William IV - Knowledge

1533:. The King, angered at what he took to be disrespect from the Duchess to his wife, took the opportunity at what proved to be his final birthday banquet in August 1836 to settle the score. Speaking to those assembled at the banquet, who included the Duchess and Princess Victoria, William expressed his hope that he would survive until Victoria was 18 so that the Duchess would never be regent. He said, "I trust to God that my life may be spared for nine months longer ... I should then have the satisfaction of leaving the exercise of the Royal authority to the personal authority of that young lady, heiress presumptive to the Crown, and not in the hands of a person now near me, who is surrounded by evil advisers and is herself incompetent to act with propriety in the situation in which she would be placed." The speech was so shocking that Victoria burst into tears, while her mother sat in silence and was only with difficulty persuaded not to leave immediately after dinner (the two left the next day). William's outburst undoubtedly contributed to Victoria's tempered view of him as "a good old man, though eccentric and singular". William survived, though mortally ill, to the month after Victoria's coming of age. "Poor old man!", Victoria wrote as he was dying, "I feel sorry for him; he was always personally kind to me." 1318:, told Grey that the creations must be restricted as much as possible to the eldest sons and collateral heirs of existing peers, so that the created peerages would eventually be absorbed as subsidiary titles. This time, the Lords did not reject the bill outright, but began preparing to change its basic character through amendments. Grey and his fellow ministers decided to resign if the King did not agree to an immediate and large creation to force the bill through in its entirety. The King refused, and accepted their resignations. The King attempted to restore the Duke of Wellington to office, but Wellington had insufficient support to form a ministry and the King's popularity sank to an all-time low. Mud was slung at his carriage and he was publicly hissed. The King agreed to reappoint Grey's ministry, and to create new peers if the House of Lords continued to pose difficulties. Concerned by the threat of the creations, most of the bill's opponents abstained and the 964:, better known by her stage name Mrs Jordan, the title "Mrs" being assumed at the start of her stage career to explain an inconvenient pregnancy and "Jordan" because she had "crossed the water" from Ireland to Britain. He appeared to enjoy the domesticity of his life with Mrs. Jordan, remarking to a friend: "Mrs Jordan is a very good creature, very domestic and careful of her children. To be sure she is absurd sometimes and has her humours. But there are such things more or less in all families." The couple, while living quietly, enjoyed entertaining, with Mrs. Jordan writing in late 1809: "We shall have a full and merry house this Christmas, 'tis what the dear Duke delights in." The King was accepting of his son's relationship with the actress (though recommending that he halve her allowance); in 1797, he created William the Ranger of 9022: 930: 49: 2004: 1483:, inherited a peerage, thus removing him from the Commons to the Lords. Melbourne had to appoint a new Commons leader and a new Chancellor (who by long custom, must be drawn from the Commons), but the only candidate whom Melbourne felt suitable to replace Althorp as Commons leader was Lord John Russell, whom William (and many others) found unacceptable due to his radical politics. William claimed that the ministry had been weakened beyond repair and used the removal of Lord Althorp—who had previously indicated that he would retire from politics upon becoming a peer—as the pretext for the dismissal of the entire ministry. With Lord Melbourne gone, William chose to entrust power to a Tory, Sir 1851: 1817: 1995: 1986: 1722: 1624:. But when William dismissed the Melbourne ministry, the Tories under Peel failed to win the ensuing elections. The monarch's ability to influence the opinion of the electorate, and therefore national policy, had been reduced. None of William's successors has attempted to remove a government or to appoint another against the wishes of Parliament. William understood that as a constitutional monarch he had no power to act against the opinion of Parliament. He said, "I have my view of things, and I tell them to my ministers. If they do not adopt them, I cannot help it. I have done my duty." 1872: 1537: 8552: 909:. His experience in the Caribbean, where he "quickly absorbed the plantation owners' views about slavery", lent weight to his position, which was perceived as well-argued and just by some of his contemporaries. In his first speech before Parliament he called himself "an attentive observer of the state of the negroes" who found them well cared for and "in a state of humble happiness". Others thought it "shocking that so young a man, under no bias of interest, should be earnest in continuance of the slave trade". In his speech to the House, William insulted 600: 751: 1314:

despite the continued opposition of peers in the House of Lords. Frustrated by the Lords' obdurate attitude, Grey suggested that the King create a sufficient number of new peers to ensure the passage of the Reform Bill. The King objected—though he had the power to create an unlimited number of peers, he had already created 22 new peers in his Coronation Honours. William reluctantly agreed to the creation of the number of peers sufficient "to secure the success of the bill". However, the King, citing the difficulties with a permanent expansion of the

858: 6789: 1409: 1023:, to marry and produce an heir. William had great advantages in this race—his two older brothers were both childless and estranged from their wives, who were both beyond childbearing age anyway, and William was the healthiest of the three. If he lived long enough, he would almost certainly ascend the British and Hanoverian thrones and have the opportunity to sire the next monarch. William's initial choices of potential wives either met with the disapproval of his eldest brother, the Prince of Wales, or turned him down. His younger brother 8892: 1056: 7854: 387: 7860: 1742: 1275:

year before and the country was in a state of high excitement which might boil over into violence. He was, however, irritated by the conduct of the Opposition, which announced its intention to move the passage of an Address, or resolution, in the House of Lords, against dissolution. Regarding the Opposition's motion as an attack on his prerogative, and at the urgent request of Lord Grey and his ministers, the King prepared to go in person to the House of Lords and

1000: 1127: 1639:(standardising provision for the destitute). William attracted criticism both from reformers, who felt that reform did not go far enough, and from reactionaries, who felt that reform went too far. A modern interpretation sees him as failing to satisfy either political extreme by trying to find a compromise between two bitterly opposed factions, but in the process proving himself more capable as a constitutional monarch than many had supposed. 6802: 1796: 1113:, describing the latter's position on the Bill as "infamous", to Ernest's outrage. George IV's health was increasingly bad; it was obvious by early 1830 that he was near death. The King took his leave of William at the end of May, stating, "God's will be done. I have injured no man. It will all rest on you then." William's genuine affection for his older brother could not mask his rising anticipation that he would soon be king. 1762: 1263: 1047:

Parliament had voted him an increased allowance, which he reluctantly accepted after his requests to have it increased further were refused. William is not known to have had mistresses after his marriage. The couple had two short-lived daughters and Adelaide suffered two miscarriages. Despite this, false rumours that she was pregnant persisted into William's reign—he dismissed them as "damned stuff".

1514:, William gloomily replied, "I cannot give any dinners without inviting the ministers, and I would rather see the devil than any one of them in my house." Nevertheless, William approved the Cabinet's recommendations for reform. Despite his disagreements with Melbourne, the King wrote warmly to congratulate the prime minister when he triumphed in the adultery case brought against him concerning 1446:, leading to charges that idle priests were living in luxury at the expense of Irish people living at the level of subsistence. Grey's Act had reduced the number of bishoprics by half, abolished some of the sinecures and overhauled the tithe system. Further measures to appropriate the surplus revenues of the Church of Ireland were mooted by the more radical members of the Government, including 1454: 1568: 1238:, though the Tories still had the largest number of seats. With the Tories bitterly divided, Wellington was defeated in the House of Commons in November, and Lord Grey formed a government. Grey pledged to reform the electoral system, which had seen few changes since the fifteenth century. The inequities in the system were great; for example, large towns such as 1548:, in childbirth in April 1837. William and his eldest son, the Earl of Munster, were estranged at the time, but William hoped that a letter of condolence from Munster signalled a reconciliation. His hopes were not fulfilled and Munster, still thinking he had not been given sufficient money or patronage, remained bitter to the end. 996:

one of her daughters from a previous relationship, William took custody of the daughters and stopped paying the £1,500 (equivalent to £132,500 in 2023) designated for their maintenance. After Mrs Jordan's acting career began to fail, she fled to France to escape her creditors and died, impoverished, near Paris in 1816.

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Crown and of the King's influence over the electorate. During the reign of George III, the king could have dismissed one ministry, appointed another, dissolved Parliament, and expected the electorate to vote in favour of the new administration. Such was the result of a dissolution in 1784, after the dismissal of the

1487:. Since Peel was then in Italy, the Duke of Wellington was provisionally appointed prime minister. When Peel returned and assumed leadership of the ministry for himself, he saw the impossibility of governing because of the Whig majority in the House of Commons. Consequently, Parliament was dissolved to force 1396:, Viceroy of Hanover, accepted, backed fully by William. In 1833, William signed a new constitution for Hanover, which empowered the middle class, gave limited power to the lower classes, and expanded the role of the parliament. The constitution would later be revoked by his brother and successor in Hanover, 795:, who wrote of William, "in his professional line, he is superior to two-thirds, I am sure, of the list; and in attention to orders, and respect to his superior officer, I hardly know his equal." The two were great friends, and dined together almost nightly. At Nelson's wedding, William insisted on giving 1035:, declined the match. Two months later Adolphus married Augusta himself. Eventually, however, a princess was found who was amiable, home-loving and willing to accept (even enthusiastically welcome) William's nine surviving children, several of whom had not yet reached adulthood. In the Drawing Room at 1429:, replaced him. Melbourne retained most Cabinet members, and his ministry retained an overwhelming majority in the House of Commons. Some members of the Government, however, were anathema to the King, and increasingly left-wing policies concerned him. The previous year Grey had already pushed through 1387:

introduced laws that curbed fledgling liberal movements in Germany. Lord Palmerston opposed this, and sought William's influence to cause the Hanoverian government to take the same position. The Hanoverian government instead agreed with Metternich, much to Palmerston's dismay, and William declined to

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William and his sons "was punctuated by a series of savage and, for the King at least, painful quarrels" over money and honours. His daughters, on the other hand, proved an ornament to his court, as "They are all, you know, pretty and lively, and make society in a way that real princesses could not."

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throughout Ireland, supported multiple bishoprics and was wealthy. However, barely an eighth of the Irish population belonged to the Church of Ireland. In some parishes, there were no Church of Ireland members at all, but there was still a priest paid for by tithes collected from the local Catholics

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struck her colours to his ship. His experiences in the navy seem to have been little different from those of other midshipmen, though in contrast to other sailors he was accompanied on board ship by a tutor. He did his share of the cooking and got arrested with his shipmates after a drunken brawl in

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of Britain and Hanover, which had persisted since 1714. The main beneficiaries of his will were his eight surviving children by Mrs Jordan. Although William is not the direct ancestor of the later monarchs of the United Kingdom, he has many notable descendants through his illegitimate children with

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for most offences other than mutiny, attempted to improve the standard of naval gunnery, and required regular reports of the condition and preparedness of each ship. He commissioned the first steam warship and advocated the construction of more. Holding the office permitted him to make mistakes and

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children, what must he not at this moment suffer?" She was given a financial settlement of £4,400 (equivalent to £403,300 in 2023) per year and custody of her daughters on condition that she did not resume the stage. When she resumed acting in an effort to repay debts incurred by the husband of

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The spirit of enterprise so conspicuous in your plan for surprising in their quarters and bringing off the Prince William Henry and Admiral Digby merits applause; and you have my authority to make the attempt in any manner, and at such a time, as your judgment may direct. I am fully persuaded, that

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on 8 September 1831. At first, William wished to dispense with the coronation entirely, feeling that his wearing the crown while proroguing Parliament answered any need. He was persuaded otherwise by traditionalists. He refused, however, to celebrate the coronation in the expensive way his brother

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William ceased his active service in the Royal Navy in 1790. When Britain declared war on France in 1793, he was eager to serve his country and expected to be given a command but was not, perhaps at first because he had broken his arm by falling down some stairs drunk, but later perhaps because he

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When the First Reform Bill was defeated in the House of Commons in 1831, Grey's ministry urged William to dissolve Parliament, which would lead to a new general election. At first, William hesitated to exercise his prerogative powers to dissolve Parliament because elections had just been held the

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William IV had a short but eventful reign. In Britain, the Reform Crisis marked the ascendancy of the House of Commons and the corresponding decline of the House of Lords, and the King's unsuccessful attempt to remove the Melbourne ministry indicated a reduction in the political influence of the

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opposing the war. The following year he spoke in favour of the war, and expected a command after his change of heart; none came. The Admiralty did not reply to his request. He did not lose hope of being appointed to an active post. In 1798 he was made an admiral, but the rank was purely nominal.

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and granting the other children the precedence of a daughter or a younger son of a marquess. Despite this his children importuned for greater opportunities, disgusting elements of the press who reported that the "impudence and rapacity of the FitzJordans is unexampled". The relationship between

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After the rejection of the Second Reform Bill by the House of Lords in October 1831, agitation for reform grew across the country; demonstrations grew violent in so-called "Reform Riots". In the face of popular excitement, the Grey ministry refused to accept defeat, and re-introduced the Bill,

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since 1811 because of the mental illness of their father. In 1820, George III died and the Prince Regent became George IV. William was now second in the line of succession, preceded only by his brother Frederick. Reformed since his marriage, William walked for hours, ate relatively

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William's marriage, which lasted almost twenty years until his death, was a happy one. Adelaide took both William and his finances in hand. For their first year of marriage the couple lived in economical fashion in Germany. William's debts were soon on the way to being paid, especially since

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with just seven voters—elected two members of Parliament each. Often, the rotten boroughs were controlled by great aristocrats, whose nominees were invariably elected by the constituents—who were, most often, their tenants—especially since the secret ballot was not yet used in Parliamentary

1495:, they were still in the minority. Peel remained in office for a few months but resigned after a series of parliamentary defeats. Melbourne was reappointed as prime minister, remaining there for the rest of William's reign, and the King was forced to accept Russell as Commons leader. 1420:

For the remainder of his reign, William interfered actively in politics only once, in 1834, when he became the last British sovereign to choose a prime minister contrary to the will of Parliament. In 1834, the ministry was facing increasing unpopularity and Lord Grey retired; the

987:". Their affair lasted for twenty years before ending in 1811. Mrs Jordan had no doubt about the reason for the break-up: "Money, money, my good friend, has, I am convinced made HIM at this moment the most wretched of men", adding, "With all his excellent qualities, his domestic 956:

in February 1807. Caroline von Linsingen, whose father was a general in the Hanoverian infantry, claimed to have had a son, Heinrich, by William in around 1790 but William was not in Hanover at the time that she claims, and the story is considered implausible by historians.

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flavoured with lemon. Both of his older brothers were unhealthy, and it was considered only a matter of time before he became king. When Frederick died in 1827, William, then more than 60 years old, became heir presumptive. Later that year, the incoming prime minister,

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on 19 May 1789, supposedly saying: "I well know it is another vote added to the Opposition." William's political record was inconsistent and, like many politicians of the time, cannot be ascribed to a single party. However, he allied himself publicly with the

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described him as an excellent man of business, asking enough questions to help him understand the matter—whereas George IV feared to ask questions lest he display his ignorance and George III would ask too many and then not wait for a response.

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had—the 1821 coronation had cost £240,000, of which £16,000 was merely to hire the jewels. At William's instructions, the Privy Council budgeted less than £30,000 for the coronation. When traditionalist Tories threatened to boycott what they called the "

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William distrusted foreigners, particularly anyone French, which he acknowledged as a "prejudice". He also felt strongly that Britain should not interfere in the internal affairs of other states, which brought him into conflict with the interventionist

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officers. Things finally came to a head in 1828 when, as Lord High Admiral, he put to sea with a squadron of ships, leaving no word of where they were going, and remained away for ten days. The King requested his resignation through the prime minister,

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of the scene before William's arrival, "It is utterly impossible to describe the scene ... The violent tones and gestures of noble Lords ... astonished the spectators, and affected the ladies who were present with visible alarm."

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When George IV died on 26 June 1830 without surviving legitimate issue, William succeeded him as William IV. Aged 64, he was the oldest person at that point to assume the British throne, a distinction he would hold until surpassed by

575:, and the electoral system refashioned by the Reform Acts of 1832. Although William did not engage in politics as much as his brother or his father, he was the last British monarch to appoint a prime minister contrary to the will of 913:, the leading abolitionist, saying: "the proponents of the abolition are either fanatics or hypocrites, and in one of those classes I rank Mr. Wilberforce". On other issues he was more liberal, such as supporting moves to abolish 1366:

vital to Britain. Later in his reign, he flattered the American ambassador at a dinner by announcing that he regretted not being "born a free, independent American, so much did he respect that nation, which had given birth to

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Parliament. The monarch's arrival would stop all debate and prevent passage of the Address. When initially told that his horses could not be ready at such short notice, William is supposed to have said, "Then I will go in a

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The King immediately proved himself a conscientious worker. The prime minister, the Duke of Wellington, stated that he had done more business with King William in ten minutes than he had with George IV in as many days.

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in Brighton, he used to send to the hotels for a list of their guests and invite anyone he knew to dinner, urging guests not to "bother about clothes. The Queen does nothing but embroider flowers after dinner."

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brandished a whip, threatening to thrash the Government supporters, and was held back by four of his colleagues. William hastily put on the crown, entered the Chamber, and dissolved Parliament. This forced

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William dismissed his brother's French chefs and German band, replacing them with English ones to public approval. He gave much of George IV's art collection to the nation and halved the royal

1085:, which had been in commission (that is, exercised by a board rather than by a single individual) since 1709. While in office, William had repeated conflicts with his Council, which was composed of 1371:, the greatest man that ever lived". By exercising his personal charm, William assisted in the repair of Anglo-American relations, which had been so deeply damaged during the reign of his father. 731:

The plot did not come to fruition; the British heard of it and assigned guards to William, who had until then walked around New York unescorted. In September 1781, William held court at the

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wrote shortly after his accession: "Hitherto the King has been indefatigable in his efforts to make himself popular, and do good natured and amiable things in every possible instance."

6148: 901:, which still existed in the British colonies. Freedom would do the slaves little good, he argued. He had travelled widely and, in his eyes, the living standard among freemen in the 8806: 7026: 9669: 1502:, which greatly alarmed the King, who feared it would eventually lead to the loss of the colony. At first, the King bitterly opposed these proposals. William exclaimed to 1388:

intervene. The conflict between William and Palmerston over Hanover was renewed the following year when Metternich called a conference of the German states, to be held in

1522:, with Melbourne applying tact and firmness when called for and William realising that his prime minister was far less radical in his politics than the King had feared. 1019:, then second-in-line to the British throne, in 1817, George III was left with twelve children but no legitimate grandchildren. The race was on among his sons, the 1551:

Queen Adelaide attended the dying William devotedly, not going to bed herself for more than ten days. William died in the early hours of the morning of 20 June 1837 at

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The King had a mixed relationship with Lord Melbourne. Melbourne's government mooted more ideas to introduce greater democracy, such as the devolution of powers to the

1298:, which yielded a great victory for the reformers. But although the Commons was clearly in favour of parliamentary reform, the Lords remained implacably opposed to it. 8287: 8114: 3829: 1004: 9589: 1102:

learn from them—a process that might have been far more costly if he had not learnt before becoming king that he should act only with the advice of his councillors.

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like his elder brothers, and to receive a similar parliamentary grant, but his father was reluctant. To put pressure on him, William threatened to stand for the

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Unlike his extravagant brother, William was unassuming, discouraging pomp and ceremony. In contrast to George IV, who tended to spend most of his time in

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Though he had a reputation for tactlessness and buffoonery, William could be shrewd and diplomatic. He foresaw that the potential construction of a

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The couple had ten illegitimate children—five sons and five daughters—nine of whom were named after William's siblings; each was given the surname "

690:, with whom he formed a life-long friendship and whom he described as the one to whom he owed all his professional knowledge. He was present at the 9699: 8294: 2120: 9619: 9609: 8862: 8792: 8166: 8048: 7012: 6343: 6332: 5565: 4220: 2724: 2108: 1545: 1529:. Their attempts to forge a close relationship with the girl were frustrated by the conflict between the King and Victoria's widowed mother, the 648: 269: 6806: 9664: 6513:

Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans

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a short-lived liberal constitution. William had no surviving legitimate children at the time of his death, so he was succeeded by his niece

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noted: "He is an immense improvement on the last unforgiving animal, who died growling sulkily in his den at Windsor. This man at least

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eroded his standing he was very popular among the people, who saw him as more approachable and down-to-earth than his brother.

736: 1518:—he had refused to permit Melbourne to resign when the case was first brought. The King and Lord Melbourne eventually found a 9512: 9452: 9332: 9297: 9126: 9006: 8909: 8750: 8640: 8161: 6968: 6740: 6716: 6666: 6455: 6298: 5764: 5354: 5124: 4855: 4725: 3877: 3842: 1526: 1302: 205: 81: 6304: 6265: 1310:-nation", the King retorted that they should go ahead, and that he anticipated "greater convenience of room and less heat". 9684: 9559: 9497: 9492: 9417: 9362: 9357: 9317: 9272: 9262: 9227: 9217: 9151: 9141: 9096: 9071: 9061: 9056: 9011: 8986: 8976: 8946: 8756: 6936: 6909: 1492: 1488: 1426: 1295: 1227: 744: 261: 1276: 972:, for William's growing family. William used Bushy as his principal residence until he became king. His London residence, 9367: 9327: 9192: 9187: 9182: 8996: 8744: 7822: 4933: 4561: 2244: 1677: 1583:

As William had no living legitimate issue, the British throne passed to his niece Victoria, the only legitimate child of

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Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living

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Political cartoon supporting the Reform Act: King William sits above the clouds, surrounded by Whig politicians; below

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was passed. The mob blamed William's actions on the influence of his wife and brother, and his popularity recovered.

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The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant

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and so the Hanoverian throne went to George III's fifth son, Ernest Augustus. William's death thus ended the

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Upon taking the throne, William did not forget his nine surviving illegitimate children, creating his eldest son,

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it is unnecessary to caution you against offering insult or indignity to the persons of the Prince or Admiral...

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William had an illegitimate son before 1791 whose mother is unknown; the son, also called William, drowned off

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Despite the difficulties William experienced, he did considerable good as Lord High Admiral. He abolished the

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William spent much of his remaining time during his brother's reign in the House of Lords. He supported the

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Instead of serving at sea, William spent time in the House of Lords, where he spoke in opposition to the

784: 544:. William remained faithful to Adelaide during their marriage. In 1827, he was appointed Britain's first 279: 31: 7400: 9594: 8710: 8214: 8007: 7991: 7836: 7782: 7696: 7374: 7342: 6865: 6794: 4290: 3237: 2391: 2365: 2254: 2216: 2184: 1864: 1632: 1507: 1040: 568: 299: 289: 218: 63: 6780: 6340: 6329: 6224: 1576: 9629: 9604: 7968: 7830: 7691: 7486: 7431: 7039: 5790: 4767:

George Washington writing to Colonel Ogden, 28 March 1782, quoted in Allen, p. 31 and Ziegler, p. 39.

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elected no members (though they were part of county constituencies), while small boroughs, known as

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Princes whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics

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elections. Landowners who controlled seats were even able to sell them to prospective candidates.

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in Devon. Appalled at the prospect of his son making his case to the voters, the King created him

8425: 7461: 7456: 7441: 7416: 6700: 6240: 4501: 1994: 1971: 1959: 1832: 636: 552: 7123: 9694: 8415: 8345: 7640: 7525: 7471: 7446: 7421: 7406: 7278: 7113: 6769: 6637: 4612: 4253: 2164: 1809: 1384: 683: 7583: 1150:, William was known, especially early in his reign, to walk, unaccompanied, through London or 639:), and was not expected to inherit the Crown. He was baptised in the Great Council Chamber of 8420: 8398: 7814: 7630: 7540: 7520: 7451: 7389: 7379: 7369: 7248: 7243: 7216: 7177: 7172: 6388: 4574: 4266: 3198: 1963: 1943: 1901: 1657: 1556: 1413: 1106: 1012: 977: 902: 687: 525: 7335: 7087: 6511: 1536: 1465: 1460:

of William IV, 1836. The inscription reads GULIELMUS IIII D(EI) G(RATIA) BRITANNIAR(UM) REX

1284:!" Coach and horses were assembled quickly and he immediately proceeded to Parliament. Said 9554: 9549: 9347: 9337: 9212: 7608: 7555: 7545: 7535: 7508: 7426: 7349: 7283: 7238: 7228: 7222: 7211: 7205: 7155: 6730: 4871: 4279: 4142: 2308: 2200: 1822: 1697: 1667: 1567: 1397: 1355:, the widower of his niece Charlotte, as a candidate for the newly created Belgian throne. 1352: 1340: 1194: 1098: 804: 711: 640: 458: 1450:. The King had an especial dislike for Russell, calling him "a dangerous little Radical." 8: 9544: 8784: 8566: 8135: 7901: 7635: 7588: 7530: 7466: 7263: 7253: 7233: 7199: 7004: 5570: 5537: 4675: 4488: 4196: 2140: 1777: 1628: 1617: 1223: 950: 914: 910: 755: 715: 556: 294: 6788: 5767:, the King's secretary, writing to Lord Grey, 15 August 1831, quoted in Ziegler, p. 194. 1027:, was sent to Germany to scout out the available Protestant princesses; he came up with 599: 9442: 8551: 7869: 7672: 7310: 7258: 7182: 6688: 6676: 5918: 5910: 5243: 5176: 4876: 4680: 3777: 1726: 1592: 1380: 941:

represents Mrs. Jordan, and the Duke has thrust himself into a fissure in the "Jordan".

918: 865: 857: 815: 773: 580: 466: 450: 54: 6416: 4848:

British Warships in the Age of Sail 1817–1863: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates

1408: 1392:, and Palmerston wanted Hanover to decline the invitation. Instead, William's brother 750: 9467: 9382: 8815: 8483: 7305: 7118: 6736: 6712: 6662: 6451: 6294: 5922: 5350: 5120: 4851: 4833: 4721: 4231: 2128: 1892:

Before becoming king, William, as a son of the sovereign, was granted the use of the

1447: 1434: 1368: 1332: 1190: 1086: 1011:

Deeply in debt, William made several attempts at marrying a wealthy heiress, such as

719: 616: 560: 245: 173: 48: 7166: 6609: 5302:

Letter from Hesse to the Duke of Cambridge, 1 March 1818, quoted in Ziegler, p. 121.

1627:

During William's reign, the British Parliament enacted major reforms, including the

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burned down in 1834. His informality could be startling: when in residence at the

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William was "very much shaken and affected" by the death of his eldest daughter,

1515: 1393: 1336: 1319: 1210: 921:. He also opposed efforts to bar those found guilty of adultery from remarriage. 879: 841: 769: 674:, where he was educated by private tutors. At the age of thirteen, he joined the 624: 620: 537: 502: 111: 6239:(1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" 1055: 9387: 8901: 8690: 8686: 8437: 7958: 7716: 7603: 7560: 7514: 7299: 6875: 6726: 6576: 6212: 5829:

Sir Herbert Taylor writing to Lord Grey, 1 May 1832, quoted in Ziegler, p. 224.

5397: 5254: 5250:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 4596: 3328: 2864: 1767: 1621: 1596: 1552: 1461: 1422: 1251: 1247: 1198: 1147: 1078: 1060: 973: 961: 874: 796: 792: 584: 572: 190: 104: 6561: 5382: 4925: 1966:(for Hanover), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a 9538: 9412: 9392: 9312: 9066: 8956: 8440:. Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom. 6829: 6556: 6520:] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 5. 5377: 1939: 1601: 1443: 1186: 1163: 1155: 1068: 934: 887: 740: 608: 274: 6621:

Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves

7741: 7498: 6708: 6237:

Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler

1897: 1480: 1363: 1073: 984: 811: 564: 7093: 5906: 1572: 1182:

to make everybody happy, and everything he has done has been benevolent."

1015:, but his suits were unsuccessful. Following the death of William's niece 894:

from a church steeple, he came under fire, and a bullet pierced his coat.

9457: 9397: 8874: 8361: 8254: 7746: 7731: 7316: 1609: 1511: 1484: 1281: 1140: 969: 938: 906: 788: 5914: 999: 878:

Despite repeated petitions, he was never given a command throughout the

703:; he was hastily released from custody after his identity became known. 615:

William was born in the early hours of the morning on 21 August 1765 at

9041: 8856: 8493: 8156: 8033: 7877: 7842: 7721: 7701: 7288: 7150: 2916: 2860: 2323: 1970:

of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lüneburg), III Gules a horse

1893: 1359: 1262: 1243: 1239: 1175: 1036: 1020: 965: 946: 679: 675: 671: 521: 506: 418: 355: 5856:

William writing to Palmerston, 1 June 1833, quoted in Ziegler, p. 234.

1126: 9422: 8511: 8452: 8259: 8069: 7883: 7736: 7706: 7293: 7268: 6858: 6046:

Victoria writing to Leopold, 19 June 1837, quoted in Ziegler, p. 290.

3182: 1588: 1510:

enquired of his father whether the King would be entertaining during

1267: 732: 700: 628: 532:, and was later nicknamed the "Sailor King". In 1789, he was created 529: 510: 94: 8702: 7774: 7394: 8199: 7726: 7667: 7273: 7098: 1951: 1151: 8221:

Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

7927: 6801: 6756: 2013:

Coat of Arms from 1801 to 1830 as Duke of Clarence and St Andrews

1059:

Portrait as Lord High Admiral. Print by William James Ward, after

7644: 7550: 6705:

Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Revised edition

2288: 2269: 1947: 1801: 1315: 891: 340: 6359:"Caballeros existentes en la insignie Orden del Toison de Oro". 1540:

Portrait by his daughter Sophia de L'Isle and Dudley, early 1837

7436: 7384: 7108: 7103: 6630:

The Sailor King: William the Fourth, His Court and His Subjects

2852:: Bold borders indicate legitimate children of British monarchs 2284: 1909: 1453: 1389: 643:

on 20 September 1765. His godparents were the King's siblings:

1189:. George had begun an extensive (and expensive) renovation of 513:, becoming the last king and penultimate monarch of Britain's 8162:

Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

7356: 5038:

writing to Miss Mills, 1 June 1799, quoted in Ziegler, p. 98.

2089:

Married Mary Wyndham, had issue. Committed suicide, aged 48.

1913: 1856: 1438: 803:

in 1787, he was, the next year, given command of the frigate

559:

when he was 64 years old. His reign saw several reforms: the

1383:

policy. This was not the case. In 1832, Austrian chancellor

1301:

The crisis saw a brief interlude for the celebration of the

686:'s squadron. For four years the lieutenant of his watch was 505:

from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837. The third son of

7140: 2664:

13. Princess Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

1967: 825: 8814: 8288:

Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

8115:

Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh

7034: 6390:

Königlich-Württembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch: 1831

6365:(in Spanish). En la Imprenta Nacional. 1835. p. 73. 5789:, with William IV and Sir Herbert Taylor, edited by 4830:

The Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy 1660–1815

2859:

Family of William IV, spanning the reigns of his father,

1698:

Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order

6445: 5893:

Brophy, James M. (2010). "Hanover and Göttingen, 1837".

4790:. Vol. III. New York: Arno Press. pp. 446–447. 2159:

Married Lady Augusta Boyle, had one surviving daughter.

1920:. In 1801 his arms altered with the royal arms, however 1072:

frugally, and the only drink he imbibed in quantity was

1067:

William's eldest brother, the Prince of Wales, had been

882:. In 1811, he was appointed to the honorary position of 497:(William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was 27:

King of the United Kingdom and Hanover from 1830 to 1837

6293:(in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 207. 6264:. l'Académie Imp. des Sciences. 1817. pp. 63, 78. 1379:

Public perception in Germany was that Britain dictated

1170:

The King did his best to endear himself to the people.

603:

William (left), aged thirteen, and his younger brother

536:. Between 1791 and 1811, he cohabited with the actress 499:

King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

9670:

Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War

8044:

Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh

1464:(William IV by the Grace of God King of the Britains, 645:

Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh

1931:

undifferenced: Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions

540:, with whom he had ten children. In 1818, he married 4850:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Seaforth. p. 240. 2634:

Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

905:

of Scotland was worse than that among slaves in the

8772:

Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale

8195:

Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale

6795:

Digitised private and official papers of William IV

2751:

Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen

2608:

Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

1109:Bill against the opposition of his younger brother 8210:Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 6996: 6560: 5433: 5431: 5381: 1525:Both the King and Queen were fond of their niece, 6652:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 664–665. 2297:Princess Elizabeth Georgiana Adelaide of Clarence 1491:. Although the Tories won more seats than in the 1226:caused fresh Parliamentary elections and, in the 9536: 8931: 6446:Pinches, John Harvey; Pinches, Rosemary (1974). 6362:Guía de forasteros en Madrid para el año de 1835 6326:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden 5533:"Prince of Wales will be oldest monarch crowned" 5119:(ebook ed.). Lume Books. pp. 979–980. 960:From 1791, William lived with an Irish actress, 9690:Military personnel from the City of Westminster 9680:Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England 9615:Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London 8863:Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 8839:Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews 8764:Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews 8620:Ernest Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick 8167:Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 8049:Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn 6693:William IV: The last Hanoverian King of Britain 5997: 5995: 5428: 5238: 5236: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2725:Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen 1635:(emancipating slaves in the colonies), and the 551:As his two elder brothers died without leaving 8281:Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 6417:"Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family" 6319: 2019:Coat of arms of King William IV (in Scotland) 1270:and the British Lion cause the Tories to flee. 9650:Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain 9590:Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 8917: 8800: 8718: 8468: 7943: 7790: 7020: 6687: 6675: 6055:Sir Herbert Taylor quoted in Ziegler, p. 287. 5694: 5692: 5566:"Queen Elizabeth II dies aged 96 at Balmoral" 5490: 5488: 4827: 2262:Princess Charlotte Augusta Louisa of Clarence 2121:Philip Sidney, 1st Baron De L'Isle and Dudley 1600:Mrs Jordan, including British prime minister 937:of William and Mrs. Jordan: A large, cracked 924: 9600:Peers of Great Britain created by George III 6571:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6110:"Cameron's royal link makes him a true blue" 5992: 5392:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 5347:The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens 5233: 1555:, where he was buried in the Royal Vault at 270:Sophia Sidney, Baroness De L'Isle and Dudley 9675:Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars 8691:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 8436:Not a British prince by birth, but created 7587:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 6208: 6206: 5737:Allen, pp. 124, 130; Ziegler, pp. 189, 192. 2544:Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst 1882:Knight Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown 1688:Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath 8924: 8910: 8807: 8793: 8725: 8711: 8527:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn 8475: 8461: 8085:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn 7950: 7936: 7797: 7783: 7764:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 7027: 7013: 6787: 6618: 6611:Random Recollections of the House of Lords 6261:Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817 5689: 5485: 2783:Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach 2689:Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 2486:Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 2268:Died a few hours after being baptised, in 1916:, the outer points each bearing an anchor 1585:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn 781:spent time in the colonies of Newfoundland 47: 8845:Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex 8833:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 8537:Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex 8517:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 8492:Generations are numbered by descent from 8399:James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex 8238:Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick 8095:Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex 8075:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 6489: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6476: 5802:Allen, pp. 137–141; Ziegler, pp. 196–212. 5246:inflation figures are based on data from 5181:Official web site of the British monarchy 4930:Official web site of the British monarchy 787:. Later in 1786, he was stationed in the 9645:Lord high admirals of the United Kingdom 8295:Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 7979:for members of the British royal family. 6656: 6636: 6286: 6203: 6084:"Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805" 5078:, 21 May 1808, quoted in Ziegler, p. 83. 4870: 4845: 4720:. Adelaide: Green Hill. pp. 14–18. 4711: 4709: 4674: 2424:Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 2079:George FitzClarence, 1st Earl of Munster 1958:); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ( 1929:royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom 1842:Knight Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion 1566: 1535: 1452: 1407: 1403: 1261: 1125: 1092:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 1054: 998: 928: 856: 768:William became a lieutenant in 1785 and 749: 722:approved a plot to kidnap him, writing: 666:William spent most of his early life in 598: 30:For other people titled William IV, see 9700:Heirs presumptive to the British throne 7971:, who formalised the use of the titles 6725: 6598: 6568:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6185: 6138: 5719:Allen, pp. 121–122 and Ziegler, p. 189. 5584:Allen, pp. 83–86; Ziegler, pp. 150–154. 5563: 5389:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5117:The Sailor King: The Life of William IV 4832:. Aldershot: Scolar Press. p. 82. 2843:: Red borders indicate British monarchs 1353:Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1134:, 1830. William wears Masonic insignia. 714:to visit America up to and through the 14: 9620:Great Masters of the Order of the Bath 9610:Peers of Ireland created by George III 9537: 8816:Great Masters of the Order of the Bath 8482: 8039:Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany 7967:The generations indicate descent from 6627: 6473: 5892: 5728:Allen, pp. 124–127; Ziegler, pp. 190f. 5545:from the original on 20 September 2013 5530: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5349:. London: Robinson. pp. 686–687. 5344: 5114: 4936:from the original on 21 September 2017 4828:Syrett, David; DiNardo, R. L. (1994). 4785: 4715: 2704: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2465: 2355: 2351: 1620:, and in 1807, after the dismissal of 1587:, George III's fourth son. Under 1296:new elections for the House of Commons 706:William served in New York during the 587:in the United Kingdom and his brother 509:, William succeeded his elder brother 9665:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain 8905: 8788: 8732: 8706: 8456: 7931: 7804: 7778: 7008: 6995: 6969:Great Master of the Order of the Bath 6661:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 6607: 6555: 6546: 6268:from the original on 1 September 2021 6186:Fulford, Roger (1967). "William IV". 6107: 6088:College of St George – Windsor Castle 5376: 5340: 5338: 5247: 4920: 4918: 4706: 4611: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4573: 4560: 4558: 4547: 4534: 4532: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4500: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4300: 4298: 4289: 4287: 4278: 4265: 4263: 4252: 4250: 4241: 4239: 4230: 4228: 4219: 4208: 4206: 4195: 4193: 4182: 4167: 4165: 4154: 4141: 4021: 3943: 3921: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3876: 3874: 3865: 3852: 3850: 3841: 3839: 3828: 3817: 3802: 3789: 3787: 3776: 3761: 3748: 3733: 3722: 3486: 3460: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3360: 3327: 3325: 3314: 3301: 3299: 3288: 3275: 3273: 3264: 3249: 3236: 3234: 3223: 3210: 3208: 3197: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3170: 2950: 2931: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2780: 2770: 2766: 2754: 2748: 2738: 2722: 2712: 2708: 2692: 2686: 2676: 2663: 2653: 2649: 2637: 2631: 2621: 2605: 2595: 2591: 2567: 2557: 2541: 2531: 2527: 2515: 2509: 2499: 2483: 2473: 2469: 2453: 2447: 2437: 2421: 2411: 2407: 2395: 2389: 2379: 2363: 2359: 1833:Knight of the House Order of Fidelity 1527:Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent 6699: 6643:"William IV., King of England" 6603:(revised ed.). London: Collins. 6524:from the original on 12 January 2021 6307:from the original on 5 December 2020 6290:Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 5793:, (1867) 2.102, 113, quoted in Brock 5564:Furness, Hannah (8 September 2022). 5531:Rayner, Gordon (19 September 2013). 5208: 5166:Allen, pp. 52–53 and Ziegler, p. 82. 4912:Allen, p. 46 and Ziegler, pp. 89–92. 1575:in 1837 on the 100th anniversary of 1427:William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne 1063:'s painting, first published in 1827 1050: 976:, was constructed to the designs of 968:, which included a large residence, 779:the following year, during which he 754:Prince William at the age of 17, by 710:, making him the only member of the 262:George FitzClarence, Earl of Munster 234: 7957: 6141:"Family detective: Adam Hart-Davis" 5363: 4788:Historical Memoirs of William Smith 4786:Sabine, William H. W., ed. (1956). 2245:Lucius Cary, 10th Viscount Falkland 1912:, the centre point bearing a cross 1678:Privy Council of the United Kingdom 1642: 1500:Legislative Council of Lower Canada 1111:Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland 542:Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 24: 8641:Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover 8604:Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick 8542:Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge 8336:Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester 8100:Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge 8018:Prince William, Duke of Cumberland 6427:from the original on 17 March 2018 6174:John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton 5755:Allen, p. 130 and Ziegler, p. 193. 5335: 5187:from the original on 28 March 2020 5177:"Royal Residences: Clarence House" 4915: 4903:, p. 154 quoted in Ziegler, p. 89. 4901:Sir Nathaniel Wraxall, 1st Baronet 4553:Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 2002: 1993: 1984: 1374: 1025:Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge 206:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 151:Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge 25: 9711: 9575:19th-century Royal Navy personnel 9570:18th-century Royal Navy personnel 8827:John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu 8667:Hereditary Prince Ernest Augustus 8302:Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover 7919:Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 6889:26 June 1830 – 20 June 1837 6870:26 June 1830 – 20 June 1837 6785:National Portrait Gallery, London 6750: 6397:from the original on 27 July 2021 6223:, London: St. Catherine's Press, 6151:from the original on 2 April 2015 6108:Price, Andrew (5 December 2005). 5323:, Monday, 13 July 1818 p. 3 col.A 4668: 4647:Cultural depictions of William IV 2227:Married Sarah Gordon, had issue. 1707:Royal Fellow of the Royal Society 1546:Sophia, Lady de L'Isle and Dudley 1325: 1081:, appointed him to the office of 1039:on 11 July 1818, William married 653:Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn 366:Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 305:Amelia Cary, Viscountess Falkland 285:Elizabeth Hay, Countess of Erroll 9020: 8957:William Juxon, Bishop of Lincoln 8890: 8869:Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester 8572:Prince George, Duke of Cambridge 8550: 8372:Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh 8326:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 8309:Prince George William of Hanover 8265:Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester 8227:Prince George William of Hanover 8141:Prince George, Duke of Cambridge 7858: 7852: 6800: 6683:. Stroud: Sutton Publishing Ltd. 6659:The Life and Times of William IV 6614:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 6464: 6439: 6409: 6393:. Guttenberg. 1831. p. 26. 6381: 6369:from the original on 7 June 2020 6352: 6328:(1834), "Großherzogliche Orden" 6280: 6252: 6230: 6194: 6179: 6163: 6139:Barratt, Nick (5 January 2008). 6132: 6101: 6076: 6067: 6058: 6049: 6040: 6031: 6022: 6013: 6004: 5983: 5974: 5965: 5956: 5947: 5938: 5929: 5886: 5877: 5868: 5105:Allen, p. 49 and Ziegler, p. 76. 5087:Allen, p. 36 and Ziegler, p. 50. 4776:Allen, p. 32 and Ziegler, p. 39. 4740:Allen, p. 29 and Ziegler, p. 32. 4718:Keats, A Treasure to the Service 3834:Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 2570:William IV of the United Kingdom 2450:George III of the United Kingdom 2177:William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll 2016:Coat of arms of King William IV 1964:tierced per pale and per chevron 1870: 1849: 1815: 1794: 1760: 1740: 1720: 1571:Statue of William IV erected in 1217: 1029:Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel 718:. While William was in America, 385: 8090:King Ernest Augustus of Hanover 7064:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 6768:at the official website of the 6759:at the official website of the 5859: 5850: 5841: 5832: 5823: 5820:Allen, p. 205; Ziegler, p. 223. 5814: 5805: 5796: 5779: 5770: 5758: 5749: 5740: 5731: 5722: 5713: 5701: 5680: 5671: 5662: 5653: 5641: 5632: 5623: 5614: 5605: 5596: 5587: 5578: 5557: 5524: 5515: 5506: 5497: 5476: 5467: 5458: 5449: 5440: 5419: 5326: 5314: 5305: 5296: 5287: 5278: 5269: 5224: 5199: 5169: 5160: 5151: 5142: 5133: 5108: 5099: 5090: 5081: 5068: 5059: 5050: 5041: 5029: 5020: 5011: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4975: 4966: 4957: 4948: 4906: 4893: 4884: 4864: 4821: 4812: 4803: 4794: 4779: 4770: 4684:. 21 September 1765. p. 1. 1631:(preventing child labour), the 1362:would make good relations with 1234:lost ground to the Whigs under 852: 838:Duke of Clarence and St Andrews 534:Duke of Clarence and St Andrews 524:in his youth, spending time in 230: 9655:Monarchs of the United Kingdom 8857:Albert Edward, Prince of Wales 8205:Prince Alexander John of Wales 8172:Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany 7061:Monarchs of England until 1603 6997:Articles related to William IV 6632:. London: Hutchinson & Co. 4761: 4752: 4743: 4734: 4697: 4688: 4659: 2831: 2512:Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha 1787:Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky 1648:British and Hanoverian honours 1531:Duchess of Kent and Strathearn 1473:leader of the House of Commons 1121: 890:. Watching the bombardment of 313:Princess Elizabeth of Clarence 309:Princess Charlotte of Clarence 13: 1: 9565:19th-century British monarchs 6623:. New York: Houghton Mifflin. 6448:The Royal Heraldry of England 4652: 759: 627:. He had two elder brothers, 619:, the third child and son of 594: 8933:First Lords of the Admiralty 8588:Crown Prince Ernest Augustus 8393:Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex 8331:Prince William of Gloucester 6781:Portraits of King William IV 6695:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 6592:UK public library membership 6190:. Vol. 23. p. 493. 6176:, quoted in Ziegler, p. 276. 5413:UK public library membership 1904:) in 1781, differenced by a 824:William sought to be made a 708:American War of Independence 7: 9685:Monarchs of the Isle of Man 9560:18th-century British people 9408:The Viscount Lee of Fareham 8367:Prince Andrew, Duke of York 8341:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent 8270:Prince George, Duke of Kent 8232:Prince Christian of Hanover 7671:British monarchs after the 6962:The Duke of York and Albany 6945:First Lord of the Admiralty 6918:First Lord of the Admiralty 6628:Molloy, Fitzgerald (1903). 6219:; Doubleday, H. A. (1913). 5787:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey 4880:. 19 May 1789. p. 377. 4640: 3307:Duke of Kent and Strathearn 2332: 2149:Lord Frederick FitzClarence 1980: 1954:flory-counter-flory Gules ( 1865:Knight of the Golden Fleece 1637:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 1608:, and author and statesman 1477:chancellor of the Exchequer 1351:were put forward, favoured 1017:Princess Charlotte of Wales 739:. In attendance were Mayor 280:Lord Frederick FitzClarence 32:William IV (disambiguation) 10: 9716: 9278:The Duke of Northumberland 8962:The Earl of Northumberland 8215:Prince Arthur of Connaught 8008:Frederick, Prince of Wales 6866:King of the United Kingdom 6540: 5650:quoted in Ziegler, p. 158. 3739:Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg 2698: 2585: 2459: 2392:Frederick, Prince of Wales 2366:George II of Great Britain 2353: 2255:Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 2217:Lord Augustus FitzClarence 2211:Married twice, had issue. 2185:Lord Adolphus FitzClarence 1927:As king, William used the 1633:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 1041:Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 925:Relationships and marriage 483:Battle of Cape St. Vincent 300:Lord Augustus FitzClarence 290:Lord Adolphus FitzClarence 251: 219:Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 64:King of the United Kingdom 29: 9175: 9029: 9018: 8939: 8888: 8822: 8740: 8680: 8659: 8633: 8612: 8596: 8580: 8559: 8548: 8504: 8490: 8434: 8408: 8380: 8354: 8318: 8247: 8187: 8149: 8123: 8062: 8026: 8000: 7984: 7965: 7911: 7867: 7850: 7812: 7759: 7682: 7666: 7662: 7599: 7582: 7578: 7055: 7051: 7002: 6975: 6966: 6958: 6953: 6933: 6924: 6906: 6901: 6891: 6882: 6872: 6863: 6855: 6850: 6815: 6619:Hochschild, Adam (2005). 6562:"William IV (1765–1837)"" 6287:Pedersen, Jørgen (2009). 5791:Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4609: 4571: 4545: 4498: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4393: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4367: 4343: 4339: 4313: 4276: 4274: 4217: 4215: 4180: 4178: 4152: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4029: 4019: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3897: 3887: 3863: 3861: 3826: 3815: 3813: 3800: 3774: 3772: 3759: 3746: 3744: 3731: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3424: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3378: 3376: 3364: 3362: 3352: 3342: 3312: 3286: 3262: 3247: 3221: 3195: 3174: 3172: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2929: 2768: 2760: 2732: 2710: 2706: 2670: 2651: 2643: 2615: 2593: 2589: 2551: 2529: 2521: 2493: 2471: 2467: 2431: 2409: 2401: 2373: 2357: 2318: 2279: 2264: 2251: 2103:Died unmarried, aged 22. 2067: 2046: 2001: 1992: 1983: 1962:); overall an escutcheon 1755:Knight of the Holy Spirit 1735:Knight of the Black Eagle 1591:, a woman could not rule 1562: 1433:reforming the Protestant 862:Portrait in dress uniform 692:Battle of Cape St Vincent 488: 478: 443: 432: 424: 412: 402: 397: 393: 381: 371: 361: 351: 339: 330: 325: 321: 244: 212: 197: 180: 160: 156: 146: 136: 128: 117: 110: 100: 90: 80: 69: 62: 46: 41: 9263:The Earl of Ellenborough 8881:William, Prince of Wales 8875:Charles, Prince of Wales 8388:William, Prince of Wales 8136:King George V of Hanover 6551:. London: Cresset Press. 6346:2 September 2019 at the 6335:2 September 2019 at the 6246:13 February 2020 at the 5383:"William IV (1765–1837)" 4617:of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 2025: 1343:and, after unacceptable 1228:general election of 1830 1116: 832:for the constituency of 830:British House of Commons 659:, Hereditary Duchess of 9660:People from Westminster 9428:The Viscount Chelmsford 9062:The Viscount Torrington 9007:The Earl of Bridgewater 8426:Prince Archie of Sussex 6797:at the Royal Collection 6657:Somerset, Anne (1980). 6649:Encyclopædia Britannica 6638:Prothero, George Walter 6599:Fulford, Roger (1973). 6547:Allen, W. Gore (1960). 5248:Clark, Gregory (2017). 3767:of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 3320:of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 3216:Duke of York and Albany 2937:of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 2341:Ancestors of William IV 1922:the marks of difference 1896:(without the electoral 1887: 1437:. The Church collected 1172:Charlotte Williams-Wynn 980:between 1825 and 1827. 637:Duke of York and Albany 629:George, Prince of Wales 425:Years of active service 9640:Knights of the Thistle 9585:Children of George III 9443:Sir Austen Chamberlain 9433:The Viscount Bridgeman 9333:The Earl of Northbrook 9303:Sir John Pakington, Bt 9293:Sir John Pakington, Bt 9273:Sir Francis Baring, Bt 9258:The Earl of Haddington 9183:The Earl of St Vincent 9097:The Earl of Winchilsea 9072:The Earl of Winchilsea 8982:The Earl of Torrington 8977:The Earl of Nottingham 8851:Albert, Prince Consort 8416:Prince George of Wales 8346:Prince Michael of Kent 8178:Prince Ernest Augustus 6770:Royal Collection Trust 6577:10.1093/ref:odnb/29451 6188:Collier's Encyclopedia 5707:Grant, p. 59, quoting 5629:Somerset, pp. 110–122. 5620:Van der Kiste, p. 178. 5593:Van der Kiste, p. 179. 5398:10.1093/ref:odnb/29451 4846:Winfield, Rif (2014). 4254:Elizabeth FitzClarence 4243:Frederick FitzClarence 2165:Elizabeth FitzClarence 2007: 1998: 1989: 1810:Knight of the Elephant 1580: 1541: 1471:In November 1834, the 1468: 1466:Defender of the Faith) 1417: 1385:Klemens von Metternich 1271: 1135: 1064: 1008: 942: 869: 765: 729: 661:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 612: 520:William served in the 9635:Knights of the Garter 9503:The Viscount Hailsham 9343:The Marquess of Ripon 9228:The Viscount Melville 9218:The Viscount Melville 9188:The Viscount Melville 9176:of the United Kingdom 9047:The Earl of Strafford 8997:The Viscount Falkland 8646:Prince Ludwig Rudolph 8625:Prince George William 8421:Prince Louis of Wales 8013:Prince George William 6937:The Viscount Melville 6910:The Viscount Melville 6681:George III's Children 6608:Grant, James (1836). 6470:Ziegler, pp. 136–137. 6200:Ziegler, pp. 291–294. 5971:Ziegler, pp. 261–267. 5962:Ziegler, pp. 256–257. 5935:Ziegler, pp. 242–255. 5907:10.1353/vcr.2010.0041 5811:Ziegler, pp. 214–222. 5686:Ziegler, pp. 182–188. 5677:Ziegler, pp. 177–180. 5659:Ziegler, pp. 158–159. 5345:Ashley, Mike (1998). 5332:Ziegler, pp. 121–129. 5275:Ziegler, pp. 108–109. 5115:Pocock, Tom (2020) . 5096:Van der Kiste, p. 51. 5065:Fulford, pp. 121–122. 4291:Augustus FitzClarence 4267:Adolphus FitzClarence 2006: 1997: 1988: 1658:Knight of the Thistle 1570: 1539: 1456: 1411: 1404:Later reign and death 1265: 1129: 1107:Catholic Emancipation 1058: 1013:Catherine Tylney-Long 1002: 932: 919:dissenting Christians 903:Highlands and Islands 873:gave a speech in the 860: 763: September 1782 753: 743:, Admiral Digby, and 724: 688:Richard Goodwin Keats 602: 571:in nearly all of the 526:British North America 9453:Sir Samuel Hoare, Bt 9448:The Viscount Monsell 9363:The Earl of Selborne 9348:Lord George Hamilton 9338:Lord George Hamilton 9298:The Duke of Somerset 9288:Sir Charles Wood, Bt 9283:Sir James Graham, Bt 9268:The Earl of Auckland 9233:Sir James Graham, Bt 9223:The Duke of Clarence 9213:Charles Philip Yorke 9137:The Earl of Sandwich 9127:Sir Charles Saunders 9117:The Earl of Sandwich 9082:The Earl of Sandwich 9057:The Earl of Berkeley 9012:The Earl of Pembroke 8987:The Earl of Pembroke 8947:The Earl of Portland 8532:King Ernest Augustus 7641:William III & II 7206:Henry the Young King 7156:Edward the Confessor 7124:Æthelred the Unready 6827:Cadet branch of the 5284:Ziegler, pp. 99–100. 5230:Somerset, pp. 78–79. 4306:Viscountess Falkland 4280:Augusta FitzClarence 4147:King of the Belgians 2201:Augusta FitzClarence 1778:Knight of St. Andrew 1668:Knight of the Garter 1398:King Ernest Augustus 1341:Belgian independence 1339:. William supported 1224:death of the monarch 1195:Houses of Parliament 899:abolition of slavery 884:Admiral of the Fleet 712:British royal family 621:King George III 557:inherited the throne 193:, Berkshire, England 9513:The Lord Carrington 9508:The Earl of Selkirk 9373:The Lord Tweedmouth 9328:William Henry Smith 9162:The Earl of Chatham 9152:The Viscount Keppel 9142:The Viscount Keppel 9107:The Earl of Halifax 9077:The Duke of Bedford 8992:The Lord Cornwallis 8967:The Lord Cottington 8952:The Earl of Lindsey 8751:Thomas of Lancaster 7826:(Elector-designate) 7589:Union of the Crowns 6735:. London: Collins. 6689:Van der Kiste, John 6677:Van der Kiste, John 6145:The Daily Telegraph 6010:Allen, pp. 221–222. 5638:Somerset, pp. 119f. 5571:The Daily Telegraph 5538:The Daily Telegraph 5148:Ziegler, pp. 80–81. 5074:William writing to 5026:Hochschild, p. 187. 5017:Ziegler, pp. 97–99. 5008:Hochschild, p. 186. 4981:Ziegler, pp. 95–97. 4954:Ziegler, pp. 91–94. 4932:. 15 January 2016. 4800:Ziegler, pp. 54–57. 4703:Ziegler, pp. 23–31. 4694:Ziegler, pp. 13–19. 4302:Amelia FitzClarence 4221:Sophia FitzClarence 4197:George FitzClarence 3294:King of Württemberg 3225:Frederica Charlotte 2316:Stillborn twin boys 2233:Amelia FitzClarence 2141:Charles Richard Fox 2109:Sophia FitzClarence 1924:remained the same. 1629:Factory Act of 1833 1618:Fox-North Coalition 1005:William Wesley-Pole 991:, his love for his 911:William Wilberforce 756:Thomas Gainsborough 716:American Revolution 295:Lady Augusta Gordon 9625:Hanoverian princes 9498:Viscount Cilcennin 9122:The Earl of Egmont 9052:The Earl of Orford 9037:The Earl of Orford 9002:The Earl of Orford 8757:George Plantagenet 8484:Hanoverian princes 7896:Ernest Augustus II 7673:Acts of Union 1707 7636:James II & VII 7329:Kenneth I MacAlpin 7114:Edgar the Peaceful 6984:The Duke of Sussex 6980:Title next held by 6902:Political offices 6486:Weir, pp. 277–278. 5883:Ziegler, pp. 230f. 5785:Correspondence of 5746:Molloy, pp. 72–73. 5244:Retail Price Index 5221:Weir, pp. 303–304. 4877:The London Gazette 4716:Hannah, P (2021). 4681:The London Gazette 4258:Countess of Erroll 4209:Henry FitzClarence 3778:Augustus Frederick 2094:Henry FitzClarence 2008: 1999: 1990: 1900:in the Hanoverian 1727:Kingdom of Prussia 1581: 1557:St George's Chapel 1542: 1469: 1462:F(IDEI) D(EFENSOR) 1418: 1272: 1136: 1065: 1031:, but her father, 1009: 943: 870: 866:Martin Archer Shee 766: 737:Governor Robertson 694:in 1780, when the 613: 581:his German kingdom 266:Henry FitzClarence 55:Martin Archer Shee 9595:Dukes of Clarence 9532: 9531: 9526: 9525: 9518:The Earl Jellicoe 9488:The Viscount Hall 9468:Winston Churchill 9463:The Earl Stanhope 9393:Sir Edward Carson 9383:Winston Churchill 9308:Henry Lowry-Corry 9253:The Earl of Minto 9248:The Lord Auckland 9238:The Lord Auckland 9208:The Lord Mulgrave 9157:The Viscount Howe 9147:The Viscount Howe 9067:Sir Charles Wager 8899: 8898: 8782: 8781: 8745:Lionel of Antwerp 8734:Dukes of Clarence 8700: 8699: 8450: 8449: 7925: 7924: 7823:Ernest Augustus I 7806:Rulers of Hanover 7772: 7771: 7755: 7754: 7658: 7657: 7574: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7119:Edward the Martyr 6990: 6989: 6949: 6934:Succeeded by 6927:Lord High Admiral 6922: 6892:Succeeded by 6873:Succeeded by 6805:Works related to 6742:978-0-00-211934-4 6718:978-0-7126-7448-5 6668:978-0-297-83225-6 6590:(Subscription or 6457:978-0-900455-25-4 6300:978-87-7674-434-2 6028:Somerset, p. 209. 6019:Somerset, p. 204. 6001:Somerset, p. 200. 5989:Somerset, p. 202. 5953:Somerset, p. 187. 5668:Somerset, p. 117. 5611:Somerset, p. 110. 5602:Somerset, p. 122. 5512:Allen, pp. 77–78. 5411:(Subscription or 5356:978-1-84119-096-9 5126:978-1-85619-075-6 4857:978-1-84832-169-4 4727:978-1-922629-73-9 4638: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4549:Frederick William 4527:Duke of Cambridge 4506:of Saxe-Altenburg 4232:Mary FitzClarence 3830:William Frederick 3795:Duke of Cambridge 3242:of Saxe-Meiningen 2828: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2330: 2329: 2309:St James's Palace 2307:Born and died at 2129:Mary FitzClarence 2023: 2022: 1747:Kingdom of France 1676:: Member of the 1493:previous election 1448:Lord John Russell 1435:Church of Ireland 1369:George Washington 1349:French candidates 1333:foreign secretary 1303:King's coronation 1222:At the time, the 1191:Buckingham Palace 1099:cat o' nine tails 1083:Lord High Admiral 1051:Lord High Admiral 814:while commanding 720:George Washington 641:St James's Palace 569:slavery abolished 546:Lord High Admiral 492: 491: 335: 334: 176:, London, England 16:(Redirected from 9707: 9630:Kings of Hanover 9605:Earls of Munster 9378:Reginald McKenna 9353:The Earl Spencer 9323:George Ward Hunt 9243:The Earl de Grey 9203:Thomas Grenville 9167:The Earl Spencer 9132:Sir Edward Hawke 9112:George Grenville 9030:of Great Britain 9024: 9023: 8972:Sir Henry Capell 8926: 8919: 8912: 8903: 8902: 8894: 8809: 8802: 8795: 8786: 8785: 8727: 8720: 8713: 8704: 8703: 8672:Prince Christian 8554: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8454: 8453: 8362:King Charles III 8255:King Edward VIII 8054:Prince Frederick 7952: 7945: 7938: 7929: 7928: 7862: 7861: 7856: 7855: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7776: 7775: 7664: 7663: 7624:Richard Cromwell 7614:The Protectorate 7604:James I & VI 7580: 7579: 7161:Harold Godwinson 7081:Edward the Elder 7074:Alfred the Great 7058: 7057: 7053: 7052: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7006: 7005: 6993: 6992: 6959:Preceded by 6954:Honorary titles 6940: 6913: 6907:Preceded by 6856:Preceded by 6846: 6839: 6822:House of Hanover 6813: 6812: 6804: 6791: 6761:British monarchy 6746: 6722: 6696: 6684: 6672: 6653: 6645: 6633: 6624: 6615: 6604: 6595: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6564: 6552: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6508: 6487: 6484: 6471: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6356: 6350: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6256: 6250: 6234: 6228: 6225:Vol. III, p. 261 6210: 6201: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6183: 6177: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6116:. Archived from 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6080: 6074: 6073:Ziegler, p. 289. 6071: 6065: 6064:Ziegler, p. 287. 6062: 6056: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6038: 6035: 6029: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6002: 5999: 5990: 5987: 5981: 5980:Ziegler, p. 274. 5978: 5972: 5969: 5963: 5960: 5954: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5895:Victorian Review 5890: 5884: 5881: 5875: 5872: 5866: 5865:Ziegler, p. 292. 5863: 5857: 5854: 5848: 5847:Ziegler, p. 227. 5845: 5839: 5838:Ziegler, p. 225. 5836: 5830: 5827: 5821: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5803: 5800: 5794: 5783: 5777: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5753: 5747: 5744: 5738: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5698:Ziegler, p. 188. 5696: 5687: 5684: 5678: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5636: 5630: 5627: 5621: 5618: 5612: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5585: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5513: 5510: 5504: 5503:Fulford, p. 137. 5501: 5495: 5494:Ziegler, p. 143. 5492: 5483: 5482:Ziegler, p. 133. 5480: 5474: 5473:Ziegler, p. 141. 5471: 5465: 5462: 5456: 5455:Ziegler, p. 130. 5453: 5447: 5446:Ziegler, p. 268. 5444: 5438: 5437:Ziegler, p. 136. 5435: 5426: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5385: 5374: 5361: 5360: 5342: 5333: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5311:Ziegler, p. 121. 5309: 5303: 5300: 5294: 5293:Ziegler, p. 118. 5291: 5285: 5282: 5276: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5240: 5231: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5206: 5205:Ziegler, p. 296. 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5183:. 4 April 2016. 5173: 5167: 5164: 5158: 5157:Somerset, p. 68. 5155: 5149: 5146: 5140: 5139:Fulford, p. 125. 5137: 5131: 5130: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5088: 5085: 5079: 5076:Lord Collingwood 5072: 5066: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5048: 5047:Fulford, p. 121. 5045: 5039: 5036:Zachary Macaulay 5033: 5027: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4991: 4990:Ziegler, p. 115. 4988: 4982: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4922: 4913: 4910: 4904: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4843: 4825: 4819: 4818:Somerset, p. 42. 4816: 4810: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4783: 4777: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4750: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4713: 4704: 4701: 4695: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4620: 4607: 4582: 4569: 4556: 4543: 4530: 4509: 4496: 4309: 4296: 4285: 4272: 4261: 4248: 4237: 4226: 4213: 4204: 4191: 4176: 4163: 4150: 3883: 3872: 3859: 3848: 3837: 3824: 3811: 3798: 3785: 3770: 3757: 3742: 3729: 3334: 3323: 3310: 3297: 3284: 3271: 3260: 3245: 3232: 3219: 3206: 3193: 2940: 2927: 2872: 2871: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2347: 2346: 2338: 2337: 2301:10 December 1820 2280:5 September 1819 2205:17 November 1803 2195:Died unmarried. 2189:18 February 1802 2133:19 December 1798 2063:Drowned at sea. 2030: 2029: 1981: 1946:); II Or a lion 1933:passant guardant 1908:of three points 1876: 1874: 1873: 1861:21 February 1834 1855: 1853: 1852: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1643:Honours and arms 1577:the university's 1414:Sir David Wilkie 1291:Lord Londonderry 810:and promoted to 764: 761: 745:General Delancey 657:Princess Augusta 633:Prince Frederick 617:Buckingham House 515:House of Hanover 439:(active service) 414: 389: 323: 322: 255: 238: 236: 232: 187: 174:Buckingham House 170: 168: 124: 86:8 September 1831 76: 51: 39: 38: 21: 9715: 9714: 9710: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9580:British princes 9535: 9534: 9533: 9528: 9527: 9522: 9483:A. V. Alexander 9478:Brendan Bracken 9473:A. V. Alexander 9438:A. V. Alexander 9398:Sir Eric Geddes 9368:The Earl Cawdor 9198:Viscount Howick 9193:The Lord Barham 9171: 9092:The Earl Temple 9025: 9021: 9016: 8935: 8930: 8900: 8895: 8886: 8818: 8813: 8783: 8778: 8736: 8731: 8701: 8696: 8676: 8655: 8651:Prince Heinrich 8629: 8608: 8592: 8576: 8555: 8546: 8522:King William IV 8500: 8498:king of Hanover 8486: 8481: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8430: 8409:12th generation 8404: 8381:11th generation 8376: 8355:10th generation 8350: 8314: 8243: 8183: 8157:King Edward VII 8145: 8119: 8105:Prince Octavius 8080:King William IV 8058: 8034:King George III 8022: 7996: 7980: 7961: 7959:British princes 7956: 7926: 7921: 7915:British monarch 7907: 7863: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7848: 7808: 7803: 7773: 7768: 7751: 7678: 7654: 7619:Oliver Cromwell 7595: 7570: 7565: 7412:Constantine III 7321: 7146:Harold Harefoot 7136:Edmund Ironside 7047: 7042: and 7033: 6998: 6981: 6972: 6964: 6939: 6930: 6912: 6897: 6895:Ernest Augustus 6888: 6885:King of Hanover 6878: 6869: 6861: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6825: 6818: 6753: 6743: 6732:King William IV 6727:Ziegler, Philip 6719: 6669: 6589: 6581: 6579: 6549:King William IV 6543: 6538: 6537: 6527: 6525: 6510: 6509: 6490: 6485: 6474: 6469: 6465: 6458: 6444: 6440: 6430: 6428: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6400: 6398: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6372: 6370: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6348:Wayback Machine 6337:Wayback Machine 6324: 6320: 6310: 6308: 6301: 6285: 6281: 6271: 6269: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6248:Wayback Machine 6235: 6231: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6195: 6184: 6180: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6106: 6102: 6092: 6090: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6059: 6054: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5984: 5979: 5975: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5948: 5944:Molloy, p. 326. 5943: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5697: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5562: 5558: 5548: 5546: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5402: 5400: 5375: 5364: 5357: 5343: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5241: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5190: 5188: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5056:Ziegler, p. 99. 5055: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4999:Ziegler, p. 54. 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4972:Ziegler, p. 95. 4971: 4967: 4963:Ziegler, p. 94. 4962: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4924: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4898: 4894: 4890:Ziegler, p. 70. 4889: 4885: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4840: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4809:Ziegler, p. 59. 4808: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4758:Ziegler, p. 33. 4757: 4753: 4749:Ziegler, p. 29. 4748: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4673: 4669: 4665:Ziegler, p. 12. 4664: 4660: 4655: 4643: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4494: 4493:King of Hanover 4492: 4491: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4294: 4293: 4283: 4282: 4270: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4246: 4245: 4235: 4234: 4224: 4223: 4211: 4210: 4202: 4201:Earl of Munster 4200: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4148: 4146: 4145: 3881: 3880: 3870: 3869: 3857: 3856: 3846: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3822: 3821: 3809: 3808:of Hesse-Kassel 3807: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3755: 3754:King of Hanover 3753: 3752: 3750:Ernest Augustus 3740: 3738: 3737: 3727: 3726: 3332: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3295: 3293: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3269: 3268: 3266:Dorothea Jordan 3256: 3254: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3189: 3187: 3186: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2923: 2921: 2920: 2834: 2829: 2335: 2277:Stillborn child 2247:, had one son. 2208:8 December 1865 2172:16 January 1856 2169:17 January 1801 2156:30 October 1854 2153:9 December 1799 2083:29 January 1794 2071:Dorothea Jordan 2028: 1890: 1871: 1869: 1850: 1848: 1816: 1814: 1795: 1793: 1761: 1759: 1741: 1739: 1721: 1719: 1714:Foreign honours 1645: 1606:Adam Hart-Davis 1604:, TV presenter 1565: 1516:Caroline Norton 1489:fresh elections 1406: 1394:Prince Adolphus 1377: 1375:King of Hanover 1337:Lord Palmerston 1328: 1320:1832 Reform Act 1252:pocket boroughs 1230:, Wellington's 1220: 1211:Earl of Munster 1124: 1119: 1094:; he complied. 1053: 927: 880:Napoleonic Wars 855: 842:Earl of Munster 762: 625:Queen Charlotte 597: 589:Ernest Augustus 555:issue, William 538:Dorothea Jordan 507:George III 503:King of Hanover 474: 398:Military career 317: 249: 248: 240: 228: 224: 221: 208: 202: 189: 185: 172: 166: 164: 141:Ernest Augustus 122: 121:26 June 1830 – 112:King of Hanover 74: 73:26 June 1830 – 58: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:King William IV 15: 12: 11: 5: 9713: 9703: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9530: 9529: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9388:Arthur Balfour 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9358:George Goschen 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9318:George Goschen 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9179: 9177: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9102:The Lord Anson 9099: 9094: 9089: 9087:The Lord Anson 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9042:Sir John Leake 9039: 9033: 9031: 9027: 9026: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8943: 8941: 8937: 8936: 8929: 8928: 8921: 8914: 8906: 8897: 8896: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8884: 8883:(2024–present) 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8830: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8812: 8811: 8804: 8797: 8789: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8776: 8768: 8760: 8754: 8748: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8730: 8729: 8722: 8715: 8707: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8674: 8669: 8663: 8661: 8660:7th generation 8657: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8637: 8635: 8634:6th generation 8631: 8630: 8628: 8627: 8622: 8616: 8614: 8613:5th generation 8610: 8609: 8607: 8606: 8600: 8598: 8597:4th generation 8594: 8593: 8591: 8590: 8584: 8582: 8581:3rd generation 8578: 8577: 8575: 8574: 8569: 8563: 8561: 8560:2nd generation 8557: 8556: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8512:King George IV 8508: 8506: 8505:1st generation 8502: 8501: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8480: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8457: 8448: 8447: 8438:Prince Consort 8435: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8412: 8410: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8395: 8390: 8384: 8382: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8358: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8322: 8320: 8319:9th generation 8316: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8260:King George VI 8257: 8251: 8249: 8248:8th generation 8245: 8244: 8242: 8241: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8191: 8189: 8188:7th generation 8185: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8153: 8151: 8150:6th generation 8147: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8127: 8125: 8124:5th generation 8121: 8120: 8118: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8070:King George IV 8066: 8064: 8063:4th generation 8060: 8059: 8057: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8030: 8028: 8027:3rd generation 8024: 8023: 8021: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8004: 8002: 8001:2nd generation 7998: 7997: 7995: 7994: 7992:King George II 7988: 7986: 7985:1st generation 7982: 7981: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7955: 7954: 7947: 7940: 7932: 7923: 7922: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7874: 7872: 7865: 7864: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7831:George I Louis 7828: 7819: 7817: 7810: 7809: 7802: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7779: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7660: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7611: 7606: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7593: 7576: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7515:Edward Balliol 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7375:Constantine II 7372: 7367: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7303: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7202: 7197: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7167:Edgar Ætheling 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7056: 7049: 7048: 7032: 7031: 7024: 7017: 7009: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6988: 6987: 6979: 6974: 6965: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6935: 6932: 6923: 6908: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6890: 6880: 6879: 6874: 6871: 6862: 6857: 6853: 6852: 6851:Regnal titles 6848: 6847: 6838:21 August 1765 6826: 6819: 6816: 6811: 6810: 6798: 6792: 6778: 6777:at BBC History 6772: 6763: 6752: 6751:External links 6749: 6748: 6747: 6741: 6723: 6717: 6697: 6685: 6673: 6667: 6654: 6634: 6625: 6616: 6605: 6596: 6557:Brock, Michael 6553: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6488: 6472: 6463: 6456: 6438: 6408: 6380: 6351: 6318: 6299: 6279: 6251: 6229: 6202: 6193: 6178: 6162: 6131: 6120:on 14 May 2009 6100: 6075: 6066: 6057: 6048: 6039: 6037:Allen, p. 225. 6030: 6021: 6012: 6003: 5991: 5982: 5973: 5964: 5955: 5946: 5937: 5928: 5885: 5876: 5874:Allen, p. 229. 5867: 5858: 5849: 5840: 5831: 5822: 5813: 5804: 5795: 5778: 5776:Allen, p. 132. 5769: 5765:Herbert Taylor 5757: 5748: 5739: 5730: 5721: 5712: 5700: 5688: 5679: 5670: 5661: 5652: 5640: 5631: 5622: 5613: 5604: 5595: 5586: 5577: 5556: 5523: 5514: 5505: 5496: 5484: 5475: 5466: 5457: 5448: 5439: 5427: 5418: 5378:Brock, Michael 5362: 5355: 5334: 5325: 5313: 5304: 5295: 5286: 5277: 5268: 5255:MeasuringWorth 5232: 5223: 5207: 5198: 5168: 5159: 5150: 5141: 5132: 5125: 5107: 5098: 5089: 5080: 5067: 5058: 5049: 5040: 5028: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4992: 4983: 4974: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4914: 4905: 4892: 4883: 4863: 4856: 4838: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4793: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4751: 4742: 4733: 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2051: 2050: 2048:Unknown mother 2044: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2000: 1991: 1976:for Westphalia 1889: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1867: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1835: 1812: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1780: 1768:Russian Empire 1757: 1737: 1711: 1710: 1700: 1694:12 August 1815 1691: 1684:2 January 1815 1681: 1671: 1661: 1644: 1641: 1622:Lord Grenville 1597:personal union 1564: 1561: 1553:Windsor Castle 1423:home secretary 1405: 1402: 1376: 1373: 1327: 1326:Foreign policy 1324: 1219: 1216: 1199:Royal Pavilion 1148:Windsor Castle 1132:James Lonsdale 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1079:George Canning 1061:Abraham Wivell 1052: 1049: 974:Clarence House 962:Dorothea Bland 926: 923: 875:House of Lords 854: 851: 801:touring Quebec 793:Horatio Nelson 596: 593: 573:British Empire 511:George IV 490: 489: 486: 485: 480: 476: 475: 473: 472: 464: 456: 447: 445: 441: 440: 434: 430: 429: 426: 422: 421: 416: 410: 409: 404: 400: 399: 395: 394: 391: 390: 383: 379: 378: 373: 369: 368: 363: 359: 358: 353: 349: 348: 343: 337: 336: 333: 332: 328: 327: 319: 318: 316: 315: 310: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 264: 258: 256: 242: 241: 226: 222: 217: 216: 214: 210: 209: 203: 199: 195: 194: 191:Windsor Castle 188:(aged 71) 182: 178: 177: 171:21 August 1765 162: 158: 157: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 119: 115: 114: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 84: 78: 77: 71: 67: 66: 60: 59: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9712: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9695:Sons of kings 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9493:Lord Pakenham 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9313:Hugh Childers 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9174: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 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8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8489: 8485: 8478: 8473: 8471: 8466: 8464: 8459: 8458: 8455: 8444: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8299: 8297: 8296: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8285: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8200:King George V 8198: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8131:Prince Albert 8129: 8128: 8126: 8122: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8110:Prince Alfred 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8061: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8025: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7964: 7960: 7953: 7948: 7946: 7941: 7939: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7920: 7916: 7910: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7888: 7885: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7866: 7844: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7811: 7807: 7800: 7795: 7793: 7788: 7786: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7598: 7592: 7590: 7585: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7494: 7490: 7488: 7487:Alexander III 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7343:Constantine I 7340: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 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5443: 5434: 5432: 5425:Allen, p. 87. 5422: 5414: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5384: 5379: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5339: 5329: 5322: 5317: 5308: 5299: 5290: 5281: 5272: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5227: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5202: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5145: 5136: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5102: 5093: 5084: 5077: 5071: 5062: 5053: 5044: 5037: 5032: 5023: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4987: 4978: 4969: 4960: 4951: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4919: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4887: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4859: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4839:1-85928-122-2 4835: 4831: 4824: 4815: 4806: 4797: 4789: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4755: 4746: 4737: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4710: 4700: 4691: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4671: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4623: 4614: 4606: 4599: 4598: 4576: 4563: 4562:Mary Adelaide 4550: 4537: 4524: 4503: 4490: 4470: 4467: 4461: 4445: 4443: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4413: 4391: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4363: 4341: 4337: 4335: 4316: 4312: 4303: 4292: 4281: 4268: 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2345: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2325: 2322:Born dead at 2321: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2283:Born dead at 2282: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2265:27 March 1819 2261: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2237:21 March 1807 2236: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2179:, had issue. 2178: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2123:, had issue. 2122: 2118: 2116:10 April 1837 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2097:27 March 1795 2096: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2086:20 March 1842 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1883: 1879: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1751:24 April 1814 1748: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1731:11 April 1814 1728: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1708: 1704: 1703:26 April 1827 1701: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1664:19 April 1782 1662: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602:David Cameron 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1520:modus vivendi 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1444:Presbyterians 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1415: 1410: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1360:canal at Suez 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1218:Reform crisis 1215: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1164:Lord Brougham 1159: 1157: 1156:Reform Crisis 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1133: 1128: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1069:Prince Regent 1062: 1057: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1006: 1001: 997: 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 955: 954: 948: 940: 936: 935:James Gillray 931: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 893: 889: 888:Low Countries 885: 881: 876: 867: 863: 859: 850: 848: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 822: 820: 819: 813: 809: 808: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 777: 771: 757: 752: 748: 746: 742: 741:David Mathews 738: 734: 728: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 704: 702: 697: 693: 689: 685: 684:Admiral Digby 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 610: 609:Benjamin West 607:, painted by 606: 601: 592: 590: 586: 582: 579:. He granted 578: 574: 570: 566: 563:was updated, 562: 558: 554: 549: 548:since 1709. 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 487: 484: 481: 477: 471: 470: 465: 463: 462: 457: 455: 454: 449: 448: 446: 442: 438: 435: 431: 427: 423: 420: 417: 411: 408: 407:Great Britain 405: 401: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 377: 374: 370: 367: 364: 360: 357: 354: 350: 347: 344: 342: 338: 331:William Henry 329: 324: 320: 314: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 275:Lady Mary Fox 273: 271: 268: 265: 263: 260: 259: 257: 254: 253: 247: 243: 220: 215: 211: 207: 204:Royal Vault, 200: 196: 192: 183: 179: 175: 163: 159: 155: 152: 149: 145: 142: 139: 135: 131: 127: 120: 116: 113: 109: 106: 103: 99: 96: 93: 89: 85: 83: 79: 72: 68: 65: 61: 56: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 9222: 8838: 8770: 8763: 8762: 8684: 8521: 8442: 8397: 8307: 8300: 8293: 8286: 8279: 8236: 8219: 8176: 8079: 7976: 7972: 7889: 7825: 7813:Electors of 7763: 7742:Elizabeth II 7711: 7670: 7586: 7513: 7491: 7482:Alexander II 7399: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7309: 7298: 7221: 7204: 7192: 7165: 7128: 7086: 7079: 7072: 6982: 6976: 6967: 6942: 6941: 6925: 6915: 6914: 6883: 6864: 6845:20 June 1837 6842: 6835: 6828: 6820: 6731: 6709:Random House 6704: 6701:Weir, Alison 6692: 6680: 6658: 6647: 6629: 6620: 6610: 6600: 6580:. Retrieved 6566: 6548: 6526:. Retrieved 6517: 6512: 6466: 6447: 6441: 6429:. Retrieved 6420: 6411: 6399:. Retrieved 6389: 6383: 6371:. Retrieved 6361: 6354: 6325: 6321: 6309:. Retrieved 6289: 6282: 6272:17 September 6270:. Retrieved 6260: 6254: 6236: 6232: 6220: 6196: 6187: 6181: 6169: 6165: 6153:. Retrieved 6144: 6134: 6122:. Retrieved 6118:the original 6113: 6103: 6091:. Retrieved 6087: 6078: 6069: 6060: 6051: 6042: 6033: 6024: 6015: 6006: 5985: 5976: 5967: 5958: 5949: 5940: 5931: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5879: 5870: 5861: 5852: 5843: 5834: 5825: 5816: 5807: 5798: 5781: 5772: 5760: 5751: 5742: 5733: 5724: 5715: 5708: 5703: 5682: 5673: 5664: 5655: 5648:Morning Post 5647: 5643: 5634: 5625: 5616: 5607: 5598: 5589: 5580: 5569: 5559: 5549:19 September 5547:. Retrieved 5536: 5526: 5517: 5508: 5499: 5478: 5469: 5460: 5451: 5442: 5421: 5401:. Retrieved 5387: 5346: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5307: 5298: 5289: 5280: 5271: 5259:. Retrieved 5253: 5226: 5201: 5189:. Retrieved 5180: 5171: 5162: 5153: 5144: 5135: 5116: 5110: 5101: 5092: 5083: 5070: 5061: 5052: 5043: 5031: 5022: 5013: 5004: 4995: 4986: 4977: 4968: 4959: 4950: 4938:. Retrieved 4929: 4926:"William IV" 4908: 4895: 4886: 4875: 4866: 4847: 4829: 4823: 4814: 4805: 4796: 4787: 4781: 4772: 4763: 4754: 4745: 4736: 4717: 4699: 4690: 4679: 4670: 4661: 4604: 4595: 4579:Duke of Teck 4566:of Cambridge 4540:of Cambridge 3735:Frederick VI 3257: 3250: 3203:of Brunswick 3190: 3181: 2924: 2915: 2569: 2319:8 April 1822 2304:4 March 1821 2252: 2224:14 June 1854 2221:1 March 1805 2143:, no issue. 2136:13 July 1864 2068: 2047: 1956:for Scotland 1926: 1898:inescutcheon 1891: 1860: 1837: 1828: 1806:15 July 1830 1805: 1782: 1773: 1750: 1730: 1713: 1712: 1702: 1693: 1683: 1674:23 June 1789 1673: 1663: 1654:5 April 1770 1653: 1647: 1646: 1626: 1614: 1582: 1550: 1543: 1524: 1519: 1504:Lord Gosford 1497: 1481:Lord Althorp 1470: 1419: 1412:Portrait by 1378: 1357: 1329: 1312: 1300: 1285: 1273: 1221: 1204: 1184: 1179: 1169: 1160: 1154:. Until the 1145: 1137: 1130:Portrait by 1104: 1096: 1074:barley water 1066: 1045: 1010: 992: 988: 985:FitzClarence 982: 959: 952: 944: 896: 871: 853:Naval career 823: 817: 812:rear-admiral 806: 799:away. After 775: 767: 730: 725: 705: 695: 665: 649:Prince Henry 614: 591:in Hanover. 567:restricted, 565:child labour 550: 519: 494: 493: 479:Battles/wars 468: 460: 452: 437:Rear admiral 250: 186:(1837-06-20) 184:20 June 1837 123:20 June 1837 75:20 June 1837 53:Portrait by 36: 9555:1837 deaths 9550:1765 births 9458:Duff Cooper 9403:Walter Long 8877:(1974–2022) 8871:(1942–1974) 8865:(1901–1942) 8859:(1897–1901) 8853:(1843–1861) 8847:(1837–1843) 8841:(1827–1830) 8835:(1767–1827) 8829:(1725–1749) 8774:(1890–1892) 8766:(1789–1830) 8759:(1461–1478) 8753:(1412–1421) 8747:(1362–1368) 8275:Prince John 7747:Charles III 7732:Edward VIII 7462:Alexander I 7442:Malcolm III 7417:Kenneth III 7317:Elizabeth I 7279:Richard III 6817:William IV 6601:Royal Dukes 5901:(1): 9–14. 4899:Memoirs of 4872:"No. 13097" 4676:"No. 10558" 4605:r.1837–1901 4188:of Clarence 4173:of Clarence 3290:Frederick I 3258:r.1830–1837 3191:r.1820–1830 2925:r.1760–1820 2832:Family tree 2240:2 July 1858 2192:17 May 1856 2113:August 1796 2057:before 1791 1960:for Ireland 1944:for England 1878:Württemberg 1783:9 June 1814 1774:9 June 1814 1610:Duff Cooper 1485:Robert Peel 1431:legislation 1282:hackney cab 1141:Charles III 1122:Early reign 1021:royal dukes 970:Bushy House 939:chamber-pot 933:Cartoon by 907:West Indies 789:West Indies 785:Nova Scotia 201:8 July 1837 129:Predecessor 91:Predecessor 9545:William IV 9539:Categories 8940:of England 8494:George III 7878:George III 7843:George III 7722:Edward VII 7712:William IV 7702:George III 7631:Charles II 7526:Robert III 7472:Malcolm IV 7447:Donald III 7422:Malcolm II 7407:Kenneth II 7289:Henry VIII 7249:Richard II 7244:Edward III 7178:William II 7151:Harthacnut 6973:1827–1830 6931:1827–1828 6807:William IV 6775:William IV 6766:William IV 6757:William IV 6594:required.) 6528:23 January 5415:required.) 4653:References 3251:William IV 3229:of Prussia 2917:George III 2861:George III 2324:Bushy Park 1894:royal arms 1579:foundation 1512:Ascot week 1458:Half-Crown 1381:Hanoverian 1308:Half Crown 1244:Birmingham 1240:Manchester 1176:Emily Eden 1037:Kew Palace 966:Bushy Park 947:Madagascar 915:penal laws 696:San Julián 680:midshipman 676:Royal Navy 672:Kew Palace 595:Early life 577:Parliament 553:legitimate 522:Royal Navy 495:William IV 419:Royal Navy 403:Allegiance 376:Protestant 356:George III 167:1765-08-21 82:Coronation 42:William IV 9423:Leo Amery 7884:George IV 7868:Kings of 7837:George II 7737:George VI 7707:George IV 7697:George II 7609:Charles I 7591:from 1603 7541:James III 7521:Robert II 7477:William I 7452:Duncan II 7380:Malcolm I 7370:Donald II 7294:Edward VI 7284:Henry VII 7269:Edward IV 7239:Edward II 7229:Henry III 7212:Richard I 7173:William I 7094:Æthelstan 6859:George IV 6421:Heraldica 6155:23 August 6124:23 August 6114:The Times 5923:153563169 5709:The Times 5321:The Times 4619:1819–1861 4602:1819–1901 4581:1837–1900 4568:1833–1897 4555:1819–1904 4542:1822–1916 4529:1819–1904 4508:1818–1907 4495:1819–1878 4308:1807–1858 4295:1805–1854 4284:1803–1865 4271:1802–1856 4260:1801–1856 4247:1799–1854 4236:1798–1864 4225:1796–1837 4212:1795–1817 4203:1794–1842 4190:1820–1821 4184:Elizabeth 4169:Charlotte 4162:1796–1817 4156:Charlotte 4149:1790–1865 4143:Leopold I 3882:1783–1810 3871:1780–1783 3858:1779–1783 3847:1777–1848 3836:1776–1834 3823:1776–1857 3810:1797–1889 3797:1774–1850 3784:1773–1843 3769:1778–1841 3763:Frederica 3756:1771–1851 3741:1769–1829 3728:1770–1840 3724:Elizabeth 3333:1768–1840 3322:1786–1861 3309:1767–1820 3296:1754–1816 3283:1766–1828 3277:Charlotte 3270:1761–1816 3255:1765–1837 3244:1792–1849 3231:1767–1820 3218:1763–1827 3212:Frederick 3205:1768–1821 3188:1762–1830 3183:George IV 2939:1744–1818 2933:Charlotte 2922:1738–1820 1950:within a 1589:Salic Law 1573:Göttingen 1286:The Times 1268:Britannia 1256:Old Sarum 1254:—such as 1236:Lord Grey 1143:in 2022. 1087:Admiralty 1033:Frederick 978:John Nash 868:, c. 1800 821:in 1790. 816:HMS 807:Andromeda 805:HMS 797:the bride 774:HMS 733:Manhattan 701:Gibraltar 530:Caribbean 467:HMS 461:Andromeda 459:HMS 451:HMS 428:1779–1790 382:Signature 137:Successor 132:George IV 101:Successor 95:George IV 9418:Anderson 8496:, first 7977:princess 7969:George I 7902:George V 7727:George V 7717:Victoria 7692:George I 7561:James VI 7546:James IV 7536:James II 7509:David II 7504:Robert I 7493:Margaret 7427:Duncan I 7336:Donald I 7274:Edward V 7264:Henry VI 7254:Henry IV 7234:Edward I 7200:Henry II 7099:Edmund I 7088:Ælfweard 7046:monarchs 7040:Scottish 6876:Victoria 6729:(1971). 6703:(1996). 6691:(2022). 6679:(1994). 6640:(1911). 6559:(2004). 6522:Archived 6425:Archived 6401:13 March 6395:Archived 6373:13 March 6367:Archived 6344:Archived 6333:Archived 6311:23 March 6305:Archived 6266:Archived 6244:Archived 6149:Archived 5915:41039097 5543:Archived 5380:(2004). 5191:18 April 5185:Archived 4940:18 April 4934:Archived 4641:See also 4597:Victoria 4489:George V 4160:of Wales 3854:Octavius 3791:Adolphus 3316:Victoria 3238:Adelaide 3199:Caroline 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