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1026:'s Red List of Threatened Species. Since 2004, the IUCN has reported that the population size is large and has increased its breeding rates. Adult king penguins have maintained high survival rates since the 1970s. The steady population of king penguins is due largely to current conservation efforts to protect nesting habitats. Ecotourism and public access to all king penguin breeding sites are heavily restricted in order to prevent outbreaks of disease and general disturbance. All of the colonies in Crozet and Kerguelen Islands are protected under the oversight of the Reserve Naturelle Nationales des Terres australes et Antarctiques Françaises. Additionally, South Georgian penguins reside in a "special protected area within the Environmental Management Plan for South Georgia." And in the Falklands, all wildlife—including the king penguin—is protected under the Conservation of Wildlife and Nature Bill of 1999.
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38:
1015:(CCAMLR) implement "large-scale, fully protected marine reserves in the waters surrounding Antarctica." The Trust also recommends precautionary management of the Antarctic krill fishery in order to protect king penguins' main source of food. The CCAMLR is made up of 24 countries (plus the European Union), among those are the United States and China, that withhold the authority to enact such protective measures. It has also been suggested that in conservation modeling, special attention be paid to the southernmost breeding locations, given the predicted rise in water temperature in the Southern Ocean, and that complete regular censuses of breeding populations be carried out to detect temporal trends and environmental changes.
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W-shaped, relating to the course of the dive. The remaining 12% of dives have a V-shaped or "spike" pattern, in which the bird dives at an angle through the water column, reaches a certain depth, and then returns to the surface. In contrast, other penguins dive in this latter foraging pattern. Observations at Crozet
Islands revealed most king penguins were seen within 30 km (19 mi) of the colony. Using the average swimming speed, Kooyman estimated the distance travelled to foraging areas at 28 km (17 mi).
993:
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866:(⅔ lb). It is initially soft but hardens and darkens to a pale greenish colour. It measures around 10 cm × 7 cm (3.9 in × 2.8 in). The egg is incubated for around 55 days with both birds sharing incubation in shifts of 6–18 days each. Like the closely related emperor penguin, the king penguin balances the egg on its feet and incubates it in a "brood pouch".
599:
recorded is 343 metres in the
Falkland Islands region, and a maximum time submerged of 552 seconds was recorded at the Crozet Islands. The king penguin dives to depths of 100–300 meters (350–1000 feet), spending around five minutes submerged, during daylight hours, and less than 30 metres (98 ft) at night.
878:
chick while the other forages for food. The guard phase lasts for 30–40 days. By then the chick has grown much larger and is better able to both keep warm and protect itself against most predators. King chicks are very curious and will wander far when exploring their surroundings. The chicks form a group, called a
621:
directions. King penguins also "porpoise", a swimming technique used to breathe while maintaining speed. On land, the king penguin alternates between walking with a wobbling gait and tobogganing—sliding over the ice on its belly, propelled by its feet and wing-like flippers. Like all penguins, it is flightless.
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King penguins are also threatened by large-scale commercial fishing that could deplete their main source of food: myctophid fish. Over 200,000 tons of myctophid fish were commercially exploited by the beginning of the 1990s in the South
Georgia region. Ongoing attempts to further develop this fishery
561:
in the Crozet
Islands, is thought to have experienced a massive drop in its population over the last few decades, from about half a million breeding pairs in the 1980s to about 60,000 breeding pairs in 2017. The cause of this decline may be due to changes in the ecosystem related to climate change as
471:
Emperor and king penguins typically do not inhabit the same areas in the wild, with the possible exception of vagrants at sea, but the two can be distinguished from one another by the king's longer, straighter bill, larger flippers, and noticeably sleeker body. The juvenile king penguin with its long
846:
The king penguin has an extremely prolonged breeding cycle, taking around 14–16 months from laying to offspring fledging. Although pairs will attempt to breed annually, they are generally only successful one year in two, or two years in three in a triennial pattern in South
Georgia. The reproductive
938:
Because of their large size, king penguin chicks take 14–16 months before they are ready to go to sea. This is markedly different from smaller penguins, who rear their chicks through a single summer when food is plentiful. King penguins time their mating so the chicks will develop over the harshest
931:
holds over 100,000 birds. Because of the very long breeding cycle, colonies are continuously occupied year-round with both adult birds and chicks. During breeding, king penguins do not build nests, although they show strong territorial behaviour and keep a pecking distance to neighbouring penguins.
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begins with the hatching of the chick. Similar to the emperor penguin, the young king penguin chick spends its time balanced on its parents' feet, sheltered in the brood pouch formed from the abdominal skin of the latter. During this time, the parents alternate every 3–7 days, one guarding the
467:
At first glance, the king penguin appears very similar to the larger, closely related emperor penguin, with a broad cheek patch contrasting with surrounding dark feathers and yellow-orange plumage at the top of the chest. However, the cheek patch of the adult king penguin is a solid bright orange
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could easily move these fronts further away from breeding grounds. Continuous ocean warming could cause the convergence zone to move polewards, away from king penguin breeding sites like the
Falklands and the Crozet Islands. It has been suggested that if carbon emissions continue to rise at their
620:
The king penguin's average swimming speed is 6.5–10 km/h (4–6 mph). On shallower dives under 60 m (200 ft), it averages 2 km/h (1.2 mph) descending and ascending, while on deeper dives over 150 m (490 ft) deep, it averages 5 km/h (3.1 mph) in both
598:
American zoologist Gerry
Kooyman revolutionized the study of penguin foraging behaviour in 1971 when he published his results from attaching automatic dive-recording devices to emperor penguins, and recording a dive of 235 metres (771 ft) by a king penguin in 1982. The current maximum dive
545:
As the
Falklands and South Georgia had no trees to use for firewood, the whalers burned millions of oily, blubber-rich penguins as fuel. Constant fires were required to boil whale blubber for extraction of the oil. The whalers also used penguin oil for lamps, heating and cooking, in addition to
454:
The king penguin stands at 70 to 100 cm (28 to 39 in) tall and weighs from 9.3 to 18 kg (21 to 40 lb). Although female and male king penguins are monomorphic they can be separated by their calls. Males are also slightly larger than females. The mean body mass of adults from
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The majority (around 88% in one study) of dives undertaken by king penguins are flat-bottomed; that is, the penguin dives to a certain depth and remains there for a period of time hunting (roughly 50% of total dive time) before returning to the surface. They have been described as U-shaped or
459:
was 12.4 kg (27 lb) for 70 males and 11.1 kg (24 lb) for 71 females. Another study from Marion Island found that the mean mass of 33 adults feeding chicks was 13.1 kg (29 lb). The king penguin is approximately 25% shorter and weighs around a third less than the
468:
whereas that of the emperor penguin is yellow and white, and the upper chest tends to be more orange and less yellowish in the king species. Both have colourful markings along the side of their lower mandible, but these tend towards pink in emperor penguin and orange in king penguin.
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cycle begins in
September to November, as birds return to colonies for a prenuptial moult. Those that were unsuccessful in breeding the previous season will usually arrive earlier. They then return to the sea for around three weeks before coming ashore in November or December.
1183:, an image found on various paraphernalia in many retail stores throughout Canada. Pondus originates in Danish children's books written and photographed by Ivar Myrhøj and published in 1997 by Lademann publisher in the late 1960s. These penguins appeared in the production of
486:
King penguins often breed on the same large, circumpolar islands as at least half of all living penguins, but it is easily distinguished from other species by its much larger size and taller frame, colorful markings, and grizzled sooty-greyish rather than blackish back.
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current rate, king penguins will need to travel an additional 200 km in order to reach their feeding areas. Breeding grounds will also suffer from the rise of emissions. Nearly half of the total population will likely lose their breeding grounds by the year 2100.
1528:
Kriesell, H.J.; Aubin, T.; Planas-Bielsa, V.; Benoiste, M.; Bonadonna, F.; Gachot-Neveu, H.; Le Maho, Y.; Schull, Q.; Vallas, B.; Zahn, S.; Le Bohec, C. (2018). "Sex identification in King
Penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus through morphological and acoustic cues".
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bill and heavy dark brown down is completely different in appearance from the mostly grey emperor chick with its black and white mask. Once moulted of its brown juvenile plumage, the king chick resembles the adult, but is somewhat less colourful.
603:
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in northern Norway in August, 1936. Penguins were seen in the area several times during the 1940s; though none have been officially recorded since 1949, there were a few unconfirmed sightings of penguins in the area during the early 1950s.
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special featured him venturing to a nearby market in Japan to fetch a fish with a specially made backpack. Lala had been accidentally caught by a fisherman. The fisherman and his family nursed Lala back to health and then adopted him as a
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take many chicks of all sizes and some eggs. They will also occasionally kill adult king penguins, but very likely mostly sick or injured birds. Giant petrels also scavenge adult king penguins and chicks which have died from other
882:
and are watched over by only a few adult birds; most parents leave their chick in these crèches to forage for themselves and their chick. Other species of penguins also practice this method of communal care for offspring.
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season for fishing. In this way, by the time the young penguins are finally mature enough to leave their parents, it is summer when food is plentiful and conditions are more favorable for the young to survive alone at sea.
605:
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The king penguin is able to breed at three years of age, although only a very small minority (5% recorded at Crozet Islands) actually do then; the average age of first breeding is around 5–6 years. King penguins are
750:
spp.) take smaller chicks and eggs. Some studies may have overstated the effect skua predation has on king penguin colonies, but large numbers of chicks and eggs are taken in areas where skua nest close to penguin
958:
70% of king penguins are expected to abruptly disappear in less than eighty years. Considered sensitive indicators of changes in marine ecosystems, king penguins serve as a key species for understanding the
562:
their primary source of food is moving farther away from places where the penguins can breed. This may result in population declines and shifts in the locations of the King penguin breeding grounds.
317:. On foraging trips, king penguins repeatedly dive to over 100 metres (300 ft), and have been recorded at depths greater than 300 metres (1,000 ft). Predators of the king penguin include
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By April, the chicks are almost fully grown but lose weight by fasting over the winter months, gaining it again during spring in September. Fledging then takes place in late spring/early summer.
843:. They have only one mate each year, and stay faithful to that mate. However, fidelity between years is less than 30%. The unusually long breeding cycle probably contributes to this low rate.
1012:
2806:
2218:
Le Bohec, CĂ©line; Gauthier-Clerc, Michel; Gendner, Jean-Paul; Chatelain, Nicolas; Le Maho, Yvon (2003). "Nocturnal predation of king penguins by giant petrels on the Crozet Islands".
1751:
Cristofari, Robin; Liu, Xiaoming; Bonadonna, Francesco; Cherel, Yves; Pistorius, Pierre; Le Maho, Yvon; Raybaud, Virginie; Stenseth, Nils Christian; Le Bohec, CĂ©line (2018-02-26).
604:
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Nolan, Paul M.; Stephen Dobson, F.; Nicolaus, Marion; Karels, Tim J.; McGraw, Kevin J.; Jouventin, Pierre (2010). "Mutual Mate Choice for Colorful Traits in King Penguins".
522:, and other temperate islands of the region. The total population is estimated to be 2.23 million pairs and is increasing. The largest breeding populations are on the
1977:
Putz, K.; Wilson, R. P.; Charrassin, J.-B.; Raclot, T.; Lage, J.; Maho, Y. Le; Kierspel, M. A. M.; Culik, B. M.; Adelung, D. (1998). "Foraging strategy of king penguins (
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970:, which provides 80% of their food biomass. King penguins currently travel 300–500 km over the course of over a week to complete the journey. However,
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430:
2811:
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Kooyman GL, Cherel Y, Le Maho Y, Croxall JP, Thorson PH, Ridoux V (1992). "Diving behaviour and energetics during foraging cycles in King Penguins".
1934:) from the Falkland Islands: variation in dive profiles and synchronous underwater swimming provide new insights into their foraging strategies".
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Descamps, SĂ©bastien; Gauthier-Clerc, Michel; Le Bohec, CĂ©line; Gendner, Jean-Paul; Le Maho, Yvon (2004). "Impact of predation on king penguin
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820:
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Icones animalium et plantarum. Various subjects of Natural History, wherein are delineated Birds, Animals and many curious Plants, &c
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37:
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653:. Fish constitute roughly 80% of their diet, except in the winter months of July and August, when they make up only around 30%.
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873:. In other words, they have only a thin covering of down, and are entirely dependent on their parents for food and warmth. The
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The king penguin feeds its chicks by eating fish, digesting it slightly, and regurgitating the food into the chick's mouth.
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Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments
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archipelago. By the early 1920s, the King penguin population in South Georgia and the Falklands was nearly wiped out by
3664:
3659:
2923:
3565:
3222:
295:
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Cherel, Y; Leloup, J; Le Maho, Y (1988). "Fasting in king penguin. II. Hormonal and metabolic changes during molt".
1057:, 176 individuals were counted in captivity in North American zoos and aquaria in 1999. The species is exhibited at
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for human consumption close to key penguin foraging areas are likely to have negative impacts on food provisioning.
3624:
3573:
2301:
3262:
3644:
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3371:
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Kooyman GL, Davis RW, Croxall JP, Costa DP (1982). "Diving depths and energy requirements of the King Penguins".
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816:
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Condy, P. R.; Aarde, R. J. Van; Bester, M. N. (2009). "The seasonal occurrence and behaviour of killer whales
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birds having been seen on the Antarctic peninsula as well as in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.
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356:, and other temperate islands of the region. It also lives on Macquarie Island in the Southern Ocean.
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2650:"The King Penguin: Life History, current status and priority conservation actions. In: Penguins Book"
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1405:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 122.
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Penguin positions in breeding colonies are highly stable over weeks and appear regularly spaced.
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Culik, B. M; K. PĂśTZ; R. P. Wilson; D. Allers; J. LAGE; C. A. BOST; Y. LE MAHO (January 1996).
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8:
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Adams, N. J.; Klages, N. T. (1987). "Seasonal variation in the diet of the king penguin (
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2562:"Climate change: 70% of king penguins could 'abruptly relocate or disappear' by 2100"
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The king penguin is also the species of penguin represented by the popular character
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Hunter, Stephen (2008). "The impact of avian predator-scavengers on King Penguin
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currently has around 70,000 pairs. The non-breeding range is unknown due to many
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have also been observed chasing, killing, and eating king penguins on the beach.
3136:
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3020:
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Johann R. Forster, "Historia Aptenodytae: Generis Avium Orbi Australi Propri",
1721:
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1955:
1930:
PĂĽtz, K.; Cherel, Y. (2005). "The diving behaviour of brooding king penguins (
1776:
1651:
Jouventin, Pierre; Nolan, Paul M.; Ă–rnborg, Jonas; Dobson, F. Stephen (2005).
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who gained notability in September 2024 due to his exceptionally large size.
1034:
2864:
2780:"Stock Photo – King penguin in asahiyama zoo, asahikawa in hokkaido, japan"
1753:"Climate-driven range shifts of the king penguin in a fragmented ecosystem"
1729:
906:
778:
736:
692:
638:
330:
318:
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1514:
1307:
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1142:
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1066:
897:
811:
687:
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306:
165:
46:
2692:"Management of penguin populations in North American zoos and aquariums"
2588:"Antarctica's king penguins 'could disappear' by the end of the century"
1785:
3586:
3389:
3095:
3000:
2320:
2302:"Avian predation at penguin colonies on King George Island, Antarctica"
2058:
1873:
1678:
1396:
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676:
511:
419:
345:
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2010:
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King penguins form huge breeding colonies; for example, the colony on
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Hatching may take up to 2–3 days to complete and chicks are born
566:
3031:
2260:
2099:"Écologie alimentaire comparée des manchots nicheurs aux Iles Crozet"
1170:
1134:
1102:
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763:
415:
353:
105:
3402:
3350:
3178:
2807:"In Japan, a penguin with a backpack walks alone to the fish market"
2050:
1865:
1013:
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
685:, is also consumed. Cephalopods consumed include those of the genus
3201:
2435:
Charbonnier, Yohan; Delord, Karine; Thiebot, Jean-Baptiste (2009).
2002:
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The work was issued in 10 parts with 6 plates in each part. See:
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2896:
Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis (1778)
2545:"Unique structure of king penguin colonies makes them resilient"
2096:
565:
The Nature Protection Society released several king penguins in
3257:
963:, especially throughout the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic areas.
115:
1224:
1222:
1220:
387:
included a hand-coloured engraving of the king penguin in his
3345:
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1118:
650:
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322:
314:
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1750:
2901:
2300:
Emslie, S. D.; Karnovsky, N. & Trivelpiece, W. (1995).
2028:
1840:
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1217:
863:
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368:
334:
135:
1976:
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of South Georgia I. Breeding behaviour and development".
1173:, the Edinburgh-based mascot and colonel-in-chief of the
858:
The female penguin lays one pyriform (pear-shaped) white
364:
359:
This bird was exploited commercially in the past for its
2434:
2415:"King penguins become fast food for Antarctic fur seals"
2097:
Ridoux V, Jouventin P, Stahl JC, Weimerskirch H (1988).
1886:
815:
A pair of king penguins performs a courtship ritual on
254:, smaller, but somewhat similar in appearance to the
2839:"Meet Pesto: the fat baby penguin and viral superstar"
2365:
Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Scientific Report
1228:
1203:(hatched 30 January 2024) is a king penguin living in
406:, the Antarctic Ocean. The locality was restricted to
1841:
Kooyman GL, Drabek CM, Elsner R, Campbell WB (1971).
1700:"Enormous penguin population crashes by almost 90%".
1653:"Ultraviolet Beak Spots in King and Emperor Penguins"
2620:"Climate change threatens most king penguin habitat"
2147:
Adams, NJ (1987). "Foraging ranges of King Penguins
1481:
Antarctica and the Arctic: The Complete Encyclopedia
1415:
1192:
Lala the Penguin became a viral video star after an
927:
holds over 100,000 breeding pairs and the colony at
499:
Great colony of king penguins on Salisbury Plain in
1492:
557:One of the largest known King penguin colonies, on
2892:https://archive.org/details/s4id13296820/page/n169
2689:
1330:(in Latin). Vol. 1. London. Part 4, Plate 23.
1254:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697748A184637776.en
645:King penguins eat various species of small fish,
526:, with around 455,000 pairs, 228,000 pairs on the
657:are the main fish taken, principally the species
3606:
2381:
1425:"Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins"
510:between 45 and 55°S, at the northern reaches of
1450:
1448:
1446:
2949:: Spheniscidae · subfamily: Spheniscinae)
1024:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2917:
2437:"King-size fast food for Antarctic fur seals"
1385:. Vol. 1. London: Witherby. p. 274.
961:effects of climate change on the marine biome
1443:
1395:
732:include other seabirds and aquatic mammals:
2354:
2352:
1576:
1029:
947:
490:
3675:Fauna of Heard Island and McDonald Islands
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2517:
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2070:
2068:
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2022:
2020:
1929:
1820:. Terrey Hills, Sydney: Reed. p. 30.
987:
785:) takes adult birds and fledglings at sea.
770:) scavenge for dead chicks and unattended
213:
67:
36:
2556:
2554:
2529:
2527:
1843:"Diving behaviour of the Emperor Penguin
1784:
1668:
1252:
806:
2880:King penguin videos, photos & sounds
2874:University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
2804:
2359:Stonehouse, B (1960). "The King Penguin
2349:
2081:
1981:) during summer at the Crozet Islands".
1454:
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1011:The Pew Charitable Trust recommends the
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2017:
1375:
978:
609:Sound from rookery at Lusitania Bay on
585:
3640:Birds of islands of the Atlantic Ocean
3607:
2690:Diebold EN, Branch S, Henry L (1999).
2585:
2551:
2542:
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1880:
1834:
1457:A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife
1320:
19:For the imprint of Penguin Books, see
3183:
3182:
2905:
2674:"Protecting King Penguins Fact Sheet"
2644:
2642:
2640:
2171:
2146:
1479:McGonigal, D., L. Woodworth. (2001).
1431:. International Ornithologists' Union
1399:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
1277:"Diving Energetics in King Penguins (
1161:, Japan, and many other collections.
3488:4ce794a9-c5ae-4651-bdd6-452caf7ba8b2
1815:
966:King penguins primarily feed at the
3700:Taxa named by John Frederick Miller
3615:IUCN Red List least concern species
2335:Skua and penguin: predator and prey
1581:) at sub-Antarctic Marion Island".
1555:Dunning, John B. Jr. (ed.) (2008).
1240:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
794:Male and especially pre-adult male
250:) is the second largest species of
224:Aptenodytes patagonicus patagonicus
13:
3685:Fauna of the Prince Edward Islands
2898:, Vol.III, 1781, pp. 211–148.
2731:. Indianapolis Zoo. Archived from
2637:
2400:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03301.x
2205:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1991.tb04581.x
2165:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb02918.x
1595:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb05992.x
1495:The American Journal of Physiology
1409:
1363:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1921.tb00801.x
890:Close-up of king penguin chick in
14:
3711:
2858:
2151:during summer at Marion Island".
1557:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
546:eating the birds and their eggs.
479:Mounted skeleton of king penguin
383:In 1778, the English illustrator
296:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
1630:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01775.x
1429:IOC World Bird List Version 13.2
1402:Check-List of Birds of the World
1041:, a notable king penguin in the
375:. Today, it is fully protected.
92:
2831:
2798:
2786:
2772:
2746:
2717:
2683:
2666:
2612:
2579:
2536:
2428:
2406:
2375:
2340:
2327:
2293:
2254:
2211:
2180:
2140:
2090:
1970:
1923:
1809:
1744:
1693:
1644:
1601:
1570:
1549:
1521:
1507:10.1152/ajpregu.1988.254.2.R178
1288:Journal of Experimental Biology
1229:BirdLife International (2020).
1048:
942:
340:The king penguin breeds on the
2882:, the Internet Bird Collection
2586:Taylor, Matthew (2018-02-26).
2543:Sexton, Chrissy (2018-04-09).
1486:
1473:
1389:
1369:
1314:
1268:
905:of king penguin chicks at the
701:, the sevenstar flying squid (
1:
3655:Birds of the Falkland Islands
3650:Birds of subantarctic islands
2337:. Cambridge University Press.
1211:
1018:The species is classified as
871:semi-altricial and nidicolous
425:
389:Icones animalium et plantarum
230:Aptenodytes patagonicus halli
3050:(or northern little penguin)
2931:
2865:King penguin on PenguinWorld
2793:"Lala Penguin Goes Shopping"
2679:. The PEW Charitable Trusts.
723:
448:British Overseas Territories
258:. There are two subspecies,
7:
3680:Fauna of the Crozet Islands
3152:Northern rockhopper penguin
3147:Southern rockhopper penguin
2886:King penguins pruning video
2413:Walker, Matt (2010-01-21).
1205:Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium
1171:Major General Sir Nils Olav
1043:Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium
378:
344:at the northern reaches of
10:
3716:
3670:Birds of Western Australia
2191:chicks at Marion Island".
1722:10.1038/d41586-018-05850-2
1455:Shirihai, Hadoram (2002).
996:A pair of king penguin at
951:
534:, and over 100,000 in the
18:
3665:Birds of Tierra del Fuego
3660:Birds of the Indian Ocean
3191:
3119:
3093:
3057:
3029:
2998:
2972:
2954:
2945:: Sphenisciformes ·
2939:
2888:from the Falkland Islands
2453:10.1007/s00300-009-0753-8
2279:10.1007/s00300-004-0684-3
2240:10.1007/s00300-003-0523-y
1956:10.1007/s00227-005-1577-x
1777:10.1038/s41558-018-0084-2
1708:(7717): 144. 2018-07-30.
1483:. Ontario: Firefly Books.
1247:: e.T22697748A184637776.
530:, 240,000–280,000 on the
481:(Aptenodytes patagonicus)
305:King penguins mainly eat
221:
212:
194:
187:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
44:
35:
30:
3044:(or little blue penguin)
2729:Indianapolis Zoo website
2265:in Crozet Archipelago".
1095:Berlin Zoological Garden
1030:Relationship with humans
954:Climate change and birds
948:Impact of climate change
831:Mating king penguins at
791:also hunt king penguins.
698:Moroteuthopsis longimana
673:Paradiplospinus gracilis
664:Krefftichthys anderssoni
518:(Argentinian part), the
491:Distribution and habitat
414:in 1911. The species is
3625:Birds described in 1778
3592:Aptenodytes-patagonicus
3263:aptenodytes-patagonicus
3250:Aptenodytes_patagonicus
3237:Aptenodytes_patagonicus
3223:Aptenodytes patagonicus
3193:Aptenodytes patagonicus
3048:White-flippered penguin
3004:(brush-tailed penguins)
2876:'s Animal Diversity Web
2870:Aptenodytes patagonicus
2760:. Saint Louis Zoo. 2009
2758:Saint Louis Zoo website
2361:Aptenodytes patagonicus
2263:Aptenodytes patagonicus
2189:Aptenodytes patagonicus
2149:Aptenodytes patagonicus
2115:10.3406/revec.1988.5531
1979:Aptenodytes patagonicus
1932:Aptenodytes patagonicus
1909:10.1126/science.7100916
1579:Aptenodytes patagonicus
1279:Aptenodytes patagonicus
1233:Aptenodytes patagonicus
1093:in the United Kingdom,
988:Research and management
682:Champsocephalus gunneri
669:Protomyctophum tenisoni
624:
506:King penguins breed on
247:Aptenodytes patagonicus
198:Aptenodytes patagonicus
3645:Birds of South America
2795:. Animal Planet. 2011.
1816:Long, John L. (1981).
1322:Miller, John Frederick
1127:Mar del Plata Aquarium
1045:
1008:
913:
894:
855:
835:
824:
807:Courtship and breeding
642:
613:
595:
503:
483:
451:
396:Aptenodytes patagonica
233:Green: breeding areas
3535:Paleobiology Database
3142:Erect-crested penguin
2805:del Castillo, Inigo.
2386:, at Marion Island".
2031:Ecological Monographs
1757:Nature Climate Change
1559:, 2nd Ed. CRC Press.
1300:10.1242/jeb.199.4.973
1175:Royal Norwegian Guard
1165:Notable king penguins
1037:
995:
968:Antarctic Convergence
952:Further information:
900:
889:
853:
830:
814:
632:
608:
593:
528:Prince Edward Islands
498:
478:
433:
385:John Frederick Miller
292:Prince Edward Islands
1845:Aptenodytes forsteri
1423:, eds. (July 2023).
1139:United Arab Emirates
1109:in the Netherlands,
979:Resource competition
921:South Georgia Island
659:Electrona carlsbergi
586:Ecology and behavior
508:subantarctic islands
342:Subantarctic islands
3105:Yellow-eyed penguin
2819:on 20 November 2018
2725:"Penguin Feed/Chat"
2309:The Wilson Bulletin
2232:2003PoBio..26..587L
2087:Williams, pp. 87–88
2043:1992EcoM...62..143K
1995:1998Ecol...79.1905P
1948:2005MarBi.147..281P
1901:1982Sci...217..726K
1769:2018NatCC...8..245C
1714:2018Natur.560R.144.
1622:2010Ethol.116..635N
1501:(2 Pt 2): R178–84.
1107:Diergaarde Blijdorp
841:serially monogamous
796:Antarctic fur seals
728:The king penguin's
710:Gonatus antarcticus
671:. Slender escolar (
180:A. patagonicus
59:Conservation status
3630:Birds of Argentina
3297:BirdLife-Australia
3125:(crested penguins)
3070:Magellanic penguin
2699:Marine Ornithology
2626:. 27 February 2018
2388:Journal of Zoology
2333:Young, E. (2005).
2153:Journal of Zoology
1583:Journal of Zoology
1419:; Donsker, David;
1382:Birds of Australia
1123:Melbourne Aquarium
1046:
1009:
914:
895:
862:weighing 300
856:
836:
825:
704:Martialia hyadesii
643:
614:
596:
594:King penguin chick
542:on these islands.
504:
484:
452:
398:and specified the
280:South Indian Ocean
21:King Penguin Books
3602:
3601:
3522:Open Tree of Life
3185:Taxon identifiers
3176:
3175:
3132:Fiordland penguin
3080:Galapagos penguin
3063:(banded penguins)
3035:(little penguins)
3016:Chinstrap penguin
1827:978-0-589-50260-7
1565:978-1-4200-6444-5
1543:10.1111/ibi.12577
1466:978-951-98947-0-6
1421:Rasmussen, Pamela
1083:Newport, Kentucky
783:Hydrurga leptonyx
768:Larus dominicanus
606:
532:Kerguelen Islands
436:A. p. patagonicus
284:Kerguelen Islands
260:A. p. patagonicus
238:
237:
82:
3707:
3690:Flightless birds
3595:
3594:
3582:
3581:
3569:
3568:
3556:
3555:
3543:
3542:
3530:
3529:
3517:
3516:
3504:
3503:
3491:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3471:
3470:
3458:
3457:
3445:
3444:
3432:
3431:
3419:
3418:
3406:
3405:
3393:
3392:
3380:
3379:
3367:
3366:
3354:
3353:
3341:
3340:
3328:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3305:
3304:
3292:
3291:
3279:
3278:
3276:827A77C754AB120E
3266:
3265:
3253:
3252:
3240:
3239:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3180:
3179:
3162:Macaroni penguin
3075:Humboldt penguin
2978:(great penguins)
2926:
2919:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2815:. Archived from
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2696:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2646:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2522:
2521:Williams, p. 150
2519:
2510:
2509:Williams, p. 149
2507:
2501:
2500:Williams, p. 148
2498:
2492:
2491:Williams, p. 152
2489:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2473:Williams, p. 151
2471:
2465:
2464:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2356:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2306:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2125:. Archived from
2103:Revue d'Écologie
2094:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2078:Williams, p. 147
2076:
2063:
2062:
2026:
2015:
2014:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1895:(4561): 726–27.
1884:
1878:
1877:
1851:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1788:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1672:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1574:
1568:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1490:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1452:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1377:Mathews, Gregory
1373:
1367:
1366:
1343:"J. F. Miller's
1331:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1285:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1226:
1147:Montreal Biodome
1105:in Switzerland,
1079:Newport Aquarium
1063:Indianapolis Zoo
1059:SeaWorld Orlando
1055:flagship species
929:St. Andrew's Bay
854:King penguin egg
833:Macquarie Island
756:snowy sheathbill
611:Macquarie Island
607:
548:Macquarie Island
520:Falkland Islands
516:Tierra del Fuego
422:are recognised.
391:. He coined the
327:snowy sheathbill
300:Macquarie Island
270:is found in the
217:
200:
97:
96:
76:
71:
70:
40:
28:
27:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3590:
3585:
3577:
3572:
3564:
3559:
3551:
3546:
3538:
3533:
3525:
3520:
3512:
3507:
3499:
3496:Observation.org
3494:
3486:
3484:
3476:
3474:
3466:
3461:
3453:
3448:
3440:
3435:
3427:
3422:
3414:
3409:
3401:
3396:
3388:
3383:
3375:
3370:
3362:
3357:
3349:
3344:
3336:
3331:
3323:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3287:
3282:
3274:
3269:
3261:
3256:
3248:
3243:
3235:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3187:
3177:
3172:
3167:Chatham penguin
3115:
3110:Waitaha penguin
3089:
3085:African penguin
3053:
3025:
3011:Adélie penguin
2994:
2990:Emperor penguin
2968:
2950:
2935:
2930:
2861:
2856:
2847:
2845:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2812:Lost At E Minor
2803:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2658:
2656:
2648:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2627:
2624:www.mprnews.org
2618:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2541:
2537:
2533:Williams, p. 28
2532:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:Williams, p. 54
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2380:
2376:
2357:
2350:
2346:Williams, p. 40
2345:
2341:
2332:
2328:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2259:
2255:
2216:
2212:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2130:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2066:
2051:10.2307/2937173
2027:
2018:
1975:
1971:
1928:
1924:
1885:
1881:
1866:10.2307/4083837
1849:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1814:
1810:
1749:
1745:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1649:
1645:
1606:
1602:
1575:
1571:
1554:
1550:
1526:
1522:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1459:. Alula Press.
1453:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1414:
1410:
1394:
1390:
1374:
1370:
1353:. 11th series.
1333:
1319:
1315:
1283:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1227:
1218:
1214:
1167:
1121:, South Korea,
1075:Kansas City Zoo
1071:Saint Louis Zoo
1051:
1032:
990:
981:
956:
950:
945:
925:Salisbury Plain
817:Salisbury Plain
809:
726:
627:
602:
588:
559:ĂŽle aux Cochons
493:
462:emperor penguin
440:St. Andrews Bay
428:
412:Gregory Mathews
404:Mari antarctico
381:
256:emperor penguin
232:
226:
208:
202:
196:
183:
146:Sphenisciformes
91:
83:
72:
68:
61:
24:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
3713:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3635:Birds of Chile
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3583:
3570:
3557:
3544:
3531:
3518:
3505:
3492:
3482:
3472:
3459:
3446:
3433:
3420:
3407:
3394:
3381:
3368:
3355:
3342:
3329:
3319:
3306:
3293:
3280:
3267:
3254:
3241:
3228:
3213:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Snares penguin
3134:
3128:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3042:Little penguin
3038:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3021:Gentoo penguin
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2951:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2867:
2860:
2859:External links
2857:
2855:
2854:
2830:
2797:
2785:
2771:
2754:"King Penguin"
2745:
2716:
2682:
2665:
2636:
2611:
2578:
2550:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2427:
2405:
2374:
2348:
2339:
2326:
2315:(2): 317–327.
2292:
2253:
2210:
2199:(4): 343–350.
2179:
2177:Williams, p. 3
2170:
2139:
2089:
2080:
2064:
2016:
2003:10.2307/176698
1969:
1936:Marine Biology
1922:
1879:
1833:
1826:
1808:
1763:(3): 245–251.
1743:
1692:
1663:(1): 144–150.
1643:
1616:(7): 635–644.
1600:
1569:
1548:
1537:(4): 755–768.
1520:
1485:
1472:
1465:
1442:
1408:
1388:
1368:
1357:(2): 302–309.
1335:Sherborn, C.D.
1313:
1294:(4): 973–983.
1267:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1190:
1186:Batman Returns
1177:
1166:
1163:
1129:in Argentina,
1125:in Australia,
1050:
1047:
1031:
1028:
989:
986:
980:
977:
949:
946:
944:
941:
808:
805:
804:
803:
792:
786:
775:
752:
741:
725:
722:
626:
623:
587:
584:
524:Crozet Islands
492:
489:
438:subspecies in
427:
424:
380:
377:
272:South Atlantic
236:
235:
219:
218:
210:
209:
203:
192:
191:
185:
184:
177:
175:
171:
170:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
85:
84:
66:
63:
62:
57:
54:
53:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3712:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
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3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
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3636:
3633:
3631:
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3623:
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3616:
3613:
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3593:
3588:
3584:
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3575:
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3567:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Royal penguin
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2789:
2781:
2775:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2735:on 2011-08-28
2734:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2675:
2669:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2441:Polar Biology
2438:
2431:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2353:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2267:Polar Biology
2264:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:Polar Biology
2214:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2159:(3): 475–82.
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2129:on 2021-04-28
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:(4): 345–55.
2108:
2105:(in French).
2104:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2037:(1): 143–63.
2036:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:(4): 775–95.
1859:
1855:
1848:
1846:
1837:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
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1647:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
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1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
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1562:
1558:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1536:
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1524:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
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1476:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1404:
1403:
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1392:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1194:Animal Planet
1191:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1155:Asahiyama Zoo
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:in Spain and
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:Edinburgh Zoo
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:Considered a
1044:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1020:Least Concern
1016:
1014:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:Edinburgh Zoo
994:
985:
976:
973:
972:ocean warming
969:
964:
962:
955:
940:
936:
933:
930:
926:
922:
917:
912:
911:South Georgia
908:
904:
899:
893:
892:South Georgia
888:
884:
881:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
852:
848:
844:
842:
834:
829:
822:
821:South Georgia
818:
813:
801:
800:Marion Island
797:
793:
790:
787:
784:
780:
776:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:
738:
737:Giant petrels
735:
734:
733:
731:
721:
719:
718:
717:Onychoteuthis
713:
711:
706:
705:
700:
699:
694:
690:
689:
684:
683:
678:
674:
670:
667:, as well as
666:
665:
660:
656:
652:
648:
640:
636:
633:King penguin
631:
622:
618:
612:
600:
592:
583:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
560:
555:
553:
549:
543:
541:
537:
536:South Georgia
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:, as well as
513:
509:
502:
501:South Georgia
497:
488:
482:
477:
473:
469:
465:
463:
458:
457:Marion Island
449:
445:
444:South Georgia
441:
437:
432:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:South Georgia
405:
401:
400:type locality
397:
394:
393:binomial name
390:
386:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
350:South Georgia
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:giant petrels
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:Crozet Island
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:
243:
234:
231:
225:
220:
216:
211:
206:
201:
199:
193:
190:
189:Binomial name
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
86:
80:
75:
74:Least Concern
64:
60:
55:
52:
51:South Georgia
48:
45:King penguin
43:
39:
34:
31:King penguin
29:
26:
22:
3478:king-penguin
3302:king-penguin
3192:
3120:
3094:
3058:
3030:
2999:
2985:King penguin
2984:
2973:
2963:
2955:
2895:
2846:. Retrieved
2842:
2833:
2821:. Retrieved
2817:the original
2810:
2800:
2788:
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2757:
2748:
2737:. Retrieved
2733:the original
2728:
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2702:
2698:
2685:
2668:
2657:. Retrieved
2654:ResearchGate
2653:
2628:. Retrieved
2623:
2614:
2603:. Retrieved
2592:The Guardian
2591:
2581:
2570:. Retrieved
2568:. 2018-02-26
2566:Carbon Brief
2565:
2538:
2505:
2496:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2420:28 September
2418:. Retrieved
2408:
2391:
2387:
2384:Orcinus orca
2383:
2377:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2312:
2308:
2295:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2173:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2131:. Retrieved
2127:the original
2106:
2102:
2092:
2083:
2034:
2030:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1836:
1817:
1811:
1786:11566/264915
1760:
1756:
1746:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1670:10.1650/7512
1660:
1656:
1646:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1556:
1551:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1456:
1433:. Retrieved
1428:
1411:
1401:
1391:
1381:
1371:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1326:
1316:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1244:
1238:
1232:
1184:
1153:in Denmark,
1113:in Belgium,
1097:in Germany,
1052:
1049:In captivity
1017:
1010:
982:
965:
957:
943:Conservation
937:
934:
918:
915:
907:Gold Harbour
874:
868:
857:
845:
837:
782:
779:leopard seal
767:
760:Chionis alba
759:
748:Stercorarius
747:
727:
715:
708:
702:
696:
693:hooked squid
686:
680:
672:
668:
662:
658:
644:
639:pin feathers
619:
615:
597:
564:
556:
544:
505:
485:
480:
470:
466:
453:
435:
434:Close-up of
403:
395:
388:
382:
358:
339:
331:leopard seal
304:
275:
267:
263:
259:
246:
245:
242:king penguin
241:
239:
229:
227:
223:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
156:Spheniscidae
25:
3620:Aptenodytes
3548:SeaLifeBase
3463:Neotropical
3398:iNaturalist
3217:Wikispecies
2975:Aptenodytes
2843:www.bbc.com
2823:20 November
2764:3 September
1989:(6): 1905.
1417:Gill, Frank
1397:Mayr, Ernst
1339:Iredale, T.
1260:11 November
1149:in Canada,
1143:Calgary Zoo
1131:Loro Parque
1115:63 Seaworld
1111:Antwerp Zoo
1067:Detroit Zoo
875:guard phase
688:Moroteuthis
655:Lanternfish
352:, southern
307:lanternfish
268:patagonicus
264:A. p. halli
167:Aptenodytes
47:Fortuna Bay
3609:Categories
3587:Xeno-canto
3096:Megadyptes
3060:Spheniscus
3001:Pygoscelis
2848:2024-09-27
2739:2011-12-01
2659:2019-04-29
2630:2019-04-29
2605:2019-04-29
2572:2019-04-29
2447:(5): 721.
2394:(4): 449.
2273:(4): 303.
2226:(9): 587.
2133:2017-01-19
1942:(2): 281.
1657:The Condor
1589:(2): 303.
1212:References
1151:Odense Zoo
1099:Zurich Zoo
677:Gempylidae
512:Antarctica
426:Appearance
420:subspecies
346:Antarctica
333:, and the
205:Miller, JF
3169:(extinct)
3112:(extinct)
3032:Eudyptula
2600:0261-3077
1795:1758-678X
1435:4 October
1135:Ski Dubai
1103:Zoo Basel
1002:Edinburgh
764:kelp gull
751:colonies.
746:species (
730:predators
724:Predators
720:species.
707:), young
675:) of the
416:monotypic
354:Argentina
298:) and at
174:Species:
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
3695:Penguins
3442:22697748
3416:10190139
3364:45512073
3289:22697748
3284:BirdLife
3202:Wikidata
3122:Eudyptes
2933:Penguins
2782:. 123RF.
2709:31 March
2705:: 171–76
2461:36970042
2287:23655862
2248:44230195
2123:86004247
1964:85817196
1803:53793443
1738:51935405
1730:30087467
1687:85776106
1638:18278748
1610:Ethology
1379:(1920).
1341:(1921).
1324:(1778).
1159:Hokkaido
1145:and the
1091:Birdland
1006:Scotland
635:moulting
571:Finnmark
379:Taxonomy
373:feathers
282:(at the
228:Yellow:
152:Family:
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
3468:kinpen1
3390:2481660
3351:kinpen1
3325:kinpen1
3271:Avibase
3208:Q182209
2965:Species
2371:: 1–81.
2321:4163547
2228:Bibcode
2059:2937173
2039:Bibcode
1991:Bibcode
1983:Ecology
1944:Bibcode
1917:7100916
1897:Bibcode
1889:Science
1874:4083837
1765:Bibcode
1710:Bibcode
1679:3247764
1618:Bibcode
1515:3278625
1308:8788090
1022:by the
740:causes.
641:visible
637:, with
579:Lofoten
567:Gjesvær
552:vagrant
540:whalers
402:as the
361:blubber
278:in the
252:penguin
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
3579:212656
3540:173569
3527:494361
3514:212656
3485:NZOR:
3475:NZBO:
3429:174450
3372:EURING
3258:ARKive
2947:family
2872:, the
2598:
2459:
2319:
2285:
2246:
2121:
2057:
2011:176698
2009:
1962:
1915:
1872:
1824:
1801:
1793:
1736:
1728:
1702:Nature
1685:
1677:
1636:
1563:
1513:
1463:
1345:Icones
1306:
1181:Pondus
903:crèche
880:crèche
762:) and
691:, the
679:, and
649:, and
573:, and
371:, and
329:, the
325:, the
313:, and
294:, and
207:, 1778
3574:WoRMS
3553:73700
3501:73559
3411:IRMNG
3377:27750
3346:eBird
3338:67QCM
3322:BOW:
3315:52297
2957:Genus
2943:order
2695:(PDF)
2677:(PDF)
2457:S2CID
2317:JSTOR
2305:(PDF)
2283:S2CID
2244:S2CID
2119:S2CID
2055:JSTOR
2007:JSTOR
1960:S2CID
1870:JSTOR
1850:(PDF)
1799:S2CID
1734:S2CID
1683:S2CID
1675:JSTOR
1634:S2CID
1284:(PDF)
1201:Pesto
1119:Seoul
1039:Pesto
789:Orcas
651:krill
647:squid
418:: no
323:skuas
315:krill
311:squid
276:halli
222:Red:
3566:2082
3509:OBIS
3455:9234
3450:NCBI
3437:IUCN
3424:ITIS
3403:3821
3385:GBIF
3310:BOLD
2825:2018
2766:2016
2711:2008
2596:ISSN
2422:2012
2193:Ibis
1913:PMID
1822:ISBN
1791:ISSN
1726:PMID
1561:ISBN
1531:Ibis
1511:PMID
1461:ISBN
1437:2023
1351:Ibis
1304:PMID
1262:2021
1245:2020
1197:pet.
1101:and
1089:and
777:The
772:eggs
754:The
744:Skua
714:and
661:and
625:Diet
575:Røst
450:, UK
369:meat
335:orca
274:and
262:and
240:The
136:Aves
3561:TSA
3359:EoL
3333:CoL
3245:AFD
3232:ADW
2449:doi
2396:doi
2392:184
2313:107
2275:doi
2236:doi
2201:doi
2197:133
2161:doi
2157:212
2111:doi
2047:doi
1999:doi
1952:doi
1940:147
1905:doi
1893:217
1862:doi
1854:Auk
1781:hdl
1773:doi
1718:doi
1706:560
1665:doi
1661:107
1626:doi
1614:116
1591:doi
1587:212
1539:doi
1535:160
1503:doi
1499:254
1359:doi
1296:doi
1292:199
1249:doi
1157:in
1137:in
1117:in
1081:in
1000:in
923:at
860:egg
798:on
695:or
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