843:
38:
532:
854:
In addition to having a shared ancestry with the
Mongols in general, the Hongirads also shared ancestors with the Mongol royal line, whose originator, Alan Qo'a, was a woman of the Kharlas clan, an offshoot of the Khongirads founded by the legendary Miser Ulug. Down to the 12th century, Mongol rulers
702:
records. The tribe's own origin myth claims that they were descended from three brothers born of a golden vessel—Jurluq Mergen, Quba Shira, and Tusbu Da'u. The descendants of these brothers formed the
Hongirad tribe, but feuds quickly splintered the tribe and gave rise to the offshoot tribes of the
1284:
E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome
Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the
829:
came up with a solution—they would create their own way out by melting an exposed iron vein that existed in one of the encircling mountains. Building a massive fire and stoking it with 70 large bellows, the trapped clan did just that and succeeded in creating a passage to the outside world. Once
786:
Ulaan zalaat: ulaan (red), zalaa (tassel); person who wears hat with red tassel. Today, Mongols call themselves "red-tasseled
Mongols" because Mongols wear hat with red tassel and they adore fire. Fire is a general symbol of eternal growth, wealth, and success and a figure of fire is used in
642:
in
Mongolia, where they maintained close ties with the ruling dynasties of northern China. Because the various Hongirad clans never united under a single leader, the tribe never rose to great military glory. Their greatest fame comes from being the primary consort clan of the ruling house of
711:, and Qongliyuts. Only the descendants of Jurluq Mergen retained the tribal name of Hongirad. One of the most famous Hongirad ancestors was Miser Ulug, an Onggirat Hercules who was super-humanly strong and often slept for days at a time.
1043:
of the Middle Juz named Qoñyrat (or less commonly Qoñğyrat) are considered descendants of
Khongirads (Ongrat, Kungrat in (Gumilev, n.d). Around the beginning of the 20th century CE, the Kazakh Qongyrats lived mainly in what is now
1195:
891:
in 1304. The
Hongirad under queen Dagi and Temüder, the Minister of the Secretariat, reached their political peak in the Yuan Dynasty, the principal state of 4 khanates, during the reign of
1327:
Tatiana M. Karafet, Ludmila P. Osipova, Olga V. Savina, Brian
Hallmark, and Michael F. Hammer, "Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic‐speaking populations."
867:
Ba'atur, the father of
Genghis Khan, was not a high ranking Mongol leader, but even he secured himself an Onggirat wife by stealing one from another man. The wives of most rulers of the
1140:
Variations on the name include
Onggirat, Ongirat, Qongrat, Khungirat, Kungrad, Qunghrãt, Wangjila (王紀剌), Yongjilie (雍吉烈), Qungrat, and Guangjila (廣吉剌) in Chinese sources.
1257:
1064:
where it disappears in the steppe. The Qongyrat tribe of Kazakhs are notable for the extremely high frequency among them (64/95 = 67.37%) of Y-DNA that belongs to
825:("steep cliffs"). After several generations the descendants of these heroes became too numerous for the valley to support, but no one remembered the way out. A
1192:
1367:, "Y-chromosomal analysis of clan structure of Kalmyks, the only European Mongol people, and their relationship to Oirat-Mongols of Inner Asia."
1436:
518:
830:
free, the people of Kiyan and Negus went on to create several tribes, including the Mongols and the Hongirads (whose susceptibility to
875:
were also from the Hongirad. That is why they held enormous powers behind the courts in both states. They forced the rulers of the
1669:
1508:
323:
278:
1234:
1347:, "Gene Pool of Buryats: Clinal Variability and Territorial Subdivision Based on Data of Y-Chromosome Markers." ISSN 1022-7954,
834:
was explained by the "fact" that their ancestors were the first to flee Ergene Qun, so they burned their feet on the hot iron).
1252:
19:"Red tasseled Mongols" redirects here. For the other ethnicity who were called "Red tasseled Mongols" by Khalkha Mongols, see
892:
821:) and Negus (Mongolian: Nokhos, dog or wolf) were defeated in battle and forced to seek shelter in an enclosed valley called
2219:
957:
claiming legitimacy in their descent from Genghis Khan. These were, from west to east, the Khongirads based on Khiva in
1429:
1631:
511:
655:), great grandmother, and first wife were all Khongirads, as were many subsequent Mongol Empress and princesses.
452:
737:
1117:
1072:(117/217 = 53.9%, 40/80 = 50.0%, 86/298 = 28.9% (mostly northern and western)) and other indigenous peoples of
465:
1461:
1422:
47:
504:
475:
448:
418:
1409:
2179:
1513:
1273:
754:
Hongirad — khun (swan), khungiin (swan's), ard (person); swan person. Swan is one of Mongol totems. (See
989:
in 18th century and their descendants assumed the title of khan themselves in 1804. On 2 February 1920,
1052:. This region borders Uzbekistan, and a majority of the local population has at times been recorded as
485:
2187:
Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.
2214:
1540:
1239:, by Barend ter Haar, who teaches at the Institute for Chinese Studies. Mentions that a book called
630:) was one of the major divisions of the Mongol tribes. Their homeland was located in the vicinity of
1243:
includes "as well as three studies of shamanism among non-Han cultures (Mongol, Tungusic and Daba)".
428:
393:
251:
2209:
1501:
1056:; the part of the region in which the Kazakh Qongırats were concentrated was located between the
977:(1359–1388) which was founded by the Qongirat elites in Khwārezm ruled their own state under the
255:
1528:
602:
438:
247:
128:
2183:
1481:
1476:
1404:
77:
57:
52:
1550:
98:
87:
72:
8:
1798:
1453:
1410:
Hongirad tribe of Kazakh people - from Knowledge Hongirad introduction in Kazakh language
698:
The Khongirads are often identified as the descendants of the ancient Wuku/Wugu tribe in
373:
158:
67:
29:
1931:
1535:
1496:
1486:
792:
585:
168:
148:
118:
108:
82:
62:
1838:
1466:
1065:
842:
2204:
2116:
1901:
1896:
1868:
1583:
1471:
1445:
1121:
1049:
1045:
986:
788:
714:
Many names of the 12th century's Hongirads and their subtribes have Mongol origin:
675:
663:
613:
549:
288:
233:
178:
2147:
1953:
1848:
1261:
1199:
765:
593:
383:
188:
1979:
1589:
1093:
2132:
1984:
1891:
1722:
1545:
1518:
1391:(2013) 58, 804–811; doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108; published online 17 October 2013.
1105:
994:
954:
934:
930:
900:
796:
635:
138:
1168:, Volume 20, pub Chinese Social and Political Science Association, 1937, p494.
2198:
2127:
2121:
2061:
2038:
1974:
1916:
1687:
1677:
1646:
1636:
1568:
1560:
1523:
1491:
1387:, "Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels."
648:
639:
535:
363:
343:
333:
243:
223:
20:
1372:
2095:
2089:
2028:
1926:
1783:
1707:
998:
974:
926:
919:
907:
876:
872:
868:
860:
812:
780:
Alag aduutan: alag (piebald), aduutan (horse herder); piebald horse herder.
699:
683:
659:
644:
353:
298:
2100:
2023:
1778:
1626:
1307:, "Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia."
1287:
Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1068:, a clade that otherwise has been observed with greatest frequency among
1021:
884:
856:
799:. The three tongues of the flame represent the past, present, and future.
777:
Olkhunut — Olkhunuud, "uud" is plural suffix. They have three subgroups:
729:
37:
958:
761:
Qongliyuts — Khonkhluud; khonkh (bell), "iud" or "uud" is plural suffix.
2152:
2105:
1596:
1216:
M. Sanjdorj, History of the Mongolian People's Republic, Volume I, 1966
1040:
888:
847:
826:
671:
631:
531:
1853:
1808:
1332:
1084:). Members of C-M407 also have been found with lower frequency among
1061:
1057:
950:
946:
896:
822:
686:. After a brief period as independent rulers, they were subjected by
268:
2066:
2043:
1793:
1767:
1737:
1732:
1712:
1702:
1414:
1351:, 2014, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 180–190. DOI: 10.1134/S1022795413110082
1081:
1073:
1005:
997:, abdicated before its territory was finally incorporated into the
915:
741:
704:
679:
670:), and a few Khongirads migrated west into the territory of modern
1048:(formerly South Kazakhstan Region), especially in the vicinity of
2110:
2053:
2033:
2018:
2005:
1999:
1994:
1968:
1911:
1886:
1881:
1858:
1843:
1833:
1825:
1757:
1747:
1727:
1717:
1682:
1641:
1616:
1606:
1573:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1069:
1037:
978:
966:
962:
923:
864:
774:
Karanut — Kharnuud: khar (black), "iud" or "uud" is plural suffix
733:
213:
1652:
783:
Shar khonit: shar (yellow), khoni (sheep); yellow sheep breeder.
2157:
2137:
2011:
1963:
1958:
1945:
1906:
1762:
1752:
1697:
1692:
1611:
1578:
1101:
1053:
1025:
970:
880:
818:
806:
755:
722:
708:
652:
621:
2163:
2072:
1989:
1921:
1803:
1788:
1772:
1621:
1601:
1077:
1017:
1013:
1009:
990:
982:
911:
687:
922:
in 1371. Meanwhile, the Khongirad, belonged to the southern
1876:
1659:
1274:
1999 Copyright Agency BRIF Central Asia, Author A.I.SOBAKIN
831:
561:
558:
1311:(2010) 74, 539–546. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x
728:
Quba Shira — goo (beautiful) shar (yellow). In the 1680s
573:
567:
564:
813:
Relationship with the Mongols: The Legend of Ergune Khun
1289:, ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 - 95.
914:
and other Mongol khanates, a body of the Khongirat and
1383:
Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova,
1303:
Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova,
817:
According to Mongol legend, two warriors named Kiyan (
555:
607:
576:
570:
1363:Natalia Balinova, Helen Post, Alena Kushniarevich,
1182:, by R. D. McChesney, pub Darwin Press, 1996, p202.
985:. The Qongirat Inaks became de facto rulers of the
771:
Ikires — Ikhires: ikh (great), ikhes (chief, noble)
662:they were given the title Lu Wang ("Prince of Lu";
552:
1264:, by Professor Mark Bender. Ohio State University.
721:Jurluq Mergen — zörlög (path) mergen (wise). (See
1299:
1297:
1295:
2196:
1285:South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions."
1867:
1359:
1357:
1343:V. N. Kharkov, K. V. Khamina, O. F. Medvedeva,
1176:
1174:
1166:The Chinese Social and Political Science Review
1377:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1292:
1278:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1430:
512:
1354:
1171:
1337:
1314:
1154:
945:During the 18th century, the basins of the
805:Shamanic practices continue in present-day
1437:
1423:
1267:
1212:
1210:
1004:Descendants are found among the people in
906:After the death of the last Yuan emperor,
519:
505:
1373:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0399-0
841:
530:
1207:
538:c. 1207, Khongirad and their neighbours
2197:
1418:
1444:
1180:Central Asia: Foundations of Change
863:were still taking Khongirad wives.
453:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate
16:Major division of the Mongol tribes
13:
1369:European Journal of Human Genetics
1333:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23194
953:passed under the control of three
918:(Borte's clan) surrendered to the
910:, who lost his imperial status in
14:
2231:
1398:
1329:American Journal of Human Biology
1225:The Secret History of the Mongols
1193:Хонгирад аймаг mongol.undesten.mn
1236:Shamanism in China: bibliography
1111:
837:
548:
36:
678:where they became governors of
1246:
1241:Popular Religion and Shamanism
1228:
1219:
1186:
1134:
969:(1753–1920), and the Mings in
940:
933:and Olkhunuts lived in modern
626:
1:
1147:
1060:and the lower reaches of the
1031:
748:
7:
1405:Onggirats at Chinaknowledge
1349:Russian Journal of Genetics
973:(Qǔqon; c. 1710–1876). The
887:to accept supremacy of the
718:Dei Setsen — tsetsen (wise)
608:
10:
2236:
2220:Social history of Mongolia
895:(r.1321-1323). They built
18:
2176:
2082:
2052:
1944:
1824:
1817:
1668:
1559:
1452:
1389:Journal of Human Genetics
693:
667:
651:. Genghis Khan's mother (
617:
597:
589:
1309:Annals of Human Genetics
1127:
1020:, and little bit in the
256:Second Turkic Khaganates
883:in 1280s and convinced
859:and his great-grandson
850:was from the Khunggirad
851:
682:and were known as the
539:
129:Munkhkhairkhan culture
1050:the city of Turkistan
893:Gegeen Khan Shidebala
845:
534:
476:Democratic Revolution
1331:, 08 November 2018.
1254:Local Belief Systems
1124:from 1763 to 1920.
879:to make peace with
449:People's Revolution
419:National Revolution
374:Oirat Confederation
159:Deer stones culture
30:History of Mongolia
2180:Donghu and Xianbei
1536:Mongolian nobility
1487:Slab Grave culture
1260:2012-11-06 at the
1198:2016-03-04 at the
852:
540:
439:Chinese occupation
169:Slab-grave culture
149:Ulaanzuukh culture
119:Chemurchek culture
109:Afanasievo culture
2192:
2191:
2172:
2171:
1940:
1939:
1467:Mongolian Plateau
1066:haplogroup C-M407
961:(1717–1920), the
606:
590:ᠬᠣᠩᠭᠢᠷᠠᠳ Хонгирад
529:
528:
494:
493:
466:People's Republic
402:
401:
307:
306:
279:Tang protectorate
197:
196:
2227:
2215:Darlikin Mongols
1869:Southern Mongols
1865:
1864:
1822:
1821:
1472:Mongol heartland
1446:Mongolic peoples
1439:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1392:
1381:
1375:
1361:
1352:
1341:
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1223:
1217:
1214:
1205:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1141:
1138:
1080:, 27/51 = 52.9%
1046:Turkistan Region
987:Khanate of Khiva
764:Gorlos — Modern
676:Turkistan Region
669:
628:
619:
611:
601:
599:
591:
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572:
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514:
507:
415:
414:
328:9th–12th century
320:
319:
289:Uyghur Khaganate
234:Rouran Khaganate
210:
209:
179:Chandman culture
105:
104:
40:
26:
25:
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2229:
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2225:
2224:
2195:
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2193:
2188:
2186:
2168:
2148:Sichuan Mongols
2078:
2048:
1954:Altai Uriankhai
1936:
1863:
1813:
1670:Medieval tribes
1664:
1555:
1541:Writing systems
1509:Medieval tribes
1448:
1443:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1382:
1378:
1371:11 April 2019.
1362:
1355:
1342:
1338:
1326:
1315:
1302:
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1268:
1262:Wayback Machine
1251:
1247:
1233:
1229:
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1220:
1215:
1208:
1200:Wayback Machine
1191:
1187:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1114:
1076:(15/28 = 53.6%
1034:
943:
899:city in modern
840:
815:
766:Southern Mongol
751:
696:
551:
547:
525:
496:
495:
486:Modern Mongolia
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412:
404:
403:
384:Dzungar Khanate
324:Mongol khanates
317:
316:Medieval period
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308:
262:
207:
199:
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189:Pazyryk culture
102:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2233:
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2217:
2212:
2210:Mongol peoples
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2170:
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2119:
2114:
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2058:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2003:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1892:Eastern Dorbet
1889:
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1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1546:Soyombo symbol
1543:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1519:Nomadic empire
1516:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1502:Proto-Mongolic
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
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1458:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1427:
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1407:
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1399:External links
1397:
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1131:
1129:
1126:
1113:
1110:
1106:Sakha Republic
1100:in China, and
1033:
1030:
995:Sayid Abdullah
993:'s last khan,
955:Uzbek khanates
942:
939:
935:Khovd Province
931:Inner Mongolia
901:Inner Mongolia
839:
836:
814:
811:
803:
802:
801:
800:
797:Soyombo symbol
784:
781:
775:
772:
769:
762:
759:
750:
747:
746:
745:
740:(Shira). (See
726:
719:
695:
692:
636:Inner Mongolia
527:
526:
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523:
516:
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501:
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497:
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429:Bogd Khaganate
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144:
141:
139:Sagsai culture
135:
134:
131:
125:
124:
121:
115:
114:
111:
103:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2232:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2142:Yunnan Mongol
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:Upper Mongols
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:Ethnic groups
1816:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1678:Khamag Mongol
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
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1615:
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1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
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1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1561:Proto-Mongols
1558:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1524:Mongol Empire
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:Ordos culture
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1122:Khiva khanate
1119:
1112:Rule of Khiva
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:in Mongolia,
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
938:
936:
932:
928:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
849:
844:
838:Consort tribe
835:
833:
828:
824:
820:
810:
808:
798:
794:
790:
785:
782:
779:
778:
776:
773:
770:
767:
763:
760:
757:
753:
752:
743:
739:
736:Mongolia was
735:
731:
727:
724:
720:
717:
716:
715:
712:
710:
706:
701:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
649:Mongol empire
646:
641:
640:Khalkha River
637:
633:
629:
623:
615:
610:
604:
595:
587:
581:
545:
537:
536:Mongol Empire
533:
522:
517:
515:
510:
508:
503:
502:
500:
499:
489:
487:
484:
483:
479:
477:
474:
473:
469:
467:
464:
463:
457:
454:
450:
447:
446:
442:
440:
437:
436:
432:
430:
427:
426:
422:
420:
417:
416:
411:Modern period
408:
407:
397:
395:
392:
391:
387:
385:
382:
381:
377:
375:
372:
371:
367:
365:
364:Northern Yuan
362:
361:
357:
355:
352:
351:
347:
345:
344:Mongol Empire
342:
341:
337:
335:
334:Khamag Mongol
332:
331:
327:
325:
322:
321:
313:
312:
302:
300:
297:
296:
292:
290:
287:
286:
282:
280:
277:
276:
272:
270:
267:
266:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
242:
241:
237:
235:
232:
231:
227:
225:
224:Xianbei state
222:
221:
217:
215:
212:
211:
203:
202:
192:
190:
187:
186:
182:
180:
177:
176:
172:
170:
167:
166:
162:
160:
157:
156:
152:
150:
147:
146:
142:
140:
137:
136:
132:
130:
127:
126:
122:
120:
117:
116:
112:
110:
107:
106:
100:
95:
94:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
44:
43:
39:
35:
34:
31:
28:
27:
22:
21:Manchu people
2184:Turco-Mongol
2141:
1742:
1529:Turco-Mongol
1514:Modern clans
1388:
1384:
1379:
1368:
1364:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1328:
1308:
1304:
1286:
1280:
1269:
1253:
1248:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1221:
1202:
1188:
1181:
1165:
1136:
1115:
1092:(especially
1036:Currently a
1035:
1003:
999:Soviet Union
975:Sufi Dynasty
944:
920:Ming Dynasty
908:Toghan Temur
905:
877:Golden Horde
873:Golden Horde
869:Yuan Dynasty
861:Genghis Khan
853:
816:
804:
793:coat of arms
713:
700:Tang Dynasty
697:
684:Sufi dynasty
660:Yuan dynasty
657:
645:Genghis Khan
625:
543:
541:
490:1990–present
394:Qing dynasty
354:Yuan dynasty
299:Liao dynasty
218:209 BC–93 AD
153:1450–1150 BC
143:1500–1000 BC
133:1800–1600 BC
123:2750–1900 BC
113:3300–2500 BC
2029:Sart Kalmyk
1779:Qara Khitai
1203:(Mongolian)
1022:Karakalpaks
941:Transoxiana
885:Tokhta Khan
857:Khabul Khan
823:Ergune khun
730:Zasagt Khan
707:, Karanut,
658:During the
173:1100–300 BC
163:1400–700 BC
99:Prehistoric
2199:Categories
2178:See also:
2153:Sogwo Arig
1148:References
1032:Kazakhstan
929:in modern
889:Great Khan
848:Radnashiri
827:blacksmith
787:Mongolian
672:Uzbekistan
632:Lake Hulun
193:600–300 BC
183:700–300 BC
2106:Dongxiang
1854:Khotogoid
1839:Dariganga
1809:Uriankhai
1784:Qara'unas
1743:Khongirad
1497:Languages
1082:Hamnigans
1062:Chu River
1058:Sır River
1001:in 1924.
951:Syr Darya
947:Amu Darya
903:in 1271.
897:Yingchang
809:culture.
749:Subtribes
603:romanized
586:Mongolian
544:Khongirad
470:1924–1992
460:1921–1924
443:1919–1921
433:1911–1919
398:1691–1911
388:1634–1757
378:1399–1634
368:1368–1635
358:1271–1368
348:1206–1368
338:1130–1206
269:Xueyantuo
78:Geography
2067:Hamnigan
2044:Zakhchin
1932:Üzemchin
1902:Khorchin
1897:Kharchin
1794:Taichiud
1768:Olkhonud
1703:Borjigin
1551:Religion
1462:Timeline
1258:Archived
1196:Archived
1074:Buryatia
1024:and the
1008:and the
1006:Mongolia
959:Khwārezm
916:Olkhunut
855:such as
846:Empress
768:subgroup
742:Alan Gua
705:Olkhonud
703:Ikires,
680:Khwarazm
627:Hóngjílá
303:907–1125
244:Göktürks
88:Religion
83:Language
73:Politics
63:Nobility
48:Timeline
2205:Mongols
2133:Monguor
2117:Kangjia
2054:Buryats
2034:Torghut
2019:Myangad
1995:Khoshut
1985:Dzungar
1969:Chantuu
1859:Sartuul
1849:Khalkha
1844:Eljigin
1834:Darkhad
1826:Mongols
1748:Manghud
1733:Katagan
1718:Eljigin
1713:Dughlat
1642:Didouyu
1617:Tuyuhun
1607:Kumo Xi
1590:Yujiulü
1574:Xianbei
1454:History
1098:Manchus
1094:Dörwöds
1090:Kalmyks
1086:Mongols
1070:Buryats
979:Jochids
967:Bukhara
963:Manghud
924:Khalkha
865:Yesugei
734:Khalkha
732:of the
664:Chinese
614:Chinese
609:Qoñyrat
605::
598:Қоңырат
293:744–840
283:647–682
273:628–646
263:682–744
261:555–630
252:Eastern
238:330–555
214:Xiongnu
68:Culture
2138:Khatso
2128:Moghol
2122:Mughal
2111:Hazara
2012:Buzava
2010:incl.
2006:Kalmyk
2000:Khoton
1980:Dörbet
1975:Choros
1959:Baatud
1946:Oirats
1912:Naiman
1907:Jaruud
1887:Chahar
1882:Baarin
1758:Naiman
1753:Merkit
1738:Kerait
1728:Jalair
1723:Gorlos
1708:Chonos
1693:Barlas
1683:Baarin
1651:incl.
1647:Khitan
1637:Shiwei
1612:Murong
1588:incl.
1584:Rouran
1579:Wuhuan
1569:Donghu
1482:Rulers
1477:States
1385:et al.
1365:et al.
1345:et al.
1305:et al.
1102:Yakuts
1078:Sojots
1038:Kazakh
1026:Uzbegs
1010:Yugurs
971:Kokand
881:Kublai
819:Khiyad
807:Mongol
756:Oirats
723:Merkit
709:Gorlos
694:Origin
666::
653:Hoelun
624::
622:pinyin
616::
594:Kazakh
254:, and
228:93–234
101:period
58:Rulers
53:States
2164:Yugur
2158:Tuvan
2096:Bonan
2090:Aimaq
2083:Other
2073:Soyot
2062:Barga
1990:Khoid
1964:Bayad
1922:Tumed
1917:Ordos
1804:Tumed
1799:Tatar
1789:Sunud
1773:Ongud
1763:Oirat
1698:Bayad
1688:Barga
1622:Tuoba
1602:Yuwen
1128:Notes
1118:ruled
1116:They
1054:Uzbek
1041:tribe
1018:China
1014:Gansu
991:Khiva
983:Timur
927:tumen
912:China
688:Timur
248:First
2101:Daur
2024:Olot
1927:Urad
1877:Asud
1660:Zubu
1653:Yelü
1632:Tufa
1627:Qifu
1597:Duan
1120:the
981:and
949:and
871:and
832:gout
795:and
789:flag
738:Shar
674:and
638:and
542:The
480:1990
458:1921
423:1911
1104:in
1096:),
1012:in
965:in
647:'s
634:in
618:弘吉剌
2201::
2182:·
2160:**
2124:**
2113:**
2092:**
1356:^
1316:^
1294:^
1209:^
1173:^
1156:^
1108:.
1028:.
1016:,
937:.
791:,
758:).
744:).
690:.
668:鲁王
620:;
612:;
600:,
596::
592:;
588::
584:;
250:,
2144:)
2140:(
2075:*
2069:*
2002:*
1971:*
1775:*
1438:e
1431:t
1424:v
725:)
580:/
577:d
574:æ
571:r
568:ɪ
565:ɡ
562:ŋ
559:ɒ
556:k
553:ˈ
550:/
546:(
520:e
513:t
506:v
455:)
451:(
258:)
246:(
23:.
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