1104:
1439:, who after adopting it in 111 BC used it extensively, even including it in his coinage (as the Greek BAΣIΛEΥΣ BAΣIΛEΩN) until 91 BC. It is possible that Mithridates II's, and his successors', use of the title was not a revival of the old Achaemenid imperial title (since it was not used until almost a decade after Mithridates II's own conquest of Mesopotamia) but actually stemmed from Babylonian scribes who accorded the imperial title of their own ancestors onto the Parthian kings. Regardless of how he came to acquire the title, Mithridates II did undertake conscious steps to be seen as an heir to and restorer of Achaemenid traditions, introducing a
85:
144:
1393:
1285:
1511:
1658:
1743:
47:
2627:. At the same meeting, Gaddafi urged his guests to put pressure on their own governments and speed the process of moving towards a unified African continent. Gaddafi told those that attended the meeting that "We want an African military to defend Africa, we want a single African currency, we want one African passport to travel within Africa". The meeting was later referred to as a "bizarre ceremony" in international media.
2227:
3786:
1549:
seriously questioned the suzerainty of the
Caliphs and actively promoted Arabic culture. Though the Samanids and the Saffarids also actively promoted the revival of the Persian language, the Samanids remained loyal supporters of the Abbasids and the Saffarids, despite at times being in open rebellion, did not revive any of the old Iranian political structures.
1645:, the first Buyid ruler to do so. It can be assumed that the Caliph agreed (since the title was later used), but its usage by Jalal in a mosque caused outcry at its impious character. Following this, the matter was raised to a body of jurists assembled by the Caliph. Though some dissented, the body as a whole ruled that the usage of
2586:. He said that he chose to wait until this moment to assume the title because in his own opinion he "did not deserve it" up until then; he is also recorded as saying that there was "no honour in being Emperor of a poor country" (which he viewed Iran as being until that time). The current head of the exiled house of Pahlavi,
1846:(Hairan I) was acclaimed as his co-monarch, also given the title King of Kings. Usage of the title was probably justified through proclaiming the Palmyrene kingdom as the legitimate successor state of the Hellenic Seleucid empire, which had controlled roughly the same territories near its end. Herodianus was crowned at
1264:, the powerful king who does not fear to fight, the amazing shepherd, the king who ruled the rebels. I am Sarduri, son of Lutipri, the king of kings and the king who received the tribute of all the kings. Sarduri, son of Lutipri, says: I brought these stone blocks from the city of Alniunu. I built this wall.
2426:
The
Prophet said, "The most awful (meanest) name in Allah's sight." Sufyan said more than once, "The most awful (meanest) name in Allah's sight is (that of) a man calling himself king of kings." Sufyan said, "Somebody else (i.e. other than Abu Az-Zinad, a sub-narrator) says: What is meant by 'King of
1709:
In the late
Seleucid Empire, "King of Kings" even saw a revival, despite the fact that the territory controlled by the Empire was significantly smaller than it had been during the reigns of the early Seleucid kings. The title was evidently quite well known to be associated with the Seleucid king, the
2292:
And I saw heaven opened, and behold, a white horse, and He who sat on it is called
Faithful and True, and in righteousness He judges and wages war. His eyes are a flame of fire, and on His head are many diadems; and He has a name written on Him which no one knows except Himself. ... And on His robe
1323:
administration, which became a guarantee of success due to its flexibility and the tolerance of the
Achaemenid kings for more-or-less autonomous vassals. The system also had its problems; though some regions became nearly completely autonomous without any fighting (such as Lycia and Cilicia), other
2331:, literally "King of Kings, ruling over those who rule"). In the Byzantine Empire the word Βασιλεὺς (Basileus), which had meant "king" in ancient times had taken up the meaning of "emperor" instead. Byzantine rulers translated "Basileus" into "Imperator" when using Latin and called other kings
1548:
was common, the resentment materialized as religious and political movements combining old
Iranian traditions with new Arabic ones rather than as full-scale revolts. The new dynasties do not appear to have had any interest in re-establishing the empire of the old Shahanshahs, they at no point
3793:
She issued the Angul charter and
Taltali charter both of which are undated. The first was issued during the reign of her husband and there she is described simply as Sri Dharma-mahadevi without any royal title. In Taltali plate, she is described as Parama-bhattarika-Maharajadhiraja
2547:(r. 1797–1834). Fath-Ali's reign was noted for its pomp and elaborate court protocol. An 1813/1814 portrait of Fath-Ali contains a poem with the title; "Is this a portrait of a shahanshah, inhabitant of the skies / Or is it the rising of the sun and the image of the moon?".
1907:, sometimes translated to "King of the Kingdom", but most often equated to "King of Kings" and officially translated to Emperor. Though the Ethiopian Emperors had been literal "Kings of Kings" for the duration of the Empire's history, with regional lords using the title of
1494:, ending the last pre-Islamic Iranian Empire. The defeat of Yazdegerd and the fall of the Sasanian Empire was a blow to the national sentiment of the Iranians, which was slow to recover. Although attempts were made at restoring the Sasanian Empire, even with
1146:, the Assyrian rulers installed themselves as kings over an already present system of kingship in these city-states, becoming literal "kings of kings". Following Tukulti-Ninurta's reign, the title was occasionally used by monarchs of Assyria and
814:
1733:
It is possible that the
Seleucid usage indicates that the title no longer implied complete vassalization of other kings but instead a recognition of suzerainty (since the Seleucids were rapidly losing the loyalty of their vassals at the time).
1103:
2614:
and chiefs endorsed his use of the title on 28 August that year, stating that "We have decided to recognise our brotherly leader as the 'king of kings, sultans, princes, sheikhs and mayors of Africa". At the meeting, held in the city of
2437:
The condemnation of the title within the
Islamic world may stem from that the concept of God alone being king had been prominent in early Islam. Opposing worldly kingship, the use of "King of Kings" was deemed obnoxious and blasphemous.
3619:
1694:", which like "King of Kings", a title of Assyrian origin, was frequently used by the Achaemenid rulers and was intended to demonstrate the supremacy of its holder over other rulers. "Great King" is prominently attested for both
1583:, was also Zoroastrian and actively aspired to restore the old empire. He was quoted as promising to destroy the empire of the Arabs and restore the Iranian empire and had a crown identical to the one worn by the Sasanian
1770:) and assumed the Armenian throne. Tigranes ruled, for a short time in the first century BC, the strongest empire in the Middle East which he had built himself. After conquering Syria in 83 BC, Tigranes assumed the title
807:
1608:
after defeating rebellious relatives and becoming the sole ruler of the Buyid dynasty in 978 AD. Those of his successors that likewise exercised full control over all the Buyid emirates would also style themselves as
800:
1535:
Following the fall of the
Sasanian Empire, Iran was part of the early caliphates. From the 9th century on, parts of Iran were ruled by a series of relatively short-lived Muslim Iranian dynasties; including the
3766:
1714:(active 163–160 BC) called himself "King of Kings" and the title was discussed in sources from outside the empire as well. Some non-Seleucid rulers even assumed the title for themselves, notably in
1680:
inheriting the lands formerly associated with the Achaemenid dynasty. Although Alexander himself did not employ any of the old Persian royal titles, instead using his own new title "King of Asia" (
1641:
When the struggle between Abu Kalijar and Jalal al-Dawla resumed, Jalal, wanting to assert his superiority over Kalijar, made a formal application to Caliph Al-Qa'im for the usage of the title
2815:
Though the title being revived by 'Adud al-Dawla is the most common view, some scant evidence suggests that it may have been assumed by Buyid rulers even earlier, possibly by Dawla's father
1575:, a Zoroastrian and Iranian nationalist, rebelled against the Samanids in 928 AD, intending to put a crown on himself, set up a throne of gold and make war on the Caliph. More prominently,
2281:"These will wage war against the Lamb, and the Lamb will overcome them, because He is Lord of lords and King of kings, and those who are with Him are the called and chosen and faithful."
1324:
regions saw repeated attempts at rebellion and secession. Egypt was a particularly prominent example, frequently rebelling against Achaemenid authority and attempting to crown their own
2353:
in the Byzantine Empire would have meant "Emperor of Emperors". The Byzantine rulers only accorded the title of Basileus onto two foreign rulers they considered to be their equals, the
2009:
The feminine form of "King of Kings" is "Queen of Queens", but some female monarchs assumed the title "Queen of Kings", while others simply used the masculine title "King of Kings".
1571:
had resisted the Caliphate since the fall of the Sasanian Empire, attempts at restoring a native Iranian rule built on Iranian traditions had been many, though unsuccessful.
1819:, used the title to describe their rule over all Georgian principalities, vassals and tributaries. Their use of the title probably derived from the ancient Persian title.
1377:
I am Xerxes, the great king, the king of kings, the king of the provinces with many tongues, the king of this great earth far and near, son of king Darius the Achaemenian.
6092:
5393:
1498:
help, these attempts failed and the descendants of Yazdegerd faded into obscurity. The title Shahanshah was criticized by later Muslims, associating it with the
4749:"Now it Happened in Those Days": Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography Presented to Mordechai Cogan on His 75th Birthday
4465:
1297:
the great king, the king of kings, the king of the provinces with many languages, the king of this great earth far and near, son of king Darius the Achaemenian
2911:
1567:
and wanting to appease the powerful ruling Abbasid caliphs, the Buyids consciously revived old symbols and practices of the Sasanian Empire. The region of
1699:
1177:
Boastful titles claiming ownership of various things were common throughout ancient Mesopotamian history. For instance, Ashurbanipal's great-grandfather
5203:
4216:
6367:
5062:
ISLAMIC, Seljuks. Great Seljuk. Muhammad Alp Arslan. AH 455–465 / AD 1063–1072. AV Dinar (22mm, 1.90 g, 7h). Herat mint. Dated AH 462 (AD 1069/70).
6085:
5386:
4906:
6221:
2212:, using the double superlative to put the title one step above the royal title of the Babylonian and Persian kings referred to in the Bible.
866:(reigned 1233–1197 BC) and was subsequently used in a number of different kingdoms and empires, including the aforementioned Persia, various
1303:
The Achaemenid Empire, established in 550 BC after the fall of the Median Empire, rapidly expanded over the course of the sixth century BC.
6232:
3746:
4370:
1827:
After a successful campaign against the Sasanian Empire in 262 AD, which restored Roman control to territories that had been lost to the
5143:
3753:
Tribhubana-mahadevi III, like her predecessor Prthvimahadevi, assumed imperial titles of Parama-bhattarika, Maharajadhiraja Paramesvari.
6078:
6059:
5379:
3116:
The Vijayanagar rulers assumed imperial titles such as 'Maharajadhiraj' and religious titles such as 'Rayarajguru', 'Maharajpujit' etc.
2392:
in Persia required a body of jurists to agree on its lawfulness and the title itself (both as King of Kings and as the Persian variant
5001:
5967:
6362:
6327:
5087:
4614:
Madelung, Wilferd (1969). "The Assumption of the Title Shāhānshāh by the Būyids and "The Reign of the Daylam (Dawlat Al-Daylam)"".
2270:... which He will bring about at the proper time—He who is the blessed and only Sovereign, the King of kings and Lord of lords, ...
5335:
4672:
1626:
as ruler over the lands of the entire dynasty, they minted coins in his name with one side bearing the name of the ruling Caliph (
5504:
3733:
the queen Ballamahadevi of the Alupa dynasty in southern Karnataka ruled for many years with the masculine title Maharajadhiraja.
2913:
Les Arméniens entre Grecs, Musulmans et Croisés: étude sur les pouvoirs arméniens dans le Proche-Orient méditerranéen (1068-1150)
1627:
6290:
5298:
2411:
Allah's Apostle said, "The most awful name in Allah's sight on the Day of Resurrection, will be (that of) a man calling himself
1616:
During times of Buyid infighting, the title became a matter of importance. When a significant portion of Firuz Khusrau's (laqab
1853:
Though the same title was used by Odaenathus second son and successor following the deaths of both Odaenathus and Herodianus,
1766:, was taken hostage and kept at the Parthian court until he bought his freedom in 95 BC (by handing over "seventy valleys" in
4757:
4732:
4560:
4533:
4490:
4445:
4304:
4280:
4186:
3817:
3726:
3139:
3109:
3082:
3055:
3013:
1241:, is Median in form which suggests that the Achaemenids may have taken it from the Medes rather than from the Mesopotamians.
6194:
1474:). Ardashir's successor Shapur I introduced another variant; "Shahanshah of the Iranians and non-Iranians" (Middle Persian:
6027:
5244:
6146:
1435:(r. 171–132 BC), though he used it infrequently. The title first began being consistently used by Mithridates I's nephew,
1690:
more and more aligned themselves to the Persian political system. The official title of most of the Seleucid kings was "
6022:
5476:
4983:
4682:
4579:
4511:
4426:
4396:
4344:
3849:
1563:
origin, came to power in 934 AD through most of the old Iranian heartland. In contrast to earlier dynasties, ruled by
1443:
as the customary headgear on Parthian coins and undertaking several campaigns westwards into former Achaemenid lands.
6372:
5947:
5897:
5402:
5166:
4895:
4831:
4810:
4778:
4205:
3859:
1231:, since its rulers borrowed much of their royal symbolism and protocol from Urartu and elsewhere in Mesopotamia. The
4887:
Die Stellung der Frau im alten Georgien: georgische Geschlechterverhältnisse insbesondere während der Sasanidenzeit
2361:
of the Sasanian Empire, leading to "King of Kings" being equated to the rank of "Emperor" in the view of the West.
5972:
5937:
4821:
1807:
1587:
made for himself. At the time he was murdered by his own Turkic troops, Mardavij was planning a campaign towards
119:
6279:
5962:
5957:
5952:
4333:
Engels, David (2011). "Middle Eastern 'Feudalism' and Seleucid Dissolution". In K. Erickson; G. Ramsay (eds.).
1759:
1676:'s conquests ended the Achaemenid Empire and the subsequent division of Alexander's own empire resulted in the
1362:
72:
38:
31:
5317:
3643:
1594:
After the death of Mardavij, many of his troops entered into the service of the founder of the Buyid dynasty,
1470:. Ardashir himself used a new variant of the title, introducing "Shahanshah of the Iranians" (Middle Persian:
5932:
5211:
4231:
3099:
965:
17:
1963:. The early kings of Champa before decentralization referred themselves by several different titles such as
5942:
3662:
879:
5124:
3699:
5716:
3773:
Dandimahadevi assumed imperial title of Parama-mahesvari, Parama-bhattarika, Maharajadhiraja Paramesvari.
788:
187:
4713:
4326:
Research in Ethiopian Studies: Selected Papers of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies
6357:
5470:
5030:
3851:
Imagining History at the Crossroads: Persia, Byzantium, and the Architects of the Written Georgian Past
2316:
905:
4040:
4874:
4800:
4746:. In Baruchi-Unna, Amitai; Forti, Tova L.; Aḥituv, Shmuel; Ephʻal, Israel; Tigay, Jeffrey H. (eds.).
1486:, appear on the coinage of all later Sasanian kings. The final Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire was
1436:
1404:
84:
4918:
6269:
6125:
2766:
2746:
2259:
1432:
1396:
1329:
980:
4789:
6342:
6332:
6173:
6101:
5411:
4590:
2702:
2209:
2097:
2040:
1991:
1703:
1211:
4964:
1227:. Although no evidence exists, it is possible that the title was also used by the rulers of the
6259:
6249:
5528:
4721:
Olbrycht, Marek (22 June 2009). "Mithridates VI Eupator and Iran". In Hojte, Jakob Munk (ed.).
4700:
4242:
Chrysos, Evangelos K. (1978). "The Title Βασιλευσ in Early Byzantine International Relations".
3879:
2664:
1719:
1634:". When discussing peace terms, Abu Kalijar in turn addressed Jalal in a letter with the title
1143:
956:
859:
446:
4416:
3807:
3716:
3672:
3656:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3045:
3003:
1482:(which resulted in the incorporation of new non-Iranian lands into the empire). This variant,
6347:
6002:
5995:
5746:
5533:
5510:
5151:
4852:
Simonetta, Alberto M. (1966). "Some remarks on the Arsacid coinage of the period 90-57 B.C".
4501:
3824:
Despite Tamar's resistance, the marriage was celebrated immediately: luri was declared king (
3129:
3072:
2724:
2559:
2412:
2251:
2003:
1882:
1167:
743:
604:
565:
5184:
143:
6135:
5829:
5764:
5734:
5609:
5592:
5009:
1779:
1591:, the Abbasid capital. Subsequent Ziyarid rulers were Muslim and made no similar attempts.
1193:
5334:
4046:
2610:
was bestowed with the title of "King of Kings" after a gathering of more than 200 African
1782:
953–977 AD to the dynasty's end in 1064 AD revived the title, rendering it as the Persian
8:
6115:
6012:
5990:
5892:
5498:
5437:
4744:"Nebuchadnezzar's Madness (Daniel 4:30): Reminiscence of a Historical Event or a Legend?"
2579:
2540:
2142:
2036:
1869:
1802:
1727:
1673:
1115:
1069:
883:
835:
6070:
4668:
6337:
6040:
6017:
5604:
4943:
4861:
4791:
A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Travels in all Parts of the World
4639:
4631:
4469:
4259:
4156:
2563:
2508:
King of Kings of Iran, is richly attested for the Safavid period and for the preceding
2459:
was used intermittently by rulers of Iran until the modern era. The title, rendered as
2320:
2263:
2104:
2063:
1798:
1763:
1747:
1598:. Finally, the Buyid Emir Panāh Khusraw, better known by his laqab (honorific name) of
1491:
1392:
984:
914:
of the Sasanian Empire as their equals. The last reigning monarchs to use the title of
875:
4823:
Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia
6352:
6305:
6183:
5912:
5722:
5629:
5522:
5493:
5487:
4947:
4891:
4827:
4806:
4774:
4770:
Encyclopaedia Eminent Thinkers (vol. 15: The Political Thought Of C. Rajagopalachari)
4753:
4728:
4678:
4656:
4643:
4575:
4556:
4529:
4521:
4507:
4486:
4441:
4422:
4392:
4385:
4340:
4300:
4276:
4201:
4182:
4112:
3855:
3813:
3722:
3135:
3105:
3078:
3051:
3009:
3005:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
2791:
2777:
2757:
2737:
2647:
2555:
2304:
2089:
1950:
1838:, founded the Palmyrene kingdom. Though a Roman vassal, Odaenathus assumed the title
1812:
1775:
1715:
1695:
1600:
1572:
1545:
1518:
1455:
1340:
1292:
1232:
1127:
1043:
1021:
938:
867:
863:
851:
192:
182:
111:
68:
5371:
4842:
4147:
Amedroz, H. F. (1905). "The Assumption of the Title Shahanshah by Buwayhid Rulers".
1669:
is one of few concrete examples of a Seleucid ruler using the title "King of Kings".
5861:
5758:
5666:
5574:
5516:
5481:
5465:
5353:
5226:
5046:
4935:
4623:
4602:
4548:
4473:
4251:
2693:
2517:
2404:
2176:
2111:
2067:
1900:
1886:
1863:
1816:
1677:
1541:
1459:
1440:
1354:
1288:
927:
871:
436:
351:
55:
5068:
4939:
5797:
5752:
5676:
5619:
5586:
4885:
4768:
4747:
4722:
4552:
4294:
2655:
2607:
2587:
2551:
2493:
2370:
2221:
2157:
2048:
2028:
1955:
1936:
1687:
1662:
1580:
1528:
1467:
1416:
1408:
1205:
1199:
1061:
919:
855:
839:
431:
232:
197:
5105:
1458:
and remained in consistent use until the ruling Arsacids were supplanted by the
5728:
5556:
4606:
4290:
2713:
2685:
2509:
2044:
1976:
1968:
1945:
1912:
1618:
1537:
1499:
1490:(r. 632–651 AD). His reign ended with the defeat and conquest of Persia by the
1451:
1399:(r. 171–132 BC) was the first post-Achaemenid Iranian king to use the title of
1308:
898:
88:
6321:
6046:
5876:
5770:
5661:
5550:
5457:
4660:
4100:
2820:
2816:
2544:
2529:
2525:
2475:
2452:
2389:
2354:
2255:
2093:
2023:
2019:
1751:
1595:
1556:
1487:
1407:(r. 124–88 BC), the title remained in consistent usage until the fall of the
1358:
1312:
1284:
1228:
1087:
1001:
901:
847:
778:
656:
490:
456:
356:
282:
272:
3047:
Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries
2679:
1527:
in Iran in the year 978 AD, more than three centuries after the fall of the
1344:
1236:
1223:
The title of King of Kings occasionally appears in inscriptions of kings of
5839:
5653:
5568:
5419:
3980:
3968:
3875:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2378:
2293:
and on His thigh He has a name written, "KING OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS."
1723:
1495:
1479:
1343:, but perhaps the most prominent title was that of King of Kings (rendered
1159:
1111:
1032:
976:
936:(literally "King of Kings"), which was officially translated as "Emperor".
923:
843:
728:
716:
686:
681:
599:
510:
396:
361:
341:
321:
252:
135:
127:
92:
1657:
1510:
1369:' grandson, an Achaemenid". An inscription in the Armenian city of Van by
6034:
5624:
5614:
5562:
5104:
4118:
2675:
2624:
2611:
2397:
2345:
2165:
1890:
1854:
1623:
1622:) army rebelled in the 1040s and wished to enthrone the other Buyid Emir
1350:
1316:
1244:
An Assyrian-language inscription on a fortification near the fortress of
1076:
1065:
952:
831:
624:
505:
500:
451:
371:
247:
30:
This article is about the monarchic or divine title. For other uses, see
4865:
4372:
The Sovereignty of Kings and the Rule of Scientists: A Paradigm Conflict
4160:
4052:
2971:
2850:
1915:(r. 1930–1974 AD), who somewhat paradoxically still retained the use of
1332:
of 366–360 BC showed the growing structural problems within the Empire.
6211:
5834:
5776:
5598:
5025:
4263:
2513:
2464:
2386:
2148:
1835:
1767:
1691:
1560:
1463:
1353:), recorded for every Achaemenid king. The full titulature of the king
1336:
1304:
1183:
1155:
1139:
910:
555:
495:
287:
131:
60:
4802:
Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges
4635:
4418:
Among the host of Heaven: the Syro-Palestinian pantheon as bureaucracy
4360:
Fredricksmeyer, Ernst (2000). Bosworth, A. B.; Baynham, E. J. (eds.).
4322:"Exploring Iddir: Toward Developing a Contextual Theology of Ethiopia"
1742:
926:(1925–1979), also equated the title with "Emperor". The rulers of the
391:
4076:
2729:
1987:
1711:
1666:
1665:
rulers frequently assumed old Persian titles and honors, the usurper
1584:
1335:
The Achaemenid Kings used a variety of different titles, prominently
1249:
1178:
1171:
1049:
783:
768:
758:
609:
381:
366:
331:
123:
4743:
4255:
4149:
The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society
3548:
584:
5856:
5824:
5740:
5671:
5580:
5423:
4674:
Displaying the Emperor's Authority and Kharaktèr on the Marketplace
4627:
4364:. Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction. Oxford University Press.
4334:
4321:
2968:, p. 11. "In Sanskrit, 'Chakravarti' means the King of Kings."
2616:
2482:
2312:
2002:"Queen of Kings" redirects here. For the Alessandra Mele song, see
1843:
1831:
1726:
had appeared as King of Kings in inscriptions and royal coins, and
1576:
1553:
1370:
1086:
The title of King of Kings was also common among the rulers of the
1005:
753:
711:
667:
634:
629:
619:
550:
546:
530:
466:
441:
386:
242:
217:
177:
172:
5280:
5262:
4543:
Kotansky, Roy (1994). "'King of Kings' on an Amulet from Pontus".
1016:
are among the terms that were used for employing the title of the
46:
5544:
5538:
5447:
5123:
4106:
3487:
2308:
2198:
2183: ("Queen of Queens") was used for queens-consort of Imereti.
2115:
1858:
1847:
1588:
1366:
1325:
1261:
1147:
1123:
1025:
890:
763:
706:
676:
579:
485:
416:
326:
153:
76:
525:
5907:
5902:
5871:
5844:
5802:
5635:
5279:
5261:
3986:
3974:
2583:
2562:(r. 1941–1979), before they too were overthrown as part of the
2497:
2400:
2231:
1932:
1928:
1568:
1320:
1311:
were conquered in 546 BC, the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BC,
1260:
This is the inscription of king Sarduri, son of the great king
1245:
1224:
830:
was a ruling title employed primarily by monarchs based in the
773:
748:
733:
639:
515:
461:
426:
406:
346:
311:
298:
257:
227:
202:
157:
4879:. London et al.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 678–679.
3908:
3880:"Gelati Academy of Sciences: The Fresco of the Royal Donators"
3128:
Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah, eds. (24 March 2010).
2619:, Gaddafi was given gifts including a throne, an 18th-century
2226:
1478:), possibly only assumed after Shapur's victories against the
5442:
5183:
3836:(king of kings, queen of queens) remained the ruling monarch.
3292:
2865:
2717:
2620:
2603:
2239:
2203:
2161:
1903:, which existed from 1270 to 1974 AD, also used the title of
1681:
1515:
738:
691:
671:
651:
595:
574:
520:
481:
421:
411:
401:
376:
336:
277:
262:
222:
5336:"The Court of Fath 'Ali Shah at the Nowrooz Salaam Ceremony"
5243:
4926:
Yücel, Muhammet (2017). "A Unique Drachm Coin of Shapur I".
4058:
3232:
5866:
5816:
5692:
5415:
4841:
Schippmann, K. (1986). "Arsacids ii. The Arsacid dynasty".
4064:
3678:
3607:
2501:
2235:
1935:, which existed from 3rd century AD to 1832 in present-day
1842:(King of Kings and Corrector of the East). Odaenathus son,
1564:
1252:
of Urartu as a builder of a wall and a holder of the title
970:
894:
701:
614:
570:
535:
477:
316:
306:
302:
237:
213:
162:
64:
4591:"Nimrod the Mighty, King of Kish, King of Sumer and Akkad"
4047:
The Court of Fath 'Ali Shah at the Nowrooz Salaam Ceremony
3424:
3244:
2876:
2874:
2550:
The Qajar dynasty was overthrown in 1925, replaced by the
6100:
4195:
3559:
3477:
3475:
3414:
3412:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3360:
3358:
3345:
3343:
2977:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2315:) employed the title and it was part of the motto of the
696:
560:
267:
5204:"Empress Zewditu: Ethiopia's First female head of State"
4691:
4082:
4016:
4004:
2594:
at the age of 21 after the death of his father in 1980.
2574:
for twenty-six years by then, he only took the title of
2126: ("King of Kings"), the title of male emperor, and
1758:
After the Parthian Empire under Mithridates II defeated
4408:
The Emergence of the Bagratuni Kingdoms of Kars and Ani
3992:
3944:
3583:
3571:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3268:
2937:
2935:
2920:
2916:(in French). Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. p. 531.
2871:
2802:
931:
3932:
3648:
3646:
3549:"Pharnaces II and his Title "King of Kings""
3472:
3460:
3448:
3409:
3397:
3370:
3355:
3340:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3280:
3256:
3160:
2983:
2959:
2886:
2840:
2838:
2771:
2751:
2168:
were female monarchs, equivalent in rank to
2103:
Similarly to her mother Tamara, as Georgia's monarch,
1927:
From the 7th century to 15th century, grand rulers of
5401:
4695:. Vol. 133, no. 3. March 1968. p. 299.
4088:
3956:
3595:
3172:
3148:
2707:
2055:("Great King of Kings") alongside the feminine title
3920:
3854:. Vol. 2. University of Michigan. p. 577.
3511:
3499:
3436:
3220:
3208:
3184:
2947:
2932:
2669:
2208:("the King of Kings of Kings") came to be used as a
1122:
The title King of Kings was first introduced by the
951:("the King of Kings of Kings") came to be used as a
946:
889:
The title is commonly seen as equivalent to that of
37:"Lord of lords" redirects here. For other uses, see
4653:
The Fundamental Unity of India (from Hindu Sources)
4124:
3896:
3196:
2835:
1861:soon relinquished it, instead opting for the Roman
4963:
4384:
4028:
3914:
1431:by contemporary Babylonians) was adopted first by
120:Imperial, royal, noble, gentry and chivalric ranks
4457:The Buwayhid dynasty of Baghdad, 334/946–447/1055
4200:. Translated by Parthasarathy, R. Penguin Books.
4170:Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century
3074:Administrative System in India: Vedic Age to 1947
2381:. It was problematic enough that the adoption of
2122:("Queen of Kings"). This title is different from
1730:had appeared as King of Kings in an inscription.
858:, the title was originally introduced during the
6319:
5067:
3238:
2570:. Although Mohammad Reza Pahlavi had reigned as
1134:. The title carried a literal meaning in that a
27:Ruling title used by certain historical monarchs
5167:"IRANIAN IDENTITY iii. MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC PERIOD"
5088:"A Brief History of Georgia's Only Female King"
4336:Seleucid Dissolution. The Sinking of the Anchor
2500:in 1501, Ismail proclaimed himself the Shāh of
5000:
4984:"Gaddafi: the man who would be king of Africa"
4798:
4359:
4217:"The cross with symbols S as heraldic symbols"
4070:
3493:
3250:
2781:
2107:assumed the title "Queen of Kings and Queens".
1630:) and the other side bearing the inscription "
1387:
58:(pictured). The full titulature of Darius was
6086:
5387:
5297:
4965:"6 Bible Verses about Jesus As King Of Kings"
4503:The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
3565:
3127:
1850:, which had been the final Seleucid capital.
942:is the sultanic equivalent of King of Kings.
808:
5165:
4883:
4520:
4362:Alexander the Great and the Kingship of Asia
4270:
4022:
3684:
3613:
3430:
3104:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 200.
3020:Gupta kings assumed imperial titles such as
2140:In the empires of Iran, there was the title
1997:
1815:. All subsequent Georgian monarchs, such as
1762:in 105 BC, the heir to the Armenian throne,
1046:monarch in the tenth century was titled the
4382:
4339:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 19–36.
4299:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432.
3547:Pastor, Luis Ballesteros (1 January 2017).
3391:
1319:region in 513 BC. The Achaemenids employed
979:several times in the Bible, notably in the
6093:
6079:
6060:Knowledge:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility
5394:
5380:
5023:
4872:
4840:
4569:
4528:. University of Pennsylvania State Press.
4010:
3298:
3262:
3043:
2524:in 1739 to emphasize his superiority over
2152:("King of Kings") and abbreviated as
1544:. Although Iranian resentment against the
1130:(who reigned between 1233 and 1197 BC) as
1118:(depicted strangling and stabbing a lion).
815:
801:
5141:
5085:
4904:
4851:
4799:Saikal, Amin; Schnabel, Albrecht (2003).
4787:
4667:
4405:
4271:Clawson, Patrick; Rubin, Michael (2005).
4198:The Cilappatikāram: The Tale of an Anklet
4094:
3950:
3718:The First Spring: The Golden Age of India
3601:
3589:
3274:
2953:
2926:
2554:. Both reigning members of this dynasty,
2329:Basileus Basileōn, Basileuōn Basileuontōn
1415:The standard royal title of the Arsacid (
1403:. Beginning with the reign of his nephew
1328:. Though it was eventually defeated, the
5201:
4876:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 7
4819:
4766:
4720:
4650:
4613:
4542:
4463:
4435:
4179:Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World
3874:
3805:
3625:
3577:
3534:
3418:
3403:
3379:
3349:
3322:
3310:
3166:
3154:
3008:. Pearson Education India. p. 485.
2989:
2965:
2897:
2325:Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων Βασιλεύων Βασιλευόντων
2225:
1949:(king of kings). However, some, such as
1741:
1656:
1509:
1502:faith and referring to it as "impious".
1391:
1357:was "great king, king of kings, king in
1283:
1166:, was among the many titles of the last
1138:was traditionally simply the ruler of a
1102:
83:
45:
6368:Titles of national or ethnic leadership
5352:
4981:
4844:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5
4480:
4289:
4241:
4214:
4176:
4146:
4130:
3962:
3938:
3926:
3652:
3481:
3466:
3454:
3364:
3286:
3202:
3101:Court Life Under the Vijayanagar Rulers
2909:
2343:), hellenized forms of the Latin title
2146:("Queen of Queens"), matched the title
2096:was proclaimed "Queen of Kings" in the
1484:Shahanshah of Iranians and non-Iranians
1110:was among the many titles used by King
14:
6320:
5225:
4741:
4466:"Assyrian Royal Titulary in Babylonia"
4332:
4319:
4296:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
4034:
3695:
3693:
3546:
3522:
3505:
3226:
3214:
3178:
2941:
1990:was proclaimed "King of Kings" in the
1754:with four vassal Kings surrounding him
1098:
1093:
54:was prominently used by kings such as
6126:King of the Four Corners of the World
6102:Ancient Mesopotamian royal titulature
6074:
5375:
5315:
4925:
4724:Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom
4588:
4454:
4414:
4368:
3902:
3809:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
3806:Rayfield, Donald (15 February 2013).
3714:
3442:
3190:
3134:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 15.
3097:
3070:
3001:
2978:Atikal & Parthasarathy (tr.) 2004
2880:
2844:
2504:and the Shahanshah of Iran. The term
2474:1063–1072), the second sultan of the
2114:, the title as an empress-regnant of
1975:(lord of the land of Champa) used by
1911:("king"), this practice was ended by
1706:(r. 222–187 BC) throughout his rule.
1162:(r. 669–627 BC). "King of Kings", as
1079:rulers assumed the imperial title of
6028:List of current constituent monarchs
4387:A Concise History of the Middle East
4167:
3847:
3784:
3764:
3744:
3721:. Penguin Books India. p. 368.
3668:
1982:
1881:The title King of Kings was used by
1834:, the ruler of the city of Palmyra,
5185:"King of kings in Media and Urartu"
5106:"Gaddafi: Africa's 'king of kings'"
4805:. United Nations University Press.
4499:
3987:Sahih al-Bukhari Book 73 Hadith 225
3975:Sahih al-Bukhari Book 73 Hadith 224
3690:
3334:
2697:
2659:
2432:Sahih al-Bukhari Book 73 Hadith 225
2420:Sahih al-Bukhari Book 73 Hadith 224
1718:(especially prominently used under
1514:Panāh Khusraw, better known by his
1279:
1218:
990:
24:
6023:List of current sovereign monarchs
5477:Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty
5245:"Portrait of Fath Ali Shah Seated"
5024:Cartwright, Mark (12 March 2018).
4907:"Persia or Iran, Persian or Farsi"
4873:Sundermann, W. (1988). "BĀNBIŠN".
4273:Eternal Iran: continuity and chaos
3077:. APH Publishing. pp. 66–72.
2463:, is used on some of the coins of
2134:
25:
6384:
5898:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
5403:Imperial, royal, and noble styles
4752:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 645–675.
4119:Gaddafi: Africa's 'king of kings'
2866:King of kings in Media and Urartu
2512:period (when it was not in use).
2082:
1959:(great king of kings) instead of
1652:
893:, both titles outranking that of
4884:Vashalomidze, G. Sophia (2007).
4391:(7th ed.). Westview Press.
4275:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
4059:Portrait of Fath Ali Shah Seated
2590:, symbolically declared himself
2012:
1505:
995:
142:
6363:New Testament words and phrases
6328:2nd-millennium BC introductions
5125:"Gaddafi named 'king of kings'"
5044:
4655:. Longmans, Green and Company.
4616:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
4139:
3998:
3868:
3841:
3812:. Reaktion Books. p. 109.
3799:
3778:
3758:
3738:
3708:
3540:
3121:
3091:
3064:
3037:
2995:
2809:
2578:on 26 October 1967 in a lavish
2492:1501–1524), the founder of the
2487:
2469:
2441:
2298:Book of Revelation 19:11–12, 16
2215:
2130:, the title of empress-consort.
1805:(r. 1089–1125 AD), rendered as
1150:. Later Assyrian rulers to use
975:) is also used in reference to
897:in prestige, stemming from the
6013:Defender of the Holy Sepulchre
4826:. Cambridge University Press.
4651:Mookerji, Radha Kumud (1914).
4483:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
4181:. Cambridge University Press.
4177:Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013).
2903:
2641:
2635:
2377:was sternly criticized in the
2187:
1235:Persian variant of the title,
1035:assumed the imperial title of
39:Lord of Lords (disambiguation)
32:King of Kings (disambiguation)
13:
1:
5318:"Empress Zewditu (1876–1930)"
4940:10.1080/00210862.2017.1303329
4742:Oshima, Takayoshi M. (2017).
4727:. Aarhus Universitetsforlag.
4378:. The University of Michigan.
4172:. Edinburgh University Press.
4107:Gaddafi named 'king of kings'
2630:
2407:Book 73 Hadiths 224 and 225;
2275:First Epistle to Timothy 6:15
2234:as King of Kings". A Russian
1893:
1419:) kings while in Babylon was
5053:. Classical Numismatic Group
4890:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
4574:. Hoover Institution Press.
4553:10.1007/978-3-663-20312-4_36
4383:Goldschmidt, Arthur (2002).
4083:National Geographic Magazine
2829:
2803:
2730:
2680:
2403:, a prominent example being
1774:. The Armenian kings of the
1345:
1237:
1181:used the full titulature of
1142:. With the formation of the
1020:. These words also occur in
971:
932:
7:
5717:Imperial and Royal Highness
4956:
4820:Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011).
4570:Lenczowski, George (1978).
4485:. Oxford University Press.
4481:Kazhdan, Alexander (1991).
4438:Das Palmyrenische Teilreich
4406:Greenwood, Timothy (2011).
2772:
2752:
2708:
2670:
2566:in 1979, used the title of
2175:According to murals in the
2070:assumed both the titles of
1931:-speaking confederation of
1876:
1647:al-Malik al-Adil Shahanshah
1632:al-Malik al-Adil Shahanshah
1388:Parthian and Sasanian usage
947:
838:. Commonly associated with
10:
6389:
5471:Imperial and Royal Majesty
5031:World History Encyclopedia
4607:10.1163/156853302760197494
4464:Karlsson, Mattias (2017).
4455:Kabir, Mafizullah (1964).
4071:Saikal & Schnabel 2003
2795:
2718:
2623:, traditional outfits and
2369:Following the fall of the
2250:) is used in reference to
2219:
2192:
2001:
1873:("Empress") respectively.
1822:
1789:
1737:
1682:
1476:šāhān šāh ī ērān ud anērān
1446:The title was rendered as
1060:was used by rulers of the
960:
79:' grandson, an Achaemenid.
36:
29:
6300:
6242:
6204:
6157:Dominion over Mesopotamia
6156:
6108:
6055:
5983:
5925:
5885:
5815:
5790:
5709:
5685:
5652:
5645:
5456:
5430:
5409:
5142:Goodspeed, Peter (2010).
4982:Adebajo, Adekeye (2011).
4905:Yarshater, Ehsan (1989).
4459:. Calcutta: Iran Society.
4415:Handy, Lowell K. (1994).
4230:: 149–158. Archived from
3848:Rapp, Stephen H. (1997).
3098:Patil, Madhao P. (1999).
2782:
2761:
2741:
2481:The title was adopted by
2446:
2248:βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων
2051:used the masculine title
2026:used the masculine title
1998:Feminine forms and usages
1922:
1361:, king of the countries,
972:basileùs ton basileuónton
961:βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων
948:Melech Malchei HaMelachim
63:, King of Kings, King of
6373:Superlatives in religion
5316:Tesfu, Julianna (2008).
5202:Kiunguyu, Kylie (2018).
5086:Dzagnidze, Baia (2018).
4854:The Numismatic Chronicle
4788:Pinkerton, John (1811).
4440:. Franz Steiner Verlag.
4320:Dejene, Solomon (2007).
3791:. Nalanda. p. 126.
3771:. Nalanda. p. 126.
3751:. Nalanda. p. 125.
3431:Clawson & Rubin 2005
3131:The Age of the Parthians
2910:Dédéyan, Gérard (2003).
2597:
2373:in 651 AD, the title of
2364:
2286:Book of Revelation 17:14
2262:(6:15) and twice in the
2260:First Epistle to Timothy
2032:("Great King of Kings").
1397:Mithridates I of Parthia
981:First Epistle to Timothy
6178:šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi
6174:King of Sumer and Akkad
6109:Dominion over the world
5281:"Sahih al-Bukhari 6206"
5263:"Sahih al-Bukhari 6205"
4969:bible.knowing-jesus.com
4767:Pasricha, Ashu (1998).
4572:Iran under the Pahlavis
4215:Atlagić, Marko (1997).
4196:Atikal, Ilanko (2004).
4168:Ando, Clifford (2012).
3715:Eraly, Abraham (2011).
3002:Singh, Upinder (2008).
2516:, founder of the later
2427:Kings' is 'Shahanshah."
2303:Some Christian realms (
2098:Donations of Alexandria
2041:Tribhuvana Mahadevi III
1992:Donations of Alexandria
1704:Antiochus III the Great
1698:(r. 281–261 BC) in the
1686:), the monarchs of the
1523:, revived the title of
1295:referred to himself as
1274:
1212:King of Sumer and Akkad
1008:language words such as
842:(historically known as
6018:Great Catholic Monarch
5529:Most Excellent Majesty
5505:Most Christian Majesty
5069:"DARIUS iv. Darius II"
4773:. Concept Publishing.
4436:Hartmann, Udo (2001).
3915:Jesus As King Of Kings
3050:. BRILL. p. 284.
2681:Xšāyaθiya Xšāyaθiyānām
2496:. Upon his capture of
2455:in 1062, the title of
2435:
2423:
2301:
2289:
2278:
2243:
2074:("King of Kings") and
2039:, the female monarchs
1755:
1720:Mithridates VI Eupator
1670:
1661:Although the Hellenic
1532:
1412:
1385:
1346:Xšāyaθiya Xšāyaθiyānām
1300:
1272:
1238:Xšāyaθiya Xšāyaθiyānām
1144:Middle Assyrian Empire
1119:
1056:The imperial title of
906:Eastern Roman emperors
860:Middle Assyrian Empire
104:
81:
6003:Defender of the Faith
5996:Divine right of kings
5747:Ducal Serene Highness
5569:Most Eminent Highness
5534:Most Gracious Majesty
5511:Most Faithful Majesty
4589:Levin, Yigal (2002).
4545:Greek Magical Amulets
4522:Kobishchanov, Yuri M.
4500:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
4369:Gluck, P. K. (2010).
4244:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
3553:Ancient West and East
3071:Singh, U. B. (1998).
2560:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
2539:is also attested for
2451:After the end of the
2424:
2415:(the king of kings)."
2409:
2290:
2279:
2268:
2229:
2022:, the female monarch
2004:Queen of Kings (song)
1745:
1660:
1604:, proclaimed himself
1513:
1395:
1375:
1330:Great Satraps' Revolt
1287:
1258:
1106:
1028:(1700 BC – 1100 BC).
95:, generally known as
87:
69:King of the Countries
49:
6136:King of the Universe
5830:Duli Yang Maha Mulia
5765:Illustrious Highness
5735:Grand Ducal Highness
5593:Illustrious Highness
5002:"Achaemenid Dynasty"
4547:. pp. 181–201.
3785:Sahu, N. K. (1981).
3765:Sahu, N. K. (1981).
3745:Sahu, N. K. (1981).
3239:DARIUS iv. Darius II
2520:, assumed the title
2078:("Queen of Queens").
1953:, held the title of
1943:(king of kings) and
1899:. The rulers of the
1194:King of the Universe
1158:(r. 681–669 BC) and
1031:The monarchs of the
6304:Titles rendered in
6116:King of All Peoples
5991:By the Grace of God
5299:"Strabo, Geography"
5249:hermitagemuseum.org
4917:(1). Archived from
4847:. pp. 525–536.
4693:National Geographic
4410:. Mazda Publishers.
3496:, pp. 136–166.
3494:Fredricksmeyer 2000
3337:, pp. 284–285.
3301:, pp. 525–536.
3044:André Wink (2002).
2883:, pp. 331–344.
2580:coronation ceremony
2558:(r. 1925–1941) and
2541:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
2143:bānbishnān bānbishn
2037:Bhauma-Kara dynasty
1967:(great king), e.g.
1797:was revived in the
1728:Mithridates Eupator
1674:Alexander the Great
1269:Sarduri I of Urartu
1116:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1099:Assyria and Babylon
1094:Ancient Mesopotamia
1070:Salasthamba dynasty
1048:Maharajadhiraja of
1024:and other parts of
955:. "King of Kings" (
836:Indian subcontinent
789:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek
447:Prince of the Sa'id
6243:Specific locations
6130:šar kibrāt erbetti
6041:Translatio imperii
5189:melammu-project.eu
5092:theculturetrip.com
3884:The Armazi Project
3834:dedopalta-dedopali
3251:Achaemenid Dynasty
2564:Iranian revolution
2396:) is condemned in
2321:Palaiologan period
2317:Byzantine Emperors
2266:(17:14, 19:11–16);
2264:Book of Revelation
2244:
2206:Malchei HaMelachim
2181:dedopalta-dedopali
2076:dedopalta-dedopali
2064:Kingdom of Georgia
1939:, employed titles
1799:Kingdom of Georgia
1778:from the reign of
1756:
1748:Tigranes the Great
1746:The King of Kings
1683:βασιλεὺς τῆς Ἀσίας
1671:
1579:, who founded the
1533:
1492:Rashidun Caliphate
1423:("Arsacid king"),
1413:
1382:Xerxes I of Persia
1315:in 525 BC and the
1301:
1120:
985:Book of Revelation
930:used the title of
850:), especially the
105:
82:
6358:Empresses regnant
6315:
6314:
6306:Akkadian language
6205:The king's person
6184:King of the Lands
6068:
6067:
5921:
5920:
5913:Sultanic Highness
5811:
5810:
5786:
5785:
5723:Imperial Highness
5705:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5523:Britannic Majesty
5494:Catholic Monarchs
5488:Apostolic Majesty
5303:perseus.tufts.edu
5231:iranicaonline.org
5171:iranicaonline.org
5073:iranicaonline.org
5006:iranicaonline.org
4759:978-1-57506-760-5
4734:978-87-7934-655-0
4708:Missing or empty
4669:Morrisson, Cécile
4595:Vetus Testamentum
4562:978-3-663-19965-6
4535:978-0-271-00531-7
4492:978-0-19-504652-6
4447:978-3-515-07800-9
4306:978-0-19-987575-7
4282:978-1-4039-6276-8
4188:978-1-107-01205-9
3819:978-1-78023-070-2
3788:History of Orissa
3768:History of Orissa
3748:History of Orissa
3728:978-0-670-08478-4
3685:Kobishchanov 1979
3614:Vashalomidze 2007
3566:Strabo, Geography
3141:978-0-85771-018-5
3111:978-81-7646-094-1
3084:978-81-7024-928-3
3057:978-0-391-04173-8
3026:parama-bhattaraka
3015:978-81-317-1677-9
2801:
2770:
2750:
2732:Basileùs Basiléōn
2727:
2719:Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων
2706:
2668:
2556:Reza Shah Pahlavi
2351:Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων
2246:"King of Kings" (
2090:Ptolemaic Kingdom
1983:Ptolemaic Kingdom
1973:campāpr̥thivībhuj
1951:Vikrantavarman II
1776:Bagratuni dynasty
1700:Borsippa Cylinder
1573:Asfar ibn Shiruya
1546:Abbasid Caliphate
1341:King of Countries
1293:Achaemenid Empire
1174:(r. 556–539 BC).
1128:Tukulti-Ninurta I
1044:Gurjara-Pratihara
1022:Aitareya Aranyaka
983:and twice in the
969:
939:Sultan of Sultans
868:Hellenic kingdoms
864:Tukulti-Ninurta I
825:
824:
183:Sultan of Sultans
16:(Redirected from
6380:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6072:
6071:
5893:Amir al-Mu'minin
5883:
5882:
5791:Specific culture
5788:
5787:
5707:
5706:
5650:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5610:Most Illustrious
5575:Exalted Highness
5517:Orthodox Majesty
5499:Catholic Majesty
5482:Imperial Majesty
5412:Forms of address
5396:
5389:
5382:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5210:. Archived from
5198:
5196:
5195:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5150:. Archived from
5138:
5136:
5135:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5112:. 29 August 2008
5101:
5099:
5098:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5064:
5059:
5058:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5008:. Archived from
4997:
4995:
4994:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4951:
4922:
4901:
4880:
4869:
4848:
4837:
4816:
4795:
4784:
4763:
4738:
4717:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4696:
4688:
4664:
4647:
4610:
4585:
4566:
4539:
4517:
4496:
4477:
4460:
4451:
4432:
4411:
4402:
4390:
4379:
4377:
4365:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4329:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4286:
4267:
4238:
4236:
4221:
4211:
4192:
4173:
4164:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4023:Iranian Identity
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3828:), but Tamar as
3803:
3797:
3796:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3712:
3706:
3697:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3666:
3660:
3650:
3641:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3392:Goldschmidt 2002
3389:
3383:
3377:
3368:
3362:
3353:
3347:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3041:
3035:
3034:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2884:
2878:
2869:
2863:
2848:
2842:
2824:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2800:romanized:
2799:
2797:
2785:
2784:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2645:
2518:Afsharid Dynasty
2506:šāhanšāh-e Irān,
2491:
2489:
2473:
2471:
2433:
2421:
2405:Sahih al-Bukhari
2352:
2342:
2326:
2299:
2287:
2276:
2249:
2177:Gelati Monastery
2112:Ethiopian Empire
1971:(r.380–413), or
1901:Ethiopian Empire
1898:
1895:
1889:since the reign
1887:Aksumite Kingdom
1867:("Emperor") and
1685:
1684:
1678:Seleucid dynasty
1472:šāhān šāh ī ērān
1460:Sasanian dynasty
1383:
1348:
1289:Xerxes the Great
1280:Achaemenid usage
1270:
1240:
1219:Urartu and Media
991:Historical usage
974:
964:
962:
950:
935:
928:Ethiopian Empire
856:Sasanian Empires
817:
810:
803:
146:
107:
106:
56:Darius the Great
21:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6296:
6270:King of Babylon
6260:King of Assyria
6238:
6200:
6152:
6120:šar kiššat nišē
6104:
6099:
6069:
6064:
6051:
5979:
5917:
5881:
5807:
5782:
5753:Serene Highness
5697:
5681:
5641:
5632:(The Much Hon.)
5620:Hochwohlgeboren
5587:Serene Highness
5452:
5426:
5405:
5400:
5370:
5362:
5360:
5344:
5342:
5326:
5324:
5307:
5305:
5289:
5287:
5271:
5269:
5253:
5251:
5235:
5233:
5217:
5215:
5208:thisisafrica.me
5193:
5191:
5175:
5173:
5157:
5155:
5148:rezapahlavi.org
5144:"It is my duty"
5133:
5131:
5115:
5113:
5096:
5094:
5077:
5075:
5056:
5054:
5036:
5034:
5015:
5013:
4992:
4990:
4988:theguardian.com
4973:
4971:
4959:
4954:
4928:Iranian Studies
4911:Iranian Studies
4898:
4834:
4813:
4781:
4760:
4735:
4709:
4707:
4698:
4697:
4685:
4582:
4563:
4536:
4514:
4493:
4448:
4429:
4421:. Eisenbrauns.
4399:
4375:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4291:Daryaee, Touraj
4283:
4256:10.2307/1291418
4234:
4219:
4208:
4189:
4142:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4011:Lenczowski 1978
4009:
4005:
4001:, 208. Lot:462.
3997:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3888:
3886:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3846:
3842:
3820:
3804:
3800:
3783:
3779:
3763:
3759:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3713:
3709:
3698:
3691:
3683:
3679:
3667:
3663:
3651:
3644:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3378:
3371:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3299:Schippmann 1986
3297:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3263:Cartwright 2018
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3042:
3038:
3022:maharajadhiraja
3016:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2887:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2851:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2814:
2810:
2773:Mahārājadhirāja
2753:ark'ayits ark'a
2660:מֶלֶךְ מְלָכִים
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2608:Muammar Gaddafi
2600:
2588:Reza Pahlavi II
2552:Pahlavi dynasty
2494:Safavid dynasty
2486:
2468:
2449:
2444:
2434:
2431:
2422:
2419:
2371:Sasanian Empire
2367:
2350:
2340:
2324:
2300:
2297:
2288:
2285:
2277:
2274:
2247:
2224:
2222:Christ the King
2218:
2195:
2190:
2137:
2135:Queen of Queens
2085:
2053:maharajadhiraja
2049:Dharma Mahadevi
2029:maharajadhiraja
2015:
2007:
2000:
1985:
1956:maharajadhiraja
1946:pu po tana raya
1937:Central Vietnam
1925:
1896:
1879:
1857:and his mother
1840:Mlk Mlk dy Mdnh
1825:
1817:Tamar the Great
1792:
1740:
1688:Seleucid Empire
1655:
1581:Ziyarid dynasty
1529:Sasanian Empire
1508:
1468:Sasanian Empire
1466:, creating the
1409:Sasanian Empire
1390:
1384:
1381:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1221:
1206:King of Babylon
1200:King of Assyria
1101:
1096:
1062:Pallava dynasty
1058:Maharajadhiraja
1037:Maharajadhiraja
998:
993:
920:Pahlavi dynasty
918:, those of the
821:
198:Maharajadhiraja
97:Maharajadhiraja
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6386:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6343:Heads of state
6340:
6335:
6333:Assyrian kings
6330:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6287:
6284:šar māt Šumeri
6277:
6267:
6257:
6254:šar māt Akkadi
6246:
6244:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6229:
6219:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6191:
6181:
6171:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6143:
6133:
6123:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6098:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6075:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6037:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6007:Fidei defensor
6000:
5999:
5998:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5963:United Kingdom
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5889:
5887:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5821:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5794:
5792:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5774:
5768:
5762:
5756:
5750:
5744:
5738:
5732:
5729:Royal Highness
5726:
5720:
5713:
5711:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5647:
5640:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5605:Most Excellent
5602:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5560:
5557:Royal Highness
5554:
5548:
5542:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5399:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5376:
5369:
5368:
5350:
5332:
5313:
5295:
5277:
5259:
5241:
5223:
5199:
5181:
5163:
5139:
5121:
5110:news.bbc.co.uk
5102:
5083:
5065:
5047:"208. Lot:462"
5042:
5021:
4998:
4979:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4934:(3): 331–344.
4923:
4921:on 2010-10-24.
4902:
4896:
4881:
4870:
4849:
4838:
4832:
4817:
4811:
4796:
4785:
4779:
4764:
4758:
4739:
4733:
4718:
4689:
4684:978-1409436089
4683:
4665:
4648:
4628:10.1086/371995
4611:
4601:(3): 350–366.
4586:
4581:978-0817966416
4580:
4567:
4561:
4540:
4534:
4518:
4513:978-1610693912
4512:
4506:. . ABC-CLIO.
4497:
4491:
4478:
4461:
4452:
4446:
4433:
4428:978-0931464843
4427:
4412:
4403:
4398:978-0813338859
4397:
4380:
4366:
4357:
4346:978-3447065887
4345:
4330:
4317:
4305:
4287:
4281:
4268:
4239:
4237:on 2013-05-21.
4212:
4206:
4193:
4187:
4174:
4165:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4123:
4111:
4099:
4095:Goodspeed 2010
4087:
4075:
4063:
4051:
4039:
4027:
4015:
4003:
3991:
3979:
3967:
3955:
3951:Morrisson 2013
3943:
3941:, p. 264.
3931:
3919:
3907:
3895:
3867:
3860:
3840:
3818:
3798:
3777:
3757:
3737:
3727:
3707:
3689:
3687:, p. 195.
3677:
3661:
3642:
3618:
3616:, p. 151.
3606:
3602:Dzagnidze 2018
3594:
3590:Greenwood 2011
3582:
3580:, p. 178.
3570:
3558:
3539:
3537:, p. 181.
3527:
3510:
3498:
3486:
3484:, p. 398.
3471:
3469:, p. 396.
3459:
3457:, p. 395.
3447:
3445:, p. 240.
3435:
3423:
3408:
3396:
3384:
3369:
3367:, p. 397.
3354:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3289:, p. 179.
3279:
3275:Simonetta 1966
3267:
3255:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3193:, p. 362.
3183:
3181:, p. 655.
3171:
3159:
3147:
3140:
3120:
3110:
3090:
3083:
3063:
3056:
3036:
3014:
2994:
2982:
2980:, p. 342.
2970:
2958:
2954:Yarshater 1989
2946:
2944:, p. 539.
2931:
2929:, p. 124.
2927:Pinkerton 1811
2919:
2902:
2900:, p. 165.
2885:
2870:
2849:
2847:, p. 112.
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2808:
2686:Middle Persian
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2599:
2596:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2429:
2417:
2413:Malik Al-Amlak
2366:
2363:
2295:
2283:
2272:
2258:: once in the
2217:
2214:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2173:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2120:Nəgəstä Nägäst
2108:
2101:
2084:
2083:Queen of Kings
2081:
2080:
2079:
2060:
2045:Dandi Mahadevi
2033:
2014:
2011:
1999:
1996:
1984:
1981:
1979:(r. 629–640).
1977:Kandarpadharma
1969:Bhadravarman I
1924:
1921:
1913:Haile Selassie
1878:
1875:
1824:
1821:
1791:
1788:
1739:
1736:
1654:
1653:Hellenic usage
1651:
1619:Jalal al-Dawla
1601:'Adud al-Dawla
1520:'Adud al-Dawla
1507:
1504:
1452:Middle Persian
1437:Mithridates II
1405:Mithridates II
1389:
1386:
1379:
1309:Lydian Kingdom
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1248:mentions King
1220:
1217:
1168:Neo-Babylonian
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1081:Maharajadhiraj
997:
994:
992:
989:
823:
822:
820:
819:
812:
805:
797:
794:
793:
792:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
727:Governmental:
722:
721:
720:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
662:
661:
660:
659:
654:
645:
644:
643:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
590:
589:
588:
587:
582:
577:
568:
563:
558:
553:
541:
540:
539:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
472:
471:
470:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
293:
292:
291:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
208:
207:
206:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
148:
147:
139:
138:
116:
115:
89:Chandragupta I
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6385:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6307:
6303:
6302:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6281:
6280:King of Sumer
6278:
6275:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6264:šar māt Aššur
6261:
6258:
6255:
6251:
6250:King of Akkad
6248:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6226:šarrum dannum
6223:
6220:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6192:
6189:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6165:
6164:King of Kings
6162:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6096:
6091:
6089:
6084:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6048:
6047:Victory title
6045:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5877:Son of Heaven
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5852:King of Kings
5850:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5662:Pater Patriae
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5630:Much Honoured
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5539:Royal Majesty
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5438:Nəgusä Nägäst
5436:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5408:
5404:
5397:
5392:
5390:
5385:
5383:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5359:
5355:
5354:"Tušpa (Van)"
5351:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5323:
5322:blackpast.org
5319:
5314:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5214:on 2019-04-23
5213:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5154:on 2013-10-02
5153:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5093:
5089:
5084:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5012:on 2015-12-03
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4989:
4985:
4980:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4897:9783447054591
4893:
4889:
4888:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4839:
4835:
4833:9780521766418
4829:
4825:
4824:
4818:
4814:
4812:9789280810851
4808:
4804:
4803:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4786:
4782:
4780:9788180694950
4776:
4772:
4771:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4719:
4715:
4702:
4701:cite magazine
4694:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4677:. Routledge.
4676:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4622:(2): 84–108.
4621:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4389:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4373:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4348:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4308:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4207:9780143031963
4203:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4132:
4127:
4120:
4115:
4108:
4103:
4096:
4091:
4084:
4079:
4072:
4067:
4060:
4055:
4048:
4043:
4036:
4031:
4024:
4019:
4013:, p. 79.
4012:
4007:
4000:
3995:
3988:
3983:
3976:
3971:
3965:, p. 42.
3964:
3959:
3953:, p. 72.
3952:
3947:
3940:
3935:
3928:
3923:
3916:
3911:
3905:, p. 78.
3904:
3899:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3863:
3861:9780591308280
3857:
3853:
3852:
3844:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3802:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3781:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3761:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3741:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3702:Roman History
3700:Cassius Dio,
3696:
3694:
3686:
3681:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3626:Hartmann 2001
3622:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3592:, p. 52.
3591:
3586:
3579:
3578:Olbrycht 2009
3574:
3567:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3535:Kotansky 1994
3531:
3525:, p. 28.
3524:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3508:, p. 27.
3507:
3502:
3495:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3468:
3463:
3456:
3451:
3444:
3439:
3433:, p. 19.
3432:
3427:
3421:, p. 87.
3420:
3419:Madelung 1969
3415:
3413:
3406:, p. 86.
3405:
3404:Madelung 1969
3400:
3394:, p. 87.
3393:
3388:
3382:, p. 85.
3381:
3380:Madelung 1969
3376:
3374:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3352:, p. 84.
3351:
3350:Madelung 1969
3346:
3344:
3336:
3331:
3325:, p. 44.
3324:
3323:Shayegan 2011
3319:
3313:, p. 43.
3312:
3311:Shayegan 2011
3307:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3277:, p. 18.
3276:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3235:
3229:, p. 21.
3228:
3223:
3217:, p. 20.
3216:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3169:, p. 10.
3168:
3167:Karlsson 2017
3163:
3156:
3155:Karlsson 2017
3151:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3124:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3040:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3007:
3006:
2998:
2992:, p. 71.
2991:
2990:Mookerji 1914
2986:
2979:
2974:
2967:
2966:Pasricha 1998
2962:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2899:
2898:Olbrycht 2009
2894:
2892:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2822:
2821:Imad al-Dawla
2818:
2817:Rukn al-Dawla
2812:
2805:
2804:Nəgusä Nägäst
2793:
2789:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2671:melek mĕlakîm
2666:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2602:In 2008, the
2595:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2545:Qajar dynasty
2542:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2530:Mughal Empire
2527:
2526:Muhammad Shah
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2476:Seljuk Empire
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2453:Buyid dynasty
2439:
2428:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2390:Buyid dynasty
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2355:Kings of Axum
2348:
2347:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2256:New Testament
2253:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2129:
2125:
2124:Nəgusä Nägäst
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2094:Cleopatra VII
2091:
2087:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2024:Ballamahadevi
2021:
2020:Alupa dynasty
2017:
2016:
2013:King of Kings
2010:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1917:Nəgusä Nägäst
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:Nəgusä Nägäst
1902:
1897: 250 AD
1892:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:King of Kings
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:King of Kings
1769:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1596:Imad al-Dawla
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:, of Iranian
1558:
1557:Buyid dynasty
1555:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1506:Buyid revival
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:Yazdegerd III
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1433:Mithridates I
1430:
1427:(recorded as
1426:
1425:King of Kings
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:King of Kings
1398:
1394:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1254:King of Kings
1251:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1229:Median Empire
1226:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:King of Kings
1105:
1091:
1089:
1088:Kushan Empire
1084:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:King of Kings
1015:
1014:Mahārādhirāja
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:Ancient India
996:Ancient India
988:
986:
982:
978:
973:
967:
958:
957:Ancient Greek
954:
949:
943:
941:
940:
934:
933:Nəgusä Nägäst
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
912:
907:
903:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:King of Kings
818:
813:
811:
806:
804:
799:
798:
796:
795:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
726:
725:
724:
723:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
669:
666:
665:
664:
663:
658:
655:
653:
650:Royal house:
649:
648:
647:
646:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
597:
594:
593:
592:
591:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
548:
545:
544:
543:
542:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
491:Dewan Bahadur
489:
487:
483:
479:
476:
475:
474:
473:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
304:
300:
297:
296:
295:
294:
289:
286:
284:
283:Amir al-umara
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
215:
212:
211:
210:
209:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
168:King of Kings
166:
164:
161:
159:
155:
152:
151:
150:
149:
145:
141:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
117:
113:
109:
108:
102:
101:king of kings
98:
94:
90:
86:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
53:
52:King of Kings
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18:King of kings
6348:Royal titles
6289:
6283:
6273:
6263:
6253:
6231:
6225:
6215:
6193:
6187:
6177:
6167:
6163:
6145:
6140:šar kiššatim
6139:
6129:
6119:
6039:
6006:
5851:
5654:Ancient Rome
5361:. Retrieved
5357:
5343:. Retrieved
5339:
5325:. Retrieved
5321:
5306:. Retrieved
5302:
5288:. Retrieved
5284:
5270:. Retrieved
5266:
5252:. Retrieved
5248:
5234:. Retrieved
5230:
5227:"NĀDER SHAH"
5216:. Retrieved
5212:the original
5207:
5192:. Retrieved
5188:
5174:. Retrieved
5170:
5156:. Retrieved
5152:the original
5147:
5132:. Retrieved
5128:
5114:. Retrieved
5109:
5095:. Retrieved
5091:
5076:. Retrieved
5072:
5061:
5055:. Retrieved
5051:cngcoins.com
5050:
5035:. Retrieved
5029:
5014:. Retrieved
5010:the original
5005:
4991:. Retrieved
4987:
4972:. Retrieved
4968:
4931:
4927:
4919:the original
4914:
4910:
4886:
4875:
4857:
4853:
4843:
4822:
4801:
4790:
4769:
4748:
4723:
4710:|title=
4692:
4673:
4652:
4619:
4615:
4598:
4594:
4571:
4544:
4525:
4502:
4482:
4456:
4437:
4417:
4407:
4386:
4371:
4361:
4350:. Retrieved
4335:
4325:
4310:. Retrieved
4295:
4272:
4247:
4243:
4232:the original
4227:
4223:
4197:
4178:
4169:
4152:
4148:
4140:Bibliography
4131:Adebajo 2011
4126:
4114:
4102:
4090:
4085:, p. 9.
4078:
4073:, p. 9.
4066:
4054:
4042:
4030:
4018:
4006:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3963:Chrysos 1978
3958:
3946:
3939:Kazhdan 1991
3934:
3929:, p. 2.
3927:Atlagić 1997
3922:
3910:
3898:
3887:. Retrieved
3883:
3876:Jost Gippert
3870:
3850:
3843:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3808:
3801:
3794:Paramesvari.
3792:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3747:
3740:
3732:
3717:
3710:
3701:
3680:
3664:
3653:Andrade 2013
3621:
3609:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3552:
3542:
3530:
3501:
3489:
3482:Amedroz 1905
3467:Amedroz 1905
3462:
3455:Amedroz 1905
3450:
3438:
3426:
3399:
3387:
3365:Amedroz 1905
3330:
3318:
3306:
3294:
3287:Daryaee 2012
3282:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3157:, p. 7.
3150:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3100:
3093:
3073:
3066:
3046:
3039:
3030:parameshvara
3029:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3004:
2997:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2922:
2912:
2905:
2811:
2787:
2762:महाराजाधिराज
2742:արքայից արքա
2731:
2689:
2651:
2643:
2625:ostrich eggs
2612:tribal kings
2601:
2591:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2549:
2536:
2534:
2521:
2505:
2480:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2442:Modern usage
2436:
2425:
2410:
2393:
2382:
2379:Muslim world
2374:
2368:
2358:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2302:
2291:
2280:
2269:
2252:Jesus Christ
2245:
2216:Christianity
2202:
2196:
2180:
2179:, the title
2169:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2075:
2071:
2056:
2052:
2027:
2008:
1986:
1972:
1964:
1961:raja-di-raja
1960:
1954:
1944:
1941:raja-di-raja
1940:
1926:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1880:
1868:
1862:
1852:
1839:
1828:
1826:
1806:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1771:
1757:
1732:
1724:Pharnaces II
1708:
1672:
1649:was lawful.
1646:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1551:
1534:
1524:
1519:
1483:
1480:Roman Empire
1475:
1471:
1447:
1445:
1428:
1424:
1421:Aršaka šarru
1420:
1414:
1400:
1376:
1334:
1302:
1296:
1259:
1253:
1243:
1222:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1163:
1160:Ashurbanipal
1151:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1112:Ashurbanipal
1107:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1036:
1033:Gupta Empire
1030:
1017:
1013:
1009:
999:
977:Jesus Christ
945:In Judaism,
944:
937:
915:
909:
908:who saw the
899:late antique
888:
827:
826:
511:Khan Bahadur
167:
136:North Africa
100:
99:, i.e., the
96:
59:
51:
43:
6222:Mighty King
6168:šar šarrāni
6035:Sacred king
5943:Netherlands
5719:(HI&RH)
5710:Middle Ages
5625:Wohlgeboren
5615:Hochgeboren
5563:Monseigneur
5473:(HI&RM)
4155:: 393–399.
3830:mepeta-mepe
3628:, pp.
3523:Engels 2011
3506:Engels 2011
3227:Engels 2011
3215:Engels 2011
3203:Tušpa (Van)
3179:Oshima 2017
2942:Dejene 2007
2676:Old Persian
2652:šar šarrāni
2636:Annotations
2359:Shahanshahs
2349:. As such,
2210:name of God
2188:In religion
2170:shahanshahs
2166:Azarmidokht
2072:mepeta-mepe
2057:paramesvari
1891:Sembrouthes
1855:Vaballathus
1696:Antiochus I
1624:Abu Kalijar
1500:Zoroastrian
1429:šar šarrāni
1351:Old Persian
1317:Indus River
1189:Mighty King
1164:šar šarrāni
1152:šar šarrāni
1132:šar šarrāni
1077:Vijayanagar
1066:Pala Empire
1010:Rājādhirāja
953:name of God
911:Shahanshahs
832:Middle East
625:Saranjamdar
506:Rai Bahadur
501:Rao Bahadur
372:Chhatrapati
248:Shirvanshah
188:Chakravarti
6322:Categories
6274:šar Bābili
6216:šarru rabu
6212:Great King
6188:šar mātāti
5835:Great king
5777:Excellency
5638:(Millourt)
5599:Excellency
5363:2019-02-20
5358:livius.org
5345:2019-02-20
5327:2019-02-21
5308:2019-02-20
5290:2019-02-20
5285:amrayn.com
5272:2019-02-20
5267:amrayn.com
5254:2019-02-20
5236:2019-02-23
5218:2019-02-21
5194:2019-02-19
5176:2019-02-23
5158:2019-02-21
5134:2019-02-20
5129:news24.com
5116:2019-02-20
5097:2019-02-20
5078:2019-02-20
5057:2021-05-24
5037:2019-02-20
5016:2019-02-20
4993:2019-02-20
4974:2019-02-20
4352:2021-06-11
4312:2019-02-22
4035:NĀDER SHAH
3903:Gluck 2010
3889:2023-09-28
3671:, p.
3655:, p.
3443:Kabir 1964
3191:Levin 2002
2881:Yücel 2017
2845:Handy 1994
2788:Mepet mepe
2783:მეფეთ მეფე
2631:References
2592:Shahanshah
2576:Shahanshah
2568:Shahanshah
2537:Shahanshah
2535:The title
2532:in India.
2514:Nader Shah
2465:Alp Arslan
2461:Shahinshah
2457:Shahanshah
2394:Shahanshah
2383:Shahanshah
2375:Shahanshah
2341:ρήξ, ρήγας
2220:See also:
2149:shahanshah
1883:the rulers
1844:Herodianus
1836:Odaenathus
1829:Shahanshah
1808:mepet mepe
1784:Shahanshah
1768:Atropatene
1692:Great King
1643:Shahanshah
1636:Shahanshah
1611:Shahanshah
1606:Shahanshah
1525:Shahanshah
1464:Ardashir I
1411:in 651 AD.
1337:Great King
1305:Asia Minor
1233:Achaemenid
1184:Great King
1156:Esarhaddon
1140:city-state
916:Shahanshah
852:Achaemenid
556:Khan Sahib
496:Sancak bey
288:Khagan Bek
163:Shahanshah
132:South Asia
61:Great King
50:The title
6338:Feudalism
5926:Countries
5646:Antiquity
4948:164631548
4860:: 15–40.
4661:561934377
4644:159540778
4250:: 29–75.
3704:, Book 49
3669:Ando 2012
2830:Citations
2819:or uncle
2767:romanized
2747:romanized
2725:translit.
2703:romanized
2692:; Modern
2690:šāhān šāh
2665:romanized
2118:was
1988:Caesarion
1780:Ashot III
1712:Timarchus
1667:Timarchus
1585:Khosrow I
1561:Daylamite
1542:Saffarids
1448:šāhān šāh
1363:Hystaspes
1250:Sarduri I
1179:Sargon II
1172:Nabonidus
1050:Aryavarta
966:romanized
784:Chowdhury
769:Lambardar
759:Hazinedar
610:Hazinedar
382:Nawabzada
367:Sahibzada
332:Beylerbey
73:Hystaspes
6353:Emperors
5984:See also
5973:Scotland
5948:Portugal
5857:Maharaja
5825:Baghatur
5767:(HIll.H)
5759:Serenity
5741:Highness
5672:Sebastos
5667:Augustus
5595:(HIll.H)
5581:Highness
5466:Holiness
5424:nobility
5026:"Tushpa"
4957:Websites
4866:42665068
4671:(2013).
4524:(1979).
4293:(2012).
4161:42662137
3335:Kia 2016
2796:ንጉሠ ነገሥት
2778:Georgian
2758:Sanskrit
2738:Armenian
2709:Šâhanšâh
2648:Akkadian
2617:Benghazi
2582:held in
2522:šāhanšāh
2483:Ismail I
2430:—
2418:—
2357:and the
2313:Ethiopia
2296:—
2284:—
2273:—
2154:bānbishn
1965:mahārāja
1877:Ethiopia
1864:Augustus
1832:Shapur I
1813:Georgian
1803:David IV
1801:by King
1764:Tigranes
1710:usurper
1702:and for
1663:Seleucid
1628:Al-Qa'im
1577:Mardavij
1538:Samanids
1456:Parthian
1417:Parthian
1380:—
1371:Xerxes I
1355:Darius I
1326:Pharaohs
1321:satrapal
1307:and the
1267:—
1154:include
1124:Assyrian
1068:and the
1006:Sanskrit
884:Ethiopia
862:by king
848:the West
834:and the
754:Hawladar
712:al-Dawla
668:Nobleman
635:Tarafdar
630:Taluqdar
620:Jagirdar
551:Zamindar
547:Viscount
531:Sparapet
467:Baghatur
442:Vali Ahd
437:Shahzada
362:Rajkumar
243:Shahbanu
218:Maharaja
178:Banbishn
173:Padishah
112:a series
110:Part of
5938:Georgia
5886:Islamic
5686:Georgia
5677:Dominus
5545:Majesty
5458:Western
5448:Pharaoh
5420:royalty
4474:6128352
4264:1291418
4224:Baština
3878:(ed.).
2769::
2749::
2705::
2698:شاهنشاه
2694:Persian
2667::
2606:leader
2543:of the
2528:of the
2510:Timurid
2490:
2472:
2385:by the
2319:of the
2309:Armenia
2305:Georgia
2254:in the
2242:(1690).
2199:Judaism
2193:Judaism
2116:Zewditu
2110:In the
2105:Rusudan
2088:In the
2062:In the
2035:In the
2018:In the
1885:of the
1870:Augusta
1859:Zenobia
1848:Antioch
1823:Palmyra
1790:Georgia
1760:Armenia
1752:Armenia
1738:Armenia
1589:Baghdad
1496:Chinese
1367:Arsames
1365:' son,
1291:of the
1262:Lutipri
1148:Babylon
1114:of the
1026:Rigveda
968::
891:Emperor
880:Georgia
876:Armenia
764:Faujdar
707:Begzada
677:Mankari
657:Gurkani
580:Begzada
486:Mankari
432:Ishkhan
417:Khedive
392:Şehzade
327:Ikhshid
233:Sultana
154:Emperor
128:Central
77:Arsames
75:' son,
5968:Canada
5958:Sweden
5953:Serbia
5933:France
5908:Sharif
5903:Hadrat
5872:Shogun
5862:Mikado
5845:Khagan
5803:Senhor
5749:(HDSH)
5737:(HGDH)
5636:Milord
5571:(HMEH)
5565:(Msgr)
5507:(HMCM)
5431:Africa
5422:, and
5340:rct.uk
4946:
4894:
4864:
4830:
4809:
4777:
4756:
4731:
4681:
4659:
4642:
4636:543315
4634:
4578:
4559:
4532:
4510:
4489:
4472:
4444:
4425:
4395:
4343:
4303:
4279:
4262:
4204:
4185:
4159:
3858:
3816:
3725:
3138:
3108:
3081:
3054:
3028:, and
3012:
2780::
2728:
2656:Hebrew
2621:Qur'an
2604:Libyan
2584:Tehran
2498:Tabriz
2401:hadith
2232:Christ
2204:Melech
1933:Champa
1929:Chamic
1923:Champa
1716:Pontus
1569:Daylam
1373:reads;
1359:Persia
1225:Urartu
1170:king,
1064:, the
882:, and
844:Persia
774:Mridha
749:Haldar
734:Vizier
640:Sikdar
585:Uç bey
516:Atabeg
462:Khanum
427:Yabghu
407:Murzin
387:Yuvraj
352:Mandal
347:Sardar
312:Sheikh
299:Prince
258:Khatun
228:Sultan
203:Khagan
193:Samrat
158:Caliph
65:Persia
5817:Asian
5771:Grace
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