 592: 589: 586: 582: 579: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 545: 541: 538: 537: 536: 529: 528:Kompong Preah 526: 522: 519: 516: 512: 509: 508: 507: 504: 502: 498: 494: 493:protohistoric 489: 487: 483: 479: 465: 451: 437: 423: 409: 398:Periodization 395: 391: 388: 384: 383:Greater India 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 355: 353: 349: 345: 337: 333: 325: 321: 310: 305: 303: 298: 296: 291: 290: 288: 287: 282: 272: 271: 270: 269: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 244: 243: 240: 235: 234: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 176: 175:Royal cuisine 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 143: 142: 141: 137: 136: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 90:Ethnic groups 88: 86: 83: 82: 81: 80: 76: 75: 71: 67: 66: 62: 58: 57: 53: 49: 48: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 21: 5203:Khmer Empire 5123:Dependencies 5053:Turkmenistan 5018:Saudi Arabia 4642:Architecture 4641: 4609:Social class 4589:Prostitution 4542:Demographics 4458:Child labour 4370:Human rights 4169:Puppet state 4149:Khmer Empire 4068: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4029: 4014: 3999: 3992: 3986:Bibliography 3976: 3971: 3947:, retrieved 3941: 3934: 3923:. Retrieved 3919: 3909: 3901: 3896: 3888: 3883: 3875: 3870: 3862: 3857: 3849: 3844: 3836: 3831: 3823: 3818: 3810: 3805: 3800:, pp. 76 ff. 3797: 3796:See Roveda, 3792: 3784: 3779: 3771: 3766: 3758: 3740: 3735: 3727: 3722: 3714: 3713:See Glaize, 3709: 3701: 3700:See Roveda. 3696: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3671: 3663: 3658: 3653:, pp. 32–33. 3650: 3645: 3640:, pp. 32–35. 3637: 3632: 3624: 3608: 3603: 3595: 3590: 3582: 3559: 3554: 3535: 3526: 3516:23 September 3514:. Retrieved 3499: 3492: 3487:, pp. 73 ff. 3484: 3479: 3471: 3466: 3458: 3453: 3445: 3440: 3432: 3427: 3419: 3414: 3406: 3401: 3393: 3388: 3383:, pp. 26 ff. 3380: 3379:See Glaize, 3375: 3367: 3362: 3354: 3349: 3341: 3336: 3328: 3323: 3318:, pp. 30–31. 3315: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3279: 3269: 3257:. Retrieved 3252: 3248: 3238: 3226:. Retrieved 3222: 3213: 3201:. Retrieved 3186: 3179: 3167:. Retrieved 3147: 3121: 3120: 3094: 3090: 3085:Khmer houses 3081: 3075:architecture 3005: 2860: 2831:Banteay Srei 2816: 2791: 2777: 2773: 2735: 2728: 2715: 2681: 2674: 2668: 2655: 2645: 2627:Banteay Srei 2603: 2597: 2548: 2544:Khmer empire 2533: 2527: 2507:Banteay Srei 2417: 2404: 2397: 2392:Banteay Srei 2387: 2348: 2286: 2280: 2277:Musée Guimet 2258: 2250:Banteay Srei 2243: 2234:Banteay Kdei 2226:Banteay Srei 2211: 2201:Banteay Kdei 2196: 2163: 2136: 2123: 2108:Banteay Kdei 2103: 2099: 2058: 1998:Banteay Srei 1860: 1852: 1840:Banteay Srei 1807: 1790: 1742: 1727: 1709:Banteay Srei 1571:between the 1505:the duel of 1485:Banteay Srei 1478: 1441:Banteay Srei 1415: 1399:Banteay Srei 1392: 1377: 1356: 1325: 1290: 1279: 1247: 1224: 1209: 1200: 1167: 1146: 1144: 1121:Banteay Kdei 1106: 1086: 1071: 1016: 992: 980: 956: 922: 844: 828: 804: 796:Hariharalaya 781: 750: 631:Banteay Srei 567:Hariharalaya 555:Khmer empire 551:Hariharalaya 533: 505: 490: 478:Khmer Empire 475: 441:Banteay Srei 392: 356: 352:Khmer Empire 331: 319: 318: 253:Coat of arms 151:Architecture 150: 5182:Asia portal 5083:States with 5003:Philippines 4943:South Korea 4938:North Korea 4833:Afghanistan 4707:Mat weaving 4702:Manuscripts 4448:Agriculture 4139:Nokor Phnom 3228:16 February 2965:-style roof 2738:Angkor Thom 2731:balustrades 2723:Angkor Thom 2702:Nāga Bridge 2562:mukhalingas 2503:Mahabharata 2432:Mahabharata 2426:of the god 2408:apotropaism 2372:Mahabharata 2007:vegetation. 1921:Prei Khmeng 1793:corbel arch 1763:Angkor Thom 1717:Mahabharata 1461:Kurukshetra 1411:Mahabharata 1379:Bas-reliefs 1344:Phimeanakas 1235:Angkor Thom 1178:Zhou Daguan 1056:Angkor Thom 941:bodhisattva 721:Angkor Thom 664:Zhou Daguan 650:Phimeanakas 625:Phimeanakas 521:Prei Khmeng 346:during the 5197:Categories 5063:Uzbekistan 5038:Tajikistan 4953:Kyrgyzstan 4933:Kazakhstan 4853:Bangladesh 4843:Azerbaijan 4697:Literature 4485:(currency) 4412:Parliament 4365:Government 4287:Ecoregions 4008:B0085RYW0O 3949:2020-06-10 3925:2020-06-10 3255:(1): 33–74 3223:UNESCO.org 3203:7 February 3169:23 October 3139:References 3035:Battambang 2931:Phnom Penh 2879:Angkor Wat 2839:Angkor Wat 2807:Kbal Spean 2803:East Mebon 2798:Mount Meru 2786:Kbal Spean 2480:Angkor Wat 2465:Govardhana 2438:, and the 2326:Preah Khan 2312:Angkor Wat 2261:Angkor Wat 2230:Preah Khan 2213:Dvarapalas 2186:Angkor Wat 2182:Angkor Wat 2174:Preah Khan 2059:Angkorean 2038:divisions. 2021:Angkor Wat 1928:Reclining. 1818:corbelling 1787:Corbelling 1739:Colonnette 1733:Colonnette 1579:or monkeys 1562:Angkor Wat 1511:Duryodhana 1465:Angkor Wat 1418:Angkor Wat 1374:Bas-relief 1321:corbelling 1313:Sailendras 1282:Mount Meru 1258:Anavatapta 1250:Preah Khan 1243:East Mebon 1239:West Mebon 1231:East Baray 1227:West Baray 1220:embankment 1216:reservoirs 1210:Srahs and 1190:Angkor Wat 1170:Preah Khan 1155:Preah Khan 1147:Dharmasala 1141:Dharmasala 1117:Preah Khan 1097:dvarapalas 1020:Angkor Wat 1011:Angkor Wat 995:Mount Meru 961:Mount Meru 917:mount Meru 902:Structures 717:Preah Khan 693:in modern 671:Angkor Wat 634:mythology. 621:East Mebon 585:Yasovarman 524:standards. 367:Indianised 206:Television 196:Newspapers 186:Literature 25:Angkor Wat 5149:Hong Kong 5103:Palestine 5028:Sri Lanka 5023:Singapore 4903:Indonesia 4687:Jewellery 4682:Epigraphy 4619:Squatting 4584:Languages 4547:Education 4382:Judiciary 4355:Elections 4302:Tonlé Sap 4250:Geography 4189:Civil War 4178:(1953–70) 3787:, p. 209. 3761:, p. 177. 3461:, p. 178. 3409:, p. 172. 2714:hold the 2696:Mucalinda 2642:Mucalinda 2436:Harivamsa 2246:gajasimha 2208:Dvarapala 2197:dvarapala 2053:Ankor Wat 1814:true arch 1798:true arch 1573:Rakshasas 1305:Borobudur 1254:Neak Pean 1093:pediments 989:Enclosure 825:Sandstone 757:sandstone 747:Materials 683:Thommanon 563:Siem Reap 455:Thommanon 373:(Khmer), 371:Cambodian 218:Sculpture 105:Languages 5172:Category 5093:Abkhazia 5043:Thailand 4998:Pakistan 4978:Mongolia 4973:Maldives 4968:Malaysia 4868:Cambodia 4772:Category 4692:Keyboard 4657:Clothing 4594:Religion 4567:HIV/AIDS 4557:Gambling 4402:Monarchy 4397:Military 4338:Politics 4319:Wildlife 4129:Timeline 4113:articles 4109:Cambodia 3904:, p. 43. 3900:Glaize, 3887:Glaize, 3878:, p. 60. 3874:Coedès, 3865:, p. 16. 3861:Glaize, 3852:, p. 91. 3848:Roveda, 3839:, p. 80. 3835:Roveda, 3822:Rovedo, 3813:, p. 76. 3809:Roveda, 3783:Roveda, 3774:, p. 39. 3770:Glaize, 3757:Roveda, 3739:Roveda, 3730:, p. 37. 3726:Glaize, 3717:, p. 37. 3679:, p. 20. 3666:, p. 40. 3662:Glaize, 3627:, p. 32. 3623:Glaize, 3611:, p. 38. 3607:Glaize, 3598:, p. 40. 3594:Glaize, 3585:, p. 36. 3581:Glaize, 3483:Jessup, 3474:, p. 24. 3470:Glaize, 3435:, p. 30. 3418:Coedès, 3396:, p. 27. 3392:Glaize, 3370:, p. 91. 3366:Coedès, 3357:, p. 29. 3344:, p. 26. 3331:, p. 27. 3259:29 March 3219:"Angkor" 3160:Archived 3100:See also 2794:quincunx 2778:quincunx 2764:Quincunx 2615:Preah Ko 2364:Airavata 2359:Hinduism 2218:Preah Ko 1953:Preah Ko 1935:garland. 1869:and the 1856:Preah Ko 1847:Nataraja 1836:pediment 1822:pediment 1778:Ta Prohm 1599:Kauravas 1595:Pandavas 1593:between 1575:and the 1531:and his 1521:Rakshasa 1437:tympanum 1409:and the 1407:Ramayana 1369:Elements 1323:method. 1286:Hinduism 1229:and the 1159:Ta Prohm 1113:Ta Prohm 1040:Ta Prohm 1024:buttress 945:Buddhist 935:temple, 894:Thailand 859:Preah Ko 841:Laterite 800:Tay Ninh 784:Preah Ko 761:laterite 713:Ta Prohm 695:Thailand 547:Preah Ko 379:Javanese 375:Annamese 166:Clothing 156:Ceramics 115:Religion 110:Holidays 95:Folklore 61:a series 59:Part of 41:Buddhist 5068:Vietnam 4983:Myanmar 4963:Lebanon 4893:Georgia 4848:Bahrain 4838:Armenia 4756:Outline 4737:Theatre 4667:Cuisine 4634:Culture 4574:Hunting 4525:Society 4506:Tourism 4453:Banking 4436:Economy 4350:Cabinet 4292:Islands 4267:Borders 4121:History 3920:Inverse 3891:, p. 1. 3826:, p. 79 2902:Palaces 2875:Krishna 2867:Avatars 2684:Brahman 2677:lintels 2448:Baphuon 2420:Krishna 2414:Krishna 2308:Krishna 2256:group. 2159:devatas 2138:Apsaras 2124:apsaras 2100:Apsaras 2029:apsaras 2025:devatas 2015:Krishna 2011:Baphuon 2004:Khleang 1992:Pre Rup 1982:Koh Ker 1972:Bakheng 1960:common. 1911:makaras 1745:lintels 1696:apsaras 1649:Sugriva 1638:Krishna 1577:vanaras 1513:at the 1496:Sugriva 1395:tympana 1363:Saivite 1340:Koh Ker 1332:Pre Rup 1328:Baphuon 1197:Library 1129:apsaras 1089:lintels 1068:Gopuram 1001:Gallery 890:Sisaket 815:Vietnam 656:Baphuon 642:Khleang 638:Khleang 617:Pre Rup 609:Pre Rup 603:Koh Ker 599:Koh Ker 591:Koh Ker 581:Bakheng 543:appear. 427:Pre Rup 238:Symbols 228:Theatre 171:Cuisine 100:History 77:Society 43:temple. 5113:Taiwan 5048:Turkey 5013:Russia 4948:Kuwait 4928:Jordan 4918:Israel 4878:Cyprus 4863:Brunei 4858:Bhutan 4777:Portal 4652:Cinema 4562:Health 4473:Mining 4463:Energy 4314:Rivers 4272:Cities 4144:Chenla 4111: 4021: 4006: 3566: 3542: 3507: 3194: 2891:Garuda 2887:vahana 2863:Vishnu 2857:Vishnu 2847:vahana 2835:Ravana 2827:lingam 2819:Angkor 2754:amrita 2750:Vasuki 2746:asuras 2719:Vasuki 2712:Asuras 2710:Stone 2650:Buddha 2644:, the 2621:, and 2619:Bakong 2611:Roluos 2606:makara 2598:makara 2594:Bakong 2584:Makara 2573:Vishnu 2569:Brahma 2499:Arjuna 2492:Vishnu 2488:Garuda 2458:Kaliya 2434:, the 2428:Vishnu 2424:Avatar 2334:Champa 2304:Vishnu 2296:Vishnu 2288:Garuda 2281:Garuda 2267:Garuda 2254:Roluos 2166:Angkor 2104:devata 2079:Motifs 2061:stairs 2043:Stairs 1986:sampot 1958:Garuda 1943:Champa 1926:Vishnu 1901:styles 1899:lintel 1891:Kubera 1887:Varuna 1871:makara 1865:, the 1832:Lintel 1810:lintel 1713:lintel 1675:Angkor 1670:troops 1632:asuras 1628:Vishnu 1622:asuras 1533:shakti 1525:Ravana 1443:shows 1352:Angkor 1342:, the 1336:Ta Keo 1293:Bakong 1274:Bakong 1212:barays 1174:Angkor 1078:Angkor 1074:gopura 1030:Gopura 967:gods. 957:prasat 937:Buddha 929:Vishnu 874:Ta Keo 835:Ta Keo 811:Mỹ Sơn 807:Champa 792:Bakong 723:, and 709:Champa 691:Phimai 689:, and 687:Angkor 646:Ta Keo 571:Bakong 559:Roluos 486:Chenla 348:Angkor 344:Khmers 258:Anthem 223:Sports 161:Cinema 138:Topics 120:Script 85:Khmers 63:on the 5154:Macau 5073:Yemen 5033:Syria 5008:Qatar 4988:Nepal 4923:Japan 4898:India 4888:Egypt 4873:China 4763:Index 4732:Sport 4717:Music 4712:Media 4677:Dance 4624:Youth 4599:Women 4537:Crime 4483:Riel 4407:Motto 4297:Lakes 4226:UNTAC 3163:(PDF) 3156:(PDF) 3073:Khmer 2963:Khmer 2883:asura 2851:Nandi 2843:Bayon 2823:Shiva 2813:Shiva 2774:linga 2742:devas 2692:Bayon 2658:nāgas 2625:. At 2623:Lolei 2577:Shiva 2540:Shiva 2536:linga 2528:linga 2518:Linga 2484:asura 2476:Kamsa 2469:Indra 2368:vajra 2355:Indra 2351:Vedas 2345:Indra 2319:atlas 2292:nāgas 2222:Lolei 2195:This 2178:Bayon 2154:Khmer 2144:, or 2128:Bayon 2069:tread 2065:riser 2035:Bayon 1939:Kulen 1915:Indra 1879:Indra 1875:Hindu 1844:Shiva 1690:Shiva 1681:Khmer 1664:Khmer 1657:Bayon 1618:devas 1569:Lanka 1553:Indra 1542:Shiva 1529:Shiva 1523:king 1507:Bhima 1445:Indra 1422:Bayon 1384:Khmer 1214:were 983:prang 971:Prang 965:Hindu 953:linga 949:Shiva 939:or a 933:Hindu 925:Shiva 788:Lolei 778:Brick 772:Bayon 753:brick 740:nāgas 732:Bayon 730:Post 701:Bayon 575:Lolei 540:Kulen 469:Bayon 336:Khmer 324:Khmer 213:Music 201:Radio 191:Media 181:Dance 130:Youth 125:Women 37:Hindu 31:king 29:Khmer 4993:Oman 4958:Laos 4913:Iraq 4908:Iran 4375:LGBT 4019:ISBN 4004:ASIN 3564:ISBN 3540:ISBN 3518:2016 3505:ISBN 3261:2022 3230:2022 3205:2013 3192:ISBN 3171:2012 2995:The 2873:and 2871:Rama 2841:and 2782:yoni 2744:and 2716:nāga 2669:nāga 2646:nāga 2633:Nāga 2555:yoni 2534:The 2511:Agni 2455:nāga 2400:Siva 2388:kala 2378:Kala 2244:The 2232:and 2122:Two 2027:and 1976:naga 1947:Java 1945:and 1883:Yama 1867:nāga 1863:kala 1834:and 1820:. 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