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strengthen and safeguard its interest and make every sacrifice for the cause; The dismissal of Dr. Khan Sahib’s ministry and the setting up of Abdul Qaiyum’s ministry is undemocratic, but as our country is passing through a critical stage, the Khudai
Khidmatgars shall take no step which might create difficulties in the way of either the Provincial or Central Government; After the division of the country the Khudai Khidmatgars sever their connection with the All-India Congress organization and, therefore, instead of the Tricolor, adopt the Red Flag as the symbol of their party."
36:
845:, the first limited election were held in NWFP in 1936. Ghaffar Khan was banned from the province. His brother, Dr Khan Sahib, led the party to a narrow victory and became Chief Minister. Ghaffar Khan returned to Peshawar in triumph on 29 August 1937 on what the Peshawar daily Khyber Mail called the happiest day of his life. During the two-year stint of the Congress party under Dr Khan Sahib as Chief minister, major reforms were introduced including land reforms, promotion of the teaching of Pashto and the release of political prisoners.
740:"The British used to torture us, throw us into ponds in wintertime, shave our beards, but even then Badshah Khan told his followers not to lose patience. He said 'there is an answer to violence, which is more violence. But nothing can conquer nonviolence. You cannot kill it. It keeps standing up.' The British sent their horses and cars to run over us, but I took my shawl in my mouth to keep from screaming. We were human beings, but we should not cry or express in any way that we were injured or weak." – KK activist, Musharraf Din.
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argue that while the movement proved successful against the
British, it like other non-violent movements would not have proved a success against the Pakistani state. This is supposedly proved by its failure to pose a challenge to the Pakistani government. Others have also suggested that the Khudai Khidmatgar movement was not in fact as non-violent as its supporters would argue. Writers like Schofield and Bannerjee have documented cases of attacks on British colonial officials by Khudai Khidmatgar members.
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progress they would also be considered for a government pension. A Cunningham policy note of 23 September 1942 reads: 'Continuously preach the danger to
Muslims of connivance with the revolutionary Hindu body. Most tribesmen seem to respond to this', while in another paper he says about the period 1939–43: 'Our propaganda since the beginning of the war had been most successful. It had played throughout on the Islamic theme.
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779:. When the Khudai Khidmatgar staged a rally in 1942, this tactic was used. During the rally, Khudai Khidmatgar activists "were seen breaking ranks and running helter skelter to relieve themselves on the banks of the canal... to a proud Pathan, known for cleanliness, it the ultimate disgrace. This spectacle, watched by large crowds of Peshawar citizens, was the peak of humiliation" for the Khudai Khidmatgar.
304:. The cooperation between Muslim Khudai Khidmatgar and predominantly Hindu Indian National Congress concerned the British, who persistently tried to severe this relationship. Due to pressure across India, the British colonial government finally released Bacha Khan and lifted restrictions on the movement. As part of the
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was replaced by former
Congressite Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri. He successfully stopped an attempted rapprochement between Ghaffar Khan and Muhammad Ali Jinnah by stopping a planned meeting between the two citing security threats. With that, Jinnah gave Qayyum Khan Kashmiri a free hand in dealing with
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Officers in the ranks were not elected, since Khan wanted to avoid infighting. He appointed a salar-e-azam or commander-in-chief, who in turn appointed officers to serve under him. Other ranks included
Jarnails (Generals). The army was completely voluntary; even the officers gave their services free.
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Despite the provocation and its obvious ambivalence over
Pakistan's creation, the Khudai Khidmatgar leaders reconvened at Sardaryab on 3 and 4 September 1947 and passed a resolution that stated, "The Khudai Khidmagars regard Pakistan as their own country and pledge that they shall do their utmost to
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context. Khan did not find Islam and non-violence as incompatible. Despite that the movement was intrinsically non-sectarian, including
Muslims, as well as some Hindu members. In more than one occasion when Hindus and Sikhs were attacked in Peshawar, Khidmatgar members helped protect their lives and
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Volunteers who took the oath formed platoons with commanding officers and learned basic army discipline. The volunteers had their own flags: red in the beginning, later tri-colour and bands: bagpipe and drums. The men wore red uniforms and the women black. They had drills, badges, a flag, the entire
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Khan drew his first recruits from the young men who had graduated from his schools. Trained and uniformed, they served behind their officers and filed out into various villages to seek recruits. They began by wearing a simple white overshirt, but the white was soon dirtied. A couple of men had their
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However, Qayyum Khan
Kashmiri and the central government had already decided that there would be no accord with the movement. On 12 August 1948, while Bacha Khan and the deposed chief minister Dr. Khan Sahib were both under arrest, over 600 Khudai Khidmatgar supporters who were protesting for their
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to discredit the movement with the assistance of pro-British mullahs and ulema. The
British Governor, Cunningham, instructed the big khans to meet each mullah on an individual basis and tell him to serve the cause of Islam' for which he would be duly paid. The Mullahs were told that in case of good
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On
Congress directive, the ministries in eight out of eleven provinces resigned in protest against Britain's not promising India independence after the War. The decision to resign proved a pivotal moment in Indian history, in the Frontier, it was instrumental in giving those groups that opposed the
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Despite the initial closeness between Ghaffar Khan and Ali, the harshness of their critique of Gandhi contrasted poorly with the patience shown by Gandhi in Ghaffar Khan's eyes. Another attempt was made by senior KK leaders to approach Sir Fazli Hussain a senior Punjabi leader of the Unionist party
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An important development in Pakistan during the Ayub period (1958–1969) was the gradual integration into Pakistani society and the military-bureaucratic establishment. It was a period of Pakistan's political history which saw a large number of ethnic Pashtuns holding high positions in the military
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as ethno-linguistic names, contrary to what he believed and strived for Pashtunistan an independent state. During the 1950s to the late 1960s, Pashtuns were promoted to higher positions within the Pakistani government and military, thereby integrating Pashtuns into the Pakistani state and severely
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via Afghanistan. Disguised as a Muslim, Subhash was taken to Khattak's village Dak Ismailkhel on the request of Mian Akbar Shah from Faqir Chand's house in Peshawar. He stayed with him for two days before leaving in a Pashtun attire for the German Embassy in Kabul leading to his journey to Germany
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As a result, it has been seen as a secessionist movement in Pakistan, and in the 1950s and 1960s, it was also perceived as pro-communist, an argument that was used by conservative elements to discredit it as anti-Islam. The movement's claim to total non-violence seems flawed as well; some critics
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The Khudai Khidmatgar movement was a success in the terms of its opposition to British colonial rule. However, the social effects of the movement have not survived. While the Ghaffar Khan family maintains a hold over the political philosophy of the movement, its history has largely been wiped out
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In 1932, the Khudai Khidmatgar movement changed its tactics and involved women in the movement. This unnerved many Indian officers working in the region as in those days of conservative India it was considered a grave insult to attack women, more so in a conservative Pashtun society. However, the
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Initially, the movement focussed on social reform as a means of improving the status of Pashtuns in British India. Ghaffar Khan founded several reform movements prior to the formation of the Khudai Khidmatgar, the Anjuman-e Islah ul-Afghan in 1921, the farmers' organisation Anjuman-e Zamidaran in
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The Congress subsequently offered all possible help to the Pathans in exchange on their part to join the Congress party for the independence struggle. This offer was put forth in the Frontier province and was accepted by the Khudai Kidmatgars in August 1931. The move shocked the British colonial
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refused to fire on non-violent protests led by Khudai Khidmatgars in Peshawar. By disobeying direct orders, the regiment sent a clear message to the colonial government that loyalty of India's armed forces could not be taken for granted when enacting repressive measures. However, by 1931, 5,000
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Formed out of the Society for the Reformation of Pashtuns (Anjuman-e-Islah-e-Afghan), it is initially targeted social reformation and launched campaigns against prostitution. Bacha Khan as its founder seemed to be influenced by the realisation that whenever Indians launched a rebellion against
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1927 and the youth movement Pashtun Jirga in 1927. Trying to further spread awareness on Pashtun issues Abdul Ghaffar Khan founded the magazine Pakhtun in May 1928. Finally in March 1930, almost on the eve of the Qissa Khwani Massacre the Khudai Khidmatgar were formed.
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and ameliorating poverty. The Khudai Khidmatgar has volunteers in 14 states and according to Faisal, they number about 10,000. Though the present organisation is predominantly Muslim, 10 of 40 seats in its national executive committee are reserved for Hindu members.
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The movement was facing intense pressure by 1930 and the leadership under Ghaffar Khan was actively seeking political allies in India to help reduce the pressure being placed on it by the British colonial authorities. Previously in December 1928, Barrister
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After the partition of India, the Khudai Khidmatgars faced a backlash from the new Pakistani government. The government of the Khudai Khidmatgars was dismissed and their movement banned, with many members of the organisation being targeted in the
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Pakistan's Independence in August 1947 marked the beginning of the end of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement. While the Congress government remained in power briefly it was eventually dismissed by the Governor under the orders of Pakistan's founder
501:"The Holy Prophet Mohammed came into this world and taught us 'That man is a Muslim who never hurts anyone by word or deed, but who works for the benefit and happiness of God's creatures.' Belief in God is to love one's, fellow men".
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The movement was also hit by defections as party members switched sides out of fear or for benefit. Those members that wished to survive politically rallied behind a former ally, turned opponent of Qayyum Khan Kashmiri, the
354:, composing all Pashtun territories of British India, instead of being made to join Pakistan. However, the British Raj refused to comply with the demand of this resolution. In response, the Khudai Khidmatgars boycotted the
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Volunteers went to the villages and opened schools, helped on work projects, and maintained order at public gatherings. From time to time they drilled in work camps and took long military-style marches into the hills.
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declared its acceptance of the partition plan without consulting the Khudai Khidmatgar leaders, Bacha Khan, the leader of the Khudai Khidmatgars, felt very sad and told the Congress "you have thrown us to the wolves."
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It gradually became more political as its members were being targeted by the British Raj. By 1929 its leadership was exiled from the province and large numbers were arrested. Seeking allies, leaders approached the
507:"There is nothing surprising in a Muslim or a Pathan like me subscribing to the creed of nonviolence. It is not a new creed. It was followed fourteen hundred years ago by the Prophet all the time he was in Mecca".
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of the Hazara District in the Frontier. The growing participation of Pashtuns in the Pakistani Government resulted in the erosion of the support for the Pashtunistan movement in the Province by the end of the
861:'s escape in 1943 has largely been ignored until recently. In 1941, Amir Khan Khattak along with four other people received Subhash Chandra Bose at Nowshera Railway Station. He had come to make his escape to
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Michel, Thomas S.J. (June 2004) Can’t We Be Like Abdul Ghaffar Khan? The significance of Abdul Ghaffar Khan in the recent history of peace activism is his institution of the importance of discipline in
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2014:
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Khan, Abdul K. 1997. "The Khudai Kidmatgar (Servants of God)/Red Shirt Movement in the Northwest Frontier Province of British India, 1927–47." PhD. Diss., History. The University of Hawaii.
464:, named and modelled after the traditional tribal councils. Villages were grouped into larger groups, responsible to district-wide committees. The Provincial Jirgah was the ultimate authority.
1023:. An aborted attempt was made to bring Ghaffar Khan into the government as a minister as well as turning the KK movement into a national organization, but Ghaffar Khan turned down the offer.
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severity of the repressions increased and in one case five police officers in Benares had to be suspended due to "horrific reports about violence used against young female volunteers".
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shirts dyed at the local tannery, and the brick-red colour proved a breakthrough, it was this distinctive colour that earned the Khudai khidmatgar movement activists the name "
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I shall not participate in factions, nor pick up a quarrel with or bear enmity towards anybody. I shall always protect the oppressed against the tyranny of the oppressor.
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members of the Khudai Khidmatgar and 2,000 members of the Congress Party were arrested. This was followed by the shooting of unarmed protestors in Utmanzai and the
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or "Red Shirts" or "red-dressed", this was originally a social reform organisation focusing on education and the elimination of blood feuds. it was known as the
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The increasingly liberal movement faced an increasing backlash from conservatives because of its support for the Congress party amidst growing support for the
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I shall be ever ready to sacrifice personal comfort, property, and even life itself to serve the nation and for the attainment of my country's freedom.
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from official memory in Pakistan. The movement has also been criticized for its opposition to partition and by that virtue the creation of Pakistan.
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Talbot, Ian(1 March 1989)Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement: The Growth of the Muslim League in North-West and North-East India 1937–47
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448:. Other reason for the choice of red color was a symbolic adherence of the anti-colonial movements to the revolutionary and socialist discourse.
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British colonial rule via military force they were always unsuccessful. The same could not be said when using non-violence against the British.
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and finally Japan. Agha Haider Ali of the Afghan National bank, helped Bose get in touch with the Kabul authorities and with his travel plans.
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after 1940; in that period it started facing increasing opposition from the Muslim League in the province. The Khudai Khidmatgars also won the
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weakening secessionist sentiments to the point that by the mid-1960s, popular support for an independent Pashtunistan had all but disappeared.
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I shall not become a member of any other organization, and shall not furnish security or tender apology in the course of a non-violent fight.
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I shall serve all humanity equally. The chief objects of my life shall be the attainment of complete independence and religious freedom.
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The movement lingered on till 1955, when it was again banned by the central government because of Ghaffar Khan's opposition to the
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Banerjee, Mukulika (2000). Pathan Unarmed: Opposition & Memory in the North-West Frontier. School of American Research Press.
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I will never be a party to factions, hatred, or jealousies with my people; and will side with the oppressed against the oppressor.
300:; after being rebuffed by the former in 1929, the movement formally joined the Congress Party and played an important role in the
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that occurred on 12 August 1948. In Delhi, the Khudai Khidmatgar was revived by Faisal Khan in 2011 with a focus on promoting
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Under the influence of Abdul Ghaffar Khan the movement advocated non-violent protests and justified their actions through an
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960:. The Pir created a breakaway Muslim League, however, it proved no match for Qayyum who engineered his re-election in 1951.
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I will serve all God's creatures alike; and my object shall be the attainment of the freedom of my country and my religion.
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948:. The Khudai Khidmatgar organisation was declared unlawful in mid-September 1948, mass arrests followed and the centre at
889:'s criticism of feudal landlords angered many conservative "Khans" and Nawabs, some formerly sympathetic to the movement.
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Another tactic employed against non-violent protesters who were blocking roads was to charge them with cars and horses.
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when took an oath of allegiance to Pakistan in 1948 in legislation assembly and during his speech he was asked by PM
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It later developed into a disciplined nonviolent army to fight for the independence of India from the British.
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On 20 January 2011, young Gandhian activist Faisal Khan revived the Khudai Khidmatgar at a function in the
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to support his daughter's marriage to a Sikh soldier led to some senior associates of Bacha Khan to leave.
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about the province joining Pakistan or India, citing that it did not have the options of the NWFP becoming
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As published in "free translation" by Gandhi in Harijan, 15 October 1938. Quoted in Khan 1997:269–270.
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Although the ban on the movement was lifted in 1972, the Khudai Khidmatgar movement had been broken.
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in alliance with the Congress Party, and Dr Khan Sahib was re-elected as the Chief Minister.
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and the bureaucracy. Ayub himself was a non-Pashto speaking ethnic Pashtun belonging to the
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After the anti-war resignation of Dr Khan's Ministry in 1939 because of the outbreak of the
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All my services shall be dedicated to God, they shall not be for attaining rank or for show.
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banned the movement and launched a brutal crackdown on its members, which culminated in the
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952:(Markaz-e-Khudai Khidmatgaran), built-in 1942, was destroyed by the Provincial Government.
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Another tactic employed against Khudai Khadmatgar activists included lacing their morning
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I will not become a member of any other rival organization, nor will I stand in an army.
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I promise to practice good manners and good behavior and not to lead a life of idleness.
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I am a Servant of God, and as God needs no service, serving His creation is serving Him,
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Khan, Behroz (July 2004) Journey in history. The NEWS. Jang group. Available online at
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Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East
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Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East
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Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East
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Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East
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I will sacrifice my wealth, life, and comfort for the liberty of my nation and people.
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I promise to refrain from taking part in feuds and quarrels and from creating enmity.
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Adeel Khan (Feb 2003) Pakhtun Ethnic Nationalism: From Separation to Integration
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I hereby honestly and sincerely offer myself for enrollment as a Khudai Khitmatgar.
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Taizi, Sher Zaman. (2002) Bacha Khan in Afghanistan: A Memoir. Asian Reflection.
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I put forth my name in honesty and truthfulness to become a true Servant of God.
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Women were recruited too and played an important role in the struggles to come.
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I will not take revenge (badla) and my actions will not be a burden for anyone.
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I promise to live a simple life, to practice virtue, and to refrain from evil.
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I will faithfully obey all legitimate orders of all my officers all the time.
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and aiding in disaster relief; it has a membership of around 5,000 persons.
284:(society for the reformation of Afghans/Pashtoons). The movement was led by
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Partition and Military Succession Documents from the U.S. National Archives
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The Khudai Khidmatgar movement faced another crackdown for its role in the
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Khudai Khidmatgar movement the opportunity to broaden their constituency.
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The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan
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In the name of God who is Present and Evident, I am a Khudai Khitmatgar.
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Nonviolent soldier of Islam: Ghaffar Khan: a man to match his mountains
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http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/mar2010-weekly/nos-14-03-2010/pol1.htm#4
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The Pathan Unarmed: Opposition & Memory in the North-West Frontier.
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The British employed a wide variety of tactics against KK activists.
203:
1739:, Volume 4, Number 1. Carfax Publishing: Taylor & Francis Group
1258:
Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan
1193:. Retrieved 14 September 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:
970:
about Pashtunistan to which he replied that it's just a name to the
651:
All my efforts shall be to please God, and not for any show or gain.
416:. At its peak, the KK movement consisted of almost 100,000 members.
3498:
2584:
2228:
2003:
Remembering Baacha Khan: the memory of his courage to stay for ever
1020:
975:
823:
pleading for assistance against the crackdown which was dismissed.
812:
776:
603:
I promise to forgive those who oppress me or treat me with cruelty.
569:
I shall always obey every legitimate order of my superior officers.
401:
251:
1971:
1336:
Ali Shah, Sayyid Vaqar (1993). Marwat, Fazal-ur-Rahim Khan (ed.).
480:
3967:
2744:
1296:
489:
725:
535:
I will make every sacrifice required of me to stay on this path.
288:, known locally as Bacha Khan, Badshah Khan, or Sarhadi Gandhi.
3789:
2268:
1893:
Baldauf, Scott The Khudai Khidmatgar Christian Science Monitor
1614:
Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods & Techniques
1394:
The Dust of Empire: The Race For Mastery in the Asian Heartland
1005:
798:
316:(Dr.Khan Sahib) was elected as the Chief Minister of the NWFP.
224:
International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties
2009:
Mohandas Gandhi, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, and the Middle-East today
1936:
Rashid, Haroonur (2005) History of the Pathans. Volume 2 p 573
1852:
Pakistan and the emergence of Islamic militancy in Afghanistan
1648:
538:
I will serve people without regard to their religion or faith.
3841:
1034:
1030:
987:
841:
More, with the introduction of provincial autonomy under the
639:
I will live in accordance with the principles of nonviolence.
461:
1942:
Babar, Aneela, (29 May 2006) On Doing Pakhtunwali. The Post.
621:
I promise to devote at least two hours a day to social work.
934:
Bacha Khan addressing the Mahatma after Partition of India.
612:
I promise to refrain from antisocial customs and practices.
600:
I promise to refrain from violence and from taking revenge.
609:
I promise to treat every Pasthun as my brother and friend.
578:
I shall always observe truth and parity in all my actions.
1149:. Oxford University Anthropological Society. p. 300.
768:
645:
I will always see to it that I do what is right and good.
572:
I shall always live up to the principles of non-violence.
830:
827:
authorities who were forced to ease pressure on the KK.
793:
648:
I will never desire any reward whatever for my service.
27:
Pashtun non-violent movement against the British Empire
940:
release were killed by the government of Pakistan in
929:
You have thrown us (Khudai Khidmatgar) to the wolves.
493:
property. To this end, the Khuda Khidmatgar espoused
457:
military hierarchy of rank and even a bagpipe corps.
1878:
Afghan Frontier Feuding and Fighting in Central Asia
1125:(not to be confused with Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri)
588:
250:; literally "servants of God") was a predominantly
1523:
526:I will serve the nation without any self-interest.
512:
346:In June 1947, the Khudai Khidmatgars declared the
852:
819:nearly being attacked by one member from Punjab.
4165:
2054:
1827:
1687:Khan, Behroz (11 July 2004) Journey in history.
1517:
1515:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1146:Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford
553:In the presence of God, I solemnly affirm that:
1491:Pisharoty, Sangeeta Barooah (20 January 2012).
1356:
892:This coincided with a determined effort by the
597:I promise to serve humanity in the name of God.
334:, siding with the Indian National Congress and
332:opposed the proposal for the partition of India
4199:Liberal and progressive movements within Islam
1774:The problem of Pakhtunistan by Sherzaman Taizi
1713:Arbab Daud. (14 March 2010). A life uncommon.
655:
581:I shall expect no remuneration for my service.
3483:
2040:
1512:
1477:
726:British tactics against the Khudai Khidmatgar
434:
1617:. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 284.
1256:Qasmi, Ali Usman; Robb, Megan Eaton (2017).
1249:
1185:
1183:
257:movement known for its activism against the
103:
1754:
1568:
1566:
1143:Oxford, Anthropological Society of (1995).
460:Khan set up a network of committees called
3497:
3490:
3476:
2555:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
2047:
2033:
1530:. University of California Press. p.
1451:
1449:
1447:
1196:
900:
105:
1987:Ghani Khan (Poet and son of Ghaffar Khan)
1870:
1815:Pakistan: History and Politics, 1947–1971
1762:The Frontier Gandhi: His Place in History
1521:
1490:
1346:: Emjay Books International. p. 256.
1260:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2.
1255:
1180:
921:the Congress and the Khudai Khidmatgars.
815:conference. The session ended badly with
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1809:
1807:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1563:
1363:Culture, Conflict, and Counterinsurgency
1335:
869:
797:
479:
43:This article includes a list of general
1833:
1659:
1607:
1601:
1544:
1444:
1318:
1230:
1202:
1159:
14:
4166:
1876:Schofield, Victoria (22 August 2003),
1844:
1142:
3471:
2028:
1991:Interview, film, and sound recordings
1972:Official website of Khudai Khidmatgar
1804:
1778:
1724:
1646:Qissa Khwani’s tale of tear and blood
1390:
831:From mass movement to political party
544:I shall not be tempted by any office.
1707:
1681:
794:Relationship with the Congress Party
29:
1764:. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
1455:
857:The KK's activists role in helping
247:
130:meeting Khudai Khidmatgar activists
24:
392:The movement started prior to the
228:Labour and Socialist International
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
4225:
4204:Political terminology in Pakistan
1965:
1493:"Of ideals, idols and satyagraha"
589:The Oath of the Khudai Khidmatgar
2249:Muslim nationalism in South Asia
1813:Afzal, M.Rafique (1 April 2002)
1522:Bondurant, Joan Valérie (1965).
1456:Lal, Amrith (15 February 2015).
336:All India Azad Muslim Conference
330:The Khudai Khidmatgars strongly
265:; it was based in the country's
117:
34:
4179:Nonviolent resistance movements
2489:Provisional Government of India
1921:). Nilgiri Press, Tomales, CA.
1863:Zaidi, Syed (28 September 2005)
1857:
1767:
1745:
1694:
1660:Kaushik, R. K. (11 June 2004).
1653:
1638:
1588:
1579:
1538:
1418:
1384:
1350:
1329:
1070:All India Pakhtoon Jirga-e-Hind
811:invited Bacha Khan to attend a
532:My actions will be non-violent.
513:Pledge of the Khudai Khidmatgar
4148:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
1837:Taḥrīk-i āzādī aur Bācā K̲h̲ān
1721:. Last accessed 22 March 2010.
1224:
1153:
1136:
853:Escape of Subhash Chandra Bose
541:I shall use nation-made goods.
13:
1:
4194:National liberation movements
4189:History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1880:p 220. New York: I. B. Tauris
1840:. Fiction House. p. 226.
1644:Sarwar, Kazi (20 April 2002)
1426:"Was Jinnah democratic? – II"
1129:
665:We march, our leader and we,
4184:Indian independence movement
3098:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari
2374:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922
2056:Indian independence movement
1339:Afghanistan and the Frontier
1189:"Red Shirt Movement".(2008)
1045:
1037:, with a focus on promoting
843:Government of India Act 1935
703:And our lives are its price.
670:In the name of God, we march
451:
306:Government of India Act 1935
302:Indian independence movement
267:North-West Frontier Province
7:
4020:Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
3288:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
2675:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
1704:Cambridge University Press.
1111:Nonviolent Soldier of Islam
1058:
715:By cannon or gun undismayed
674:We serve in the name of God
663:By death or wealth unmoved,
656:Anthem of Khudai Khidmatgar
475:
10:
4230:
4153:War in North-West Pakistan
4113:Afghan War of Independence
3023:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
2575:Indian Independence League
2292:Partition of Bengal (1947)
2287:Partition of Bengal (1905)
2015:Badshah Khan and our times
1572:Banerjee, Mukulika. (2000)
1414:– via Google Boeken.
1085:Frontier Crimes Regulation
904:
834:
729:
509:– Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
503:– Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
423:
419:
410:Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri
381:
377:
282:Anjuman-e-Islah-e Afghania
4033:
3980:
3960:
3936:
3923:
3850:
3765:
3692:Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai
3562:Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai
3544:
3506:
3414:
3313:
3198:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
2998:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
2818:
2695:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
2615:
2570:Indian Home Rule movement
2512:
2409:Fourteen Points of Jinnah
2349:Jallianwala Bagh massacre
2277:
2214:
2062:
1549:. Springer. p. 109.
1368:Stanford University Press
1284:. Encyclopædia Britannica
1235:. Springer. p. 112.
1207:. Springer. p. 109.
1166:. Springer. p. 112.
802:Ghaffar Khan & Gandhi
747:In 1930, soldiers of the
690:We serve with our breath,
220:International affiliation
219:
209:
193:
181:
171:
161:
153:
145:
135:
116:
104:
96:
3948:Pashtun Tahafuz Movement
3437:Indian annexation of Goa
3283:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
2795:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
2560:Indian National Congress
2359:Non-cooperation movement
1887:
1834:Bukhari, Farigh (1991).
1594:Rashid, Haroonur (2005)
1360:; Zellen, Barry (2014).
699:Our people and our cause
362:or joining Afghanistan.
340:Indian National Congress
298:Indian National Congress
214:Indian National Congress
4093:Second Anglo-Afghan War
4063:Third Battle of Panipat
4043:First Battle of Panipat
3953:People's Peace Movement
3837:Yusuf Khan and Sherbano
3442:Indian Independence Act
3028:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
3003:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta
2973:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao
2710:Kandukuri Veeresalingam
2690:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
2525:All-India Muslim League
2479:Royal Air Force strikes
2444:Round table conferences
2434:Chittagong armoury raid
2324:Hindu–German Conspiracy
2307:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy
2077:Porto Grande de Bengala
1865:An Old episode recalled
1576:Oxford University Press
1391:Meyer, Karl E. (2008).
1191:Encyclopædia Britannica
1095:List of peace activists
901:Post-partition Downfall
721:Our work and our duty.
710:Zealously we protect it
708:And respect our country
672:And in his name, We die
294:All-India Muslim League
232:Communist International
195:Political position
64:more precise citations.
4025:Anti-Pashtun sentiment
3832:Adam Khan and Durkhani
3228:Syama Prasad Mukherjee
3133:Purushottam Das Tandon
2499:Praja Mandala movement
2313:The Indian Sociologist
2020:Khan's triumph of will
1867:DAWN. DAWN media group
1742:Retrieved 2 April 2008
1596:History of the Pathans
1344:University of Michigan
1123:Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum
1017:
937:
803:
742:
719:None can come between,
717:Soldiers and horsemen,
661:We are the army of God
485:
314:Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan
3452:Political integration
3193:Shyamji Krishna Varma
2978:Gopal Krishna Gokhale
2923:Bhupendra Kumar Datta
2755:Rettamalai Srinivasan
2715:Mahadev Govind Ranade
2520:All India Kisan Sabha
2484:Coup d'état of Yanaon
2384:Qissa Khwani massacre
2369:Coolie-Begar movement
2184:Second Anglo-Sikh War
1977:The Khudai Khidmatgar
1700:Jalal, Ayesha (1985)
1075:Composite nationalism
1001:
996:provinces of Pakistan
927:
905:Further information:
870:Conservative backlash
801:
738:
732:Qissa Khwani massacre
730:Further information:
676:God's servant are we!
483:
394:Qissa Khwani massacre
255:nonviolent resistance
3800:northern Afghanistan
3612:Najib Khan Yousafzai
3278:Veeran Sundaralingam
3233:Tara Rani Srivastava
3168:Sahajanand Saraswati
3058:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi
2943:Chandra Shekhar Azad
2848:Alluri Sitarama Raju
2805:Vitthal Ramji Shinde
2760:Sahajanand Saraswati
2680:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
2580:Indian National Army
2424:Dharasana Satyagraha
2329:Champaran Satyagraha
2179:First Anglo-Sikh War
1760:M.S. Korejo (1993).
1545:Stephan, M. (2009).
1526:Conquest of Violence
1304:"Abdul Ghaffar Khan"
1282:"Abdul Ghaffar Khan"
1231:Stephan, M. (2009).
1203:Stephan, M. (2009).
1160:Stephan, M. (2009).
1105:National Awami Party
1014:Rizwan Hussain, 2005
859:Subhash Chandra Bose
712:For the glory of God
697:We serve and we love
356:1947 NWFP referendum
210:National affiliation
4209:Pashtun nationalism
4123:Waziristan campaign
3990:Pashtun nationalism
3717:Mohammad Najibullah
3263:V. K. Krishna Menon
3208:Subhas Chandra Bose
3093:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
3088:Mohammad Ali Jauhar
2983:Govind Ballabh Pant
2963:Dayananda Saraswati
2888:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
2685:Gopal Hari Deshmukh
2665:Dhondo Keshav Karve
2660:Dayananda Saraswati
2655:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
2630:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer
2143:Anglo-Maratha Wars
1662:"Taming of Pathans"
1609:Zartman, I. William
958:Pir of Manki Sharif
914:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
894:colonial government
885:Similarly, his son
837:Quit India Movement
817:Maulana Shaukat Ali
809:Jan Mohammad Abbasi
706:We love our country
701:Freedom is our aim,
688:Our country's cause
398:British Indian Army
321:Quit India Movement
4068:Battle of Nowshera
4058:Battle of Gulnabad
3961:Religious-military
3895:Ahmad Shah Durrani
3632:Malalai of Maiwand
3617:Dost Mohammad Khan
3607:Ahmad Shah Durrani
3587:Aimal Khan Mohmand
3582:Kalu Khan Yusufzai
3447:Partition of India
3293:Yashwantrao Holkar
3258:V. O. Chidamabaram
3213:Subramania Bharati
3143:Rahul Sankrityayan
3128:Pritilata Waddedar
3038:Shri Krishna Singh
2938:C. Rajagopalachari
2928:Bidhan Chandra Roy
2913:Bhavabhushan Mitra
2898:Begum Hazrat Mahal
2853:Annapurna Maharana
2725:Muthulakshmi Reddy
2670:G. Subramania Iyer
2364:Christmas Day Plot
2239:Indian nationalism
2189:Sannyasi rebellion
2087:East India Company
1955:3 May 2010 at the
1817:.p38 OUP Pakistan
1598:. Volume 2 p. 573
1463:The Indian Express
1432:. 25 December 2011
1118:Qazi Ataullah Khan
1065:Abdul Ghaffar Khan
942:Charsadda District
878:. The decision of
804:
758:Hathikhel massacre
685:His slaves are we!
683:We serve our Lord,
495:Hindu-Muslim unity
486:
286:Abdul Ghaffar Khan
271:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
140:Abdul Ghaffar Khan
18:Khudai Khidmatgars
4174:Pacifism in India
4161:
4160:
4143:Soviet–Afghan War
4128:Second Waziristan
4108:Siege of Malakand
4098:Battle of Maiwand
4000:Afghan (ethnonym)
3976:
3975:
3943:Khudai Khidmatgar
3712:Abdul Ahad Momand
3642:Abdur Rahman Khan
3627:Victor of Maiwand
3592:Darya Khan Afridi
3465:
3464:
3432:Republic of India
3268:Vallabhbhai Patel
3253:Ubaidullah Sindhi
3153:Ram Prasad Bismil
3048:M. Bhaktavatsalam
3008:Jatindra Nath Das
2933:Bipin Chandra Pal
2868:Babu Kunwar Singh
2838:Achyut Patwardhan
2595:Khudai Khidmatgar
2439:Gandhi–Irwin Pact
2379:Kakori conspiracy
2339:Rowlatt Committee
2302:Direct Action Day
2264:Swadeshi movement
2244:Khilafat Movement
2234:Hindu nationalism
2194:Rebellion of 1857
2117:Anglo-Mysore Wars
2107:Battle of Plassey
2013:Rajmohan Gandhi:
2007:Rajmohan Gandhi:
1998:with Ghaffar Khan
1397:. PublicAffairs.
1358:H Johnson, Thomas
1242:978-0-230-10175-3
1214:978-0-230-10175-3
1173:978-0-230-10175-3
1090:Khilafat Movement
994:are the names of
876:Pakistan movement
694:Glorious is death
484:Khudai Khidmatgar
426:Khilafat Movement
384:Pacifism in Islam
240:Khudai Khidmatgar
237:
236:
172:Succeeded by
99:Khudai Khitmatgar
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
4221:
4214:Pashtun politics
4133:Mohmand campaign
4118:Afghan Civil War
4083:First Afghan War
4073:Battle of Jamrud
4048:Battle of Chausa
4010:Bannu Resolution
3937:Citizens' groups
3934:
3933:
3885:Abdul Hamid Baba
3807:Pashtun clothing
3752:Manzoor Pashteen
3747:Malala Yousafzai
3622:Wazir Akbar Khan
3536:Barakzai dynasty
3492:
3485:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3457:Simla Conference
3248:Tiruppur Kumaran
3218:Subramaniya Siva
3173:Sangolli Rayanna
3163:Rash Behari Bose
3103:Nagnath Naikwadi
3013:Jawaharlal Nehru
2958:Dadabhai Naoroji
2953:Chittaranjan Das
2843:A. K. Fazlul Huq
2765:Savitribai Phule
2590:Khaksar movement
2545:Berlin Committee
2530:Anushilan Samiti
2494:Independence Day
2454:Aundh Experiment
2429:Vedaranyam March
2334:Kheda Satyagraha
2319:Singapore Mutiny
2102:Portuguese India
2049:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2025:
1982:The Pashtun Code
1881:
1874:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1850:Rizwan Hussain.
1848:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1825:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1799:
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1792:. 12 August 2018
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1100:Khan Roshan Khan
1015:
972:Pashtun province
968:Liaquat Ali Khan
935:
784:Second World War
756:followed by the
692:For such an end,
681:And great is he,
679:God is our king,
435:"The Red Shirts"
348:Bannu Resolution
249:
188:Anti-Imperialism
166:Roshani movement
162:Preceded by
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3780:Pashtun cuisine
3775:Pashtun culture
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3552:Alauddin Khilji
3540:
3531:Durrani dynasty
3502:
3501:-related topics
3496:
3466:
3461:
3422:Cabinet Mission
3410:
3314:British leaders
3309:
3298:Yogendra Shukla
3203:Siraj ud-Daulah
3158:Rani Lakshmibai
3148:Rajendra Prasad
3138:R. Venkataraman
3083:Mithuben Petit
3063:Mahadaji Shinde
3043:Lala Lajpat Rai
2878:Bahadur Shah II
2863:Ashfaqulla Khan
2833:Accamma Cherian
2828:Abul Kalam Azad
2820:
2814:
2785:Syed Ahmad Khan
2775:Sister Nivedita
2740:Pandita Ramabai
2735:Niralamba Swami
2700:J. B. Kripalani
2625:Ashfaqulla Khan
2617:
2611:
2550:Ghadar Movement
2508:
2389:Flag Satyagraha
2297:Revolutionaries
2279:
2273:
2216:
2210:
2112:Battle of Buxar
2058:
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1968:
1957:Wayback Machine
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1370:. p. 154.
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1016:
1013:
1006:Tarin sub-tribe
946:Babrra massacre
936:
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909:
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855:
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754:Takkar Massacre
734:
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408:Chief Minister
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368:Babrra massacre
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56:Please help to
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5:
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4138:Tribal revolts
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4110:
4105:
4103:Tirah campaign
4100:
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4053:Malandari Pass
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3822:Pashtun tribes
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3795:Pashtunization
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3657:Amanullah Khan
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3188:Shuja-ud-Daula
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3123:Prafulla Chaki
3120:
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3068:Mahatma Gandhi
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2720:Mahatma Gandhi
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2705:Jyotirao Phule
2702:
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2692:
2687:
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2217:and ideologies
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2199:Radcliffe Line
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2037:
2029:
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2017:
2011:
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1966:External links
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1854:. 2005. p. 74.
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1306:. I Love India
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263:colonial India
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3983:controversies
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3890:Hussain Hotak
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3577:Sher Shah Sur
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3183:Satyapal Dang
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3108:Nana Fadnavis
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3073:Mangal Pandey
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3033:Khudiram Bose
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2730:Narayana Guru
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2513:Organisations
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2474:Bombay Mutiny
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2459:Indian Legion
2457:
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2399:1928 Protests
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2344:Rowlatt Bills
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667:Ready to die!
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84:
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59:
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32:
31:
19:
4015:Kalabagh Dam
3995:Pashtunistan
3942:
3812:Pashto media
3732:Ashraf Ghani
3727:Hamid Karzai
3687:Faqir of Ipi
3677:Sartor Faqir
3652:Soraya Tarzi
3647:Mahmud Tarzi
3602:Mahmud Hotak
3567:Ibrahim Lodi
3521:Suri dynasty
3516:Lodi dynasty
3427:Constitution
3415:Independence
3302:
3273:Vanchinathan
2903:Bhagat Singh
2858:Annie Besant
2819:Independence
2800:Vinoba Bhave
2604:
2600:Swaraj Party
2594:
2504:Lucknow Pact
2414:Purna Swaraj
2404:Nehru Report
2311:
2215:Philosophies
2203:
2169:Polygar Wars
2097:French India
2082:Dutch Bengal
2072:Colonisation
1950:peacemakers.
1912:
1877:
1872:
1859:
1851:
1846:
1836:
1829:
1814:
1794:. Retrieved
1789:
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1736:
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1709:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1665:
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1613:
1603:
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1590:
1581:
1573:
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1540:
1525:
1502:. Retrieved
1496:
1467:. Retrieved
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1434:. Retrieved
1429:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1393:
1386:
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1352:
1338:
1331:
1320:
1310:24 September
1308:. Retrieved
1298:
1288:24 September
1286:. Retrieved
1276:
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1080:Faqir of Ipi
1053:
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1028:
1025:
1018:
1002:
992:Baluchishtan
962:
954:
938:
928:
923:
910:
907:Pashtunistan
891:
884:
873:
863:Nazi Germany
856:
847:
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746:
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441:
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429:
391:
387:
364:
352:Pashtunistan
345:
329:
318:
290:
281:
277:
276:Also called
275:
248:خداۍ خدمتګار
239:
238:
106:خداۍ خدمتګار
91:
76:
67:
48:
4088:Ambela Pass
4034:Battles and
4005:Durand Line
3910:Kabir Stori
3870:Rahman Baba
3785:Pashtunwali
3737:Arfa Siddiq
3557:Bahlul Lodi
3545:Key figures
3371:Mountbatten
2993:Hemu Kalani
2873:Bagha Jatin
2810:Vivekananda
2565:India House
2449:Act of 1935
2224:Ambedkarism
2092:British Raj
1717:Available:
1667:The Tribune
1436:24 February
1430:Daily Times
944:during the
360:independent
338:. When the
259:British Raj
200:Centre-left
62:introducing
4168:Categories
3981:Topics and
3915:Ghani Khan
3900:Hamza Baba
3880:Nazo Tokhi
3865:Pir Roshan
3827:Loya jirga
3707:Daoud Khan
3702:Zahir Shah
3672:Bacha Khan
3662:Nadir Shah
3637:Saidu Baba
3401:Linlithgow
3341:Chelmsford
3331:Cornwallis
3243:Tatya Tope
3113:Nana Saheb
3018:K. Kamaraj
2968:Dhan Singh
2883:Bakht Khan
2535:Arya Samaj
2469:Quit India
2419:Salt March
2278:Events and
2254:Satyagraha
1630:4 February
1130:References
978:same like
964:Bacha Khan
887:Ghani Khan
788:propaganda
773:croton oil
446:surkh posh
382:See also:
278:Surkh Posh
124:Bacha Khan
45:references
4078:Herat War
4036:conflicts
3757:Ali Wazir
3697:Wali Khan
3682:Umra Khan
3572:Gaju Khan
3508:Dynasties
3376:Wellesley
3361:Dalhousie
3223:Surya Sen
3118:P. Kakkan
3078:Mir Qasim
3053:M. N. Roy
2988:Har Dayal
2821:activists
2650:Baba Amte
2640:Ayyankali
2618:reformers
2540:Azad Hind
2280:movements
2259:Socialism
1996:Interview
1790:Firstpost
1498:The Hindu
1046:Reception
950:Sardaryab
549:Example 2
518:Example 1
452:Structure
204:left-wing
154:Dissolved
3406:Hastings
3366:Bentinck
2585:Jugantar
2229:Gandhism
1953:Archived
1911:(1999).
1796:6 August
1715:THE NEWS
1689:The NEWS
1611:(2007).
1059:See also
1033:city of
1021:One Unit
1012:—
976:Pakistan
932:—
813:Khilafat
777:laxative
476:Ideology
402:Peshawar
269:(now in
183:Ideology
3968:Taliban
3767:Culture
3499:Pashtun
3326:Canning
2745:Periyar
2394:Bardoli
2162:Gwalior
2064:History
1919:article
1673:2 March
1410:10 July
490:Islamic
420:Genesis
378:Origins
252:Pashtun
146:Founded
136:Founder
58:improve
3924:Groups
3790:Pashto
3396:Cripps
3391:Outram
3381:Lytton
3346:Curzon
3321:Wavell
2616:Social
2269:Swaraj
2152:Second
2137:Fourth
2127:Second
1925:
1902:
1821:
1621:
1553:
1504:7 June
1469:7 June
1401:
1374:
1264:
1239:
1211:
1170:
1114:(book)
1031:Indian
1009:1960s.
984:Bengal
980:Punjab
462:jirgas
244:Pashto
128:Gandhi
126:&
47:, but
3852:Poets
3842:Jirga
3386:Clive
3356:Minto
3351:Ripon
3336:Irwin
2770:Shahu
2157:Third
2147:First
2132:Third
2122:First
1917:(see
1888:Notes
1035:Delhi
988:Sindh
771:with
444:" or
3304:more
2606:more
2205:more
1923:ISBN
1900:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1798:2019
1675:2022
1632:2013
1619:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1506:2020
1471:2020
1438:2019
1412:2013
1399:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1312:2008
1290:2008
1262:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1168:ISBN
990:and
296:and
157:1947
149:1929
1532:135
974:in
769:tea
400:in
261:in
202:to
4170::
1989:;
1806:^
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1726:^
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1479:^
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1217:.
1182:^
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1440:.
1380:.
1314:.
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1245:.
1176:.
242:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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