Regnum Albaniæ - Knowledge

711:, Charles of Anjou returned his attention to Albania. He began contacting local Albanian leaders through local catholic clergy. Two local Catholic priests, namely Gjon from Durrës and Nicola from Arbanon, acted as negotiators between Charles of Anjou and the local noblemen. During 1271 they made several trips between Albania and Italy eventually succeeding in their mission. On 21 February 1272, a delegation of Albanian noblemen and citizens from Durrës made their way to Charles' court. Charles signed a treaty with them and was proclaimed King of Albania "by common consent of the bishops, counts, barons, soldiers and citizens" promising to protect them and to honor the privileges they had from Byzantine Empire. The treaty declared the union between the Kingdom of Albania (Latin: 1431:. In the 13th and 14th centuries, pronoiars earned a great number of privileges and attributes, taking power away from the central authority. The benefit earned by the pronoiars from their land increased. Pronoiars began to collect land taxes for themselves which was an attribute of the state. They also began to exercise administrative authorities which replaced the state's, such as the ability to gather workers, guards, soldiers, and sometimes their own judges. In the 13th century, it was common for pronoiars to arrogate their own right to trial, initially for petty issues and then for serious crimes, taking away central authority from the main prerogatives to the practice of sovereignty. 1177: 668: 407: 769:. On November 1274, the local governor reported to Charles I that the Albanian and Byzantine forces had besieged Durrës. The Byzantine offensive continued and captured the port-city of Spinarizza. Thus Durrës alongside the Krujë and Vlora regions became the only domains in mainland Albania which were still under Charles I's control, but they were landlocked and isolated from each other. They could communicate with each other only by sea but the Byzantine fleet based in Spinarizza and Butrint kept them under constant pressure. Charles also managed to keep the island of Corfu. 881: 1493:

villages. Those farmers who migrated to the city were often forced to pay a fixed payment or to make up for this payment by working in a commune. Along with the farmers came noblemen from the surrounding areas, who either migrated permanently or spent a large amount of time in the cities to look after their economic interests. Many had possessions, stores, and houses in the city. The movement of noblemen to urban areas became normal and they were eventually integrated into the city become citizens and often taking government positions.

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the beginning of the 14th century, monasteries and bishoprics had been able to collect large sums of land funds. The income of the monasteries came mainly from agricultural products, but a small part also came from craftwork and other activities. A central source of income to the church were from taxes gathered in kind and in cash. A good of portion went to Rome or Constantinople. The delivery of bonds was one of the causes of friction between the local clergy and the Pope in Rome or the Patriarch in Constantinople.

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to increase compared to payments in kind. From the 12th to the 14th century, the vertical shift of power to the nobles was deepened. Not only were the plains brought under the control of the nobles, but also mountainous areas. The feudal possessions also began to include communal areas such as forests, pastures, and fisheries. This evolution took place during the period of Byzantine decline and saw the conversion of the pronoia into an estate very similar to the feudal one.

550: 4718: 4297: 4211: 834: 643:, the new Nicaean forces continued their advance by capturing all of Manfred's domains in Albania, with the exception of Durrës. However, in September 1261, Manfred organized a new expedition and managed to capture all his dominions in Albania and he kept them until his death in 1266. Manfred respected the old autonomy and privileges of the local nobility and their regions. He also integrated Albanian nobles into his administration, as was the case with 1019: 1340:. In 1208, a Catholic archdeacon was elected for the archbishopric of Durrës. After the reconquest of Durrës by the Despotate of Epirus in 1214, the Latin Archbishop of Durrës was replaced by an Orthodox archbishop. After his death in 1225, various nearby metropolitan powers fought over the vacant seat. At last a Nicean archbishop was appointed in 1256 but he could not effectively run its office since, in 1258, the city was captured by Manfred. 5173: 5056: 786: 1119:. In the summer of 1304, Serbs were expelled from the city of Durrës by its citizens and local nobles, who in September submitted themselves to Angevin rule. Philip and his father Charles II renewed the old privileges that Charles of Anjou had promised to the citizens and nobility of Durrës. In 1305, further extensive exemptions from dues and taxes were granted to the citizens of Durrës and the local nobles from Charles II. 849:. In the following months a great Angevin counteroffensive was prepared. A lot of materials and men including Saracen archers and siege engineers were sent to de Sully, who had captured Spinarizza from Byzantine forces making it his headquarters. The first goal of the expedition was the recapture of the city of Berat, which had been under Byzantine control since 1274. However, Charles' preparations were restrained by 826:. He entered in alliance with the kings of Serbia and Bulgaria. He also tried to get the support of the local Albanian nobles. After continuous requests from other Albanian nobles, he liberated from Neapolitan prisons a number of Albanian nobles who were arrested before being accused of collaborating with Byzantine forces. Among them were 732:, who began sending letters to local Albanian nobles, trying to convince them to stop their support for Charles of Anjou and to switch sides. The Albanian nobles sent those letter to Charles who praised them for their loyalty. Then, Michael VIII's hopes of stopping the advance of Charles were laid on the influence of 608:. Autonomy was thus banished and a new administration was imposed. This was in contrast to what the Nicaeans had promised before. The local Albanian leaders revolted and on hearing the news, Michael II also denounced the peace treaty with the Nicaea. With the support of Albanian forces he attacked the cities of 949: 1488:

and became important economic centers. In these quarters, trade took place and shops along with workshops were centered here. Eventually, many of these quarters too were surrounded by walls to protect them. In order to secure a supply of water, cisterns in open, safe spaces were used to gather water.

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The Byzantine Emperor was hoping for the Pope to stop his Latin adversaries. In fact after the death in 1276 of Pope Gregory X, the main supporter of the union of the churches, his successors maintained the same course and this restricted Charles' movements. However, in February 1281 Charles of Anjou

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to Charles of Anjou in return for some land property in Achaia. In 1278 Nikephoros I's troops captured the city of Butrint. In March 1279 Nikephoros I declared himself a vassal of Charles of Anjou and surrendered to him the castles of Sopot and Butrint. As a pledge, Nikephoros I delivered his own son

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style, mainly in the Center and North Albania. These areas were attached to the Catholic church and thus had greater Western connections. Both the Catholic and Orthodox churches operated in Durrës and the surrounding areas, and therefore both Western and Byzantine architectural styles were followed.

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The feudal duties of the peasant were not the same for all the Albanian areas but differed according to the terrain. The systems of payment in kind or in cash also changed accordingly, but the strengthening of the nobility against the central authority in the 13th century caused the payments in cash

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By the 14th century, the pronoia had reached the status of feudal possession. It could now be passed on to succession, split, and sold. The pronoia increasingly rarely fulfilled the military needs of the state. Alongside the pronoiars were landowners who owned large tracts of land worked by farmers.

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Land was also centralized under religious institutions, including monasteries and bishoprics. Unlike the 12th century, where the area under control was donated by the central authority, after the 12th century, most donors of land to the monasteries and bishoprics were small and large landowners. By

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The feudal possessions in Albania, as in the West and the Byzantine Empire, were made up of two parts: the land of the peasants and the land which was directly owned by the lords of the land. The peasant's land was not centralized, but was split into many small plots, often far from each other. The

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Between 1350 and 1370, the spread of Catholicism in Albania reached its peak. At that period there were around seventeen Catholic bishoprics in the country, which acted not only as centers for Catholic reform within Albania, but also as centers for missionary activity in the neighboring areas, with

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Durrës became again a Catholic archbishopric in 1272. Other territories of the Kingdom of Albania became Catholic centers as well. Butrint in the south, although dependent on Corfu, became Catholic and remained as such during 14th century. The same happened to Vlorë and Krujë as soon as the Kingdom

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and cousin of Charles of Anjou, as Queen consort of the Serbian Kingdom, who was at that time ruling territories in North Albania. Around 30 Catholic churches and monasteries were built during her rule in North Albania and in Serbia. New bishoprics were created especially in North Albania, with the

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The situation was very complicated for Michael VIII; however, he sent help to the besieged garrison. The Byzantine army which also included Turkish mercenaries arrived near Berat in March 1281. They were under orders to avoid pitched battle and to focus on ambushes and raids. They managed to defeat

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was used by the historiography of Fascist Italy to support the Italian claims on Albania. Also, modern Albanian historiography mythisized this kingdom as a medieval Albanian nation-state. In fact, Charles I d' Anjou never claimed that he is "Rex Albaniae", and the term "Regnum Albaniae" disappears

1115:. However, after his release in 1302, he claimed his rights on the Albanian kingdom and began preparations to recover it. He gained the support of local Albanian Catholics who preferred a Catholic Italian power as their protector instead of the Orthodox Serbs and Greeks, as well as the support of 992:

to precede the main expedition of 1283. Charles and Philip were to supply fifteen ships and ten transports with about 300 men and horses. The Venetians were to provide fifteen warships for seven months of the year. These forces would make war against Michael VIII and "other occupiers" of the Latin

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Charles of Anjou imposed a military rule on Kingdom of Albania. The autonomy and privileges promised in the treaty were "de facto" abolished and new taxes were imposed. Lands were confiscated in favor of Anjou nobles and Albanian nobles were excluded from their governmental tasks. In an attempt to

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Krujë became an important center for the spread of Catholicism. Its bishopric had been Catholic since 1167. It was under direct dependence from the pope and it was the pope himself who consecrated the bishop. Local Albanian nobles maintained good relations with the Papacy. Its influence became so

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whose domains were in central Albania. The Serbs were pressing hard in their direction and the Albanian nobles found a natural ally in the Angevins. Alliance with Albanian leaders was also crucial to the safety of the Kingdom of Albania, especially during the 1320s and 1330s. Most prominent among

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in an ambush. This spread panic throughout his army, routing them from the battlefield. The Angevin army lost the major part of its forces and only a small part found refuge in the Kaninë castle, which was in Angevin hands. The Byzantine army continued its advance further into the territory. They

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of Vlorë to be held as hostage. Ambassadors were exchanged in this occasion, but Charles did not wait for the formalities to end; instead he ordered his captain and vicar-general at Corfu to capture not only Butrint, but everything that once belonged to Manfred and now were under the Despotate of

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acquiring rights on Manfred's dominions in Albania, together with rights he gained in the Latin dominions in the Despotate of Epirus and in the Morea. Upon hearing the news of Manfred's death in the battle of Benevento, Michael II conspired and managed to kill Manfred's governor Philippe Chinard,

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In the first half of the 14th century, the population of the cities grew greatly. Durrës is estimated to have had 25,000 inhabitants. The city became a center which attracted inhabitants from the rural areas. Durrës is known to have had a large number of inhabitants who came from the surrounding

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In an effort to find additional means of finance, especially in times of war, the central authority imposed high taxes on the population. The pyramid of society depended upon the work of the farmers. Besides the main category of farmers, categories of farmers included "free" farmer and "foreign"

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contained harsh measures against them. However, the persecutions of local catholic Albanians did not begin in 1349 when the Code was promulgated, but much earlier, at least since the beginning of 14th century. Under these circumstances the relations between local Catholic Albanians and the papal

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A new wave of Catholic dioceses, churches and monasteries were founded, a number of different religious orders began spreading into the country, and papal missionaries also reached the territories of the Kingdom of Albania. Those who were not Catholic in Central and North Albania converted and a

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The kingdom of Albania was a distinct entity from the Kingdom of Naples. The kingdom had the nature of a military oriented political structure. It had its own structure and organs of government which was located in Durrës. At the head of this governmental body was the captain-general who had the

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Although the Albanian territories were lost, the notion and rights of the Kingdom of Albania continued for the Angevins for a long time after Charles of Anjou's death. The Kingdom was inherited by Charles II after the death of his father in 1285. In August 1294, Charles II passed his rights on

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who had forbidden Charles from attacking the Byzantine Empire. However, Pope Nicholas III died on August 1280 and for more than six months the Pope's seat was vacant. This gave Charles an opportunity to move on. During Autumn 1280 he gave the order to Hugo de Sully to move on. In December 1280

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The overwhelming majority of the population under the lords' rule was made up of agricultural workers. Contemporary sources reveal that in large parts of Albania, the village population had fallen to the status of serfdom. An anonymous traveler in 1308 revealed that farmers in the regions of

3194:...The Angevins retained Durazzo for a time, for in 1379 Joanna's new husband, Robert of Artois, is found issuing to Dubrovnik a charter pertaining to Durazzo. Karlo Thopia, who held the territory both north and south of the city, soon, probably in 1383, regained possession of Durazzo... 2812:...The Angevins retained Durazzo for a time, for in 1379 Joanna's new husband, Robert of Artois, is found issuing to Dubrovnik a charter pertaining to Durazzo. Karlo Thopia, who held the territory both north and south of the city, soon, probably in 1383, regained possession of Durazzo... 760:

As Charles I's intentions for a new offensive were stopped by the Pope and there was a general discontent within Albania, Michael VIII caught the occasion and began a campaign in Albania in late 1274. Byzantine forces helped by local Albanian noblemen captured the important city of

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enforce his rule and local loyalty, Charles I, took as hostages the sons of local noblemen. This created a general discontent in the country and several Albanian noblemen began contacting Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII who promised them, to acknowledge their old privileges.

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farmers. They were deprived of land and any form of possession and were therefore not registered, placing them in a feud for the quality of wages. Eventually, they received a piece of land for which they paid their duties, and were fused with the main category of farmers.

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During the 13th century, many cities in Albania made the move from being primarily military strongholds to becoming urban centers. Unable to contain the development inside the city walls, many cities expanded outside them. Quarters outside the walls began to form, called

1107:. In November 1294, Philip I was married to the daughter of the Epirote Despot Nikephoros I, renewing the old alliance between the two states. His plans of recovering old Angevin domains were paused for a while when in 1299 Philip of Taranto became a prisoner of 1275:

The role of local Albanian lords became more and more important to the fate of the kingdom and the Angevins integrated them into their military structure especially in the second phase of the kingdom. When Philip of Taranto returned in 1304, one Albanian noble,

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Western architecture could also be found in areas where Western rulers had possessions. Churches built in this form were built in Upper and Central Albania and were characterized by an emphasis on an East-West longitudinal axis with circular or rectangular

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renewed the privileges that his predecessor had granted to the Albanians in the Krujë region. Kaninë castle was the last to fall to the Byzantines probably in 1294, while Corfu and Butrint remained in Angevin hands at least up to 1292. In 1296 Serbian king

1336:, it had 15 episcopal sees under its authority. After the split it remained under the authority of Eastern Church while there were continuous, but fruitless efforts from the Roman church to convert it to the Latin rite. However, things changed after the 1052:

and was still a prisoner when his father, Charles of Anjou, died on 7 January 1285. Upon his death Charles left all of his domains to his son, who at the time was held by the Catalans. He was kept as prisoner up to 1289, when he was finally released.

636:. Facing a war in two fronts, despot Michael II came to terms with Manfred and became his ally. He recognized Manfred's authority over the captured regions which were ceded as a dowry gift following the marriage of his daughter Helena to Manfred. 1328:

Churches applied their power interchangeably or sometimes even together. The presence of the kingdom reinforced the influence of Catholicism and the conversion to its rite, not only in the region of Durrës but also in other parts of the country.

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besieged the Angevin bases of Vlorë, Kaninë, and Durrës but could not capture them. The Albanian nobles in the region of Krujë allied themselves with the Byzantine Emperor and he granted them a charter of privileges for their city and bishopric.

830:, Dhimitër Zogu and Guljem Blinishti. Gjin Muzaka especially was important to Charles' plans because the Muzaka family territories were around city of Berat. They were liberated, but were ordered to send their sons as hostages in Naples. 1363:

However, in Durrës the Byzantine rite continued to exist for a while after Angevin conquest. This double-line of authority created some confusion in the local population and a contemporary visitor of the country described Albanians as

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with the help of Chinard's wife, but he could not capture Manfred's domains. Local noblemen and commanders refused to surrender Manfred's domains in Albania to Michael II. They gave the same negative response to Charles' envoy,

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in 1274. Enthusiastic from the results of the council, Pope Gregory X, forbade any attempt by Charles on Michael VIII's forces. Under these circumstances Charles of Anjou was forced to sign a truce with Michael VIII in 1276.

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Although the Angevins tried to install a centralized state apparatus, they left great autonomy to the Albanians cities. In fact, in 1272 it was Charles of Anjou himself who recognized the old privileges of Durrës' community.

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The failure of Hugo de Sully's expedition convinced Charles of Anjou that an invasion of the Byzantine Empire by land was not feasible, and he thus considered a naval expedition against Byzantium. He found an ally in

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in the territory between the rivers Shkumbin and Vlorë. They saw the Angevins as protectors of their domains and made alliances. During 1336–1337 Charles had various successes against Serb forces in central Albania.

1198:. Although the fate of city of Durrës, the capital of the Kingdom, is unknown, by 1346 all Albania was reported to be under the rule of Dušan. In 1348, Charles, Duke of Durazzo, was decapitated by his cousin 1146:

Upon the death of Philip of Taranto in 1332, there were various claims on his domains within the Angevin family. The rights of the Duchy of Durazzo (Durrës) and the Kingdom of Albania together were given to

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as his Vicar-General and hoped to take up his expedition against Constantinople again. Throughout 1272 and 1273 he sent huge provisions to the towns of Durrës and Vlorë. This alarmed the Byzantine Emperor,

1467:, Tomorricë, Stefaniakë, Kunavë, and Pultë of Dibra worked the lands and vineyards of their respective lords, turned over their products, and performed household work for them. The Byzantine historian 3167:

A. Kiesewetter, L'acquisto e l'occupazione del litorale meridionale dell'Albania da parte di re Carlo I d'Angiò (1279–1283). Palaver, Università del Salento, 4 n.s. (2015), n. 1, 255-298 , pp. 12-14

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under the authority of the Pope. Its principal motivation, however, was to re-establish the Latin Empire, under Angevin domination, and to restore Venetian commercial privileges in Constantinople.

969:, were to personally accompany the expedition. In practice, Charles would have supplied almost all of the troops, Philip having little or no resources of his own. The Venetians would supply forty 1343:

After the creation of Kingdom of Albania in 1272, a Catholic political structure was a good basis for the papal plans of spreading Catholicism in the Balkans. This plan found also the support of

1272:

With the attrition of the territory of the kingdom, the persons appointed as captain-generals began losing their powers, becoming more like governors of Durrës, than representatives of the king.

1202:, who also inherited his rights on the Kingdom of Albania. Meanwhile, in Albania, after the death of Dušan, his empire began to disintegrate and, in central Albania, the Thopia family under 581:. Vatatzes managed to convince Golem to switch sides and a new treaty was signed between the parties where Vatatzes promised to guarantee Golem's autonomy. The same year Despot of Epirus 1095:. Even before the city of Durrës was captured, it was landlocked by his principality. Declaring himself as Angevin descendant, with the capture of Durrës in 1368 Karl Thopia created the 1522:. The former two churches were built in the 13th century AD while the latter in the 12th century AD. Most of the churches built in this period were decorated with murals. 977:

no later than April 1283. Upon Philip's restoration to the throne, he was to confirm the concessions of the Treaty of Viterbo and the privileges granted to Venice at the

877:, as the head of the Catholic Church. The Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII was excommunicated by the new Pope and Charles' expedition against him blessed as a new crusade. 589:

was surrendered to Nicaea, while the Nicean emperor acknowledged the old privileges and also granted new ones. The same privileges were confirmed later by his successor

1443:. Citizens of Durrës owned property and grazing land in the nearby mountain of Temali. The splitting, inheritance, and selling of the property was a common occurrence. 3630: 460: 446: 432: 1066:

The Angevin resistance continued for some years in Kaninë, Durrës and Vlorë. However Durrës fell in Byzantine hands in 1288 and in the same year Byzantine Emperor

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Under the terms of the treaty, Philip and Charles were to supply 8,000 troops and cavalry, and sufficient ships to transport them to Constantinople. Philip, the

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Histoire de l'Albanie, des origines à nos jours Volume 5 of Histoire des nations Collection Histoire des nations européennes Histoire des nations européennes

1592:, so Robert received Achaea from John in exchange for 5,000 ounces of gold and the rights to the diminished Kingdom of Albania. John took the style of 1044:

landed in Sicily, it was clear that Charles had no more chances of attacking Byzantium. In September 1282, the Angevin house forever lost Sicily. His son

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who was the general captain and governor of Durrës and the neighboring region of Arbanon. Albanian troops were also used by Manfred in his campaigns in

4048: 2032: 1237:. Topia recaptured the city of Durrës the same year and held it until his death in 1388. Afterwards, the city of Durrës was inherited by his son 1214:

and Karl Topia was recognized as Count of Albania. Karl Thopia took Durrës from the Angevins in 1368 with the consensus of its citizens. In 1376

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At the same time Charles began creating a network of alliances in the area in the brick of the new offensive, which would have pointed first to

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which Charles had intended to use in the new expedition against Byzantium. Charles tried to suppress the uprising, but on 30 of August 1282,

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to enter the country and to instruct the locals in the Latin rite. Dominican priests were also ordered as bishops in Vlorë and Butrint.

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On Easter Monday 30 March 1282, in Sicily the local people began attacking French forces in an uprising which would become known as the

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During this period there were different Albanian noble families who began consolidating their power and domains. One of them was the

1395:. Also from time to time, the local bishops were appointed from different orders as different popes had their favorites among them. 5534: 3737: 1588:

Philip died on 26 December 1331, and was succeeded by his son Robert. Robert's uncle, John, did not wish to do him homage for the

504:. The Kingdom of Albania was declared in late February 1272. The kingdom extended from the region of Durazzo (Dyrrhachium, modern 108: 5049: 5034: 4878: 4813: 4261: 1756: 5494: 4673: 1126:. In an attempt to resolve the tensions between the house of Anjou and the Aragonese, the Kingdom of Albania and the lands in 704:

in 1267, when following the articles of the Treaty of Viterbo, he asked for them to surrender Manfred's dominions in Albania.

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The two treaties were signed by Charles and Philip on 3 July 1281, and were ratified by the Doge of Venice on 2 August 1281.

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formalized this collaboration. Its stated purpose was the dethronement of Michael VIII in favor of the titular Latin emperor

4766: 4450: 4290: 3983: 3393: 3335: 3255: 1912: 1036:. The massacre went on for weeks throughout the island and they also destroyed the Angevin fleet gathered in the harbor of 1269:

and the Albanian fleet had its own captain. Other offices were created and functioned under the authority of the viceroy.

5344: 4410: 4395: 4388: 4330: 1471:, testifies that the power of the lords of these areas depended mostly on livestock which were present in large numbers. 1215: 772:

Michael VIII also scored another important diplomatic victory on Charles I by agreeing to unite the two churches in the

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profited from the situation and launched an invasion into Albania. His forces, led by Philip Chinard, captured Durrës,

425: 748:, to be held in 1274, and worked to arrange the election of an Emperor, so he ordered Charles to stop his operations. 5329: 5264: 5238: 4696: 4612: 4490: 4273: 4083: 4038: 4023: 4018: 3993: 3917: 3554: 3431: 3359: 2075: 2022: 2007: 1987: 1977: 1935: 1857: 1301: 5299: 4963: 4425: 4043: 3871: 2153: 2027: 1794: 1631: 1218:

who had gained the rights on the Albanian Kingdom from his second wife, attacked and conquered the city during the

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Historically the territory where the Kingdom of Albania lay was subject to different metropolitan powers such as

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as the general-governor of his dominions in Albania. Initially based in Corfu, Chinard moved his headquarters to

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signed a peace treaty with Nicaea acknowledging their authority over west Macedonia and Albania. The fortress of

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to a small area around Durazzo. The Angevins held out here, however, until 1368, when the city was captured by

513: 1288:. From 1304 on, other western titles of nobility were bestowed by the Angevins upon the local Albanian lords. 1265:

of Albania. The port of Durrës and sea trade were essential to the kingdom. The port was under the command of

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with a sum of 5,000 pounds of gold. After his death in 1336, his dominions in Albania passed to his son

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and were the head of the army also, while the local forces were commanded by persons who held the title

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The Catholic cause had a drawback while Stephan Dushan ruled in Albania. The Catholic rite was called

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The territory of the Kingdom of Albania under Philip of Taranto was restricted to roughly the modern

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The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

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Jacobi, David (1999). "The Latin empire of Constantinople and the Frankish states in Greece". In

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The Late Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

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The Late Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

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The entrance of the citadel of Berat, with the 13th-century Byzantine church of the Holy Trinity.

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great number of Albanian clerics and monks were present in the Dalmatian Catholic institutions.

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these leaders were the Thopias, ruling in an area between the rivers Mat and Shkumbin, and the

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The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages

2119: 1605: 1447:

lord's land was continually expanded along the same lines that the aristocracy strengthened.

942: 741: 262: 3590: 3568: 1992: 5110: 4997: 4788: 4440: 4315: 4268: 4147: 3937: 1555: 1333: 1241:. In 1392 Gjergj surrendered the city of Durrës and his domains to the Republic of Venice. 1131: 1112: 1076: 1045: 966: 952: 590: 226: 5206: 5172: 1219: 8: 5374: 5100: 5029: 4736: 4586: 4480: 4420: 4415: 4400: 4237: 4033: 3972: 1982: 1930: 1575: 1549: 1502: 1379:

Among the Catholic orders operating during that period in Albania, one could mention the

1184: 1041: 938: 696: 688: 680: 672: 640: 558: 493: 214: 175: 35: 3546:

The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries

1332:

The Archbishopric of Durrës was one of the primary bishoprics in Albania and before the

1261:

The royal resources, especially income from salt production and trade, were paid to the

632:, Spinarizza and their surroundings and the southern coastline of Albania from Vlorë to 5457: 5450: 5422: 4798: 4573: 4554: 4531: 4500: 4199: 3947: 3907: 3861: 3758: 3750: 2114: 1839: 1667: 1643: 1562:

Charles surrendered his rights to Albania to his son Philip in 1294. Philip reigned as

1535:

from the Angevin archives after 1277. The borders of this kingtom were poorly defined.

1501:

The spread of Catholicism affected the architecture of religious buildings, with a new

1392: 1325: 601: 533: 3887: 3586: 3564: 1897: 1766: 1510:. Among the most notable architectural monuments of this period include the Church of 1407: 1123: 659:, the dominant center of the Vlorë region. There he married a relative of Michael II. 5396: 5352: 5334: 5105: 5024: 5005: 4936: 4931: 4921: 3932: 3856: 3689: 3550: 3527: 3509: 3491: 3484: 3469: 3451: 3427: 3389: 3355: 3331: 3307: 3289: 3270: 3251: 3227: 3183: 2801: 2272: 1877: 1809: 1804: 1581: 1277: 994: 978: 934: 923: 850: 716: 692: 621: 501: 481: 439: 165: 134: 130: 60: 3897: 30:

This article is about the medieval Angevin state. For the 20th-century kingdom, see

5473: 5319: 5176: 5163: 4950: 4941: 4861: 3988: 3962: 3679: 2219: 1907: 1829: 1771: 1511: 1380: 1373: 1321: 1116: 1033: 1022: 1013: 962: 885: 652: 562: 525: 521: 497: 453: 74: 3594: 3572: 3406:

Regnum Albaniae, the Papal Curia, and the Western Visions of a Borderline Nobility

1348: 1207: 1075:

took possession of Durrës. In 1299 Andronikos II Palaiologos married his daughter

880: 656: 524:

further weakened the position of Charles, and the Kingdom was soon reduced by the

512:. A major attempt to advance further in direction of Constantinople failed at the 5357: 5196: 5143: 4926: 4783: 3892: 3785: 3694: 3669: 3598: 3576: 3544: 3445: 3421: 3349: 2266: 1819: 1814: 1593: 1369: 1234: 1148: 1072: 1026: 930: 806: 578: 1195: 1087: 819: 4526: 3952: 3540: 3379: 3321: 1882: 1834: 1824: 1519: 1344: 1337: 1317: 1230: 1211: 959: 874: 823: 733: 708: 566: 123: 1515: 1280:, was appointed head of Angevin army in the Kingdom of Albania with the title 5488: 5201: 5090: 4874: 2124: 1468: 1285: 1164: 1159: 905: 847:

Captain and Vicar-General of Albania, Durrës, Vlorë, Sopot, Butrint and Corfu

842: 827: 574: 364: 3486:

Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world

3383: 3325: 3245: 1079:

to Milutin and the lands he had conquered were considered as a dowry gift.

4959: 4578: 3664: 3441: 3417: 2186: 2104: 1464: 724: 701: 644: 5181: 3404: 941:

and the forcible establishment of the Union of the Churches, bringing the

3643: 1428: 1388: 1313: 1092: 529: 160: 3177: 2795: 2173: 1226: 549: 5133: 5064: 3805: 3684: 1639: 1384: 1203: 1180: 833: 1436: 1018: 948: 4909: 4028: 3825: 3800: 3767: 1997: 1703: 1514:

near the village of Shirgj near Shkodër, the Church of Saint Mary in

811: 744:

churches, and launching a new crusade: to that end, he announced the

597: 505: 146: 5153: 5138: 4368: 3820: 3815: 3795: 3790: 3715: 1138:. These negotiations lasted some years but were abandoned in 1316. 974: 797:

the Despot of Epirus. He contacted Charles of Anjou and his vassal

785: 570: 359: 324: 180: 3423:

Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations

1489:

In some unique cases, water was also gathered from nearby rivers.

1427:

was the dominant form in the country, the Angevins introduced the

1194:

on the Kingdom of Albania grew especially under the leadership of

629: 586: 569:

was initially allied with Epirus. Golem's troops had occupied the

5128: 5019: 4138: 3810: 3780: 3775: 3746: 2085: 1698: 1424: 1037: 766: 639:

Following the defeat of Michael II's and Manfred's forces in the

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Men of empire: power and negotiation in Venice's maritime state

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The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume VI: c. 1300-c. 1415

5191: 3412:, Central European University, Department of Medieval Studies 998: 912: 762: 736:. Gregory had high hopes of reconciling Europe, unifying the 648: 625: 613: 609: 3320:

Ducellier, Alain (1999). "Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria". In

3145: 3133: 3121: 3106: 3094: 3082: 3067: 3038: 3023: 2506: 2450: 2399: 1250:

status of a viceroy. These persons usually had the title of

1001:

by 1 May 1282, paving the way for the next year's invasion.

516:. A Byzantine counteroffensive soon ensued, which drove the 4373: 3388:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 525–542. 3385:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 5, c.1198–c.1300

3330:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 779–795. 3327:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 5, c.1198–c.1300

3250:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 488–514. 3247:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 6, c.1300–c.1415

2817: 2387: 2324: 2312: 2285: 1507: 1222:, but in 1383, Thopia took once again control of the city. 195: 191: 187: 3600:

Acta et diplomata res Albaniae mediae aetatis illustrantia

3578:

Acta et diplomata res Albaniae mediae aetatis illustrantia

2353: 2351: 981:

of the Latin Empire, including recognition of the Doge as

973:

as escorts for the invasion fleet, which was to sail from

5401: 2550: 2548: 532:. In 1392, Karl Thopia's son surrendered the city to the 3199: 2587: 2523: 2521: 1130:

under Angevin dominion were offered in exchange for the

3585: 3563: 3011: 2975: 2948: 2888: 2718: 2716: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2348: 1435:

The landownership also included pronoiars from Durrës,

1368:. In order to fight this religious ambiguity, in 1304, 600:

from Michael II in 1256. During the winter of 1256–57,

2965: 2963: 2664: 2652: 2577: 2575: 2545: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2477: 2426: 2302: 2300: 854:

Angevin forces captured the surroundings of Berat and

604:

tried to reinstall Byzantine authority in the area of

3354:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 2924: 2912: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2765: 2616: 2560: 2518: 2241: 2174:

Captains and Vicars-General of the Kingdom of Albania

1366:

nor they are entirely Catholic or entirely schismatic

3603:. Vol. 2. Vindobonae: Typis Adolphi Holzhausen. 3581:. Vol. 1. Vindobonae: Typis Adolphi Holzhausen. 3549:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. 3371:

Le règne de la Maison d'Anjou en Albanie (1272–1350)

3224:

Intercultural contacts in the medieval Mediterranean

2728: 2713: 2696:

Intercultural contacts in the medieval Mediterranean

2599: 2533: 2375: 1206:, claimed rights to the Kingdom of Albania. In fact 985:

of "one-fourth and one-eighth of the Latin Empire."

113:

Kingdom of Albania at its maximum extent (1272-1274)

4323: 3286:

The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453

2999: 2987: 2960: 2936: 2876: 2864: 2852: 2777: 2740: 2701: 2676: 2640: 2628: 2572: 2489: 2465: 2414: 2297: 3483: 2900: 2829: 2363: 1569: 988:A second document was also drawn up to organize a 904:Angevin forces by capturing first their commander 496:in the Albanian territories he conquered from the 2180:Capitaneus et vicaris generalis in regno Albaniae 5486: 3466:Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe 1000-1568 3240:Abulafia, David (2000). "The Italian South". In 1399:great, that it began to nominate local bishops. 3222:Abulafia, David (1996), Arbel, Benjamin (ed.), 3178:John V. A. Fine (jr.), John Van Antwerp Fine. 2796:John V. A. Fine (jr.), John Van Antwerp Fine. 721:Carolus I, dei gratia rex Siciliae et Albaniae 413:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty 52: 3731: 3624: 3503: 3267:Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime 3264: 3182:. University of Michigan Press. p. 384. 3154: 3139: 3127: 3115: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3061: 3049: 3032: 2823: 2800:. University of Michigan Press. p. 384. 2512: 2459: 2444: 2408: 2393: 2342: 2330: 2291: 2154: 1233:help and Balša's forces were defeated in the 861: 573:area trying to prevent the Nicaean forces of 66: 873:achieved a diplomatic victory by imposing a 1525: 1225:In 1385 the city of Durrës was captured by 841:On August 1279, Charles of Anjou appointed 780: 5505:States and territories established in 1272 3738: 3724: 3631: 3617: 3265:Anamali, Skënder; Prifti, Kristaq (2002). 2161: 2147: 1091:Duchy of Durazzo before being captured by 1048:was captured by the Aragonese army in the 913:Charles' preparations and Sicilian Vespers 793:The Byzantine presence in Butrint alarmed 553:Map depicting Southeastern Europe in 1265. 107: 3426:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3319: 3301: 2894: 2357: 2318: 675:at the Royal Palace. Charles established 4806: 4661: 3368: 3283: 3239: 3221: 2554: 1626:1365–1368 and 1376, in right of his wife 1175: 1086: 1017: 947: 879: 832: 784: 687:After defeating Manfred's forces in the 666: 548: 4069:Albanian resistance during World War II 3463: 2771: 965:, and Charles himself or Charles' son, 27:13th- and 14th-century European kingdom 14: 5487: 5055: 3685:Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto 3539: 3490:, University of South Carolina Press, 3481: 3377: 2734: 2622: 2566: 2527: 2381: 2306: 1082: 892:in 1282 after his victory against the 755: 5525:13th century in the Kingdom of Sicily 3719: 3612: 3521: 3440: 3416: 3304:Histoire de l'Albanie et des albanais 2882: 2722: 2707: 2682: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2634: 2610: 2593: 2581: 2539: 2500: 2483: 2471: 2432: 2420: 2369: 2201:Guillaume Bernard (23 September 1275) 3745: 3402: 3344: 3288:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 3205: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2981: 2969: 2954: 2942: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2870: 2858: 2846: 2783: 2746: 917: 500:in 1271, with the help of the local 3226:, Psychology Press, pp. 1–13, 2204:Jean Vaubecourt (15 September 1277) 1947:International Commission of Control 1599: 1543: 1141: 1007: 805:. Nikephoros I promised to make an 24: 3508:, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2242:Marshals of the Kingdom of Albania 1638:In 1368 and 1383, Durazzo fell to 25: 5546: 4009:Principality of Albania (1914–25) 3994:Provisional Government of Albania 1538: 1061: 884:The Ardenica monastery, built by 520:out of the interior by 1281. The 5171: 5054: 4873: 4717: 4716: 4296: 4295: 4210: 4209: 4137: 1677: 1632:Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu 1338:fall of Byzantine Empire in 1204 1256:marescallus in partibus Albaniae 1252:capitaneus et vicarius generalis 1216:Louis of Évreux, Duke of Durazzo 1183:was the Great Great Grandson of 557:During the conflict between the 458: 444: 430: 405: 391: 311:Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu 91: 5535:Former countries in the Balkans 3171: 3160: 2789: 2752: 2688: 2231:Guillaume de Grosseteste (1298) 1988:Italian protectorate (southern) 1634:1376-1383, in right of his wife 1570:Lords of the Kingdom of Albania 1496: 1171: 5392:Orders, decorations and medals 3999:Albania during the Balkan Wars 3450:, Cambridge University Press, 3373:, Rev. Akademos, pp. 7–26 3269:(in Albanian). Botimet Toena. 2237:Rinieri da Montefuscolo (1301) 1564:Lord of the Kingdom of Albania 1284:. He was succeeded in 1318 by 1056: 13: 1: 5495:Kingdom of Albania (medieval) 4039:Albanian Republic (1925–1928) 3913:Massacre of the Albanian Beys 2279: 2248:Marescallus in regni Albaniae 1244: 719:under King Charles of Anjou ( 596:The Nicaeans took control of 544: 145:Durazzo (Dyrrhachium, modern 18:Kingdom of Albania (medieval) 4044:Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) 4019:Autonomous Province of Korçë 2038:German occupation of Albania 1415:the permission of the pope. 1200:Philip II, Prince of Taranto 1050:Battle of the Gulf of Naples 795:Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas 679:after he conquered part the 282:• 1348–1368, 1376-1383 32:Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) 7: 4079:Orthography Congress (1972) 4074:Communist Albania (1946–91) 4054:Italian invasion of Albania 4004:Republic of Central Albania 3984:Declaration of Independence 3928:Albanian National Awakening 3504:O'Connell, Monique (2009), 3302:Castellan, Georges (2002), 3155:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 3140:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 3128:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 3116:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 3101:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 3089:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 3077:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 3062:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 3050:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 3033:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 2513:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 2460:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 2445:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 2409:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 2394:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 2343:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 2331:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 2292:Anamali & Prifti (2002) 2246:These officers were styled 2211:Hugues de Sully le Rousseau 2192:Anselme de Chaus (May 1273) 2178:These officers were styled 1973:Republic of Central Albania 1913:Declaration of Independence 1295: 1282:marascallum regnie Albaniae 1105:Philip I, Prince of Taranto 799:William II of Villehardouin 662: 508:) south along the coast to 10: 5551: 4049:Union with Italian kingdom 3442:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray 3284:Bartusis, Mark C. (1997), 3214: 2257:Philip d'Artulla (Ervilla) 2081:1997 Albanian civil unrest 1858:Revolts of 1833–1839 1747:Angevin Kingdom of Albania 1620:1348–1368 & 1376-1383 1418: 1011: 967:Charles, Prince of Salerno 921: 865: 862:Byzantine counteroffensive 539: 514:Siege of Berat (1280–1281) 287:Joanna, Duchess of Durazzo 40:Albania under Nazi Germany 29: 5444: 5410: 5343: 5312: 5257: 5226: 5219: 5162: 5119: 5073: 4996: 4958: 4949: 4908: 4904: 4895: 4797: 4729: 4705: 4652: 4626: 4605: 4566: 4562: 4553: 4509: 4471: 4433: 4387: 4314: 4249: 4245: 4236: 4190: 4159: 4155: 4146: 4135: 4107: 3971: 3870: 3834: 3766: 3757: 3705:Principality of Kastrioti 3700:Principality of Dukagjini 3695:Principality of Zenebishi 3650: 3369:Frachery, Thomas (2005), 2225:Ponzard de Tournay (1294) 1863:Revolt of 1843–1844 1474: 1429:Western type of feudalism 1411:curia became very close. 1068:Andronikos II Palaiologos 890:Andronikos II Palaiologos 801:who was at that time the 707:After the failure of the 695:of 1267 was signed, with 489: 370: 358: 354: 344: 334: 330: 320: 316: 304: 292: 280: 268: 256: 244: 232: 220: 208: 204: 186: 174: 153: 141: 118: 106: 88: 83: 67: 47: 4064:The Holocaust in Albania 3923:Uprising of Dervish Cara 3680:Principality of Matranga 3670:Principality of Arianiti 3522:Pollo, Stefanaq (1974), 2216:Guillaume Bernard (1283) 2048:Second League of Prizren 1642:, who was recognized by 1526:In modern historiography 1356:of Albania was created. 1352:help of Helen of Anjou. 1153:Charles, Duke of Durazzo 868:Siege of Berat (1280-81) 781:Angevin counteroffensive 730:Michael VIII Palaiologos 275:Charles, Duke of Durazzo 3903:Islamization of Albania 3893:Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini 3847:Principality of Arbanon 3660:Principality of Albania 3655:Principality of Arbanon 3640:Albanian Principalities 3464:Nicolle, David (1988), 2234:Geoffroy de Port (1299) 2043:World War II in Albania 1800:Islamization of Albania 1790:Principality of Mirdita 1752:Principality of Albania 1742:Principality of Arbanon 1694:Origin of the Albanians 1109:Frederick III of Sicily 993:Empire (presumably the 426:Principality of Albania 399:Principality of Arbanon 84:1271–1368 and 1376-1383 5500:1368 disestablishments 4084:Post-Communist Albania 4059:German Nazi occupation 4014:World War I in Albania 3883:Skanderbeg's rebellion 3675:Principality of Muzaka 3482:Norris, H. T. (1993), 2228:Simon de Mercey (1296) 2207:Jean Scotto (May 1279) 2018:Principality (Regency) 1968:World War I in Albania 1936:Provisional Government 1590:Principality of Achaea 1239:Gjergj, Lord of Durrës 1187: 1099: 1029: 955: 933:and in July 1281, the 900: 838: 790: 774:Second Council of Lyon 684: 554: 485: 346:• Disestablished 299:Louis, Duke of Durazzo 294:• 1365–1368,1376 53: 5382:Epitaph of Gllavenica 3665:Principality of Gropa 3591:Jireček, Constantinus 3569:Jireček, Constantinus 3468:, Osprey Publishing, 3403:Lala, Etleva (2008), 3306:, Editions ARMELINE, 1179: 1090: 1021: 997:), and would meet in 951: 943:Greek Orthodox Church 883: 836: 788: 670: 552: 492:) was established by 263:John, Duke of Durazzo 4814:Archaeological sites 4324:Vetting Institutions 4024:Italian protectorate 3938:Congress of Manastir 3918:Revolts of 1833–1839 3587:Thallóczy, Ludovicus 3565:Thallóczy, Ludovicus 3346:Fine, John V. A. Jr. 3208:, pp. 136, 138. 2263:Jacques de Campagnol 2008:Italian protectorate 1518:, and the Church of 1423:While the Byzantine 1190:The pressure of the 1132:Kingdom of Trinacria 1113:Battle of Falconaria 1097:Princedom of Albania 1046:Charles II of Naples 953:Charles II of Naples 651:. Manfred appointed 591:Theodore II Laskaris 486:Mbretëria e Arbërisë 54:Mbretëria e Arbërisë 5035:Research institutes 4597:State Supreme Audit 4034:Republic of Mirdita 3064:, pp. 221–222. 3020:, pp. 118–119. 2984:, pp. 149–153. 2957:, pp. 147–148. 2596:, pp. 208–209. 2447:, pp. 208–210. 2345:, pp. 205–206. 2321:, pp. 791–792. 2086:Republic of Albania 2033:Albania under Italy 2003:Congress of Lushnjë 1983:Republic of Mirdita 1941:Congress of Trieste 1931:Independent Albania 1347:, a spouse of King 1334:Great Schism (1054) 1229:. Topia called for 1185:Charles I of Naples 1103:Albania to his son 1083:Recapture of Durrës 1042:Peter III of Aragon 939:Philip of Courtenay 856:besieged its castle 756:Byzantine offensive 689:Battle of Benevento 681:Despotate of Epirus 673:Charles I of Naples 641:Battle of Pelagonia 559:Despotate of Epirus 336:• Established 36:Albania under Italy 5530:Charles I of Anjou 4852:Adriatic Sea Coast 4779:Telecommunications 4486:Capital punishment 4379:Prosecutor General 3948:Malissori uprising 3908:Albanian Pashaliks 3862:House of Kastrioti 3852:Kingdom of Albania 3595:Sufflay, Emilianus 3573:Sufflay, Emilianus 3541:Setton, Kenneth M. 2260:Geoffroy de Polisy 1993:Congress of Durrës 1853:National Awakening 1393:Premonstratensians 1188: 1100: 1030: 956: 901: 839: 791: 685: 620:. In the meantime 602:George Akropolites 555: 534:Republic of Venice 490:Kingdom of Albania 350:1368 and 1376-1383 68:Kingdom of Albania 5482: 5481: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5308: 5307: 5215: 5214: 5207:Cognac Skënderbeu 5014: 4966: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4879:Images of Albania 4847: 4846: 4706:Natural resources 4697:Hydropower plants 4692: 4691: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4354: 4353: 4291:Political parties 4286:Foreign relations 4232: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4133: 4132: 4089:1997 Civil Unrest 3933:League of Prizren 3857:Despotate of Arta 3713: 3712: 3690:Despotate of Arta 3533:978-2-7171-0025-9 3515:978-0-8018-9145-8 3497:978-0-87249-977-5 3475:978-0-85045-833-6 3457:978-0-521-13089-9 3313:978-2-910878-20-7 3295:978-0-8122-1620-2 3276:978-99927-1-622-9 3233:978-0-7146-4714-2 3189:978-0-4720-8260-5 2933:, pp. 91–95. 2921:, pp. 54–55. 2807:978-0-4720-8260-5 2758:Abulafia (1996), 2694:Abulafia (1996), 2673:, pp. 44–47. 2661:, pp. 67–68. 2486:, pp. 18–23. 2435:, pp. 15–17. 2273:Gulielm Blinishti 2254:Guillaume Bernard 2171: 2170: 2058:Socialist Albania 2023:Albanian Republic 1978:Republic of Korçë 1878:League of Prizren 1810:Sanjak of Scutari 1805:Sanjak of Albania 1648:Prince of Albania 1278:Gulielm Blinishti 1220:Durrës Expedition 935:Treaty of Orvieto 924:Treaty of Orvieto 918:Treaty of Orvieto 886:Byzantine Emperor 851:Pope Nicholas III 837:Pope Nicholas III 717:Kingdom of Sicily 693:Treaty of Viterbo 622:Manfred of Sicily 502:Albanian nobility 474: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 440:Lordship of Berat 418: 417: 306:• 1376-1383 270:• 1336–1348 258:• 1332–1336 246:• 1331–1332 234:• 1294–1331 222:• 1285–1294 210:• 1272–1285 166:Eastern Orthodoxy 131:Kingdom of Sicily 16:(Redirected from 5542: 5515:Kings of Albania 5510:Dukes of Durazzo 5467: 5460: 5453: 5224: 5223: 5175: 5058: 5057: 5010: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4877: 4857:Ionian Sea Coast 4804: 4803: 4720: 4719: 4659: 4658: 4613:Shopping centers 4582: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4537:Border crossings 4411:Cities and towns 4321: 4320: 4299: 4298: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4213: 4212: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4141: 3963:Kimza Government 3764: 3763: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3717: 3716: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3582: 3560: 3536: 3518: 3500: 3489: 3478: 3460: 3437: 3418:Nicol, Donald M. 3413: 3411: 3399: 3395:978-1-13905573-4 3374: 3365: 3341: 3337:978-1-13905573-4 3316: 3298: 3280: 3261: 3257:978-1-13905574-1 3236: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3175: 3169: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3036: 3030: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2895:Castellan (2002) 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2827: 2824:O'Connell (2009) 2821: 2815: 2814: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2358:Ducellier (1999) 2355: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2319:Ducellier (1999) 2316: 2310: 2304: 2295: 2289: 2220:Guy of Charpigny 2163: 2156: 2149: 2028:Albanian Kingdom 1949: 1908:Albanian Vilayet 1845:Massacre of the 1830:Manastir Vilayet 1772:Venetian Albania 1681: 1671: 1653: 1652: 1600:Dukes of Durazzo 1544:Kings of Albania 1512:Shirgj Monastery 1381:Franciscan order 1374:Pope Benedict XI 1372:were ordered by 1210:was married to 1142:Duchy of Durazzo 1117:Pope Benedict XI 1034:Sicilian Vespers 1023:Sicilian vespers 1014:Sicilian Vespers 1008:Sicilian Vespers 963:Giovanni Dandolo 803:prince of Achaea 723:). He appointed 697:Charles of Anjou 653:Philippe Chinard 563:Empire of Nicaea 522:Sicilian Vespers 498:Byzantine Empire 494:Charles of Anjou 491: 462: 461: 454:Mataranga family 448: 447: 434: 433: 422: 421: 409: 408: 395: 394: 388: 387: 372: 371: 111: 95: 78: 70: 69: 64: 56: 45: 44: 21: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5520:Former kingdoms 5485: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5432: 5418:Public holidays 5406: 5339: 5304: 5253: 5211: 5158: 5115: 5069: 4992: 4945: 4883: 4843: 4793: 4784:Posta Shqiptare 4725: 4701: 4688: 4648: 4622: 4601: 4580: 4541: 4527:Organized crime 4505: 4467: 4429: 4383: 4350: 4310: 4224: 4220:Protected areas 4186: 4142: 4129: 4103: 4094:NATO membership 3977: 3975: 3967: 3888:League of Lezhë 3876: 3874: 3866: 3840: 3838: 3830: 3753: 3744: 3714: 3709: 3646: 3637: 3607: 3597:, eds. (1918). 3575:, eds. (1913). 3557: 3534: 3516: 3498: 3476: 3458: 3434: 3409: 3396: 3380:Abulafia, David 3362: 3338: 3322:Abulafia, David 3314: 3296: 3277: 3258: 3234: 3217: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3039: 3031: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2808: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2555:Bartusis (1997) 2553: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2267:Andrea I Muzaka 2244: 2196:Narjot de Toucy 2176: 2167: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2099: 2091: 2090: 2071: 2063: 2062: 2013:June Revolution 1945: 1926: 1918: 1917: 1898:Battle of Deçiq 1820:Scutari Vilayet 1815:Sanjak of Dibra 1795:Ottoman Albania 1785: 1777: 1776: 1767:League of Lezhë 1727: 1719: 1718: 1689: 1669: 1662: 1602: 1594:Duke of Durazzo 1572: 1546: 1541: 1532:Regnum Albaniae 1528: 1499: 1477: 1421: 1298: 1286:Andrea I Muzaka 1247: 1235:Battle of Savra 1192:Serbian Kingdom 1174: 1149:John of Gravina 1144: 1124:Durrës District 1085: 1073:Stephen Milutin 1064: 1059: 1027:Francesco Hayez 1016: 1010: 926: 920: 915: 870: 864: 810:to the Angevin 783: 758: 746:Council of Lyon 677:Regnum Albaniae 665: 547: 542: 459: 445: 431: 406: 392: 347: 337: 307: 295: 283: 271: 259: 247: 235: 223: 211: 170: 114: 102: 101: 96: 79: 72: 65: 58: 50: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5548: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5469: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5367: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5228: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5168: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5002: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4932:Noble families 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4912: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4871: 4866: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4730:Infrastructure 4727: 4726: 4724: 4714: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4665: 4663: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4491:Assassinations 4488: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4443: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4406:Municipalities 4403: 4398: 4393: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4325: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4281:Prime Minister 4278: 4266: 4253: 4251: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4163: 4161: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3980: 3978: 3976:(1912–present) 3969: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3958:Revolt of 1912 3955: 3953:Taksim meeting 3950: 3945: 3943:Revolt of 1910 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3898:Arbëni Council 3895: 3890: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3872:Ottoman period 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3843: 3841: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3772: 3770: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3743: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3636: 3635: 3628: 3621: 3613: 3606: 3605: 3583: 3561: 3555: 3537: 3532: 3519: 3514: 3501: 3496: 3479: 3474: 3461: 3456: 3438: 3432: 3414: 3400: 3394: 3375: 3366: 3360: 3342: 3336: 3317: 3312: 3299: 3294: 3281: 3275: 3262: 3256: 3242:Jones, Michael 3237: 3232: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3210: 3198: 3188: 3170: 3159: 3157:, p. 315. 3144: 3142:, p. 314. 3132: 3130:, p. 226. 3120: 3118:, p. 225. 3105: 3103:, p. 224. 3093: 3091:, p. 223. 3081: 3079:, p. 222. 3066: 3054: 3052:, p. 221. 3037: 3035:, p. 220. 3022: 3010: 3008:, p. 157. 2998: 2996:, p. 154. 2986: 2974: 2972:, p. 146. 2959: 2947: 2945:, p. 155. 2935: 2923: 2911: 2899: 2887: 2875: 2873:, p. 136. 2863: 2861:, p. 138. 2851: 2828: 2816: 2806: 2788: 2786:, p. 384. 2776: 2772:Nicolle (1988) 2764: 2751: 2749:, p. 290. 2739: 2727: 2725:, p. 128. 2712: 2700: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2639: 2627: 2625:, p. 140. 2615: 2613:, p. 208. 2598: 2586: 2571: 2569:, p. 137. 2559: 2544: 2542:, p. 206. 2532: 2530:, p. 136. 2517: 2515:, p. 211. 2505: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2462:, p. 201. 2449: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2411:, p. 207. 2398: 2396:, p. 206. 2386: 2384:, p. 533. 2374: 2362: 2360:, p. 793. 2347: 2335: 2333:, p. 205. 2323: 2311: 2296: 2294:, p. 202. 2283: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2165: 2158: 2151: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2076:Post-communism 2072: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2053:Liberation Day 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1963:Peasant Revolt 1960: 1955: 1950: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1903:Revolt of 1912 1900: 1895: 1893:Revolt of 1911 1890: 1888:Revolt of 1910 1885: 1883:League of Peja 1880: 1875: 1873:Revolt of 1847 1870: 1868:Revolt of 1845 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1842: 1837: 1835:Kosovo Vilayet 1832: 1827: 1825:Janina Vilayet 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1762:Principalities 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1737:Bulgarian rule 1734: 1732:Byzantine rule 1728: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1674: 1673: 1664: 1663: 1656: 1636: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1615: 1609: 1601: 1598: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1571: 1568: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1539:List of rulers 1537: 1527: 1524: 1498: 1495: 1476: 1473: 1420: 1417: 1345:Helen of Anjou 1297: 1294: 1246: 1243: 1212:Helen of Anjou 1173: 1170: 1143: 1140: 1084: 1081: 1063: 1062:Loss of Durrës 1060: 1058: 1055: 1012:Main article: 1009: 1006: 960:Doge of Venice 922:Main article: 919: 916: 914: 911: 898:Siege of Berat 863: 860: 824:Constantinople 807:oath of homage 782: 779: 757: 754: 734:Pope Gregory X 713:Regnum Albanie 709:Eighth Crusade 664: 661: 577:from entering 567:Golem of Kruja 565:in 1253, lord 546: 543: 541: 538: 478:Regnum Albaniæ 472: 471: 468: 467: 464: 463: 456: 450: 449: 442: 436: 435: 428: 419: 416: 415: 410: 402: 401: 396: 384: 383: 378: 368: 367: 362: 356: 355: 352: 351: 348: 345: 342: 341: 338: 335: 332: 331: 328: 327: 322: 321:Historical era 318: 317: 314: 313: 308: 305: 302: 301: 296: 293: 290: 289: 284: 281: 278: 277: 272: 269: 266: 265: 260: 257: 254: 253: 248: 245: 242: 241: 236: 233: 230: 229: 224: 221: 218: 217: 212: 209: 206: 205: 202: 201: 198: 184: 183: 178: 172: 171: 169: 168: 163: 157: 155: 151: 150: 143: 139: 138: 124:Personal union 120: 116: 115: 112: 104: 103: 97: 90: 89: 86: 85: 81: 80: 51: 49:Regnum Albaniæ 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5547: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5429: 5428:Copyright law 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5387:Sign language 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313:Entertainment 5311: 5301: 5300:Indoor arenas 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5265:Weightlifting 5263: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5234:National team 5232: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5111:Sworn virgins 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4270: 4269:Head of state 4267: 4265: 4263: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3629: 3627: 3622: 3620: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3556:0-87169-114-0 3552: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3517: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3433:0-521-34157-4 3429: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3407: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3361:0-472-08260-4 3357: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3102: 3097: 3090: 3085: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3019: 3014: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2990: 2983: 2978: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2956: 2951: 2944: 2939: 2932: 2927: 2920: 2915: 2909:, p. 52. 2908: 2903: 2897:, p. 25. 2896: 2891: 2885:, p. 54. 2884: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2855: 2849:, p. 21. 2848: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2826:, p. 23. 2825: 2820: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2785: 2780: 2774:, p. 37. 2773: 2768: 2761: 2755: 2748: 2743: 2737:, p. 36. 2736: 2735:Norris (1993) 2731: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2710:, p. 99. 2709: 2704: 2697: 2691: 2685:, p. 68. 2684: 2679: 2672: 2667: 2660: 2655: 2649:, p. 28. 2648: 2643: 2637:, p. 33. 2636: 2631: 2624: 2623:Setton (1976) 2619: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2595: 2590: 2584:, p. 27. 2583: 2578: 2576: 2568: 2567:Setton (1976) 2563: 2557:, p. 63. 2556: 2551: 2549: 2541: 2536: 2529: 2528:Setton (1976) 2524: 2522: 2514: 2509: 2503:, p. 25. 2502: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2485: 2480: 2474:, p. 18. 2473: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2423:, p. 15. 2422: 2417: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2382:Jacobi (1999) 2378: 2372:, p. 12. 2371: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2344: 2339: 2332: 2327: 2320: 2315: 2309:, p. 81. 2308: 2307:Setton (1976) 2303: 2301: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2095: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1688:Early History 1685: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1630: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1536: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1472: 1470: 1469:Kantakouzenos 1466: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1408:Dushan's code 1405: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1349:Stefan Uroš I 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1293: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1208:Stefan Uroš I 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1169: 1166: 1165:Muzaka family 1161: 1160:Thopia family 1156: 1154: 1150: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1005: 1002: 1000: 996: 991: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 961: 954: 950: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 925: 910: 907: 906:Hugo de Sully 899: 895: 891: 887: 882: 878: 876: 869: 859: 857: 852: 848: 844: 843:Hugo de Sully 835: 831: 829: 825: 822:and later to 821: 816: 813: 808: 804: 800: 796: 787: 778: 775: 770: 768: 765:and later on 764: 753: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 698: 694: 691:in 1266, the 690: 682: 678: 674: 669: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 575:John Vatatzes 572: 568: 564: 560: 551: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 487: 483: 479: 457: 455: 452: 451: 443: 441: 438: 437: 429: 427: 424: 423: 420: 414: 411: 404: 403: 400: 397: 390: 389: 386: 385: 382: 379: 377: 374: 373: 369: 366: 363: 361: 360:ISO 3166 code 357: 353: 349: 343: 339: 333: 329: 326: 323: 319: 315: 312: 309: 303: 300: 297: 291: 288: 285: 279: 276: 273: 267: 264: 261: 255: 252: 249: 243: 240: 237: 231: 228: 225: 219: 216: 213: 207: 203: 199: 197: 193: 189: 185: 182: 179: 177: 173: 167: 164: 162: 159: 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137: 136: 132: 129: 125: 121: 117: 110: 105: 100: 94: 87: 82: 76: 62: 55: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5465:Bibliography 5372: 5370:Coat of arms 5360: 5258:Other sports 5081:Folk beliefs 5045:Universities 4973:Architecture 4917:Demographics 4859: 4769: 4618:Supermarkets 4592:Trade unions 4473:Human rights 4448: 4389:Subdivisions 4359:Constitution 4271: 4259: 4205:Biodiversity 4099:EU Accession 3973:Independence 3599: 3577: 3545: 3523: 3505: 3485: 3465: 3446: 3422: 3405: 3384: 3370: 3350: 3326: 3303: 3285: 3266: 3246: 3223: 3201: 3193: 3179: 3173: 3162: 3135: 3123: 3096: 3084: 3057: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2977: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2914: 2902: 2890: 2883:Pollo (1974) 2878: 2866: 2854: 2819: 2811: 2797: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2759: 2754: 2742: 2730: 2723:Nicol (2010) 2708:Nicol (2010) 2703: 2695: 2690: 2683:Nicol (2010) 2678: 2671:Nicol (2010) 2666: 2659:Nicol (2010) 2654: 2647:Nicol (2010) 2642: 2635:Nicol (2010) 2630: 2618: 2611:Nicol (1988) 2594:Nicol (2010) 2589: 2582:Nicol (2010) 2562: 2540:Nicol (2010) 2535: 2508: 2501:Nicol (2010) 2484:Nicol (2010) 2479: 2472:Nicol (2010) 2467: 2440: 2433:Nicol (2010) 2428: 2421:Nicol (2010) 2416: 2389: 2377: 2370:Nicol (2010) 2365: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2287: 2247: 2245: 2187:Gazo Chinard 2179: 2177: 2110:Constitution 2070:Contemporary 1958:Principality 1846: 1784:Early modern 1757:Serbian rule 1647: 1637: 1587: 1563: 1561: 1531: 1529: 1500: 1497:Architecture 1491: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1433: 1422: 1413: 1404:Latin heresy 1403: 1401: 1397: 1378: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1342: 1331: 1299: 1290: 1281: 1274: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1224: 1196:Stefan Dušan 1189: 1172:Last decades 1157: 1145: 1136:Frederick II 1121: 1101: 1065: 1031: 1003: 987: 982: 957: 927: 902: 871: 846: 840: 820:Thessaloníki 817: 792: 771: 759: 750: 725:Gazo Chinard 720: 712: 706: 702:Gazo Chinard 686: 676: 645:Andrea Vrana 638: 595: 556: 477: 475: 381:Succeeded by 380: 375: 122: 99:Coat of Arms 4978:Photography 4964:(galleries) 4839:Lighthouses 4712:Oil and gas 4634:Agriculture 4434:Legislature 4306:Visa policy 4192:Environment 3875:(1385–1912) 3839:(1190–1385) 3836:Middle Ages 3644:Middle Ages 3526:, Horvath, 3206:Lala (2008) 3018:Lala (2008) 3006:Lala (2008) 2994:Lala (2008) 2982:Lala (2008) 2970:Lala (2008) 2955:Lala (2008) 2943:Lala (2008) 2931:Lala (2008) 2919:Lala (2008) 2907:Lala (2008) 2871:Lala (2008) 2859:Lala (2008) 2847:Lala (2008) 2784:Fine (1994) 2747:Fine (1994) 1953:Balkan Wars 1925:Late modern 1668:History of 1516:Vau i Dejës 1389:Cistercians 1314:Catholicism 1267:prothontius 1093:Karl Thopia 1057:Restoration 1025:(1846), by 875:French Pope 828:Gjin Muzaka 715:) with the 530:Karl Thopia 488:, English: 376:Preceded by 161:Catholicism 5489:Categories 5325:Television 5285:Volleyball 5280:Basketball 5134:Fustanella 5096:Secularism 5065:Albanology 5050:Publishers 5030:Literature 4772:structures 4639:Healthcare 4581:(currency) 4463:Opposition 4364:Corruption 4257:Government 3806:Dassaretii 2280:References 1640:Karl Topia 1556:Charles II 1385:Carmelites 1370:Dominicans 1304:, Durrës, 1263:thesaurius 1245:Government 1204:Karl Topia 1181:Karl Topia 866:See also: 671:Statue of 583:Michael II 545:Background 526:Byzantines 227:Charles II 194:and later 176:Government 5270:Athletics 5182:Tavë kosi 5074:Tradition 5040:Libraries 4998:Education 4807:Monuments 4789:Squatting 4767:Highrises 4662:Operators 4644:Companies 4501:Ombudsman 4441:Elections 4316:Judiciary 4250:Executive 4167:Mountains 4160:Landscape 4148:Geography 4029:Vlora War 3826:Taulantii 3801:Bylliones 3768:Illyrians 3348:(1994) . 2698:, pp.1-13 1998:Vlora War 1840:Pashaliks 1714:Illyricum 1709:Macedonia 1704:Illyrians 1614:1336–1348 1608:1332–1336 1584:1331–1332 1578:1294–1331 1558:1285–1294 1552:1272–1285 1550:Charles I 1486:suburbium 1482:proastion 1326:Bulgarian 1310:Nicopolis 1134:ruled by 983:dominator 812:castellan 251:Robert II 215:Charles I 154:Religion 126:with the 5474:Category 5397:Passport 5375:armorial 5353:Heraldry 5295:Olympics 5290:Swimming 5249:Stadiums 5227:Football 5154:Xhamadan 5139:Xhubleta 5121:Costumes 5101:Religion 5060:Proverbs 5025:Language 5006:Alphabet 4988:Theatres 4937:Diaspora 4834:Churches 4752:Railways 4742:Aviation 4737:Highways 4627:Industry 4587:Taxation 4517:Military 4510:Security 4481:Abortion 4451:speakers 4446:Assembly 4421:Villages 4416:Communes 4401:Counties 4369:EURALIUS 4301:Treaties 4262:agencies 4238:Politics 4125:Archives 4120:Timeline 4108:See also 3821:Parthini 3816:Labeatae 3796:Balaites 3791:Amantini 3751:articles 3543:(1976). 3444:(2010), 3420:(1988). 2762:, p. 495 2137:Timeline 2120:Military 1726:Medieval 1659:a series 1657:Part of 1312:, where 1302:Antivari 1296:Religion 1227:Balša II 990:vanguard 979:founding 975:Brindisi 894:Angevins 815:Epirus. 663:Creation 561:and the 518:Angevins 482:Albanian 325:Medieval 239:Philip I 181:Monarchy 61:Albanian 5451:Outline 5423:Smoking 5345:Symbols 5275:Cycling 5244:Players 5164:Cuisine 5129:Qeleshe 5020:Abetare 5012:scripts 4983:Museums 4951:Culture 4897:Society 4869:Beaches 4862:riviera 4824:Mosques 4819:Castles 4799:Tourism 4762:Tunnels 4757:Bridges 4574:Banking 4567:Finance 4555:Economy 4532:Prisons 4458:Members 4215:Habitat 4200:Climate 4182:Islands 4115:Origins 3811:Enchele 3786:Amantes 3781:Albanoi 3776:Ardiaei 3759:History 3747:Albania 3642:in the 3382:(ed.). 3324:(ed.). 3244:(ed.). 3215:Sources 2115:Economy 1699:Illyria 1670:Albania 1612:Charles 1465:Këlcyrë 1437:Shkodër 1425:Pronoia 1419:Society 1322:Serbian 1231:Ottoman 1111:in the 1077:Simonis 1038:Messina 995:Genoese 971:galleys 896:in the 767:Butrint 634:Butrint 606:Arbanon 540:History 510:Butrint 142:Capital 128:Angevin 75:English 5335:Cinema 5220:Sports 5187:Kabuni 5177:Gjellë 5149:Opinga 5106:Nevruz 4927:Tribes 4922:Census 4910:People 4829:Tekkes 4722:Mining 4654:Energy 4606:Retail 4522:Police 4172:Rivers 3989:Anthem 3749: 3553: 3530: 3512: 3494: 3472: 3454: 3430: 3392: 3358: 3334: 3310: 3292: 3273: 3254: 3230: 3186: 2804: 2275:(1304) 2269:(1279) 2222:(1294) 2213:(1281) 2198:(1274) 2189:(1272) 2098:Topics 1661:on the 1644:Venice 1618:Joanna 1582:Robert 1576:Philip 1503:Gothic 1475:Cities 1441:Drisht 1439:, and 1128:Achaea 931:Venice 657:Kanina 618:Prilep 598:Durrës 579:Devoll 571:Kostur 506:Durrës 200: 147:Durrës 135:Naples 119:Status 71: 57: 38:, and 5458:Index 5411:Other 5330:Radio 5320:Music 5239:Clubs 4942:Women 4747:Ports 4679:OSHEE 4177:Lakes 3410:(PDF) 2125:Names 1624:Louis 1520:Rubik 1508:apses 1318:Greek 1306:Ohrid 999:Corfu 763:Berat 742:Latin 738:Greek 649:Italy 630:Vlorë 626:Berat 614:Ohrid 610:Dibra 587:Krujë 5363:list 5358:Flag 5202:Wine 5197:Beer 5192:Raki 5144:Brez 5086:Besa 4669:KESH 4579:Lek 4496:LGBT 4426:Maps 4396:NUTS 4374:SPAK 4274:list 3551:ISBN 3528:ISBN 3510:ISBN 3492:ISBN 3470:ISBN 3452:ISBN 3428:ISBN 3390:ISBN 3356:ISBN 3332:ISBN 3308:ISBN 3290:ISBN 3271:ISBN 3252:ISBN 3228:ISBN 3184:ISBN 2802:ISBN 1847:beys 1606:John 1530:The 1484:and 1406:and 1391:and 1324:and 1308:and 740:and 616:and 476:The 340:1271 196:Duke 192:Lord 188:King 5402:.al 5091:Oda 4960:Art 4684:ERE 4674:OST 4346:KPK 4341:ONM 4336:IKP 4331:KPA 2105:Art 1646:as 845:as 5491:: 3593:; 3589:; 3571:; 3567:; 3192:. 3147:^ 3108:^ 3069:^ 3040:^ 3025:^ 2962:^ 2831:^ 2810:. 2715:^ 2601:^ 2574:^ 2547:^ 2520:^ 2491:^ 2452:^ 2401:^ 2350:^ 2299:^ 2250:. 2182:. 1650:. 1596:. 1566:. 1387:, 1383:, 1320:, 1316:, 1258:. 1155:. 888:, 858:. 628:, 612:, 593:. 536:. 484:: 365:AL 190:, 34:, 5377:) 5373:( 5365:) 5361:( 4864:) 4860:( 4774:) 4770:( 4453:) 4449:( 4276:) 4272:( 4264:) 4260:( 3739:e 3732:t 3725:v 3632:e 3625:t 3618:v 3559:. 3436:. 3398:. 3364:. 3340:. 3279:. 3260:. 2162:e 2155:t 2148:v 683:. 480:( 149:) 133:/ 77:) 73:( 63:) 59:( 42:. 20:)

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