1227:
1345:
rather than the binary definition (2, i.e., 1,073,741,824). Specifically, the United States
District Court for the Northern District of California held that "the U.S. Congress has deemed the decimal definition of gigabyte to be the 'preferred' one for the purposes of 'U.S. trade and commerce' The California Legislature has likewise adopted the decimal system for all 'transactions in this state.
2409: Many have assumed that byte, meaning 8 bits, originated with the IBM System/360, which spread such bytes far and wide in the mid-1960s. The editor is correct in pointing out that the term goes back to the earlier Stretch computer (but incorrect in that Stretch was the first, not the last, of IBM's second-generation transistorized computers to be developed).
2700: The maximum input-output byte size for serial operation will now be 8 bits, not counting any error detection and correction bits. Thus, the Exchange will operate on an 8-bit byte basis, and any input-output units with less than 8 bits per byte will leave the remaining bits blank. The resultant gaps can be edited out later by programming
2948:, as that was the size of most of our coded data items. Shortly afterward, I went on to other responsibilities that removed me from SAGE. After having spent many years in Asia, I returned to the U.S. and was bemused to find out that the word byte was being used in the new microcomputer technology to refer to the basic addressable memory unit.
2415:. A byte was described as consisting of any number of parallel bits from one to six. Thus a byte was assumed to have a length appropriate for the occasion. Its first use was in the context of the input-output equipment of the 1950s, which handled six bits at a time. The possibility of going to 8-bit bytes was considered in
2641: With 64-bit words, it would often be necessary to make some compromises, such as leaving 4 bits unused in a word when dealing with 6-bit bytes at the input and output. However, the LINK Computer can be equipped to edit out these gaps and to permit handling of bytes which are split between words.
312:
to facilitate the transmission of written language as well as printing device functions, such as page advance and line feed, and the physical or logical control of data flow over the transmission media. During the early 1960s, while also active in ASCII standardization, IBM simultaneously introduced
1866:
is used here because a given character may be represented in different applications by more than one code, and different codes may use different numbers of bits (i.e., different byte sizes). In input-output transmission the grouping of bits may be completely arbitrary and have no relation to actual
2463:
is used here because a given character may be represented in different applications by more than one code, and different codes may use different numbers of bits (ie, different byte sizes). In input-output transmission the grouping of bits may be completely arbitrary and have no relation to actual
1556:
must hold at least 256 different values, and is represented by at least eight bits (clause 5.2.4.2.1). Various implementations of C and C++ reserve 8, 9, 16, 32, or 36 bits for the storage of a byte. In addition, the C and C++ standards require that there are no gaps between two bytes. This means
1344:
Lawsuits arising from alleged consumer confusion over the binary and decimal definitions of multiples of the byte have generally ended in favor of the manufacturers, with courts holding that the legal definition of gigabyte or GB is 1 GB = 1,000,000,000 (10) bytes (the decimal definition),
189:
codified this common meaning. Many types of applications use information representable in eight or fewer bits and processor designers commonly optimize for this usage. The popularity of major commercial computing architectures has aided in the ubiquitous acceptance of the 8-bit byte. Modern
2823:
used 8-bit characters, although not ASCII directly. Thus
Buchholz's "byte" caught on everywhere. I myself did not like the name for many reasons. The design had 8 bits moving around in parallel. But then came a new IBM part, with 9 bits for self-checking, both inside the CPU and in the
2093:
work, or to handle bytes of only one bit for logical analysis, or to offset the bytes by any number of bits. All this can be done by pulling the appropriate shift diagonals. An analogous matrix arrangement is used to change from serial to parallel operation at the output of the adder.
984:
While the difference between the decimal and binary interpretations is relatively small for the kilobyte (about 2% smaller than the kibibyte), the systems deviate increasingly as units grow larger (the relative deviation grows by 2.4% for each three orders of magnitude). For example, a
2087:, starting at the right. The 0-diagonal is pulsed first, sending out the six bits 0 to 5, of which the Adder accepts only the first four (0-3). Bits 4 and 5 are ignored. Next, the 4 diagonal is pulsed. This sends out bits 4 to 9, of which the last two are again ignored, and so on.
2811:, the man who DID coin the term "byte" for an 8-bit grouping). It seemed reasonable to make a universal 8-bit character set, handling up to 256. In those days my mantra was "powers of 2 are magic". And so the group I headed developed and justified such a proposal .
2807: So some folks started thinking about 7-bit characters, but this was ridiculous. With IBM's STRETCH computer as background, handling 64-character words divisible into groups of 8 (I designed the character set for it, under the guidance of Dr.
436:
was used to denote eight bits as well at least in
Western Europe; however, this usage is no longer common. The exact origin of the term is unclear, but it can be found in British, Dutch, and German sources of the 1960s and 1970s, and throughout the documentation of
1917:
refers to the number of words transmitted to or from an input-output unit in response to a single input-output instruction. Block size is a structural property of an input-output unit; it may have been fixed by the design or left to be varied by the program.
1308:
addressed such multiple usages and definitions by adopting the IUPAC's proposed prefixes (kibi, mebi, gibi, etc.) to unambiguously denote powers of 1024. Thus one kibibyte (1 KiB) is 1024 bytes = 1024 bytes, one mebibyte (1 MiB) is 1024 bytes =
2843: It is justified by new communications methods that can carry 16, 32, 64, and even 128 bits in parallel. But some foolish people now refer to a "16-bit byte" because of this parallel transfer, which is visible in the
152:
of 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, or 60 bits, corresponding to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, or 10 six-bit bytes, and persisted, in legacy systems, into the twenty-first century. In this era, bit groupings in the instruction stream were often referred to as
2080:
on six different levels. Thus, if a 1 comes out of position 9, it appears in all six cores underneath. Pulsing any diagonal line will send the six bits stored along that line to the Adder. The Adder may accept all or only some of the
2404: Not being a regular reader of your magazine, I heard about the question in the November 1976 issue regarding the origin of the term "byte" from a colleague who knew that I had perpetrated this piece of jargon
377:
has come to mean a sequence of precisely eight binary digits...When we speak of bytes in connection with MIX we shall confine ourselves to the former sense of the word, harking back to the days when bytes were not yet standardized."
997:(symbol kB) is defined to equal 1,000 bytes—is recommended by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The IEC standard defines eight such multiples, up to 1 yottabyte (YB), equal to 1000 bytes. The additional prefixes
2483:
took over many of the
Stretch concepts, including the basic byte and word sizes, which are powers of 2. For economy, however, the byte size was fixed at the 8 bit maximum, and addressing at the bit level was replaced by byte
325:(BCDIC) representations used in earlier card punches. The prominence of the System/360 led to the ubiquitous adoption of the eight-bit storage size, while in detail the EBCDIC and ASCII encoding schemes are different.
308:, which replaced the incompatible teleprinter codes in use by different branches of the U.S. government and universities during the 1960s. ASCII included the distinction of upper- and lowercase alphabets and a set of
2815:
That was a little too much progress when presented to the standards group that was to formalize ASCII, so they stopped short for the moment with a 7-bit set, or else an 8-bit set with the upper half left for future
1548:
as an "addressable unit of data storage large enough to hold any member of the basic character set of the execution environment" (clause 3.6 of the C standard). The C standard requires that the integral data type
207:
explicitly defines a sequence of eight bits, eliminating the potential ambiguity of the term "byte".. The symbol for octet, 'o', also conveniently eliminates the ambiguity in the symbol 'B' between byte and
2638:
without having to split a byte between one word and the next. If longer bytes were needed, 60 bits would, of course, no longer be ideal. With present applications, 1, 4, and 6 bits are the really important
2944: We coined the word byte to refer to a logical set of bits less than a full word size. At that time, it was not defined specifically as x bits but typically referred to as a set of
1356:. Western Digital settled the challenge and added explicit disclaimers to products that the usable capacity may differ from the advertised capacity. Seagate was sued on similar grounds and also settled.
1131:
standard. Only the first three multiples (up to GB) are mentioned by the JEDEC standard, which makes no mention of TB and larger. While confusing and incorrect, the customary convention is used by the
3267:
Matsuoka, Satoshi; Sato, Hitoshi; Tatebe, Osamu; Koibuchi, Michihiro; Fujiwara, Ikki; Suzuki, Shuji; Kakuta, Masanori; Ishida, Takashi; Akiyama, Yutaka; Suzumura, Toyotaro; Ueno, Koji (2014-09-15).
3982:
3092:
478:, creating a conflict with the IEC specification. However, little danger of confusion exists, because the bel is a rarely used unit. It is used primarily in its decadic fraction, the
3424:
1080:
in which 1 kibibyte (KiB) is equal to 1,024 (i.e., 2) bytes is defined by international standard IEC 80000-13 and is supported by national and international standards bodies (
4427:
2109:
3536:
Brown, Richard J. C. (27 April 2022). "Reply to "Facing a shortage of the Latin letters for the prospective new SI symbols: alternative proposal for the new SI prefixes"".
2782:, and saw all the confusion caused by the 64-character limitation. Especially when we started to think about word processing, which would require both upper and lower case.
1290:
of the two definitions: most notably, floppy disks advertised as "1.44 MB" have an actual capacity of 1,440 KiB, the equivalent of 1.47 MB or 1.41 MiB.
4374:
4353:
458:
1750:
Video is encoded at a bitrate of 27.8 Mbit/s, with a runtime of 1,403 min (84,180 seconds) resulting in an approximate size of 0.2925 TB (0.2661 TiB).
1174:
Various computer vendors have coined terms for data of various sizes, sometimes with different sizes for the same term even within a single vendor. These terms include
3745:
2327:
1804:
1166:
capacity, the customary convention was used by macOS and iOS through Mac OS X 10.6 Snow
Leopard and iOS 10, after which they switched to units based on powers of 10.
3912:(IEC) approved as an IEC International Standard names and symbols for prefixes for binary multiples for use in the fields of data processing and data transmission."
2488: Are there any other terms coined especially for the computer field which have found their way into general dictionaries of English language?
981:, ...) and their corresponding symbols (Ki, Mi, Gi, ...) or they might use the prefixes K, M, and G, creating ambiguity when the prefixes M or G are used.
232:
computer, which had addressing to the bit and variable field length (VFL) instructions with a byte size encoded in the instruction. It is a deliberate respelling of
2663:
2597:
2025:
1592:
In data transmission systems, the byte is used as a contiguous sequence of bits in a serial data stream, representing the smallest distinguished unit of data. For
4020:
4249:
300:. These representations included alphanumeric characters and special graphical symbols. These sets were expanded in 1963 to seven bits of coding, called the
148:
was an often-used implementation in early encoding systems, and computers using six-bit and nine-bit bytes were common in the 1960s. These systems often had
3965:
Amendment 2 to IEC International
Standard IEC 60027-2: Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics.
2411: The first reference found in the files was contained in an internal memo written in June 1956 during the early days of developing
2062: Most important, from the point of view of editing, will be the ability to handle any characters or digits, from 1 to 6 bits long.
2506:
4084:
2400:
We received the following from W Buchholz, one of the individuals who was working on IBM's
Project Stretch in the mid 1950s. His letter tells the story.
3986:
3826:
301:
3049:, was byte oriented. I don't recall for sure, but I'm reasonably certain the description of that computer included the word "byte," and we used it. ]
2240: A string that consists of a number of bits, treated as a unit, and usually representing a character or a part of a character.
1294:
198:
1860:
denotes a group of bits used to encode a character, or the number of bits transmitted in parallel to and from input-output units. A term other than
2459:
denotes a group of bits used to encode a character, or the number of bits transmitted in parallel to and from input-output units. A term other than
490:
measurements, while a unit for one-tenth of a byte, the decibyte, and other fractions, are only used in derived units, such as transmission rates.
4182:
2634: 60 is a multiple of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Hence bytes of length from 1 to 6 bits can be packed efficiently into a 60-bit
3879:
2293:
3326:
3223:
758:
3895:
2975:
318:
3627:
4107:
583:
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floppy format (holding 368,640 bytes) being advertised as "360 KB", following the 1,024-byte convention. It was not universal, however. The
1006:
2407:. I searched my files and could not locate a birth certificate. But I am sure that "byte" is coming of age in 1977 with its 21st birthday.
4472:
2269:
4219:
4128:
2454:, edited by W Buchholz, McGraw-Hill Book Company (1962). The rationale for coining the term was explained there on page 40 as follows:
1100:
were given in a consultation paper of the
International Committee for Weights and Measures' Consultative Committee for Units (CCU) as
4737:
4275:
3909:
3421:
3298:
1305:
1085:
194:
3795:
373:
100 distinct values. On a binary computer a byte must therefore be composed of six bits". He notes that "Since 1975 or so, the word
3611:
2884:
2443:
1242:
for binary multiples arose as a convenience, because 1,024 is approximately 1,000. This definition was popular in early decades of
969:, ...) and their corresponding symbols (k, M, G, ...). Systems based on powers of 2, however, might use binary prefixes (
1092:). The IEC standard defines eight such multiples, up to 1 yobibyte (YiB), equal to 1024 bytes. The natural binary counterparts to
5108:
4742:
4328:
4297:
3926:
305:
4150:
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2486: Since then the term byte has generally meant 8 bits, and it has thus passed into the general vocabulary.
759:
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3002:
4349:
3180:
3592:
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3514:
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1831:
1352:
Earlier lawsuits had ended in settlement with no court ruling on the question, such as a lawsuit against drive manufacturer
4715:
4616:
3903:
3250:
2942:; a bit represented a binary notational position in a word. Operations typically operated on all the bits in the full word.
2324:"The TCP/IP Guide - Binary Information and Representation: Bits, Bytes, Nibbles, Octets and Characters - Byte versus Octet"
1297:'s (IUPAC) Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols attempted to resolve this ambiguity by proposing a set of
3712:
3668:
3231:
2723:
2900:
2682:
2616:
2044:
1424:
1282:
held 109,375 bytes unformatted, and was advertised as "110 Kbyte", using the 1000 convention. Likewise, the 8-inch
1230:
Percentage difference between decimal and binary interpretations of the unit prefixes grows with increasing storage size
3168:
2301:
465:
3454:
4893:
3128:
2209:
2166:
576:
4407:
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1286:
RX01 floppy (1975) held 256,256 bytes formatted, and was advertised as "256k". Some devices were advertised using a
4016:
144:-dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size. Sizes from 1 to 48 bits have been used. The
4241:
4866:
4465:
3484:
2542:
1665:
The term syllable was used for bytes containing instructions or constituents of instructions, not for data bytes.
349:
1848: Terms used here to describe the structure imposed by the machine design, in addition to
1332:
The IEC adopted the IUPAC proposal and published the standard in
January 1999. The IEC prefixes are part of the
4983:
4788:
4720:
4682:
3157:
2875:
2434:
1819:
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45:
2828:. I exposed this 9-bit byte to the press in 1973. But long before that, when I headed software operations for
2755:
2561:]: In a report Werner Buchholz lists the advantages of a 64-bit word length for Stretch. It also supports
2514:
5164:
4423:
3224:
https://web.archive.org/web/20090818042050/http://www.iec.ch/online_news/etech/arch_2003/etech_0503/focus.htm
1283:
934:
4414:
3975:
4883:
4813:
4661:
4536:
4076:
2635:
2220: NB. Defines a byte as a group of typically 9 bits; 8 data bits plus 1 parity bit.
2065:
1690:
supporting this dates from 1956-06-11. Buchholz stated that the transition to 8-bit bytes was conceived in
1647:
569:
322:
149:
2122:
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4773:
4050:
4043:"Defendant Western Digital Corporation's Brief in Support of Plaintiff's Motion for Preliminary Approval"
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1391:
400:
pairs in a byte, such as the decimal-add-adjust (DAA) instruction. A four-bit quantity is often called a
258:
3833:
2971:
5169:
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4186:
3065:, and the AN/FSQ-31 picked it up from STRETCH, but Werner is very definitely the author of that word. ]
2381:
1593:
1466:
917:
522:
3876:
1238:
making a definition of memory units based on powers of 2 most practical. The use of the metric prefix
5189:
5071:
5023:
4935:
4913:
4908:
4836:
4702:
4656:
3319:
3269:"Extreme Big Data (EBD): Next Generation Big Data Infrastructure Technologies Towards Yottabyte/Year"
2570: NB. This timeline erroneously specifies the birth date of the term "byte" as
1938:
1601:
1596:
a full transmission unit usually additionally includes a start bit, 1 or 2 stop bits, and possibly a
518:
514:
2967:
5184:
5174:
4945:
4609:
2244: 1 The number of bits in a byte is fixed for a given data processing system.
2216:
Byte = zusammengehörige Folge von i.a. neun Bits; davon sind acht
Datenbits, das neunte ein Prüfbit
2118:
1885:
consists of the number of data bits transmitted in parallel from or to memory in one memory cycle.
1537:
133:. Those bits in an octet are usually counted with numbering from 0 to 7 or 7 to 0 depending on the
17:
4105:
1600:, and thus its size may vary from seven to twelve bits for five to eight bits of actual data. For
947:. Nomenclature for these systems has led to confusion. Systems based on powers of 10 use standard
497:
is defined as the symbol for octet in IEC 80000-13 and is commonly used in languages such as
5098:
5013:
4272:"I could imagine a machine with 9-bit bytes. But surely not 16-bit bytes or 32-bit bytes, right?"
2510:
2265:
4841:
4697:
4651:
2919:
2786:
Add 26 lower case letters to 47 existing, and one got 73 -- 9 more than 6 bits could represent.
2425: The first published reference to the term occurred in 1959 in a paper '
1301:
for the powers of 1024, including kibi (kilobinary), mebi (megabinary), and gibi (gigabinary).
362:
262:
145:
2261:
4831:
4806:
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1862:
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475:
190:
architectures typically use 32- or 64-bit words, built of four or eight bytes, respectively.
185:
values 0 through 255 for one byte, as 2 to the power of 8 is 256. The international standard
106:
94:
31:
3320:"List of Resolutions for the 27th meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures"
4633:
4531:
4481:
4124:
2751:
1991:
1933:
1913:
1523:
1336:. The IEC further specified that the kilobyte should only be used to refer to 1,000 bytes.
1136:
1020:, internal bus, hard drive and flash media transfer speeds, and for the capacities of most
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2793:, the very first computer I know of with an 8-bit byte) that would extend the number of
5179:
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5066:
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4778:
4747:
4445:
3856:
IUCr 1995 Report - IUPAC Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (IDCNS)
3553:
3383:
2945:
2871:
2430:
2201:
2157:. Prentice Hall Series in Computer Engineering (1 ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ, US:
2064: Figure 2 shows the Shift Matrix to be used to convert a 60-bit
1975:
1957:
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3220: |*| About bits and bytes: prefixes for binary multiples - IEC
3164:
3153:
3124:
2833:
2565:'s requirement for 8-bit bytes. Werner's term "Byte" first popularized in this memo.
2231:
ISO/IEC 2382-1: 1993, Information technology - Vocabulary - Part 1: Fundamental terms
2205:
2172:
2162:
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1823:
1632:
1567:
is defined as eight bits. It is a signed data type, holding values from −128 to 127.
1379:
1235:
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557:
502:
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309:
253:, is on record by Louis G. Dooley, who claimed he coined the term while working with
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118:
70:
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1961:
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1981:
1947:
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122:
114:
3589:
1111:
An alternative system of nomenclature for the same units (referred to here as the
505:, and is also combined with metric prefixes for multiples, for example ko and Mo.
344:. This large investment promised to reduce transmission costs for eight-bit data.
5123:
4988:
4940:
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3954:
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3832:. Maynard, Massachusetts: Digital Equipment Corporation. May 1975. Archived from
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1811:
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273:
actually used the term, but the author recalled vaguely that it was derived from
225:
110:
102:
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3247:
249:
for bit groups smaller than a computer's word size, and in particular groups of
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3716:
3664:
3549:
3363:
3228:
3149:
3036:
3017:
2820:
2719:
2182: NB. Example of the usage of a code for "4-bit bytes".
1994:
1622:
1261:
985:
power-of-10-based terabyte is about 9% smaller than power-of-2-based tebibyte.
385:
254:
126:
2910:
193:
The unit symbol for the byte was designated as the upper-case letter B by the
5153:
4998:
3431:"Note: 1 megabyte (MB) = 1 million bytes; 1 gigabyte (GB) = 1 billion bytes."
3371:
3294:
2530:
2385:
2158:
2084:
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1507:
1021:
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369:
amount of information ... capable of holding at least 64 distinct values ...
182:
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98:
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3379:
3116:
2151:
Rao, Thammavaram R. N.; Fujiwara, Eiji (1989). McCluskey, Edward J. (ed.).
2090:
2073:
1719:
had the ability to operate on arbitrary bytes no larger than the word size.
1333:
1317:
1143:
size, and in marketing and billing by telecommunication companies, such as
1029:
753:
450:
354:
186:
178:
3894:
1952:
1759:
The actual number of bits in a particular implementation is documented as
5133:
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4978:
4925:
4752:
3639:
3062:
3052:
2934:. In that era, computer memory structure was already defined in terms of
2855:
But you will notice that I am still correct. Powers of 2 are still magic!
2790:
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2412:
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1403:
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409:
3285:
2926:(the North American Air Defense System), which was jointly developed by
2918: The word byte was coined around 1956 to 1957 at
2832:
in France in 1965-66, I insisted that 'byte' be deprecated in favor of "
2141: NB. Discusses 12-bit, 24-bit and 48-bit bytes.
421:
unambiguously specifies a size of eight bits. It is used extensively in
388:
in the 1970s popularized this storage size. Microprocessors such as the
93:. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single
5038:
5033:
4950:
4918:
4823:
4766:
4450:
3640:"Determining Actual Disk Size: Why 1.44 MB Should Be 1.40 MB"
3571:
Kilobyte – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary
2825:
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1716:
1597:
1551:
1061:
1025:
393:
389:
337:
314:
3875:"Binary Prefix" University of Auckland Department of Computer Science
3476:
3029: You mentioned that the term "byte" is used in
2083: Assume that it is desired to operate on 4 bit
5113:
5091:
5048:
5043:
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4625:
3042:
2829:
2246: 2 The number of bits in a byte is usually 8.
1986:
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1140:
1057:
948:
454:
382:
289:
274:
177:
of eight bits, as documented in ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993, is a convenient
3983:
United States District Court for the Northern District of California
3352:"How many yottabytes in a quettabyte? Extreme numbers get new names"
2447:, June 1959, page 121. The notions of that paper were elaborated in
1936:(1959), "A proposal for a generalized card code of 256 characters",
5028:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4214:
4155:
3877:
https://wiki.cs.auckland.ac.nz/stageonewiki/index.php/Binary_prefix
2763:
1764:
1712:
1144:
653:
640:
627:
293:
229:
30:
This article is about the unit of information. For other uses, see
2089: It is just as easy to use all six bits in
1889:
is thus defined as a structural property of the memory. (The term
4557:
4552:
3599:. Dictionary.reference.com (1995-09-29). Retrieved on 2011-01-07.
3187:
3146:
British Commercial Computer Digest: Pergamon Computer Data Series
3121:
The Art of Computer Programming: Volume 1: Fundamental Algorithms
3046:
2844:
2840:
You can notice that my preference then is now the preferred term.
1412:
1226:
1156:
1148:
604:
479:
438:
329:
209:
3968:
3628:
Prefixes for Binary and Decimal Multiples: Binary versus decimal
2176:
1827:
4521:
4500:
4125:"Kilobytes Megabytes Gigabytes Terabytes (Stanford University)"
3030:
3020:
on the history of programming languages included this exchange:
2968:"Erklärung des Wortes "Byte" im Rahmen der Lehre binärer Codes"
2848:
1977:
Internet Protocol DARPA INTERNET PROGRAM PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION
1694:, but the earliest document found using this notion dates from
1627:
1053:
1049:
401:
285:
270:
2356:
byte, octet, 8-bit byte: A string that consists of eight bits.
1108:(Qi, 1024), but have not yet been adopted by the IEC and ISO.
4594:
3412:
1977 Disk/Trend Report Rigid Disk Drives, published June 1977
1642:
1541:
1128:
1065:
1041:
965:
959:
953:
939:
97:
of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest
3580:. Merriam-webster.com (2010-08-13). Retrieved on 2011-01-07.
3016: A question-and-answer session at an
2905:
2789: I even made a proposal (in view of
2466:
1869:
1617:
1570:
1089:
1081:
397:
234:
4375:"Avatar - The Last Airbender: The Complete Series Blu-ray"
3266:
109:. To disambiguate arbitrarily sized bytes from the common
4641:
4495:
4242:"The Zettabyte Era Officially Begins (How Much is That?)"
3257:— The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
2939:
2931:
2870:
2804:
Some folks took it seriously. I thought of it as a spoof.
2779:
2674:
2608:
2562:
2557:
2036:
1850:
1791:
1674:
Many sources erroneously indicate a birthday of the term
1585:
as a signed data type, holding values from 0 to 255, and
1482:
1221:
1045:
1033:
396:, could also perform a small number of operations on the
90:
51:
4325:"C++ FAQ: the rules about bytes, chars, and characters"
4104:
Allison Dexter, "How Many Words are in Harry Potter?",
2072:, or 'bytes' as we have called them, to be sent to the
1440:
3609:
Definition of kilobyte from Oxford Dictionaries Online
2847:
set. I'm not sure, but maybe this should be called a "
1822:/ The Maple Press Company, York, PA., pp. 39–40,
1604:
the error checking usually uses bytes at the end of a
3123:(3rd ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley. p. 125.
2507:"Timeline of the IBM Stretch/Harvest era (1956-1961)"
1505:
global yearly Internet traffic in 2016 (known as the
993:
Definition of prefixes using powers of 10—in which 1
4446:
https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs101/bits-bytes.html
2576:, while Buchholz actually used the term as early as
1895:
was coined for this purpose by the designers of the
1127:(GB) is equal to 1024 bytes is mentioned by a 1990s
228:
in June 1956, during the early design phase for the
3590:
Kilobyte – Definition of Kilobyte at Dictionary.com
3069: That's right. Thank you. ]
2989:
2882:(June 1959). "Processing Data in Bits and Pieces".
1320:
suggested calling the kibibyte a "large kilobyte" (
1056:. It is also consistent with the other uses of the
288:codes for printable graphic patterns common in the
4175:
3858:http://ww1.iucr.org/iucr-top/cexec/rep95/idcns.htm
3796:"Shugart Associates SA 400 minifloppy™ Disk Drive"
2654:
2652:
2223:
513:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
302:American Standard Code for Information Interchange
4034:
4010:
4008:
4006:
2016:
2014:
1295:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
199:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
5151:
3827:"RXS/RX11 floppy disk system maintenance manual"
2892:
2501:
2499:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
1873:, but respelled to avoid accidental mutation to
1682:claimed that the term would have been coined in
474:, a unit of logarithmic power ratio named after
408:, which is conveniently represented by a single
265:in 1956 or 1957, which was jointly developed by
257:and Dick Beeler on an air defense system called
4422:. PDP-10 System Reference Manual. Vol. 1.
4210:"Internet Could Max Out in 2 Years, Study Says"
2649:
2586:
1787:
1785:
1783:
4003:
3948:https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html
3896:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2198:Introduction to digital information processing
2011:
1327:
988:
319:Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
269:, MIT, and IBM. Later on, Schwartz's language
4610:
4466:
3213:
3211:
3137:
3061:coined the word as part of the definition of
3057: May I speak to that?
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2496:
2471:but respelled to avoid accidental mutation to
2361:
2346:
2344:
1071:
929:based on the byte. Some systems are based on
577:
449:The unit symbol for the byte is specified in
365:computer to denote a unit which "contains an
4367:
3229:https://www.iec.ch/prefixes-binary-multiples
3173:
2451:Planning a Computer System (Project Stretch)
2194:Einführung in die digitale Datenverarbeitung
2121:(CDC). 1966-10-11 . 60021300. Archived from
2102:
1816:Planning a Computer System - Project Stretch
1780:
1470:animated television series, all 61 episodes
1007:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
4444:Ashley Taylor. "Bits and Bytes." Stanford.
4416:Programming with the PDP-10 Instruction Set
4263:
4077:"Seagate pays out over gigabyte definition"
3447:"How iOS and macOS report storage capacity"
2961:
2959:
2864:
2555: 1956 July [
2150:
1737:Through the 1970s there were machines with
1382:variable indicating true (1) or false (0).
1339:
937:(SI), which defines for example the prefix
280:Early computers used a variety of four-bit
140:The size of the byte has historically been
27:Unit of digital information, usually 8 bits
4617:
4603:
4473:
4459:
4289:
4151:"Hitachi Introduces 1-Terabyte Hard Drive"
4142:
4047:Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation
3208:
3111:
3109:
2737:
2419:and incorporated in the design of Stretch
2341:
1012:This definition is most commonly used for
584:
570:
4316:
3910:International Electrotechnical Commission
3618:. Askoxford.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-07.
3284:
3041: As I recall, the
2185:
2154:Error-Control Coding for Computer Systems
1985:
1951:
1926:
943:as 1000 (10); other systems are based on
195:International Electrotechnical Commission
4480:
4426:(DEC). August 1969. pp. 2-15–2-17.
4148:
3915:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3273:Supercomputing Frontiers and Innovations
3143:
3045:, a totally different computer than the
2956:
2885:IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers
2658:
2592:
2444:IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers
2376:
2321:
2254:
2020:
1456:the largest consumer hard drive in 2007
1225:
592:
215:
4149:Perenson, Melissa J. (4 January 2007).
4068:
4017:"Western Digital Settles Capacity Suit"
3773:. Swtpc.com. 2013-08-14. Archived from
3106:
3077:
2714:
2288:
2286:
2144:
2111:3600 Computer System - Reference Manual
2068:, coming from Memory in parallel, into
1557:every bit in memory is part of a byte.
1202:. There are also informal terms. e.g.,
306:Federal Information Processing Standard
14:
5152:
4040:
3350:Gibney, Elizabeth (18 November 2022).
3349:
2898:
2292:
2137:Byte - A partition of a computer word.
2076:serially. The 60 bits are dumped into
1973:
1728:There was more than one BCD code page.
1222:History of the conflicting definitions
925:More than one system exists to define
508:
4598:
4454:
4295:
4222:from the original on 26 November 2007
4207:
4074:
3946:NIST "Prefixes for binary multiples"
3535:
3487:from the original on 18 November 2021
3434:
3181:"Philips Data Systems' product range"
3115:
2750:
2529: 1956 Summer:
2315:
2191:
1932:
1867:characters. (The term is coined from
1359:
89:that most commonly consists of eight
4014:
3671:from the original on 26 October 2016
3632:
3517:from the original on 3 December 2021
3394:from the original on 16 January 2023
3241:
2578:
2464:characters. (The term is coined from
2420:
2322:Kozierok, Charles M. (2005-09-20) .
2283:
1695:
1687:
4342:
3538:Accreditation and Quality Assurance
3067: [ Schwartz:
2965:
2708:
1744:
1425:Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
1234:Contemporary computer memory has a
1123:(MB) is equal to 1024 bytes and 1
468:(ISQ), B is also the symbol of the
24:
4400:
3976:"Order Granting Motion to Dismiss"
3751:from the original on 10 April 2017
2938:. A word consisted of x number of
2899:Dooley, Louis G. (February 1995).
2448:
2427:Processing Data in Bits and Pieces
2262:"Internet History of 1960s # 1964"
1691:
1683:
1334:International System of Quantities
1169:
1139:capacity, such as main memory and
466:International System of Quantities
201:(IEEE). Internationally, the unit
25:
5206:
4322:
4269:
4208:Gross, Grant (24 November 2007).
4183:"What does a petabyte look like?"
3642:. Microsoft Support. 2003-05-06.
3457:from the original on 9 April 2020
3033:. Where did the term come from? ]
2756:"Why is a byte 8 bits? Or is it?"
2382:"The Word "Byte" Comes of Age..."
1040:that use this definition include
3906:from the original on 2007-08-08.
3715:. Orange Romania. Archived from
3227: |*| v1:
3222: |*| v0:
2426:
2352:ISO 2382-4, Organization of data
1119:(KB) is equal to 1,024 bytes, 1
392:, the direct predecessor of the
321:(EBCDIC), an expansion of their
238:to avoid accidental mutation to
4433:from the original on 2017-04-05
4356:from the original on 2018-08-09
4331:from the original on 2019-03-21
4278:from the original on 2019-03-21
4252:from the original on 2021-08-02
4234:
4201:
4131:from the original on 2020-11-08
4117:
4098:
4087:from the original on 2014-09-03
4041:Baskin, Scott D. (2006-02-01).
4023:from the original on 2009-09-07
3992:from the original on 2021-10-07
3959:
3940:
3929:from the original on 2011-06-06
3900:"Prefixes for binary multiples"
3888:
3869:
3850:
3819:
3788:
3763:
3731:
3705:
3683:
3657:
3646:from the original on 2014-02-09
3621:
3602:
3583:
3564:
3529:
3499:
3469:
3415:
3406:
3343:
3332:from the original on 2022-11-18
3312:
3301:from the original on 2022-03-13
3260:
3095:from the original on 2020-07-03
3005:from the original on 2017-04-10
2998:Origin of the term "byte", 1956
2978:from the original on 2021-06-10
2966:Ram, Stefan (17 January 2003).
2909:. Ocala, FL, US. Archived from
2876:Brooks, Jr., Frederick Phillips
2798:
2726:from the original on 2017-04-03
2671:Memory Word Length and Indexing
2572:
2416:
2330:from the original on 2017-04-03
2304:from the original on 2017-04-03
2272:from the original on 2022-06-24
1805:"Chapter 4: Natural Data Units"
1797:Brooks, Jr., Frederick Phillips
1753:
1731:
1722:
1701:
1668:
1573:programming languages, such as
1443:-quality uncompressed audio of
461:as the upper-case character B.
350:The Art of Computer Programming
129:) refer to an 8-bit byte as an
117:protocol documents such as the
4624:
2970:(in German). Berlin, Germany:
2242: NOTES:
2117:. K. St. Paul, Minnesota, US:
1967:
1820:McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
1659:
1517:
1446:The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway
444:
284:(BCD) representations and the
61:digital information, data size
13:
1:
4683:Arbitrary-precision or bignum
4424:Digital Equipment Corporation
3248:Prefixes for Binary Multiples
3085:"List of EBCDIC codes by IBM"
2238: byte:
1974:Postel, J. (September 1981).
1773:
1581:as an unsigned type, and the
1544:programming languages define
1005:for 1000 were adopted by the
935:International System of Units
3190:. April 1971. Archived from
2819: The
2549:team. Lloyd Hunter provides
2043:Memo No. 39G. Archived from
1648:Word (computer architecture)
1435:about half an hour of video
323:six-bit binary-coded decimal
7:
4352:. Northwestern University.
4075:Judge, Peter (2007-10-26).
4051:Western Digital Corporation
2681:Memo No. 45. Archived from
2664:"2. Input-Output Byte Size"
2615:Memo No. 40. Archived from
2513:. June 1956. Archived from
2298:"Metric-Interchange-Format"
2200:] (in German). Munich:
1763:as implemented in the file
1707:Some later machines, e.g.,
1611:
1328:Modern standard definitions
1076:A system of units based on
989:Units based on powers of 10
918:Orders of magnitude of data
493:The lowercase letter o for
353:(first published in 1968),
340:. These used the eight-bit
87:unit of digital information
10:
5211:
4489:Platform-independent units
4299:Integer Types in C and C++
3550:10.1007/s00769-022-01499-7
3364:10.1038/d41586-022-03747-9
3051: [
3035: [
3023: [
2760:Computer History Vignettes
2545:and Jim Pomerene join the
1879: A
1594:asynchronous communication
1467:Avatar: The Last Airbender
1072:Units based on powers of 2
555:
523:Yottabyte (disambiguation)
512:
29:
5057:
5024:Strongly typed identifier
4966:
4852:
4822:
4787:
4675:
4632:
4566:
4545:
4514:
4488:
4350:"External Interfaces/API"
4015:Mook, Nate (2006-06-28).
3218: [
2192:Tafel, Hans Jörg (1971).
1939:Communications of the ACM
1602:synchronous communication
1489:
1452:
1431:
1418:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1369:
1246:, with products like the
916:
907:
904:
896:
893:
885:
871:
857:
843:
757:
752:
749:
742:
613:
610:
603:
565:
519:Gigabyte (disambiguation)
515:Megabyte (disambiguation)
459:Metric Interchange Format
65:
57:
44:
39:
4515:Platform-dependent units
3713:"Internet Mobile Access"
3691:"Data Measurement Scale"
3507:"ConsistentUnitPrefixes"
3144:Williams, R. H. (1969).
2972:Freie Universität Berlin
2922:within a project called
2920:MIT Lincoln Laboratories
2853:
2838:
2813:
2802:
2784:
2479:
2398:
2119:Control Data Corporation
2006:octet An eight bit byte.
1911:
1856:
1653:
1366:
1340:Lawsuits over definition
5099:Parametric polymorphism
4408:"2.5 Byte manipulation"
3422:SanDisk USB Flash Drive
2797:character codes to 256
2511:Computer History Museum
2266:Computer History Museum
1370:Approximate equivalent
1066:measures of performance
428:Historically, the term
313:in its product line of
3908:"In December 1998 the
3744:. Telstra. p. 7.
3072:
2951:
2859:
2703:
2644:
2568:
2491:
2249:
2097:
1921:
1304:In December 1998, the
1231:
1060:in computing, such as
263:MIT Lincoln Laboratory
146:six-bit character code
107:computer architectures
4114:; shows 190,637 words
3923:"What is a kilobyte?"
3039:(inventor of JOVIAL):
3013:
2915:
2775:
2752:Bemer, Robert William
2697:
2631:
2526:
2395:
2235:
2059:
2026:"7. The Shift Matrix"
1953:10.1145/368424.368435
1934:Bemer, Robert William
1845:
1524:programming languages
1229:
1135:operating system and
556:For the company, see
476:Alexander Graham Bell
441:mainframe computers.
216:Etymology and history
32:Byte (disambiguation)
5165:Units of information
4482:Units of information
4296:Klein, Jack (2008),
3739:"Our Customer Terms"
3667:. Vodafone Ireland.
3665:"3G/GPRS data rates"
3453:. 27 February 2018.
2930:, Lincoln Labs, and
2716:Raymond, Eric Steven
1563:primitive data type
1137:random-access memory
1113:customary convention
1032:-based storage, and
551:Zib (disambiguation)
547:EIB (disambiguation)
543:PIB (disambiguation)
539:TIB (disambiguation)
535:GIB (disambiguation)
531:MIB (disambiguation)
527:KIB (disambiguation)
488:sound pressure level
361:in his hypothetical
328:In the early 1960s,
282:binary-coded decimal
5104:Primitive data type
5009:Recursive data type
4862:Algebraic data type
4738:Quadruple precision
3286:10.14529/jsfi140206
2872:Blaauw, Gerrit Anne
2778:I came to work for
1854:, are listed below.
1793:Blaauw, Gerrit Anne
1638:Primitive data type
1236:binary architecture
593:Multiple-byte units
509:Multiple-byte units
381:The development of
5067:Abstract data type
4748:Extended precision
4707:Reduced precision
4189:on 28 January 2018
4163:on 24 October 2012
4110:2021-01-25 at the
3953:2018-01-14 at the
3882:2020-10-16 at the
3863:2020-12-19 at the
3771:"SA400 minifloppy"
3719:on 26 October 2016
3614:2006-06-25 at the
3595:2010-09-01 at the
3576:2010-04-09 at the
3427:2008-05-13 at the
3253:2007-08-08 at the
3234:2021-08-16 at the
2605:Memory Word Length
2421:shortly thereafter
2202:Carl Hanser Verlag
1678:in July 1956, but
1360:Practical examples
1313:bytes, and so on.
1244:personal computing
1232:
310:control characters
245:Another origin of
163:, before the term
50:unit derived from
5170:Binary arithmetic
5147:
5146:
4879:Associative array
4743:Octuple precision
4592:
4591:
4567:Metric byte units
4323:Cline, Marshall.
4270:Cline, Marshall.
2720:"byte definition"
2598:"5. Input-Output"
2380:(February 1977).
1688:earliest document
1633:Octet (computing)
1515:
1514:
1133:Microsoft Windows
1038:Operating systems
1018:computer networks
923:
922:
912:
911:
736:
735:
558:Exabyte (company)
336:on long-distance
334:digital telephony
119:Internet Protocol
77:
76:
16:(Redirected from
5202:
5190:1950s neologisms
5119:Type constructor
5004:Opaque data type
4936:Record or Struct
4733:Double precision
4728:Single precision
4619:
4612:
4605:
4596:
4595:
4546:Metric bit units
4475:
4468:
4461:
4452:
4451:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4432:
4421:
4412:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4381:. Archived from
4371:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4302:, archived from
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4185:. Archived from
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4159:. Archived from
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4121:
4115:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4053:. Archived from
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4012:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3991:
3980:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3957:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3892:
3886:
3873:
3867:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3838:
3831:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3807:
3801:. Archived from
3800:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3743:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3636:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3606:
3600:
3587:
3581:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3443:
3432:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3288:
3264:
3258:
3245:
3239:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3185:
3177:
3171:
3163:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3081:
3075:
3012:
3011:
3010:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2963:
2954:
2914:
2901:"Byte: The Word"
2896:
2890:
2889:
2880:Buchholz, Werner
2868:
2862:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2762:. Archived from
2748:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2712:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2668:
2660:Buchholz, Werner
2656:
2647:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2602:
2594:Buchholz, Werner
2590:
2584:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2503:
2494:
2477:
2394:
2378:Buchholz, Werner
2374:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2258:
2252:
2234:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2116:
2106:
2100:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2039:. pp. 5–6.
2030:
2022:Buchholz, Werner
2018:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1989:
1987:10.17487/RFC0791
1971:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1930:
1924:
1908:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1830:, archived from
1812:Buchholz, Werner
1809:
1801:Buchholz, Werner
1789:
1768:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1705:
1699:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1589:, respectively.
1495:Internet traffic
1480:
1364:
1363:
1348:
1312:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1062:CPU clock speeds
1009:(BIPM) in 2022.
933:, following the
761:
740:
739:
601:
600:
595:
586:
579:
572:
563:
562:
37:
36:
21:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5185:Primitive types
5175:Computer memory
5150:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5124:Type conversion
5059:
5053:
4989:Enumerated type
4962:
4848:
4842:null-terminated
4818:
4783:
4671:
4628:
4623:
4593:
4588:
4562:
4541:
4510:
4484:
4479:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4419:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4401:Further reading
4398:
4397:
4388:
4386:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4359:
4357:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4334:
4332:
4321:
4317:
4309:
4307:
4294:
4290:
4281:
4279:
4268:
4264:
4255:
4253:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4223:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4164:
4156:www.pcworld.com
4147:
4143:
4134:
4132:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4112:Wayback Machine
4103:
4099:
4090:
4088:
4073:
4069:
4060:
4058:
4039:
4035:
4026:
4024:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3955:Wayback Machine
3945:
3941:
3932:
3930:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3893:
3889:
3884:Wayback Machine
3874:
3870:
3865:Wayback Machine
3855:
3851:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3780:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3722:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3649:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3622:
3616:Wayback Machine
3607:
3603:
3597:Wayback Machine
3588:
3584:
3578:Wayback Machine
3569:
3565:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3488:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3445:
3444:
3435:
3429:Wayback Machine
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3348:
3344:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3304:
3302:
3265:
3261:
3255:Wayback Machine
3246:
3242:
3236:Wayback Machine
3226:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3160:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3114:
3107:
3098:
3096:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3059:Werner Buchholz
3056:
3050:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3025:John Goodenough
3022:
3021:
3008:
3006:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2981:
2979:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2897:
2893:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2852:
2842:
2837:
2818:
2812:
2809:Werner Buchholz
2806:
2801:
2788:
2783:
2769:
2767:
2749:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2666:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2600:
2591:
2587:
2567:
2554:
2539:Werner Buchholz
2520:
2518:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2478:
2456:
2455:
2424:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2375:
2362:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2333:
2331:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2204:. p. 300.
2190:
2186:
2181:
2169:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2082:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2033:The Link System
2028:
2019:
2012:
1999:
1997:
1972:
1968:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1910:
1902:
1878:
1855:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1807:
1790:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1709:Burroughs B1700
1706:
1702:
1686:. In fact, the
1680:Werner Buchholz
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1614:
1520:
1493:global monthly
1485:-encoded music
1478:
1362:
1354:Western Digital
1346:
1342:
1330:
1310:
1299:binary prefixes
1274:
1270:
1269:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1224:
1217:
1172:
1170:Parochial units
1104:(Ri, 1024) and
1074:
1024:, particularly
1014:data-rate units
991:
591:
590:
561:
554:
511:
484:signal strength
447:
386:microprocessors
347:In Volume 1 of
304:(ASCII) as the
226:Werner Buchholz
218:
181:permitting the
167:became common.
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5208:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5084:
5079:
5077:Data structure
5074:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4858:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4834:
4828:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4793:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4716:Half precision
4713:
4703:Floating point
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4599:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4442:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4366:
4341:
4315:
4288:
4262:
4248:. 2016-09-09.
4233:
4200:
4174:
4141:
4116:
4097:
4067:
4033:
4002:
3967:
3958:
3939:
3914:
3887:
3868:
3849:
3818:
3787:
3762:
3730:
3704:
3682:
3656:
3631:
3620:
3601:
3582:
3563:
3544:(3): 143–144.
3528:
3498:
3468:
3433:
3414:
3405:
3342:
3325:. 2022-11-18.
3311:
3259:
3240:
3207:
3172:
3169:978-1483122106
3158:
3150:Pergamon Press
3136:
3129:
3105:
3091:. 2020-01-02.
3076:
3037:Jules Schwartz
3018:ACM conference
3014:
2988:
2955:
2916:
2913:on 1996-12-20.
2891:
2863:
2776:
2754:(2000-08-08).
2736:
2707:
2698:
2662:(1956-09-19).
2648:
2632:
2596:(1956-07-31).
2585:
2527:
2495:
2396:
2360:
2354:(2 ed.).
2340:
2314:
2294:Jaffer, Aubrey
2282:
2253:
2236:
2222:
2210:
2184:
2167:
2143:
2101:
2085:decimal digits
2078:magnetic cores
2060:
2024:(1956-06-11).
2010:
1980:. p. 43.
1966:
1925:
1846:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1752:
1743:
1741:architectures.
1730:
1721:
1700:
1696:September 1956
1667:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1623:Data hierarchy
1620:
1613:
1610:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1341:
1338:
1329:
1326:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1171:
1168:
1115:), in which 1
1073:
1070:
990:
987:
927:unit multiples
921:
920:
914:
913:
910:
909:
906:
903:
899:
898:
895:
892:
888:
887:
884:
881:
878:
874:
873:
870:
867:
864:
860:
859:
856:
853:
850:
846:
845:
842:
839:
836:
832:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
815:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
798:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
781:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
764:
763:
756:
751:
747:
746:
737:
734:
733:
730:
727:
723:
722:
719:
716:
712:
711:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
694:
690:
689:
686:
683:
679:
678:
675:
672:
668:
667:
664:
661:
657:
656:
651:
648:
644:
643:
638:
635:
631:
630:
625:
622:
618:
617:
612:
608:
607:
597:
596:
589:
588:
581:
574:
566:
549:, and
510:
507:
446:
443:
342:μ-law encoding
317:the eight-bit
255:Jules Schwartz
224:was coined by
217:
214:
183:binary-encoded
135:bit endianness
75:
74:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
48:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5207:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4999:Function type
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4634:Uninterpreted
4631:
4627:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4447:
4443:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4417:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4385:on 2020-04-28
4384:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4306:on 2010-03-27
4305:
4301:
4300:
4292:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4204:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4145:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4101:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4057:on 2009-01-02
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3971:
3962:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3943:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3911:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3853:
3839:on 2011-04-23
3835:
3828:
3822:
3808:on 2011-06-08
3804:
3797:
3791:
3777:on 2014-05-27
3776:
3772:
3766:
3747:
3740:
3734:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3692:
3686:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3586:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3477:"UnitsPolicy"
3472:
3456:
3452:
3451:Apple Support
3448:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3409:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3328:
3321:
3315:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3279:(2): 89–107.
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3214:
3212:
3197:on 2016-03-04
3193:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3130:9780201896831
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:Knuth, Donald
3112:
3110:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3032:
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3019:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2977:
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2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2908:
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2887:
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2877:
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2857:
2856:
2850:
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2841:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2766:on 2017-04-03
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2688:on 2017-04-04
2684:
2680:
2677:. p. 1.
2676:
2672:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2622:on 2017-04-04
2618:
2614:
2611:. p. 2.
2610:
2606:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:Gerrit Blaauw
2517:on 2016-04-29
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2452:
2449:Chapter 4 of
2446:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2435:F P Brooks Jr
2432:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2401:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2386:Byte Magazine
2383:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2232:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2211:3-446-10569-7
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2168:0-13-283953-9
2164:
2160:
2159:Prentice Hall
2156:
2155:
2147:
2138:
2128:on 2017-04-05
2124:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2050:on 2017-04-04
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2007:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1837:on 2017-04-03
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1766:
1756:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1725:
1718:
1715:, DEC PDP-6,
1714:
1710:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1646:
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1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
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1607:
1603:
1599:
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1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1510:
1509:
1508:Zettabyte Era
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
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1385:
1381:
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1365:
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1355:
1350:
1337:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1293:In 1995, the
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1267:
1263:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
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1189:
1185:
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1177:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:storage media
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1001:for 1000 and
1000:
996:
986:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:
962:
961:
956:
955:
950:
946:
942:
941:
936:
932:
928:
919:
915:
901:
900:
890:
889:
882:
879:
876:
875:
868:
865:
862:
861:
854:
851:
848:
847:
840:
837:
834:
833:
829:
826:
823:
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816:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
799:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
782:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
765:
762:
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748:
745:
741:
738:
731:
728:
725:
724:
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713:
709:
706:
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698:
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582:
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568:
567:
564:
559:
552:
548:
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536:
532:
528:
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491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
442:
440:
435:
431:
426:
425:definitions.
424:
420:
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403:
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387:
384:
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372:
368:
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324:
320:
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307:
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299:
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291:
287:
283:
278:
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272:
268:
264:
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256:
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243:
241:
237:
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231:
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213:
211:
206:
205:
200:
196:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
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162:
158:
157:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
73:(when 8 bits)
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
47:
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4904:Intersection
4646:
4526:
4435:. Retrieved
4415:
4387:. Retrieved
4383:the original
4378:
4369:
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4344:
4333:. Retrieved
4318:
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4304:the original
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4265:
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4245:
4236:
4224:. Retrieved
4213:
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4187:the original
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4080:
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4046:
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3994:. Retrieved
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3917:
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3841:. Retrieved
3834:the original
3821:
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3803:the original
3790:
3779:. Retrieved
3775:the original
3765:
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3733:
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3717:the original
3707:
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3685:
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3659:
3648:. Retrieved
3634:
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3604:
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3566:
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3537:
3531:
3519:. Retrieved
3510:
3501:
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3480:
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3459:. Retrieved
3450:
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3396:. Retrieved
3355:
3345:
3334:. Retrieved
3314:
3303:. Retrieved
3276:
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3243:
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3192:the original
3175:
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3120:
3097:. Retrieved
3088:
3079:
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3007:, retrieved
2997:
2991:
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2952:
2917:
2911:the original
2904:
2894:
2883:
2866:
2860:
2854:
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2803:
2785:
2777:
2768:. Retrieved
2764:the original
2759:
2728:. Retrieved
2710:
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2699:
2690:. Retrieved
2683:the original
2670:
2645:
2633:
2624:. Retrieved
2617:the original
2604:
2588:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2556:
2528:
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2515:the original
2492:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2355:
2351:
2332:. Retrieved
2317:
2306:. Retrieved
2274:. Retrieved
2256:
2250:
2237:
2230:
2225:
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2197:
2193:
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2146:
2136:
2130:. Retrieved
2123:the original
2110:
2104:
2098:
2091:alphanumeric
2061:
2052:. Retrieved
2045:the original
2032:
2005:
1998:. Retrieved
1976:
1969:
1946:(9): 19–23,
1943:
1937:
1928:
1922:
1912:
1890:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1861:
1857:
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1839:, retrieved
1832:the original
1815:
1755:
1746:
1733:
1724:
1703:
1675:
1670:
1661:
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1578:
1569:
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1535:
1530:
1521:
1506:
1465:
1444:
1423:
1351:
1343:
1331:
1321:
1318:Donald Knuth
1315:
1303:
1292:
1287:
1239:
1233:
1211:
1210:for 4 bits,
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1161:
1124:
1120:
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1112:
1110:
1105:
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1097:
1093:
1075:
1011:
1002:
998:
994:
992:
983:
978:
974:
970:
964:
958:
952:
938:
931:powers of 10
924:
492:
469:
463:
451:IEC 80000-13
448:
433:
429:
427:
416:
414:
405:
380:
374:
370:
366:
358:
355:Donald Knuth
348:
346:
327:
279:
246:
244:
239:
233:
221:
219:
202:
192:
187:IEC 80000-13
179:power of two
172:
169:
164:
160:
154:
150:memory words
139:
113:definition,
82:
80:
78:
58:Unit of
5134:Type theory
5129:Type system
4979:Bottom type
4926:Option type
4867:generalized
4753:Long double
4698:Fixed point
4379:Blu-ray.com
4246:Cisco Blogs
4226:28 November
4193:19 February
3511:Debian Wiki
3481:Ubuntu Wiki
3398:21 November
3053:Fred Brooks
2826:tape drives
2553:leadership.
2535:Fred Brooks
2484:addressing.
2417:August 1956
1903: [
1692:August 1956
1587:−128 to 127
1526:define the
1518:Common uses
1404:Jabberwocky
1394:character.
1392:basic Latin
1280:floppy disk
1176:double word
1078:powers of 2
1058:SI prefixes
1026:hard drives
949:SI prefixes
945:powers of 2
732:quettabyte
445:Unit symbol
410:hexadecimal
367:unspecified
338:trunk lines
332:introduced
230:IBM Stretch
170:The modern
99:addressable
46:Unit system
5195:8 (number)
5160:Data types
5154:Categories
5039:Empty type
5034:Type class
4984:Collection
4941:Refinement
4919:metaobject
4767:signedness
4626:Data types
4437:2017-04-05
4389:2021-02-24
4360:2016-09-02
4335:2015-06-18
4310:2015-06-18
4282:2015-06-18
4256:2021-08-04
4167:5 December
4135:2020-12-12
4091:2014-09-16
4061:2009-03-30
4027:2009-03-30
3996:2020-01-24
3933:2010-05-20
3843:2011-06-24
3812:2011-06-24
3781:2014-03-25
3755:26 October
3723:26 October
3697:26 October
3693:. AT&T
3675:26 October
3650:2014-03-25
3483:. Ubuntu.
3336:2022-11-18
3305:2022-05-27
3201:2015-08-03
3159:1483122107
3099:2020-07-03
3009:2022-08-17
2982:2017-04-10
2795:punch card
2770:2017-04-03
2730:2017-04-03
2692:2016-04-04
2626:2016-04-04
2551:transistor
2543:John Cocke
2521:2017-04-03
2481:System/360
2461:character
2439:W Buchholz
2431:G A Blaauw
2334:2017-04-03
2308:2017-04-03
2276:2022-08-17
2132:2017-04-05
2070:characters
2054:2016-04-04
1909:computer.)
1841:2017-04-03
1774:References
1717:DEC PDP-10
1598:parity bit
1502:zettabyte
1411:a typical
721:ronnabyte
710:yottabyte
699:zettabyte
482:(dB), for
390:Intel 8080
315:System/360
197:(IEC) and
5180:Data unit
5114:Subtyping
5109:Interface
5092:metaclass
5044:Unit type
5014:Semaphore
4994:Exception
4899:Inductive
4889:Dependent
4854:Composite
4832:Character
4814:Reference
4711:Minifloat
4667:Bit array
3558:248397680
3521:9 January
3491:9 January
3461:9 January
3388:253671538
3372:0028-0836
3295:2313-8734
3119:(1997) .
3043:AN/FSQ-31
2936:word size
2830:Cie. Bull
2718:(2017) .
2579:June 1956
2573:July 1956
2393:(2): 144.
2296:(2011) .
2268:. 2017 .
2000:28 August
1887:Word size
1863:character
1684:June 1956
1577:, define
1528:data type
1481:years of
1475:petabyte
1464:video of
1462:1080p 4:3
1453:terabyte
1432:gigabyte
1419:megabyte
1402:text of "
1399:kilobyte
1316:In 1999,
1311:1,048,576
1204:half byte
1196:superword
1188:quad word
1184:long word
1180:half word
1141:CPU cache
883:yobibyte
869:zebibyte
855:exbibyte
841:pebibyte
830:terabyte
824:tebibyte
813:gigabyte
807:gibibyte
796:megabyte
790:mebibyte
779:kilobyte
773:kibibyte
677:petabyte
666:terabyte
455:IEEE 1541
415:The term
383:eight-bit
290:U.S. Army
275:AN/FSQ-31
251:four bits
220:The term
156:syllables
95:character
69:B,
5139:Variable
5029:Top type
4894:Equality
4802:physical
4779:Rational
4774:Interval
4721:bfloat16
4584:gigabyte
4579:megabyte
4574:kilobyte
4532:syllable
4428:Archived
4354:Archived
4329:Archived
4276:Archived
4250:Archived
4220:Archived
4215:PC World
4129:Archived
4108:Archived
4085:Archived
4021:Archived
3987:Archived
3951:Archived
3927:Archived
3904:Archived
3880:Archived
3861:Archived
3746:Archived
3669:Archived
3644:Archived
3612:Archived
3593:Archived
3574:Archived
3515:Archived
3485:Archived
3455:Archived
3425:Archived
3392:Archived
3380:36400954
3327:Archived
3299:Archived
3251:Archived
3232:Archived
3093:Archived
3003:archived
2976:Archived
2724:Archived
2328:Archived
2302:Archived
2270:Archived
2177:88-17892
1962:36115735
1900:GAMMA 60
1828:61-10466
1803:(1962),
1765:limits.h
1761:CHAR_BIT
1713:CDC 3600
1612:See also
1552:unsigned
1497:in 2004
1490:exabyte
1422:text of
1268:SA-400 5
1214:for 1000
1200:syllable
1149:AT&T
1145:Vodafone
1125:gigabyte
1121:megabyte
1117:kilobyte
995:kilobyte
908:–
905:–
897:–
894:–
886:–
872:–
858:–
844:–
688:exabyte
654:gigabyte
641:megabyte
628:kilobyte
503:Romanian
457:and the
423:protocol
398:four-bit
330:AT&T
294:FIELDATA
175:standard
173:de facto
142:hardware
105:in many
101:unit of
18:Kibibyte
5082:Generic
5058:Related
4974:Boolean
4931:Product
4807:virtual
4797:Address
4789:Pointer
4762:Integer
4693:Decimal
4688:Complex
4676:Numeric
4558:megabit
4553:kilobit
3188:Philips
3089:ibm.com
3063:STRETCH
2845:UNICODE
2821:IBM 360
2791:STRETCH
2679:Stretch
2613:Stretch
2547:Stretch
2441:in the
2413:Stretch
2326:. 3.0.
2233:. 1993.
2041:Stretch
1814:(ed.),
1739:decimal
1413:favicon
1380:Boolean
1288:mixture
1273:⁄
1266:Shugart
1255:⁄
1212:octal K
1164:storage
1157:Telstra
1098:quetta-
1003:quetta-
605:Decimal
480:decibel
464:In the
439:Philips
412:digit.
404:, also
371:at most
286:six-bit
115:network
5072:Boxing
5060:topics
5019:Stream
4956:tagged
4914:Object
4837:String
4522:nibble
4501:hextet
3556:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3356:Nature
3293:
3167:
3156:
3127:
3031:JOVIAL
2946:4 bits
2888:: 121.
2849:hextet
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