3405:
2263:
1111:
1742:
124:
2018:
1460:
1727:
1445:
1272:
1617:
1475:
2428:
91:
651:
1198:
1430:
1768:
1947:
1495:
5257:
3737:
1778:
2591:
1281:
98:
4311:, Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, edited by M. S. Asimov and C. E. Bosworth. Multiple History Series. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 1998. excerpt from page 23: "Central Asia in the early seventh century, was ethnically, still largely an Iranian land whose people used various Middle Iranian languages.
958:
4594:"Apart from purely archaeological and artistic evidence , the date has been determined from coins of the Kushan kings Vima Kadphises and Kanishka, and of the Khwarazmian king Artav , that were found on the lower floors of some structures . Some economic documents found in the Palace were dated to between 188 and 252 of the
4761:
C.E. Bosworth, "The
Ghaznavids" in History of Civilization: Central Asia in History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV: The Age of Achievement : A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century : Part One : The Historical Social and Economic Setting/edited by M.S. Asimov and C.E.
4086:
says: "It is through the Arabic language that the sciences have been transmitted by means of translations from all parts of the world. They have been enhanced by the translation into the Arabic language and have as a result insinuated themselves into men's hearts, and the beauty of this language has
4297:
is regarded as the land allotted to
Fereydun's son Tur. The denizens of Turan were held to include the Turks, in the first four centuries of Islam essentially those nomadizing beyond the Jaxartes, and behind them the Chinese (see Kowalski; Minorsky, "Turan"). Turan thus became both an ethnic and a
4087:
commingled with these sciences in our veins and arteries. And if it is true that in all nations one likes to adorn oneself by using the language to which one has remained loyal, having become accustomed to using it with friends and companions according to need, I must judge for myself that in my
2063:. The term "Khiva Khanate" was used for the state in Khwarazm that existed from the beginning of the 16th century until 1920. The term "Khiva Khanate" was not used by the locals, who used the name Khvarazm. In Russian sources the term Khiva Khanate began to be used from the 18th century.
4298:
geographical term, but always containing ambiguities and contradictions, arising from the fact that all through
Islamic times the lands immediately beyond the Oxus and along its lower reaches were the homes not of Turks but of Iranian peoples, such as the Sogdians and Khwarezmians."
1182:
until the
Turkification of the region, and so must some at least of the culture and lore of ancient Khwarezm, for it is hard to see the commanding figure of Al-Biruni, a repository of so much knowledge, appearing in a cultural vacuum.
3404:
4289:, "CENTRAL ASIA: The Islamic period up to the mongols", C. Edmund Bosworth: "In early Islamic times Persians tended to identify all the lands to the northeast of Khorasan and lying beyond the Oxus with the region of
4770:. Excerpt from page 101: "The ancient Iranian kingdom of Khwarazm had been ruled until 995 by the old established line of Afrighids of Kath, but control subsequently passed to the new line of Khwarazm Shahs, the
1704:
on the left bank of the Amu Darya, grew in economic and political importance due to trade caravans. In 995, they violently overthrew the
Afrighids and themselves assumed the traditional title of Khwarazm-Shah.
2114:
that serious efforts to annex the region started. One of the main pretexts for
Russian military expeditions to Khiva was to free Russian slaves in the khanate and to prevent future slave capture and trade.
2379:
master, was among the casualties. The Mongol army that devastated
Gurganj was estimated to have been near 80,000 soldiers. The verse below refers to an early previous calamity that fell upon the region:
4116:
Bosworth, C.E. "Ḵh̲ W Ārazm." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. Accessed at 10 November 2007 <
4358:"An Artabazus ( Artabazos ), son of Pharnaces, commanded the Parthian and Chorasmian units in Xerxes' expedition of 480, and led the Persian army back to Asia after Mardonius' death at Plataea."
4915:
Ancient
Chorasmia. A Polity between the Semi-Nomadic and Sedentary Cultural Areas of Central Asia. Cultural Interactions and Local Developments from the Sixth Century BC to the First Century AD
2513:
1741:
2098:
During the reign of the Uzbek Khan Said
Muhammad Khan (1856–1864) in the 1850s, for the first time in the history of Khwarazm, a general population census of Khwarazm was carried out.
1314:. When the king of Khwarezm offered friendship to Alexander in 328 BC, Alexander's Greek and Roman biographers imagined the nomad king of a desert waste, but 20th-century Russian
1961:
The
Islamization of Khwarazm was reflected in the creation of literary, scientific and religious works and in the translation of Arabic works into the Turkic language. In the
123:
1676:). It thus came vaguely under Muslim control, but it was not till the end of the 8th century and the beginning of the 9th century that an Afrighid Shah first converted to
1984:
some distance away) again became one of the largest and most important trading centers in Central Asia. In the mid-14th century Khwarezm gained independence from the
4184:
Religion, Society, Trade and Kingship. Art and Archaeology in South Asia Along the Silk Road 5500 BCE-5th Century CE (South Asian Archaeology and Art 2016, Volume 1)
3366:
2059:
Khiva Khanate is the name of Khwarazm adopted in the Russian historical tradition during the period of its existence (1512–1920). The Khiva Khanate was one of the
1236:. The contact with the Achaemenid Empire had a great influence on the material culture of Chorasmia, starting a period of rich economic and cultural development.
1474:
1855:
Sultan Ahmed Sanjar died in 1156. As the Seljuk state fell into chaos, the Khwarezm-Shahs expanded their territories southward. In 1194, the last Sultan of the
2543:
1962:
1883:, the Qara Khitai who sent him an army. With this reinforcement, Muhammad won a victory over the Ghorids at Hezarasp (1204) and forced them out of Khwarizm.
1459:
2262:
1408:(Artabanus), a Chorasmian ruler of the 1st–2nd century AD, whose coins were discovered in the capital city of Toprak-Kala, imitated the type of the Kushan
1726:
1444:
4263:
MacKenzie, D. N. "Khwarazmian Language and Literature," in E. Yarshater ed. Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. III, Part 2, Cambridge 1983, pp. 1244–1249
3765:
4413:"The Parthians and Chorasmians had for their commander Artabazus son of Pharnaces, the Sogdians Azanes son of Artaeus, the Gandarians and Dadicae
3474:
2181:
90:
2014:
Control of the region was disputed by the Timurids and the Golden Horde, but in 1511 it passed to a new, local Uzbek dynasty, the ʿArabshahids.
3658:
793:
4846:
3615:
3359:
789:
1110:
5031:
1429:
2168:(later the Khorezm SSR) was created out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva, before in 1924 it was finally incorporated into the
5332:
3434:
2724:
2185:
1680:
appearing with the popular convert's name of ʿAbdullah ('slave of God'). In the course of the 10th century—when some geographers such as
974:
4235:
1793:
1423:
From the 2nd century AD, Chorasmia became part of the vast cultural sphere corresponding to the rise of the Kushan Empire in the east.
1330:
River of antiquity). The king's emissary offered to lead Alexander's armies against his own enemies, west over the Caspian towards the
4598:, i.e., to within the third century AD It should be borne in mind that only an insignificant portion of the archive has survived." in
1129:
For most of its history, up until the Mongol conquest, the inhabitants of the area were from Iranian stock, and they spoke an Eastern
5322:
4566:"Complex Connections : Figurative Art from Akchakhan-Kala and the Problematic Question of Relations between Khorezm and Parthia"
3643:
3562:
1965:
in Istanbul, the Koran is kept with an interlinear translation into Turkic, written in Khwarazm and dated (January – February 1363).
1892:
1072:
1322:, surrounded by the nomads of Central Asia, protected by its army of mailed horsemen, in the most powerful kingdom northwest of the
3352:
1632:, who were ruling the region since early 200's. It displays a fusion of Roman-Hellenistic, Indian and Persian cultural influencies.
1167:
from northern Khwarezm southwards, leading to the disappearance of the original Iranian character of the province and its complete
4995:
2295:
Other examples illustrate the eminent status of Khwarezmid and Transoxianian cities in Persian literature in the past 1500 years:
3507:
1915:, thus ending the Khwarezmid Empire. Sultan Muhammad died after retreating from the Mongols near the Caspian Sea, while his son
5337:
5062:
4947:
4922:
4866:
4530:
4398:
4371:
3832:
3758:
2288:
itself as "full of knowledge", referring to the fact that in antiquity, Bukhara was a scientific and scholarship powerhouse.
1788:
The date of the founding of the Khwarazmian dynasty remains debatable. During a revolt in 1017, Khwarezmian rebels murdered
2017:
1939:
In 1360 there arose in Ḵwarazm an independent minor dynasty of Qunghrat Turks, the Ṣūfīs, but Solaymān Ṣūfī was crushed by
3653:
5327:
3797:
31:
4752:
Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1996.
5278:
2367:". The city, however, was destroyed during several invasions, in particular when the Mongol army broke the dams of the
4180:"The Ancient Chorasmian Unbaked-clay Modelled Sculptures: Hellenistic Cultural 'Impacts' on an Eastern Iranian Polity"
4767:
4639:
4346:
4048:
3722:
3663:
1240:
5024:
4307:
C.E. Bosworth, "The Appearance of the Arabs in Central Asia under the Umayyads and the establishment of Islam", in
3751:
3384:
2137:(including Khwarezm) and, in 1873, a peace treaty was signed that established Khiva as a quasi-independent Russian
3419:
3053:
2538:
2363:, who visited Khwarezm and its capital in 1219, wrote: "I have never seen a city more wealthy and beautiful than
1908:
1879:
and was defeated by them at Amu Darya (1204). Following the sack of Khwarizm, Muhammad appealed for aid from his
5256:
728:'earth, land'), designating 'the land from which the sun rises', although a similar etymology is also given for
2804:
2528:
3542:
1107:–Khwarezmian dictionary and several legal texts that use Khwarezmian terms to explain certain legal concepts.
5140:
2824:
2371:, which flooded the city. He reports that for every Mongol soldier, four inhabitants of Gurganj were killed.
2087:
1335:
949:
line of Khwarazmshahs, having placed the ascension of Afrighids in 616 of the Seleucid era, i.e. in 305 AD.
5221:
4693:"A Four-Armed Goddess from Ancient Chorasmia: History, Iconography and Style of an Ancient Chorasmian Icon"
4418:
3917:
53:
1271:
505:
5342:
5017:
4975:
Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
4422:
1720:
character of the region although the title of Khwarezm-Shah was maintained well up to the 13th century.
1716:
in 1017. From then on, Turko-Mongolian invasions and long rule by Turko-Mongol dynasties supplanted the
1548:
and others clearly refer to Khwarezm as being part of the Iranian (Persian) empire. During the reign of
1514:
verifies that Khwarezm was a regional capital of the Sassanid empire. When speaking of the pre-Islamic "
1400:
From the 1st century BC, Chorasmia developed original coins inspired from Greco-Bactrian, Parthian, and
5145:
5104:
2562:
854:
4272:
2044:
This, together with a shift in the course of the Amu-Darya, caused the center of Khwarezm to shift to
985:
states arose from this cultural exchange. List of successive cultures in Khwarazm region 3000–500 BC:
5241:
5181:
3870:
2993:
2984:
2427:
1060:
46:
5196:
1816:
from 1017 to 1034. In 1077, the governorship of the province, which since 1042/1043 belonged to the
5211:
5124:
849:, which was the capital of ancient Khwarazm for many years, was actually Ourva, the eighth land of
697:
17:
4117:
1318:
revealed the region as a stable and centralized kingdom, a land of agriculture to the east of the
5098:
3393:
2633:
2501:
2111:
1901:
1872:
1616:
1197:
4673:
4522:
Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area: Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area
4285:
3961:
865:, a researcher in early Indo-European history, believes that Airyanem Vaejah was in what is now
650:
4627:
4565:
3459:
2834:
2507:
2127:
2107:
1916:
1804:. In response, Mahmud invaded and occupied the region of Khwarazm, which included Nasa and the
1350:
1251:
1043:
During the final Saka phase, there were about 400 settlements in Khwarezm. Ruled by the native
4388:
4858:
4520:
4232:
1621:
4600:
4501:
4091:
3803:
2574:
2490:
2477:
1821:
1064:
945:
came to the throne 92 years later, in 1200 BC. Al-Biruni starts giving names only with the
881:
believes Khwarazm to be the "most likely locale" corresponding to the original home of the
874:
588:
340:
240:
4024:
1654:
dynasty which ruled as the Shahs of Khwarezm from 305 to 995 AD. At times they were under
8:
4939:
3864:
3741:
3717:
3648:
3153:
2754:
1856:
1307:
1192:
1000:
921:
694:), referring to the abundance of cooked fish as a main diet of the peoples of this area.
4988:
4198:
3956:
2191:
The larger historical area of Khwarezm is further divided. Northern Khwarezm became the
729:
4730:
4482:
4151:
3605:
3557:
3512:
3489:
3233:
3213:
2966:
2623:
2523:
2277:
2161:
2029:(depicted as much smaller than it actually was in those days) and includes much of the
1771:
1762:
1758:
1595:
1389:. The early rulers of Chorasmia first imitated the coinage of the Greco-Bactrian ruler
1374:
1358:
1357:
dynasties. Numerous fortresses were built, and the Khwarazm oasis has been dubbed the "
1137:, specifically verifies the Iranian origins of Khwarezmians when he wrote (in Arabic):
1011:
989:
886:
348:
2148:
with 22,500 students. More than half of the madrasahs were in the city of Khiva (38).
1767:
1701:
5347:
5317:
5231:
5155:
4943:
4918:
4862:
4763:
4734:
4722:
4635:
4526:
4474:
4394:
4367:
4342:
4143:
4044:
3522:
3517:
3449:
3013:
3003:
2854:
2794:
2614:
2556:
2075:
1864:
1583:
1579:
1537:
1289:
1209:
1130:
1048:
981:, which later fused with Indo-Iranians during their migrations around 1000 BC. Early
733:
1620:
Silver bowl from Khwarezm depicting a four-armed goddess seated on a lion, possibly
5119:
5072:
5009:
4854:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4577:
3809:
3707:
3600:
3567:
3532:
3479:
3163:
3113:
3063:
2946:
2391:
2324:
2053:
2049:
2009:
1868:
1837:
1801:
1713:
1689:
1587:
1494:
1435:
1293:
1164:
1118:
1104:
1080:
1076:
870:
600:
576:
471:
468:
344:
270:
248:
204:
35:
4334:
1927:, and was later assassinated after various attempts to defeat the Mongols and the
1590:, corroborates Al-Biruni's claims. It was also a vassal kingdom during periods of
5129:
5041:
4999:
4933:
4595:
4546:
4361:
4239:
4094:, science has as much as chance of becoming perpetuated as a camel has of facing
4036:
3973:
3779:
3527:
3464:
3454:
3273:
3093:
3043:
3033:
2936:
2896:
2844:
2814:
2568:
2485:
2467:
2372:
2360:
1973:
1946:
1924:
1920:
1717:
1651:
1511:
1394:
1366:
1362:
1292:(Artabanos), ruler of Khwarezm. Blundered Greek legend "ΙΥΙΥΕΩΙΕ ΜΕΛΥΙ ΕΙΛΥΙΛΥ".
1088:
962:
878:
821:
659:
548:
486:
337:
333:
325:
4459:
4063:
5246:
5206:
5186:
5092:
4130:
KIDD, F.; CLEARY, M. NEGUS; YAGODIN, V. N.; BETTS, A.; BRITE, E. BAKER (2004).
3851:
3785:
3582:
3537:
3323:
3243:
3203:
3133:
3073:
2734:
2666:
2123:
2119:
2079:
2060:
1928:
1897:
The Khwarezmid Empire ruled over all of Persia in the early 13th century under
1876:
1825:
1625:
1560:
1556:
1545:
1516:
1413:
1370:
1354:
1217:
1096:
862:
835:
808:
608:
564:
536:
532:
515:
329:
39:
3867:(1244), with decisive Khwarezmian participation; ends Crusader power in Levant
3424:
1171:
today. Khwarezmian speech probably lasted in upper Khwarezm, the region round
1133:
called Khwarezmian. The famous scientist Al-Biruni, a Khwarezm native, in his
5311:
5293:
5280:
4726:
4478:
4147:
4074:
L. Massignon, "Al-Biruni et la valuer internationale de la science arabe" in
3903:
3620:
3552:
3469:
3444:
3303:
3293:
3283:
3143:
3103:
3083:
2886:
2697:
2646:
2403:
2364:
2316:
2220:
2133:
The Khanate of Khiva was gradually reduced in size from Russian expansion in
1977:
1951:
1401:
1382:
1168:
846:
785:
356:
5004:
4581:
4252:
Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages
1845:
1047:, it was at this point that Khwarezm entered the historical record with the
462:
456:
4771:
3702:
3668:
3610:
3577:
3313:
3253:
3193:
2916:
2866:
2601:
2461:
2353:
2212:
2204:
2169:
2138:
2038:
1985:
1955:
1934:
1905:
1829:
1782:
1697:
1693:
1390:
1311:
1229:
932:
777:
753:
368:
317:
186:
114:
5150:
5057:
4907:
4885:
4762:
Bosworth. Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1999, 485 pages. (Vol. IV, Pt. I).
3826:
3023:
2926:
2550:
2407:
2235:
2196:
2173:
2165:
2030:
1969:
1912:
1860:
1849:
1833:
1641:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1465:
1386:
1115:
942:
866:
850:
757:
501:
452:
352:
313:
4717:
4486:
4155:
4131:
2590:
2451:
The following either hail from Khwarezm, or lived and are buried there:
1777:
1586:(1172–1200) issued all their orders (both administrative and public) in
5166:
5134:
5067:
4547:"CHORASMIA i. Archeology and pre-Islamic hist. – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
4078:(Calcutta, 1951), pp. 217–219. excerpt: In a celebrated preface to the
3625:
3547:
3439:
3429:
3333:
3263:
3173:
3123:
2877:
2481:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2034:
1813:
1797:
1629:
1549:
1481:
1315:
1255:
1160:
978:
800:
364:
190:
2093:
5082:
5077:
5052:
4414:
3918:"The past and present distribution of the lion in south eastern Asia"
3838:
3572:
3484:
3223:
3183:
2906:
2784:
2532:
2455:
2368:
2192:
2177:
2157:
2134:
2071:
1997:
1871:
and western Iran. In 1200, Tekish died and was succeeded by his son,
1732:
1665:
1637:
1611:
1541:
1499:
1450:
1361:". Chorasmia remained relatively sheltered from the interests of the
1331:
1323:
1092:
1084:
1068:
1044:
913:
781:
761:
639:
632:
618:
310:
4467:
The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society
4179:
2003:
2000:, and over the course of five campaigns, destroyed Urganch in 1388.
1280:
1163:. The Iranian Khwarezmian language and culture felt the pressure of
5236:
5176:
5114:
5109:
4692:
4294:
3791:
3697:
3687:
2715:
2706:
2517:
2281:
2239:
2145:
2144:
In 1912, the Khiva Khanate numbered up to 440 schools and up to 65
2086:), prompted an armed trade expedition to the region, led by Prince
2083:
2026:
1880:
1789:
1681:
1655:
1599:
1571:
1570:, passed into use in Khwarezmia where it served as the first local
1507:
1417:
1378:
1346:
1319:
1244:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1201:
1172:
1152:
982:
946:
937:
917:
858:
765:
321:
4390:
The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period
869:, the northern areas of which were a part of ancient Khwarazm and
5216:
5201:
2744:
2684:
2675:
2440:
2285:
2251:
1981:
1817:
1709:
1673:
1669:
1591:
1409:
1339:
1247:
in the 480 BC, under the command of Achaemenid general and later
1156:
440:
3829:, Hellenistic name for Hindu Kush, Pamir and Tian Shan mountains
814:
Some of the early scholars believed Khwarazm to be what ancient
5226:
5191:
5171:
5160:
4118:
http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-4205
4083:
3692:
2956:
2764:
2444:
2432:
2415:
2247:
2243:
2231:
2219:
respectively. Many of the ancient Khwarezmian towns now lie in
1809:
1747:
Ossuary Lid, Tok-Kala Necropolis, Alabaster. 7th-8th century AD
1297:
1248:
1147:("The people of Khwarezm were a branch from the Persian tree.")
1100:
970:
882:
815:
4233:
Encyclopedia Iranica, "The Chorasmian Language", D.N.Mackenzie
3835:, tribal confederation linked to the Huns (5th–8th century AD)
2307:
The world of hearts is under his power in the same manner that
2025:), on a 1734 French map. The Khanate on the map surrounds the
1178:
The Khwarezmian language survived for several centuries after
1159:
control until the 10th century before it was conquered by the
5087:
4440:
4290:
4095:
2774:
2688:
2495:
2436:
2269:
2122:, Russian interests in the region collided with those of the
2045:
1993:
1989:
1940:
1841:
1677:
1405:
1179:
916:(973–1048) says that the land belonging to the mythical king
625:
611:
360:
306:
137:
2230:
Today, the area that was Khwarezm has a mixed population of
839:
4902:
Shir Muhammad Mirab Munis & Muhammad Reza Mirab Agahi.
4645:
4519:
Adrianov, Boris V.; Mantellini, Simone (31 December 2013).
2656:
2471:
2376:
2289:
2266:
2067:
1898:
1662:
1527:
1327:
1031:
957:
890:
297:
294:
276:
228:
213:
207:
1369:
appear in the ruins of Chorasmian cities, particularly at
780:
to stand for tidal flats, marshland, or tidal bays (e.g.,
285:
222:
4064:" ĀL-E AFRĪḠ" IN Encyclopedia Iranica by C. E. Bosworth
1935:
Khwarezm during the rule of Qunghrat dynasty (1360–1388)
1412:
and were found together with coins of the Kushan rulers
1828:
slave of the Seljuq sultan. In 1141, the Seljuq Sultan
30:"Khorezm" redirects here. For the Soviet republic, see
4609:
4129:
2048:, which became in the 16th century the capital of the
1258:, Khwarazm had already become an independent kingdom.
700:, however, believed the Persian name to be made up of
4966:
Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome
2571:, ambassador and governor of Mavaraunnahr (1224–1238)
828:
819:
770:
746:
738:
716:
702:
682:
668:
479:
445:
288:
273:
225:
210:
5039:
4434:
4432:
4430:
494:
282:
219:
5005:
E. Nerazik on Central Asia in the Early Middle Ages
4824:
The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
2094:
Khwarazm during the reign Uzbek dynasty of Qungrats
1054:
961:Chorasmian fresco from Kazakly-Yatkan (fortress of
343:civilization, and a series of kingdoms such as the
291:
279:
231:
216:
34:. For the coextensive state which preceded it, see
4748:
4746:
4744:
4605:. Wayne State University Press. 1996. p. 183.
4518:
4059:
4057:
3782:, alliance of Eurasian nomads (6th–9th century AD)
2172:, with the former Khanate divided between the new
1886:
1212:took control of Chorasmia during the time of King
4811:The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History
4427:
2199:. Also, in 1936 the northwestern part became the
2004:Khwarazm during the reign Shibanids – Arabshahids
1980:, "Old Gorganj" as opposed to the modern city of
1812:. As a result, Khwarazm became a province of the
1510:, the Sasanian Empire spread as far as Khwarezm.
5309:
4101:
3906:, "KĀṮ", www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kat-city
3794:, 12th-century Turco-Mongol tribal confederation
2292:verifies this when he praises the city as such.
1863:, was defeated and killed by the Khwarezm ruler
752:'land'. Khwarazm is indeed the lowest region in
4935:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
4741:
4502:""Chorasmian coinage" in Encyclopaedia Iranica"
4054:
3812:, archaeological site; Khwarezmian settlement (
2082:to open a trade route to the Indus (modern day
1067:was spoken in Khwarezm proper (i.e., the lower
128:Map of Khwarazm during the early Islamic period
38:. For the modern-day region of Uzbekistan, see
3915:
1919:, after being defeated by Genghis Khan at the
1552:, extensive areas of Khwarezm were conquered.
1397:artistic influences have also been described.
760:to the far west), located on the delta of the
666:wrote that the name was a Persian compound of
5025:
4851:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History
4011:Musa Javan. Tarikh-i Ijtima'i Iran-i Bastan (
3952:
3950:
3922:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
3759:
3360:
2396:
2384:
2342:
2332:
2309:
2299:
1968:The region of Khwarezm was split between the
1645:
1531:
1521:
894:
723:
709:
689:
675:
526:
519:
509:
4972:
4651:
4363:Who was who in the Greek World, 776 BC-30 BC
4320:
4273:Encyclopædia Britannica, "Iranian languages"
2557:Qutb al-zaman Muhammad ibn Abu-Tahir Marvazi
1345:Khwarezm was largely independent during the
1141:
557:
3854:, ancient Iranian religion, still practiced
3616:Turkmenistan in the 16th and 17th centuries
1306:Chorasmia was involved in the conquests of
1296:crowning the bust of the ruler. Chorasmian
1095:, our other sources of Khwarezmian include
654:Mawara'nnahr, Khwarazm and Greater Khorasan
5032:
5018:
4787:, (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 237.
3947:
3909:
3766:
3752:
3367:
3353:
2402:from the disaster that befell the land of
2195:, and in 1925 the western part became the
1976:, and its rebuilt capital Gurganj (modern
1365:or Greco-Bactria, but various elements of
4813:, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.
4716:
4457:
4254:, Columbia University Press, 2004, pg 278
4196:
4025:Michael Witzel. "The Home of the Aryans."
2464:, Khwarezm Shah and founder of an academy
1893:Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire
1484:, partially restored (1st-4th century AD)
4963:
4826:, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 168.
4615:
4309:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
3938:
2426:
2280:in abundance, in both prose and poetry.
2261:
2257:
2101:
2016:
1945:
1776:
1766:
1615:
1493:
1196:
1175:, till the end of the 8th/14th century.
1109:
956:
649:
320:, bordered on the north by the (former)
4912:
4888:. "The Sarts in the Khanate of Khiva",
4690:
4339:Ancient Persia and Iranian Civilization
4177:
3788:, autonomous republic within Uzbekistan
2541:, 10th century encyclopedist who wrote
2516:, commentary writer on the writings of
1498:Location of the main fortresses of the
14:
5310:
4993:, on the ancient history of Khwarezmia
4906:(Leiden: Brill) 1999, trans & ed.
4859:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.284
4438:
4359:
1661:In 712, Khwarezm was conquered by the
1602:power before the coming of the Arabs.
1578:2nd century, as well as evidence that
1239:Chorasmian troops participated in the
1204:tomb, Choresmian soldier circa 470 BC.
807:, which is declared to be part of the
374:
113:Location of the Khwarazm heartland in
5013:
4386:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4002:, Tehran University Press. 1991. p. 8
1628:. The bowl is similar to that of the
1261:
1143:أهل خوارزم کانوا غصناً من دوحة الفرس
920:was first colonised 980 years before
351:, whose capitals were (among others)
4931:
4904:Firdaws al-Iqbal. History of Khorezm
4844:
4563:
4525:. Oxbow Books, Limited. p. 38.
4499:
3890:
2348:early one morning, so I have heard.
1875:, who initiated a conflict with the
1752:
1502:oasis, 4th century BC-6th century AD
1186:
935:) when the hero of the Iranian epic
4968:. The University of Michigan Press.
4932:West, Barbara A. (1 January 2009).
4632:Kharazm: What do I know about Iran?
4512:
4460:"Notes on the Indo-Greeks: Part Ii"
4439:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
4321:
3858:
3644:Russian conquest and the Great Game
2531:, mathematician (for whom the term
2397:
2385:
2343:
2333:
2310:
2300:
2052:, ruled over by the dynasty of the
1781:Takash mausoleum in Kunya Urgench,
1646:
1532:
1522:
1142:
973:, Khwarazm was an expansion of the
895:
736:compound stands for 'lowland' from
724:
710:
690:
676:
490:
475:
363:. Today Khwarazm belongs partly to
252:
24:
5333:Historical geography of Uzbekistan
5267:* indicates short living provinces
4847:"Khorezm and the Khanate of Khiva"
4539:
4441:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
4162:
4013:The social history of ancient Iran
3848:–1000 BC), ancient Iranian prophet
2589:
2340:A greedy one went to Khwarezm-shah
2276:Khwarezm and her cities appear in
2078:, together with the desire of the
1735:2 fortress (6th to 8th century AD)
1489:
1254:. By the time of the Persian king
1125:), 1st century BC – 1st century AD
889:calls Khwarazm "the cradle of the
520:
25:
5359:
4982:
4892:, Vol. 12, 1978, pp. 121–151
4178:Minardi, Michele (January 2020).
2422:
2386:آخر ای خاک خراسان داد یزدانت نجات
2319:have brought peace to the world.
1241:Second Persian invasion of Greece
965:), 1st century BC-2nd century AD.
5323:Former countries in Central Asia
5255:
4322:الآثار الباقية عن القرون الخالية
3798:Khorezm People's Soviet Republic
3735:
3654:October Revolution and Civil War
3403:
2447:in the time period of 1902–1903.
2398:از بلای غیرت خاک ره گرگانج و کات
2203:. Following the collapse of the
2166:Khorezm People's Soviet Republic
2151:
1996:regarded Khwarezm as a rival to
1904:(1200–1220). From 1218 to 1220,
1740:
1725:
1712:suzerainty, before it passed to
1473:
1468:palace city (1st-2nd century AD)
1458:
1443:
1428:
1279:
1270:
1055:Khwarezmian language and culture
384:Khwarazm has been known also as
269:
203:
122:
97:
96:
89:
32:Khorezm People's Soviet Republic
4973:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2011).
4838:
4829:
4816:
4803:
4790:
4777:
4755:
4684:
4666:
4657:
4621:
4588:
4557:
4493:
4451:
4407:
4387:Kuhrt, Amélie (15 April 2013).
4380:
4352:
4328:
4314:
4301:
4278:
4266:
4257:
4244:
4226:
4217:
4190:
4123:
4068:
4030:
4018:
3806:, extinct East Iranian language
2539:Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khwarizmi
2514:Abu l-Hasan Sa'eedeh ibn Sa'deh
2311:دولت خوارزمشاه داد جهان را قرار
2301:عالم جانها بر او هست مقرر چنانک
2090:, which was repelled by Khiva.
1887:Mongol conquest by Genghis Khan
1453:1 fortress (4th-3rd century BC)
1151:The area of Khwarezm was under
952:
359:) and—from the 16th century on—
4709:10.1080/05786967.2013.11834726
4602:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
4136:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
4132:"Ancient Chorasmian Mural Art"
4076:Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume
4005:
3992:
3979:
3976:, Mu'jam al-buldān, Vol2, p395
3967:
3932:
3896:
3884:
2529:Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
764:on the southern shores of the
13:
1:
4845:Wood, William (23 May 2019).
3877:
3842:
3813:
2638:
2284:for example defines the name
2272:and his maiden from Khwarezm.
2088:Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky
2074:during the reign of Russia's
1840:, and Anush Tigin's grandson
1438:fortress (4th-3rd century BC)
1224:mentions Persian cities like
1216:(ruled 522–486 BC). And the
1071:region) until soon after the
1034:
1023:
1014:
1003:
992:
925:
873:. Others, however, disagree.
161:
77:
5338:Empires and kingdoms of Iran
4674:"bowl | British Museum"
4275:(Retrieved 29 December 2008)
3939:Sharipov, Zhumaniëz (1976).
1950:Turabek khanum mausoleum in
1708:Briefly, the area was under
1688:mention Khwarezm as part of
1605:
1079:. It was closely related to
907:
845:). These sources claim that
840:
645:
633:
619:
463:
457:
54:Khwarezmian (disambiguation)
27:Oasis region in Central Asia
7:
4293:, which in the Shahnama of
2581:
1373:, and the influence of the
1300:. Circa 1st–2nd century AD.
829:
820:
771:
747:
739:
732:. Another view is that the
717:
703:
683:
669:
558:
495:
480:
446:
336:. It was the center of the
10:
5364:
5328:Historical regions of Iran
5105:Garamig ud Nodardashiragan
4964:Stoneman, Richard (1994).
4879:
4393:. Routledge. p. 275.
3681:Related historical regions
2961:8th/9th century – 1238 / 9
2805:Ancient kingdom of Armenia
2647:Proto-Elamite civilization
2007:
1954:, Qunghrat dynasty, 1330,
1890:
1756:
1609:
1190:
1075:, when it was replaced by
941:came to Khwarazm; his son
902:
626:
612:
244:
51:
44:
29:
5294:42.1896083°N 59.3261722°E
5264:
5253:
5048:
4691:Minardi, Michele (2013).
4458:Whitehead, R. B. (1947).
3987:The Encyclopedia of Islam
3871:Siege of Jerusalem (1244)
1923:, sought refuge with the
1867:, who conquered parts of
1820:, fell into the hands of
1381:, reflecting the rise of
1232:in abundance in his epic
1087:terms used by the native
799:The name also appears in
776:are commonly used in the
568:
552:
540:
527:
510:
332:, and on the west by the
182:
178:
168:
155:
151:
143:
133:
121:
84:
76:
63:
4890:Journal of Asian History
4197:MacKenzie, D.N. (1996).
2725:Bactria–Margiana Complex
2435:imperial territories of
2344:شنیدم که شد بامدادی پگاه
2334:یکی پر طمع پیش خوارزمشاه
2160:seizure of power in the
1902:ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muhammad II
975:Bactria–Margiana culture
912:The Khwarezmian scholar
379:
95:
45:Not to be confused with
5099:Eran-Khwarrah-Yazdegerd
4798:The Ghaznavids:994-1040
4785:The Ghaznavids:994-1040
4582:10.3406/topoi.2011.2406
4564:Kidd, Fiona J. (2011).
4366:. Phaidon. p. 62.
3989:, Vol IV, 1978. p. 1061
3916:Kinnear, N. B. (1920).
3742:Turkmenistan portal
2547:("Key to the Sciences")
2508:Jalal ad-Din Menguberdi
2188:as Karakalpak Oblast).
1686:Al-Masalik wa-l-mamalik
5299:42.1896083; 59.3261722
4628:Nasser Takmil Homayoun
4570:Topoi. Orient-Occident
4360:Bowder, Diana (1982).
4205:. Encyclopædia Iranica
4199:"Encyclopædia Iranica"
3943:. Sovietskiy pisatel'.
3460:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
3254:Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans
2835:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2594:
2448:
2420:
2358:
2329:
2273:
2207:in 1991, these became
2128:First Anglo-Afghan War
2041:
1958:
1909:conquered Central Asia
1785:
1774:
1633:
1559:which was used by the
1503:
1359:Fifty fortresses oasis
1252:Artabazos I of Phrygia
1205:
1149:
1126:
966:
655:
604:
592:
580:
328:, on the south by the
170:• Disestablished
4899:, pp. 308ff etc.
3873:by Khwarezmian tribes
2739:c. 1500 BCE – 500 BCE
2593:
2458:, outstanding scholar
2430:
2382:
2330:
2297:
2265:
2258:In Persian literature
2102:Khwarazm in 1873–1920
2020:
1949:
1780:
1770:
1619:
1497:
1200:
1139:
1113:
960:
653:
324:, on the east by the
4913:Minardi, M. (2015).
4835:Rene, Grousset, 168.
4286:Encyclopædia Iranica
4238:14 July 2009 at the
3962:Encyclopædia Iranica
3804:Khwarezmian language
3595:Early modern history
3264:Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans
3054:Zaydis of Tabaristan
2577:, Khan and historian
2478:Rashid al-Din Vatvat
2394:! God has saved you,
2070:on the banks of the
1832:was defeated by the
1822:Anush Tigin Gharchai
1091:Khwarezmian speaker
1049:Achaemenid expansion
875:University of Hawaii
658:The Arab geographer
535:: خُوَلاذِمُوْ); in
461:or 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹
52:For other uses, see
5290: /
4940:Infobase Publishing
4897:Alexander the Great
4041:The History of Iran
3998:Bahram Farahvoshi.
3865:Battle of La Forbie
3649:Transcaspian Oblast
3154:Khwarazmian dynasty
2927:Kabul Shahi kingdom
2829:c. 302 BCE – 580 CE
2755:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2634:Kura–Araxes culture
2575:Abu l-Ghazi Bahadur
2502:Ala al-Din Muhammad
2431:The borders of the
2184:(initially part of
2182:Karakalpakstan ASSR
2106:It was under Tsars
1963:Suleymaniye Library
1913:Kara-Khitai Khanate
1873:Ala ad-Din Muhammad
1857:Great Seljuq Empire
1844:became a vassal to
1652:Khwarezmian Iranian
1640:, the Afrighids of
1308:Alexander the Great
1193:Chorasmia (satrapy)
1165:Turkic infiltration
1001:Suyarganovo culture
922:Alexander the Great
772:khwar/khar/khor/hor
768:. Various forms of
375:Names and etymology
157:• Established
5343:Historical regions
4998:2 May 2013 at the
4678:The British Museum
4473:(1/2): 38, fig.3.
3893:, pp. 402–405
3669:After Independence
3606:Emirate of Bukhara
3513:Rashidun Caliphate
3490:Hephthalite Empire
3234:Jalairid Sultanate
3214:Muzaffarid dynasty
2994:Rashidun Caliphate
2967:Kingdom of Georgia
2917:Hephthalite Empire
2595:
2524:Abaaq al-Khwarazmi
2449:
2278:Persian literature
2274:
2162:October Revolution
2042:
1992:dynasty. However,
1959:
1790:Abu'l-Abbas Ma'mun
1786:
1775:
1772:Khwarezmian Empire
1763:Anushtegin dynasty
1759:Khwarazmian Empire
1634:
1584:ʿAlā al-Dīn Tekish
1540:, sources such as
1504:
1375:Greco-Buddhist art
1262:Hellenistic period
1206:
1127:
1012:Tazabagyab culture
990:Kelteminar culture
967:
931:, well before the
818:texts refer to as
656:
467:(/Uvārazmī-/); in
349:Anushtegin dynasty
5273:
5272:
5040:Provinces of the
4949:978-1-4381-1913-7
4924:978-90-429-3138-1
4868:978-0-19-027772-7
4652:Pourshariati 2011
4551:iranicaonline.org
4532:978-1-78297-167-2
4506:iranicaonline.org
4445:iranicaonline.org
4400:978-1-136-01694-3
4373:978-0-7148-2207-5
3776:
3775:
3450:Achaemenid Empire
3435:Oxus civilization
3377:
3376:
3342:
3341:
3014:Abbasid Caliphate
3004:Umayyad Caliphate
2975:
2974:
2875:
2874:
2859:2nd century BCE –
2855:Caucasian Albania
2795:Achaemenid Empire
2745:Kingdom of Mannai
2657:Elamite dynasties
2491:Fakhr al-Din Razi
2468:Najm al-Din Kubra
2033:coast of today's
1865:Ala ad-Din Tekish
1753:Khwarezmid Empire
1647:آفریغیان-آل آفریغ
1538:Khwarezmid Empire
1336:Kingdom of Iberia
1210:Achaemenid Empire
1187:Achaemenid period
1083:. Other than the
1022:Amirabad Culture
853:mentioned in the
455:𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁
196:
195:
16:(Redirected from
5355:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5268:
5259:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5011:
5010:
4989:Jona Lendering,
4978:
4969:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4928:
4895:Robin Lane Fox.
4873:
4872:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4827:
4822:Rene, Grousset,
4820:
4814:
4807:
4801:
4794:
4788:
4781:
4775:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4739:
4738:
4720:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4500:Vainberg, B. I.
4497:
4491:
4490:
4464:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4436:
4425:
4421:." in Herodotus
4411:
4405:
4404:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4356:
4350:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4305:
4299:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4255:
4248:
4242:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4175:
4160:
4159:
4127:
4121:
4114:
4099:
4072:
4066:
4061:
4052:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4009:
4003:
3996:
3990:
3985:C. E. Bosworth,
3983:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3954:
3945:
3944:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3913:
3907:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3859:Crusader-related
3847:
3844:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3810:Koi Krylgan Kala
3768:
3761:
3754:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3708:Greater Khorasan
3664:Turkmenistan SSR
3601:Khanate of Khiva
3568:Chagatai Khanate
3553:Seljuk Turkomans
3548:Ghaznavid Empire
3485:Kidarite Kingdom
3480:Sassanian Empire
3465:Parthian dynasty
3407:
3397:
3379:
3378:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3224:Chupanid dynasty
3164:Sultanate of Rum
3124:Ghaznavid Empire
3114:Sallarid dynasty
3064:Saffarid dynasty
2990:
2989:
2947:Bagratid Armenia
2907:Afrighid dynasty
2883:
2882:
2825:Caucasian Iberia
2809:331 BCE – 428 CE
2785:Scythian Kingdom
2749:10th–7th century
2640:
2619:
2618:
2586:
2585:
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2496:Ala al-Din Atsiz
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2164:, a short-lived
2050:Khanate of Khiva
2010:Khanate of Khiva
1842:Ala ad-Din Atsiz
1838:battle of Qatwan
1814:Ghaznavid Empire
1796:, sister of the
1744:
1729:
1714:Mahmud of Ghazni
1650:) were a native
1649:
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1624:. Dated 658 AD,
1588:Persian language
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1131:Iranian language
1119:Tower of Silence
1077:Turkic languages
1045:Afrighid dynasty
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3420:Ancient history
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3044:Dulafid dynasty
3034:Tahirid dynasty
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2897:Sasanian Empire
2881:
2871:27 BCE – 330 CE
2860:
2845:Parthian Empire
2815:Seleucid Empire
2611:
2584:
2569:Mahmud Yalavach
2510:, Khwarezm Shah
2504:, Khwarezm Shah
2498:, Khwarezm Shah
2486:epistolographer
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1921:Battle of Indus
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830:Airyanəm Vaēǰah
822:Airyanem Vaejah
714:'the sun') and
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3852:Zoroastrianism
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3817: 400 BCE
3807:
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3800:(1920–1923/25)
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3786:Karakalpakstan
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2124:British Empire
2120:The Great Game
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2080:Russian Empire
2066:The rumors of
2061:Uzbek khanates
2008:Main article:
2005:
2002:
1936:
1933:
1911:including the
1891:Main article:
1888:
1885:
1792:and his wife,
1754:
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1626:British Museum
1610:Main article:
1607:
1604:
1580:Khwarezm-Shahs
1557:Pahlavi script
1555:The fact that
1546:Ibn Khordadbeh
1530:of Khwarezm" (
1520:of Khwarezm" (
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1371:Akchakhan-Kala
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1191:Main article:
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1097:al-Zamakhshari
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1027: 1000 BC
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863:Michael Witzel
836:Middle Persian
809:Persian Empire
647:
644:
609:Greek language
587:, خوْرِزم; in
563:), حورەزم; in
547:, خوارَزم; in
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5285:59°19′34.22″E
5282:42°11′22.59″N
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3828:
3825:
3821: 400 AD
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3733:
3732:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:Afsharid Iran
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:Kushan Empire
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Median Empire
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:Afsharid Iran
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3294:Hotak dynasty
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3284:Mughal Empire
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3144:Seljuk Empire
3142:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:Buyid dynasty
3102:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3084:Sajid dynasty
3082:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2887:Kushan Empire
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:Median Empire
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2559:, philosopher
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2338:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:Khwarazmshahs
2305:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:Xorazm Region
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:Soviet period
2149:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2112:Alexander III
2109:
2099:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:Kunya Urgench
1975:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1957:
1953:
1952:Kunya Urgench
1948:
1944:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1402:Indo-Scythian
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:, appears at
1384:
1383:Kushan Empire
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:archeologists
1313:
1309:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1169:Turkicization
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1038: 500 BC
1033:
1030:
1021:
1013:
1010:
1002:
999:
991:
988:
987:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
964:
959:
950:
948:
944:
940:
939:
934:
923:
919:
915:
900:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
842:
837:
833:
831:
824:
823:
817:
812:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
786:Khor Abdallah
783:
779:
775:
773:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
749:
743:
741:
735:
731:
721:
719:
707:
705:
699:
698:C.E. Bosworth
695:
687:
685:
673:
671:
665:
661:
652:
643:
641:
637:
635:
623:
621:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:, خورەزم; in
574:
566:
562:
560:
550:
546:
538:
534:
524:
522:
517:
503:
499:
497:
488:
484:
482:
473:
470:
465:
459:
454:
450:
448:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:Konye-Urgench
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
312:
308:
305:) is a large
302:
266:
262:
258:
250:
242:
236:
200:
192:
188:
185:
183:Today part of
181:
177:
173:
167:
160:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
125:
120:
116:
92:
83:
75:
70:
62:
59:
55:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5275:
4990:
4974:
4965:
4953:. Retrieved
4934:
4914:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4850:
4840:
4831:
4823:
4818:
4810:
4805:
4797:
4792:
4784:
4779:
4757:
4718:11574/202487
4700:
4696:
4686:
4677:
4668:
4659:
4647:
4631:
4623:
4611:
4601:
4590:
4573:
4569:
4559:
4550:
4541:
4521:
4514:
4505:
4495:
4470:
4466:
4453:
4444:
4409:
4389:
4382:
4362:
4354:
4338:
4330:
4325:(p. 47)
4316:
4308:
4303:
4284:
4280:
4268:
4259:
4251:
4246:
4228:
4219:
4207:. Retrieved
4202:
4192:
4183:
4139:
4135:
4125:
4088:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4040:
4032:
4020:
4012:
4007:
3999:
3994:
3986:
3981:
3969:
3960:
3940:
3934:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3898:
3886:
3712:
3703:Greater Iran
3611:Safavid Iran
3558:Khwarazmians
3396:Turkmenistan
3314:Zand dynasty
3194:Kart dynasty
2876:
2867:Roman Empire
2622:
2613:
2602:Greater Iran
2565:, astronomer
2542:
2450:
2383:
2375:, the great
2359:
2339:
2331:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2275:
2229:
2213:Turkmenistan
2205:Soviet Union
2190:
2170:Soviet Union
2155:
2143:
2139:protectorate
2132:
2117:
2108:Alexander II
2105:
2097:
2065:
2058:
2043:
2039:Turkmenistan
2022:
2013:
1986:Golden Horde
1967:
1960:
1956:Turkmenistan
1938:
1917:Jalal ad-Din
1906:Genghis Khan
1896:
1854:
1830:Ahmed Sanjar
1805:
1787:
1783:Turkmenistan
1707:
1694:Transoxiania
1685:
1660:
1658:suzerainty.
1635:
1596:Hephthalites
1554:
1515:
1505:
1480:Fortress of
1422:
1399:
1391:Eucratides I
1344:
1312:Central Asia
1305:
1238:
1207:
1177:
1150:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1085:astronomical
1061:East Iranian
1058:
1042:
968:
953:Early people
936:
933:Seleucid era
911:
896:مهد قوم آریا
885:people, and
838:
827:
813:
804:
798:
794:Hor al-Himar
778:Persian Gulf
769:
754:Central Asia
745:
737:
715:
701:
696:
681:
667:
663:
657:
631:
617:
596:
584:
572:
556:
544:
518:
493:
478:
444:
443:the name is
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
383:
369:Turkmenistan
318:Central Asia
264:
260:
256:
198:
197:
187:Turkmenistan
115:Central Asia
68:
58:
5297: /
5151:Kushanshahr
5058:Adurbadagan
4917:. Peeters.
4908:Yuri Bregel
4886:Yuri Bregel
4774:of Gurganj"
3846: 1500
3827:Mount Imeon
3718:Transcaspia
3659:Soviet rule
3502:Middle Ages
3475:Proto-Turks
3394:History of
3024:Shirvanshah
2951:880s – 1045
2610:Pre-Islamic
2600:History of
2551:Zamakhshari
2390:Oh land of
2236:Karakalpaks
2197:Turkmen SSR
2186:Kazakh ASSR
2174:Turkmen SSR
2054:Arabshahids
2031:Caspian Sea
1970:White Horde
1861:Toghrul III
1850:Qara Khitan
1834:Qara Khitai
1824:, a former
1700:, based in
1696:—the local
1568:Old Persian
1564:bureaucracy
1533:امیر خوارزم
1523:خسرو خوارزم
1466:Toprak-Kala
1387:Toprak-Kala
1116:Zoroastrian
1065:Khwarezmian
977:during the
943:Kay Khusraw
867:Afghanistan
861:. However,
851:Ahura Mazda
847:Old Urgench
805:Huvarazmish
790:Hor al-Azim
758:Caspian Sea
589:Azerbaijani
533:Xiao'erjing
506:qʰaljɯʔmriɡ
502:Old Chinese
491:خَـوَارِزْم
453:Old Persian
341:Khwarezmian
316:in western
314:river delta
241:Old Persian
5312:Categories
5167:Machelonia
5135:Kadagistan
5068:Arbayistan
4186:: 195–205.
4092:Chorasmian
3957:"Khwarazm"
3878:References
3819: – c.
3626:Qajar Iran
3440:Massagetae
3430:Gonur Depe
3334:Qajar Iran
3174:Salghurids
3088:889/90–929
2624:Prehistory
2563:Al-Marwazi
2482:panegyrist
2414:—Divan of
2225:Uzbekistan
2217:Kazakhstan
2209:Uzbekistan
2201:Kazakh SSR
2156:After the
2035:Kazakhstan
2021:Khwarezm (
1988:under the
1846:Yelü Dashi
1630:Sassanians
1574:about the
1566:alongside
1550:Khosrow II
1500:Chorasmian
1482:Kyzyl-Kala
1256:Darius III
1161:Ghaznavids
1063:language,
979:Bronze Age
877:historian
801:Achaemenid
744:'low' and
398:Khwarezmia
365:Uzbekistan
245:Hwârazmiya
191:Uzbekistan
5141:Khuzistan
5083:Balasagan
5078:Asoristan
5053:Abarshahr
4991:Chorasmia
4772:Ma'munids
4735:192245224
4727:0578-6967
4479:0267-7504
4423:VII 64-66
4419:Artabanus
4415:Artyphius
4203:CHORASMIA
4148:0890-4464
4000:Iranovich
3891:West 2009
3839:Zoroaster
3723:Turkmenia
3573:Ilkhanate
3533:Saffarids
3414:Antiquity
3338:1794–1925
3328:1794–1826
3318:1750–1794
3308:1736–1750
3298:1722–1729
3288:1526–1857
3278:1501–1722
3268:1378–1508
3258:1407–1468
3248:1370–1507
3238:1339–1432
3228:1337–1357
3218:1314–1393
3208:1299–1923
3198:1231–1389
3188:1256–1353
3184:Ilkhanate
3178:1148–1282
3168:1077–1307
3158:1077–1231
3148:1037–1194
2971:1008–1490
2729:2200–1700
2651:3200–2800
2553:, scholar
2535:is named)
2533:algorithm
2462:Ma'mun II
2456:Al-Biruni
2369:Amu Darya
2193:Uzbek SSR
2178:Uzbek SSR
2158:Bolshevik
2146:madrasahs
2135:Turkestan
2130:in 1839.
2118:Early in
2072:Amu Darya
1998:Samarkand
1943:in 1388.
1798:Ghaznavid
1733:Ayaz Kala
1698:Ma'munids
1666:Caliphate
1656:Sassanian
1638:Al-Biruni
1612:Afrighids
1606:Afrighids
1542:Al-Biruni
1451:Ayaz Kala
1332:Black Sea
1324:Amu Darya
1155:and then
1093:Al-Biruni
1069:Amu Darya
914:Al-Biruni
908:Legendary
782:Khor Musa
762:Amu Darya
646:Etymology
640:Herodotus
634:Chorasíma
620:Chorasmía
521:Huālázǐmó
496:Khawārizm
447:Xvairizem
386:Chorasmia
311:Amu Darya
265:Chorasmia
69:Chorasmia
5348:Aral Sea
5318:Khwarazm
5237:Suristan
5222:Sakastan
5156:Khwarazm
5110:Garmekan
5088:Dihistan
4996:Archived
4955:13 March
4634:. 2004.
4487:42663141
4341:. 1972.
4295:Ferdowsi
4236:Archived
4156:24049142
4043:. 2001.
3928:: 33–39.
3902:https://
3792:Keraites
3713:Khwarazm
3698:Margiana
3688:Hyrcania
3583:Timurids
3538:Samanids
3528:Tahirids
3523:Abbasids
3518:Umayyads
3385:a series
3383:Part of
3128:975–1187
3118:941–1062
3108:934–1055
3098:928–1043
3068:861–1003
3028:799–1607
3018:750–1258
2716:Corduene
2661:2800–550
2615:BCE / BC
2582:See also
2518:Sibawayh
2392:Khorasan
2282:Dehkhoda
2240:Turkmens
2084:Pakistan
2027:Aral Sea
1881:suzerain
1869:Khorasan
1794:Hurra-ji
1690:Khorasan
1682:Istakhri
1674:Abbasids
1670:Umayyads
1600:Gokturks
1582:such as
1572:alphabet
1508:Shapur I
1418:Kanishka
1395:Parthian
1379:Gandhara
1347:Seleucid
1320:Aral Sea
1234:Shahnama
1226:Afrasiab
1222:Ferdowsi
1214:Darius I
1202:Xerxes I
1173:Hazarasp
1153:Afrighid
1114:Chilpyk
983:Iron Age
947:Afrighid
938:Siyavash
918:Afrasiab
893:tribe" (
887:Dehkhoda
859:Vendidad
857:text of
841:Ērān-wēz
834:; later
796:, etc.)
766:Aral Sea
730:Khurasan
627:Χορασίμα
613:Χορασμία
418:Khorasam
406:Khwarazm
402:Khwarizm
394:Khwarezm
390:Khaurism
347:and the
322:Aral Sea
199:Khwarazm
164:1292 BCE
104:Khwarazm
65:Khwarazm
47:Khorasan
18:Khwarezm
5217:Parthia
5202:Paradan
5172:Makuran
5073:Armenia
5063:Albania
4880:Sources
4417:son of
4349:. p. 46
4209:29 July
3078:819–999
3058:864–928
3048:840–897
3038:821–873
3008:661–750
2998:637–651
2985:Islamic
2941:642–760
2931:565–879
2921:425–557
2911:305–995
2901:224–651
2878:CE / AD
2839:250–125
2819:330–150
2799:550–330
2789:652–625
2779:728–550
2769:860–590
2759:911–609
2707:Cyrtian
2698:Gutians
2685:Lullubi
2676:Mannaea
2441:Bukhara
2433:Russian
2404:Gurganj
2365:Gurganj
2286:Bukhara
2252:Kazakhs
2126:in the
1982:Urgench
1929:Seljuks
1877:Ghurids
1848:of the
1836:at the
1818:Seljuqs
1800:sultan
1718:Iranian
1710:Samanid
1702:Gurganj
1684:in his
1592:Kushans
1561:Persian
1517:khosrau
1410:Heraios
1404:types.
1355:Arsacid
1340:Colchis
1218:Persian
1157:Samanid
1105:Persian
1089:Iranian
1081:Sogdian
903:History
883:Avestan
855:Pahlavi
816:Avestic
740:kh(w)ar
734:Iranian
680:), and
662:in his
601:Turkish
577:Turkmen
472:Persian
441:Avestan
434:Chorezm
422:Kharazm
414:Khoresm
410:Khorezm
338:Iranian
257:Xwârazm
249:Persian
174:1324 AD
144:History
134:Capital
5232:Spahan
5227:Sogdia
5192:Meshan
5161:Lazica
5146:Kirman
5130:Iberia
5115:Gurgan
4946:
4921:
4865:
4800:, 237.
4766:
4733:
4725:
4642:. p.35
4638:
4529:
4485:
4477:
4397:
4370:
4345:
4154:
4146:
4142:: 83.
4089:native
4084:Biruni
4051:. p.28
4047:
4027:(.pdf)
3693:Sogdia
3387:on the
2957:Alania
2891:30–275
2765:Urartu
2474:mystic
2445:Kokand
2416:Anvari
2250:, and
2248:Tatars
2244:Tajiks
2232:Uzbeks
2023:Karasm
1826:Turkic
1810:Farawa
1802:Mahmud
1506:Under
1334:(e.g.
1298:tamgha
1249:satrap
1245:Xerxes
1123:Dakhma
1101:Arabic
971:Sogdia
924:(thus
624:) and
605:Harezm
597:Харәзм
593:Xarəzm
585:Хорезм
581:Horezm
573:Хоразм
569:Xorazm
559:Xorezm
553:Хорезм
549:Kazakh
545:Xorazm
541:Хоразм
514:); in
487:Arabic
481:Xārazm
476:خوارزم
469:Modern
432:, and
430:Horezm
426:Harezm
261:Xârazm
253:خوارزم
147:
5247:Yemen
5242:Turan
5187:Media
5182:Mazun
5120:Harev
5093:Egypt
4731:S2CID
4483:JSTOR
4463:(PDF)
4291:Turan
4152:JSTOR
4096:Kaaba
3578:Karts
2689:Zamua
2437:Khiva
2354:Saadi
2270:Timur
2046:Khiva
1994:Timur
1990:Sufid
1941:Timur
1806:ribat
1678:Islam
1406:Artav
1326:(the
1290:Artav
1230:Chach
1220:poet
1180:Islam
969:Like
891:Aryan
670:khwar
638:) by
607:; in
599:; in
565:Uzbek
537:Tajik
500:; in
485:; in
451:; in
380:Names
361:Khiva
307:oasis
263:) or
138:Khiva
5212:Pars
5177:Marw
5125:Hind
4957:2015
4944:ISBN
4919:ISBN
4863:ISBN
4764:ISBN
4723:ISSN
4697:Iran
4636:ISBN
4527:ISBN
4475:ISSN
4395:ISBN
4368:ISBN
4343:ISBN
4211:2009
4144:ISSN
4120:>
4045:ISBN
2484:and
2472:Sufi
2443:and
2408:Kath
2406:and
2377:Sufi
2315:The
2290:Rumi
2267:Emir
2215:and
2180:and
2110:and
2068:gold
2037:and
1972:and
1899:Shah
1761:and
1692:and
1672:and
1663:Arab
1642:Kath
1636:Per
1622:Nana
1598:and
1544:and
1528:amir
1416:and
1353:and
1338:and
1328:Oxus
1294:Nike
1228:and
1208:The
1032:Saka
684:razm
677:خوار
528:花剌子模
353:Kath
4855:doi
4713:hdl
4705:doi
4578:doi
3959:at
3833:Uar
1808:of
1377:of
1342:).
1310:in
1243:by
1099:'s
1059:An
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748:zam
718:zam
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