711:, starting to walk within the first days of their life. After they hatch, both parents lead them out of the nest, generally to a feeding territory with dense vegetation under which the chicks can hide when a predator is near. The chicks are raised, at least in single-brood pairs, by both parents, likely because of the high failure rate of nests and the need for both parents to be present to successfully raise the young. In these broods, the young are usually attended by one parent at a time (generally the female) until about two weeks of age, after which both parents are occasionally seen together with the chicks. Otherwise, the inattentive adult is at least about 23 m (75 ft) away from the chicks. Periods of attentiveness for each parent generally last from about one to one and a half hours. When the chicks are young, this is mainly spent standing; as the chicks get older, less time is dedicated to standing. When the young are below two weeks of age, the attending adult spends little time feeding; foraging time increases as the chicks grow. The inattentive adult defends the young most of the time when they are less than a week old, but this task steadily shifts onto the attentive adult, until about three weeks of age, when the attending parent does almost all of the defense. One parent at a time broods the chicks and does so frequently until they are two days old. The young are brooded during the day until about 15 days after hatching and during the night for about 18 days after hatching. The only time when they are not in the presence of a parent is when the parents are mating or responding to a predator or aggressive conspecific.
696:
and the male needs to defend his territory. Both of the sexes are closer to the nest site than usual during egg-laying and incubation, although the male is generally closer than the female during all stages of breeding. This latter fact is likely due to the male's increased investment in nest-site defense. Up to five replacement clutches can be laid, and occasionally two broods occur. Second broods are usually laid in the nesting territory of the first brood. The eggs are incubated for 22 to 28 days by both the male and the female, with the former typically incubating at night. The time dedicated to incubation is related to temperature, with one study recording that killdeer incubated eggs 99% of the time when the temperature was about 13 °C (55 °F), 76% of the time around 26 °C (79 °F), and 87% of the time at about 35 °C (95 °F). When it is hot (above at least 25 °C (77 °F)), incubation cools the eggs, generally through shading by one of the parents.
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female forages significantly more than the male during most stages of breeding. The former feeds the most before and during egg-laying, the least when incubation starts (as little time to feed remains), with a return to high levels after. During the nonbreeding season, the killdeer forages during the night, depending on the lunar cycle. When the moon is full, it feeds more at night and roosts more during the day. Foraging at night has benefits for this bird, including increased insect abundance and reduced predation.
665:
usually renest in the same area regardless of whether or not he retains the same mate. This does not appear to be true of the female, which has been observed to not use the same territory if she does not have the same mate. The nest itself is merely a shallow depression or scrape in the ground, fringed by some stones and blades of grass. It is generally built with white nesting material instead of darker colors; the function of this is suspected to either help keep the nest cool or conceal it. In a study of
817:
former turns its tail towards the latter, displaying the threatening orange color of the rump. It then crouches, droops its wings, and lowers its tail, which is more common for them. With increasing intensity, the wings are held higher, the tail is fanned out, and the tail becomes more depressed. Another behavior that has received attention is the "ungulate display", where the adult raises its wings, exposes its rump, lowers its head, and charges at the intruder. This can be fatal to the displaying bird.
102:
226:
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669:, the former function was supported, as nests were 2 °C (3.6 °F) to 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than the surrounding ground. The latter function also had some support, as the plovers generally chose pebbles closer in color to the eggs; nests that contrasted more with the ground suffered more predation. When nesting on rooftops, the killdeer may choose a flat roof, or build a nest of raised gravel, sometimes lined with white pebbles or pieces of seashells.
40:
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The parents use various methods to distract predators during the breeding season. One method is the "broken-wing display", also known as "injury feigning". Before displaying, it usually runs from its nest, making alarm calls and other disturbances. When the bird has the attention of the predator, the
322:
The nonbreeding habitat of the killdeer includes coastal wetlands, beach habitats, and coastal fields. Its breeding grounds are generally open fields with short vegetation (but locations such as rooftops are sometimes used); although it is a shorebird, it does not necessarily nest close to water. The
757:
The killdeer uses visual cues to forage. An example of this is "foot-trembling", where it stands on one foot, shaking the other in shallow water for about five seconds, pecking at any prey stirred up. When feeding in fields, it sometimes follows plows to take earthworms disturbed to the surface. The
562:
The killdeer is a vocal species, calling even at night. Its calls include nasal notes, like "deee", "tyeeee", and "kil-deee" (the basis of its common name). During display flights, it repeats a call of "kil-deer" or "kee-deeyu". When this plover is disturbed, it emits notes in a rapid sequence, such
518:
The killdeer is a large plover, with adults ranging in length from 20 to 28 cm (7.9 to 11.0 in), having a wingspan between 59 and 63 cm (23 and 25 in), and usually being between 72 and 121 g (2.5 and 4.3 oz) in weight. It has a short, thick, and dark bill, flesh-colored
347:
almost exclusively in fields, especially those with short vegetation and with cattle and standing water. It primarily forages during the day, but in the nonbreeding season, when the moon is full or close to full, it forages at night, likely because of increased insect abundance and reduced predation
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of four to six buff to beige eggs with dark markings. The breeding season (starting with egg-laying) occurs from mid-March to August, with later timing of egg-laying in the northern portion of the range. Both parents incubate the eggs for 22 to 28 days typically. The young stay in the nest until the
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When a pair has two broods, the second is usually attended by just the male (which can hatch the eggs on his own, unlike the female). In this case, the male does not spend most of the time standing; the amount of time he does stand, though, stays constant as the chicks age. Like attentive adults in
664:
The killdeer nests in open fields or other flat areas with short vegetation (usually below 1 cm (0.39 in) tall), such as agricultural fields and meadows. Nests are also sometimes located on rooftops. This plover frequently breeds close to where it bred the previous year. The male seems to
660:
The killdeer forms pairs on its breeding grounds right after arriving. Both sexes (although the male more often than the female) advertise in flight with loud "killdeer" calls. The male also advertises by calling from a high spot, scraping out a dummy nest, and with killdeer flights, where it flies
534:
and the upper borders to the white forehead are black. The killdeer also has a white collar with a black upper border. The rest of the face is brown. The breast and belly are white, except for two black breast bands. It is the only plover in North
America with two breast bands. The rump is red, and
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of four to six eggs that are buff to beige, with brown markings and black speckles. The eggs are about 38 by 27 mm (1.5 by 1.1 in) in size, and laid at intervals of 24 to 48 hours. The energy expenditure of both sexes is at its highest during egg-laying; the female needs to produce eggs,
687:
The eggs of the killdeer are typically laid from mid-March to early June in the southern portion of the range, and from mid-April to mid-July in the northern part. In both cases, the breeding season itself extends to about August. In Puerto Rico, and possibly in other
Caribbean islands, breeding
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about 31 days after hatching, and generally move to moister areas in valleys and on the banks of rivers. They may be cared for by their parents for up to 10 days after they fledge, and exceptionally for 81 days after hatching. About 52 to 63% of nests fail to produce any fledged young. Breeding
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The intensity of the responses to predators varies throughout the breeding season. During egg-laying, the most common response to predators is to quietly leave the nest. As incubation starts and progresses, the intensity of predator responses increases, peaking after hatching. This is probably
629:
The killdeer uses beach habitats, coastal wetlands, and fields during the non-breeding season. It forages almost exclusively in these fields, especially those with short vegetation and with cattle (which likely shorten the vegetation) and standing water. When breeding, the killdeer has a
750:. It forages almost exclusively in fields (no matter the tide), especially those with short vegetation and with cattle (which likely shorten the vegetation) and standing water. Standing water alone does not have a significant effect on field choice unless combined with cattle. Viable
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is smaller than the nominate and has more extensive rufous feather fringes. The juvenile is similar to the adult. The upper parts of the chicks are colored dusky and buff. Their underparts, forehead, neck, and chin are white, and they have a single band across their breast.
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of about 6 ha (15 acres), although this is generally larger when nesting more than 50 m (160 ft) away from water. Although generally a low-land species, it is found up to the snowline in meadows and open lakeshores during its autumn migration.
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with slow wingbeats across its territory. Ground chases occur when a killdeer has been approached multiple times by another killdeer; similarly, flight chases occur when an individual has been approached from the air. Both are forms of territorial defense.
57:
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Mayer, Paul M.; Smith, Levica M.; Ford, Robert G.; Watterson, Dustin C.; McCutchen, Marshall D.; Ryan, Mark R. (2009). "Nest construction by a ground-nesting bird represents a potential trade-off between egg crypticity and thermoregulation".
860:
because it is worth more to protect the young then, as they are more likely to fledge. After hatching, reactions decrease in intensity, until a normal response is called. This is because the young become more independent as they age.
1098:. Vol. 1. London: Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul's, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon's in Hoxton. p. 71.
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inhabits Peru and surrounding South
American countries throughout the year. North American breeders winter from their resident range south to Central America, the West Indies, and the northernmost portions of South America.
837:
476:(originally described subspecies), it is found in the US (including southeastern Alaska), southern Canada, Mexico, and with some less widespread grounds further south, to Panama. It winters to northwestern South America.
607:, Colombia, Ecuador, and islands off Venezuela, leaving its breeding grounds after mid-July, with migration peaking from August to September. Migration to the breeding grounds starts in February and ends in mid-May.
56:
594:
The nominate subspecies of the killdeer breeds in the US (including southeastern Alaska), southern Canada, and Mexico, with less widespread grounds further south, to Panama. Some northern populations are
336:
day after being hatched, when they are led by their parents to a feeding territory (generally with dense vegetation where hiding spots are abundant), where the chicks feed themselves. The young then
872:
by the IUCN due to its large range of about 26.3 million km (10.2 million sq mi) and population, estimated by the IUCN to be about one million birds, or about two million, according to the
2441:
2093:
Proctor, Vernon W.; Malone, Charles R.; DeVlaming, Victor L. (1967). "Dispersal of aquatic organisms: Viability of disseminules recovered from the intestinal tract of captive killdeer".
54:
306:(or originally described) subspecies breeds from southeastern Alaska and southern Canada to Mexico. It is seen year-round in the southern half of its breeding range; the subspecies
55:
530:
Its upper parts are mostly brown with rufous fringes, its cap, back, and wings being the former color. It has a white forehead and a white stripe behind the eye, and its
742:
The killdeer feeds primarily on insects (especially beetles and flies), in addition to millipedes, worms, snails, spiders, and some seeds. It opportunistically takes
798:. The mentioned birds and other avian predators are the majority of predators in some areas during the breeding season. Predation is not limited to eggs and chicks:
2445:
2878:
1429:
Long, Linda L.; Ralph, C. John (2001). "Dynamics of habitat use by shorebirds in estuarine and agricultural habitats in northwestern
California".
364:, because of its large range and population. Its population is declining, but this trend is not severe enough for the killdeer to be considered a
2756:
1052:
Wiersma, P.; Kirwan, G. M.; Boesman, P. (2020). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
2359:
Gochfeld, Michael (1984). "Antipredator
Behavior: Aggressive and Distraction Displays of Shorebirds". In Burger, Joanna; Olla, Bori L. (eds.).
878:. Though the population is declining, it is not decreasing fast enough to be considered a vulnerable species. It is protected in the US by the
361:
276:. It gets its name from its shrill, two-syllable call, which is often heard. It was described and given its current scientific name in 1758 by
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fringes, the head has patches of white and black, and two black bands cross the breast. The belly and the rest of the breast are white. The
2966:
2058:
Clapp, Roger B.; Klimkiewicz, M. Kathleen; Kennard, John H. (1982). "Longevity records of North
American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae".
2419:
2139:
Eberhart-Phillips, Luke J. (2016). "Dancing in the moonlight: evidence that killdeer foraging behavior varies with the lunar cycle".
987:
Systema
Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis
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Campbell, Robert Wayne; Dawe, Neil K.; McTaggart-Cowan, Ian; Cooper, John M.; Kaiser, Gary W.; McNall, Michael C. E. (1997).
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range from calling to the "ungulate display", which can be fatal for the performing individual. This bird is classified as
2730:
2655:
1475:
Plissner, Jonathan H.; Oring, Lewis W.; Haig, Susan M. (2000). "Space use of killdeer at a Great Basin breeding area".
1974:
Brunton, Dianne H. (1990). "The effects of nesting stage, sex, and type of predator on parental defense by killdeer (
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can be recovered from killdeer feces, indicating that this bird is important in transporting aquatic organisms.
714:
2572:
2534:
883:
373:
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599:. This bird is resident in the southern half of its breeding range, found throughout the year in most of the
990:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Stockholm, Sweden: (Laurentii Salvii). p. 150 – via The
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Johnson, Matthew; Oring, Lewis W. (2002). "Are nest exclosures an effective tool in plover conservation?".
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985:
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632:
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The female's mask and breast bands tend to be browner than those of the male. The adult of the subspecies
292:
2606:
1549:
Mundahl, John T. (1982). "Role specialization in the parental and territorial behavior of the killdeer".
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band, and barred white feathers on the outer portion of the tail. A white wing stripe at the base of the
2735:
2611:
2031:
Nol, Erica; Brooks, Ronald J. (1982). "Effects of predator exclosures on besting success of killdeer".
101:
956:
2986:
2917:
2585:
652:
17:
1093:
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600:
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1828:(1988). "Sexual differences in reproductive effort: time-activity budgets of monogamous killdeer,
672:
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2471:
506:– This South American subspecies is found in western Ecuador, Peru, and extreme northwest Chile.
2991:
2761:
2593:
2496:
579:
353:
2787:
1365:
1335:
1291:
Sanzenbacher, Peter M.; Haig, Susan M. (2001). "Killdeer population trends in North
America".
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The killdeer primarily feeds on insects, although other invertebrates and seeds are eaten. It
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starts after one year of age. The killdeer has a maximum lifespan of 10 years and 11 months.
196:
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1729:
1195:
The Book of Eggs: A Life-Size Guide to the Eggs of Six
Hundred of the World's Bird Species
8:
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1924:
Bergstrom, Peter W. (1989). "Incubation temperatures of Wilson's plovers and killdeers".
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2013:
1949:
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The Birds of
British Columbia: Nonpasserines: Diurnal Birds of Prey Through Woodpeckers
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two-parent broods, the sole parent increases the time spent foraging as the young age.
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2017:
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991:
951:
615:
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536:
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1519:
Lenington, Sarah (1980). "Bi-parental care in killdeer: An adaptive hypothesis".
1265:
1193:
1141:
767:
406:
397:
286:
153:
2813:
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1883:(1988). "Energy expenditure in reproductive effort of male and female killdeer (
409:. Linnaeus' description was based on a 1731 account of it by English naturalist
2694:
2681:
1880:
1825:
1692:
Kull, Robert C. Jr. (1977). "Color selection of nesting material by killdeer".
1394:
1304:
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596:
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about 31 days after hatching, and breeding first occurs after one year of age.
2152:
1741:
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2782:
2660:
2519:
2405:
2337:
2291:
2248:
2227:
Eckman, Michael K. (1968). "Helminth parasites of the killdeer in Colorado".
2205:
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2009:
1945:
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is seen year-round in western Ecuador, Peru, and extreme northwestern Chile.
433:
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357:
332:
277:
212:
86:
81:
1902:
540:
324:
2182:
Smith, Susan M. (1970). ""Foot-trembling" feeding behavior by a killdeer".
1757:
1142:"Description of a proposed new race of the killdeer from the coast of Peru"
851:
783:
681:
410:
225:
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2795:
2743:
2528:
2000:
751:
633:
604:
566:
311:
293:
2392:
Brunton, Dianne H. (1986). "Fatal antipredator behavior of a killdeer".
1576:
Phillips, R.E. (1972). "Sexual and agonistic behaviour in the killdeer (
39:
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2852:
2712:
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2213:
2122:
2079:
1991:
1953:
1808:
1650:
1496:
1173:
719:
522:
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385:
173:
2316:
Deane, C. Douglas (1944). "The broken-wing behavior of the killdeer".
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113:
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1937:
1792:
1633:
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1779:
Fisk, Erma J. (1978). "The growing use of roofs by nesting birds".
799:
775:
349:
344:
328:
273:
133:
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1889:
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The killdeer's common name comes from its frequently heard call.
426:
2865:
1267:
National Geographic Backyard Guide to the Birds of North America
699:
554:
is smaller, paler, and greyer than the nominate. The subspecies
352:
of the killdeer include various birds and mammals. Its multiple
2567:
1095:
The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands
787:
747:
730:
707:
About 53% of eggs are lost, mainly to predators. The young are
486:
415:
The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands
337:
299:
269:
123:
927:
925:
923:
2642:
1263:
448:
429:
417:, where he called it the "chattering plover". The genus name
327:
lined with vegetation and white material, such as pebbles or
2284:
10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0184:ANEAET]2.0.CO;2
1443:
10.1676/0043-5643(2001)113[0041:DOHUBS]2.0.CO;2
1240:
920:
588:
143:
2442:"Birds protected under the Migratory Birds Convention Act"
2420:"Migratory Bird Treaty Act Protected Species (10.13 List)"
1617:"Mate fidelity and nesting site tenacity in the killdeer"
2134:
2132:
2057:
1718:
2092:
931:
535:
the tail is mostly brown. The latter also has a black
2129:
1198:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 140.
425:
for a yellowish bird mentioned in the fourth-century
2051:
1470:
1468:
1284:
1051:
1359:
1357:
1259:
1257:
1398:
1053:
2138:
2086:
1474:
1465:
1337:Common Coastal Birds of Florida and the Caribbean
957:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693777A93422319.en
2958:
2263:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
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1424:
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1354:
1290:
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603:. It also winters south to Central America, the
1875:
1873:
1871:
1820:
1818:
1401:The Plovers, Sandpipers and Snipes of the World
1978:): Testing models of avian parental defense".
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1712:
1544:
1542:
384:The killdeer was described in 1758 by Swedish
362:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2024:
1917:
1608:
1503:
1419:
439:, a bird found in ravines and river valleys (
2444:. Government of Canada. 2017. Archived from
2352:
2311:
2309:
2269:
1868:
1815:
1569:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1112:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
2385:
1960:
1539:
802:, for example, can kill incubating adults.
574:
2220:
1685:
1327:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1133:
976:
974:
761:
614:is thought to be resident in the Bahamas,
224:
75:
52:
38:
2306:
2175:
2030:
1999:
1923:
1632:
1614:
1518:
1428:
1405:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1393:
1180:
955:
805:
379:
2358:
1772:
1575:
1264:Jonathan K. Alderfer; Paul Hess (2011).
1064:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
980:
875:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
713:
698:
671:
651:
578:
521:
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1973:
1879:
1824:
1662:
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1548:
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971:
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2422:. US Fish & Wildlife Service. 2013
2226:
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1041:
1039:
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1035:
1033:
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1027:
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1021:
290:. Three subspecies are described. Its
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2494:
2315:
2181:
1389:
1387:
1115:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
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1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
2944:CC1B1E30-A382-4C03-B0C3-0264009335CE
2700:76fcae57-5a97-4521-9ca0-9a204ac0add6
1778:
1691:
1657:
1340:. Pineapple Press Inc. p. 211.
2967:IUCN Red List least concern species
1980:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1673:Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
1270:. National Geographic. p. 69.
1066:. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.
943:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1477:The Journal of Wildlife Management
1384:
1102:
998:
485:– This subspecies is found on the
368:. It is protected by the American
14:
3018:
2464:
1236:Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
880:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
370:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
850:
834:
825:
462:Three subspecies are described:
100:
2982:Birds of the Dominican Republic
2434:
2412:
932:BirdLife International (2016).
766:The killdeer is parasitized by
443:, "ravine"). The specific name
25:Shorebird found in the Americas
1085:
896:
884:Migratory Birds Convention Act
513:
374:Migratory Birds Convention Act
47:Killdeer in breeding plumage.
1:
2736:killdeer-charadrius-vociferus
1846:10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80153-2
1594:10.1016/S0003-3472(72)80166-0
913:
904:Oxyechus vociferus peruvianus
868:The killdeer is considered a
432:. This word derives from the
2487:at VIREO (Drexel University)
2060:Journal of Field Ornithology
2033:Journal of Field Ornithology
1293:Journal of Field Ornithology
703:Eggs in a nest on the ground
331:fragments. This bird lays a
7:
3002:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2369:10.1007/978-1-4684-4691-3_8
2229:The Journal of Parasitology
647:
642:
10:
3023:
1370:. UBC Press. p. 120.
1305:10.1648/0273-8570-72.1.160
1140:Chapman, Frank M. (1920).
1109:Jobling, James A. (2010).
809:
737:
519:legs, and a red eye ring.
15:
2503:
2153:10.1007/s10336-016-1389-4
1742:10.1007/s00442-008-1266-9
1615:Lenington, Sarah (1975).
1334:Nellis, David W. (2001).
863:
483:Bangs & Kennard, 1920
232:
223:
202:
195:
97:Scientific classification
95:
73:
64:
51:
46:
37:
32:
18:Killdeer (disambiguation)
2477:Internet Bird Collection
1192:Hauber, Mark E. (2014).
950:: e.T22693777A93422319.
902:Originally described as
889:
601:contiguous United States
575:Habitat and distribution
250: Non-breeding range
2997:Birds described in 1758
882:, and in Canada by the
821:The broken-wing display
782:. It is preyed upon by
762:Predators and parasites
571:is a long, fast trill.
563:as "kee-di-di-di". Its
3007:Birds of the Caribbean
2977:Birds of North America
2485:Killdeer photo gallery
2141:Journal of Ornithology
1092:Catesby, Mark (1731).
806:Responses to predators
722:
704:
684:
657:
591:
547:is visible in flight.
527:
380:Etymology and taxonomy
354:responses to predation
298:are mostly brown with
2900:Paleobiology Database
1976:Charadrius vociferous
1903:10.1093/auk/105.3.553
1072:10.2173/bow.killde.01
870:least-concern species
810:Further information:
717:
702:
675:
655:
582:
525:
2931:Charadrius-vociferus
2695:Fauna Europaea (new)
2573:charadrius-vociferus
2560:Charadrius_vociferus
2535:Charadrius vociferus
2505:Charadrius vociferus
2363:. pp. 289–377.
1885:Charadrius vociferus
1830:Charadrius vociferus
1667:Hiller, Ilo (2008).
1578:Charadrius vociferus
1229:Charadrius vociferus
1057:Charadrius vociferus
936:Charadrius vociferus
691:The killdeer lays a
631:
564:
403:Charadrius vociferus
291:
265:Charadrius vociferus
244: Resident range
238: Breeding range
206:Charadrius vociferus
16:For other uses, see
2394:The Wilson Bulletin
1734:2009Oecol.159..893M
1551:The Wilson Bulletin
1521:The Wilson Bulletin
1431:The Wilson Bulletin
812:Distraction display
688:occurs year-round.
474:nominate subspecies
310:is resident in the
67:Conservation status
1992:10.1007/bf00172085
1881:Brunton, Dianne H.
1826:Brunton, Dianne H.
723:
705:
685:
658:
612:C. v. ternominatus
592:
585:C. v. ternominatus
552:C. v. ternominatus
528:
480:C. v. ternominatus
366:vulnerable species
348:during the night.
308:C. v. ternominatus
2954:
2953:
2887:Open Tree of Life
2497:Taxon identifiers
2378:978-1-4684-4693-7
1377:978-0-7748-4435-2
1277:978-1-4262-0720-4
1205:978-0-226-05781-1
1126:978-1-4081-2501-4
843:
505:
484:
471:
372:and the Canadian
323:nest itself is a
256:
255:
188:C. vociferus
90:
58:
3014:
2987:Birds of Ecuador
2947:
2946:
2934:
2933:
2921:
2920:
2908:
2907:
2895:
2894:
2882:
2881:
2869:
2868:
2856:
2855:
2843:
2842:
2830:
2829:
2817:
2816:
2814:NBNSYS0000000324
2804:
2803:
2791:
2790:
2778:
2777:
2765:
2764:
2752:
2751:
2739:
2738:
2726:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2703:
2702:
2690:
2689:
2677:
2676:
2664:
2663:
2651:
2650:
2638:
2637:
2625:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2588:
2586:BCF9A19AFE372627
2576:
2575:
2563:
2562:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2472:"Killdeer media"
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2101:(4): 672–676 8.
2090:
2084:
2083:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2003:
1971:
1958:
1957:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1877:
1866:
1865:
1834:Animal Behaviour
1822:
1813:
1812:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1636:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1582:Animal Behaviour
1573:
1567:
1566:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1516:
1501:
1500:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1404:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1223:
1210:
1209:
1189:
1178:
1177:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1061:
1049:
996:
995:
992:Internet Archive
978:
969:
968:
966:
964:
959:
929:
907:
900:
854:
845:
844:
829:
768:acanthocephalans
635:
624:C. v. peruvianus
616:Greater Antilles
568:
556:C. v. peruvianus
503:
501:C. v. peruvianus
491:Greater Antilles
482:
469:
316:C. v. peruvianus
295:
249:
243:
237:
228:
208:
105:
104:
84:
79:
78:
60:
59:
42:
30:
29:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3011:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2911:
2903:
2898:
2890:
2885:
2877:
2872:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2848:Observation.org
2846:
2838:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2812:
2807:
2799:
2794:
2786:
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2773:
2768:
2760:
2755:
2747:
2742:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2706:
2698:
2693:
2685:
2680:
2672:
2667:
2659:
2654:
2646:
2641:
2633:
2628:
2620:
2618:
2610:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2566:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2499:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2357:
2353:
2330:10.2307/4079369
2314:
2307:
2268:
2264:
2241:10.2307/3276980
2225:
2221:
2198:10.2307/1366650
2180:
2176:
2137:
2130:
2107:10.2307/1936517
2091:
2087:
2056:
2052:
2029:
2025:
1972:
1961:
1938:10.2307/1368114
1922:
1918:
1878:
1869:
1823:
1816:
1793:10.2307/4512343
1777:
1773:
1717:
1713:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1665:
1658:
1634:10.2307/4084431
1613:
1609:
1574:
1570:
1547:
1540:
1517:
1504:
1489:10.2307/3803240
1473:
1466:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1395:Johnsgard, P.A.
1392:
1385:
1378:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1332:
1328:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1262:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1225:
1224:
1213:
1206:
1190:
1181:
1158:10.2307/4072966
1138:
1134:
1127:
1107:
1103:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1050:
999:
979:
972:
962:
960:
930:
921:
916:
911:
910:
901:
897:
892:
866:
855:
846:
835:
830:
814:
808:
764:
740:
650:
645:
637:
610:The subspecies
583:The subspecies
577:
570:
545:flight feathers
516:
504:(Chapman, 1920)
467:C. v. vociferus
451:, coming from
407:scientific name
398:Systema Naturae
382:
297:
287:Systema Naturae
252:
251:
247:
245:
241:
239:
235:
219:
210:
204:
191:
154:Charadriiformes
99:
91:
80:
76:
69:
53:
26:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3020:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2935:
2922:
2909:
2896:
2883:
2870:
2857:
2844:
2831:
2818:
2805:
2792:
2779:
2766:
2753:
2740:
2727:
2717:
2704:
2691:
2682:Fauna Europaea
2678:
2665:
2652:
2639:
2626:
2616:
2603:
2590:
2577:
2564:
2551:
2540:
2525:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2466:
2465:External links
2463:
2460:
2459:
2448:on 20 May 2019
2433:
2411:
2400:(4): 605–607.
2384:
2377:
2351:
2324:(2): 243–247.
2305:
2262:
2219:
2174:
2147:(1): 253–262.
2128:
2085:
2050:
2039:(3): 263–268.
2023:
1986:(3): 181–190.
1959:
1932:(3): 634–641.
1916:
1897:(3): 553–564.
1867:
1840:(3): 705–717.
1814:
1787:(2): 134–141.
1771:
1728:(4): 893–901.
1711:
1700:(3): 602–604.
1684:
1656:
1627:(1): 149–151.
1607:
1568:
1557:(4): 515–530.
1538:
1502:
1464:
1418:
1411:
1383:
1376:
1353:
1346:
1326:
1299:(1): 160–169.
1283:
1276:
1253:
1211:
1204:
1179:
1152:(1): 105–108.
1132:
1125:
1101:
1084:
997:
982:Linnaeus, Carl
970:
918:
917:
915:
912:
909:
908:
894:
893:
891:
888:
865:
862:
857:
856:
849:
847:
833:
831:
824:
822:
807:
804:
796:striped skunks
763:
760:
739:
736:
676:A female on a
667:piping plovers
649:
646:
644:
641:
620:Virgin Islands
576:
573:
539:band, a white
515:
512:
508:
507:
498:
495:Virgin Islands
477:
470:Linnaeus, 1758
405:, its current
381:
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9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3019:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:Birds of Peru
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
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2595:
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2515:
2511:
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2502:
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2479:
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2415:
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2312:
2310:
2301:
2297:
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2277:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:(2): 81–124.
2065:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
2001:2027.42/46896
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1908:
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1900:
1896:
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1886:
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1425:
1423:
1414:
1412:0-8032-2553-9
1408:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1347:1-56164-191-X
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1128:
1122:
1118:
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1088:
1073:
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1065:
1060:
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1048:
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1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
993:
989:
988:
983:
977:
975:
958:
953:
949:
945:
944:
939:
937:
928:
926:
924:
919:
905:
899:
895:
887:
885:
881:
877:
876:
871:
861:
853:
848:
832:
828:
823:
820:
819:
818:
813:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:herring gulls
781:
777:
773:
769:
759:
755:
753:
749:
745:
735:
732:
727:
721:
716:
712:
710:
701:
697:
694:
689:
683:
679:
674:
670:
668:
662:
654:
640:
636:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
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586:
581:
572:
569:
560:
557:
553:
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542:
538:
533:
524:
520:
511:
502:
499:
496:
492:
488:
481:
478:
475:
468:
465:
464:
463:
460:
459:, "to bear".
458:
455:, "cry", and
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:
434:Ancient Greek
431:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:
394:
390:
389:Carl Linnaeus
387:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:least concern
355:
351:
346:
341:
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264:
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187:
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174:
164:Charadriidae
27:
22:
2835:Neotropical
2796:NatureServe
2744:iNaturalist
2529:Wikispecies
2235:(6): 1143.
1527:(1): 8–20.
1055:"Killdeer (
963:11 November
718:A chick in
605:West Indies
537:subterminal
514:Description
312:West Indies
2972:Charadrius
2961:Categories
2926:Xeno-canto
2452:10 October
2426:10 October
2361:Shorebirds
2278:(2): 184.
2272:Waterbirds
2192:(2): 245.
2185:The Condor
1926:The Condor
1678:2011-03-01
1669:"Killdeer"
1588:(1): 1–9.
1483:(2): 421.
1227:"Killdeer
914:References
780:trematodes
744:tree frogs
729:The young
720:New Jersey
656:Copulation
634:home range
567:alarm call
445:vociferus
437:kharadrios
423:Late Latin
419:Charadrius
386:naturalist
294:upperparts
175:Charadrius
2406:0043-5643
2338:1938-4254
2292:1939-9170
2249:0022-3395
2206:1938-5129
2161:2193-7192
2115:1939-9170
2072:0273-8570
2045:0273-8570
2010:1432-0762
1946:1938-5129
1911:1938-4254
1854:0003-3472
1801:2327-1280
1750:1432-1939
1722:Oecologia
1706:1938-4254
1643:1938-4254
1602:0003-3472
1563:0043-5643
1533:0043-5643
1451:0043-5643
1313:1557-9263
1166:0004-8038
800:mustelids
776:nematodes
746:and dead
709:precocial
597:migratory
526:In flight
350:Predators
182:Species:
120:Kingdom:
114:Eukaryota
33:Killdeer
2879:killdeer
2801:2.101693
2788:22693777
2762:10934850
2723:killdeer
2599:22693777
2594:BirdLife
2514:Wikidata
2300:83933209
2169:42947525
2018:25058409
1862:53171701
1766:22438709
1758:19145449
1459:85929172
1397:(1981).
1321:85684751
1246:1 August
984:(1758).
792:raccoons
772:cestodes
648:Breeding
643:Behavior
541:terminal
441:kharadra
329:seashell
304:nominate
274:Americas
260:killdeer
213:Linnaeus
160:Family:
134:Chordata
130:Phylum:
124:Animalia
110:Domain:
87:IUCN 3.1
2939:ZooBank
2713:2480320
2581:Avibase
2520:Q755737
2346:4079369
2318:The Auk
2257:3276980
2214:1366650
2123:1936517
2095:Ecology
2080:4512701
1954:1368114
1890:The Auk
1809:4512343
1730:Bibcode
1694:The Auk
1651:4084431
1621:The Auk
1497:3803240
1174:4072966
1146:The Auk
1119:, 404.
1077:12 June
748:minnows
738:Feeding
487:Bahamas
427:Vulgate
413:in his
395:of his
391:in the
360:by the
345:forages
284:of his
280:in the
170:Genus:
150:Order:
140:Class:
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2918:159127
2905:129786
2892:661811
2866:159127
2840:killde
2775:176520
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2661:100877
2648:killde
2622:killde
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2548:killde
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493:, and
489:, the
472:– The
338:fledge
333:clutch
325:scrape
314:, and
300:rufous
270:plover
248:
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2913:WoRMS
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2757:IRMNG
2687:96873
2656:EUNIS
2643:eBird
2619:BOW:
2612:10184
2342:JSTOR
2296:S2CID
2253:JSTOR
2210:JSTOR
2165:S2CID
2119:JSTOR
2076:JSTOR
2014:S2CID
1950:JSTOR
1858:S2CID
1805:JSTOR
1762:S2CID
1647:JSTOR
1493:JSTOR
1455:S2CID
1317:S2CID
1170:JSTOR
890:Notes
532:lores
457:ferre
449:Latin
430:Bible
2874:ODNR
2861:OBIS
2822:NCBI
2783:IUCN
2770:ITIS
2749:4793
2708:GBIF
2674:4740
2635:TMXQ
2607:BOLD
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1200:ISBN
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948:2016
678:nest
589:Cuba
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258:The
217:1758
144:Aves
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