Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)

2306: 118: 693: 3331:(in present-day Slovakia) developed a network of settlements under Béla IV. Huts disappeared, and new rural houses consisting of a living room, a kitchen and a pantry were built. The most advanced agricultural techniques, including asymmetric heavy ploughs, also spread throughout the kingdom. Internal migration was likewise instrumental in the development of the new domains emerging in former royal lands. The new landholders granted personal freedom and more favorable financial conditions to those who arrived in their estates, which also enabled the peasants who decided not to move to improve their position. Béla IV granted privileges to more than a dozen towns, including 3029: 2697:, the traditional in-kind tax of Slavonia, in cash. Coloman exempted those who lived on their own estates from the freemen's pennies, and allowed other freemen to redeem half of the tax through services provided. Modern scholars assume that the earliest Hungarian chronicle was composed under Coloman, but it did not survive. This "primary" chronicle is thought to have been expanded and rewritten in accordance with changing political expectations during the 12th century. All scholarly attempts to reconstruct the original text based on chronicles from the 14th and 15th centuries have proved futile. 83: 90: 649: 610: 593: 2868: 3291:) and other traditional centers of commerce. Local Muslim communities vanished, indicating they had suffered especially heavy losses during the invasion. Small villages also disappeared, but archaeological data indicate that the total destruction of settlements was less often than it used to be assumed. The abandonment of most villages, well-documented from the second half of the 13th century, was the consequence of a decades-long integration process with peasants moving from the small villages to larger settlements. 141: 1468: 3183: 3557: 3355: 2669: 9561: 1875: 9551: 1401: 2758:(Bratislava, Slovakia) were also popular. Fresh or dried fruits were common elements of the peasants' daily diet. Monasteries introduced the systematic growing of fruit trees. In their orchards, the trees were planted in holes dug at regular intervals. Even peasants were allowed to hunt and fish in the royal forests that covered large territories in the kingdom. Animal husbandry remained an important sector of agriculture, and 9571: 3079:. When the young king died in a year, his uncle, Andrew, mounted the throne. Stating that "the best measure of a royal grant is its being immeasurable", he distributed large parcels of royal lands among his partisans. Freemen living in former royal lands lost their direct contact to the sovereign, which threatened their legal status. Royal revenues decreased, which led to the introduction of new taxes and 3405:") owed services to their lords in exchange for the lands they held. In a growing number of counties, local nobility acquired the right to elect four "judges of the nobles" to represent them in official procedures (or two, in Transylvania and Slavonia). The idea of equating the Hungarian "nation" with the community of noblemen also emerged in this period. It was first expressed in 3106:, who were actually free landholders directly subordinated to the sovereign, obliged Andrew II to issue his Golden Bull in 1222. It summarized the royal servants' liberties, including their tax exemption. Its last provision authorized the secular and spiritual lords to "resist and speak against" the sovereign "without the charge of 3440:, and other leading families who attempted to control the central government in the name of the young Ladislaus IV. He was declared to be of age in 1277 at an assembly of the spiritual and temporal lords and of the noblemen's and Cumans' representatives, but he could not strengthen royal authority. Ladislaus IV, whose mother, 2946:

tariffs of the period indicate that Hungary was a major supplier of grain, leather, timber, wine, wax, honey, fish, cattle, sheep, pigs, copper, tin, lead, iron, and salt. Royal revenues were due either to the royal chamber or to the king as landowner. The distinction between them was of fundamental importance because the

2790:. The Székelys lived in scattered groups along the borders, but they were moved to the easternmost regions of Transylvania in the 12th century. Stephen II died childless in 1131. His cousin, Duke Álmos' blind son Béla II, succeeded him. During his reign, the kingdom was administered by his wife, 2681:

to places abroad. His laws concerning his Muslim subjects aimed at their conversion; for instance, by obliging them to marry their daughters to Christians. The presence of Jewish and Muslim merchants in the kingdom was due to its position as a crossroad of trading routes leading towards Constantinople,

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in the female line. The young king could not consolidate his position because many lords, especially those who held domains in the southern region of the kingdom, continued to support Charles Robert. Wenceslaus left Hungary for Bohemia in mid-1304. After he inherited Bohemia in 1305, he abandoned his

3522:

With Andrew III's death, the male line of the House of Árpád became extinct, and a period of anarchy began. Charles Robert was crowned king with a provisional crown, but most lords and bishops refused to yield to him because they regarded him as a symbol of the Holy See's attempts to control Hungary.

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Like Ladislaus I, Coloman proved to be a great legislator, but he prescribed less severe punishments than his uncle had done. He ordered that transactions between Christians and Jews were to be put into writing. He prohibited them to hold Christian slaves and introduced a ban on sale of native slaves

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No one shall buy or sell except in the market. If, in violation of this anyone buys stolen property, everyone shall perish: the buyer, the seller, and the witnesses. If, however, they agreed to sell something of their own, they shall lose that thing and its price, and the witnesses shall lose as much

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in Székesfehérvár by the Archbishop of Esztergom, as required by customary law, on August 27, 1310. During the next decade, he launched a series of military campaigns against the oligarchs to restore royal authority. Charles Robert reunited the kingdom after the death of the most powerful lord,

2734:("Saxons") place names imply German-speaking colonists throughout the entire kingdom. Most subjects of the early medieval Hungarian monarchs were peasants. They only cultivated the most fertile lands, and moved further out when the lands became exhausted. Wheat was the most widely produced crop, but 2164:

and others added that they also cultivated arable land. The great number of borrowings from Slavic languages prove that the Hungarians adopted new techniques and a more settled lifestyle in Central Europe. The cohabitation of Hungarians and local ethnic groups is also reflected in the assemblages of

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who lived in Hungary from 1150 to 1153 stated that Géza was "many times more powerful than that of the Byzantine ruler" as his troops were "innumerable". He overestimated Géza's military power but the Hungarian army was indeed on a par with the armies of the Byzantine and Holy Roman emperors. While

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were exempt from this tax, being somewhat transitory between the status of freemen and of serf. Serfs theoretically lacked the legal status available to freemen, but in practice they had their own property: they cultivated their masters' land with their own tools, and kept 50–66 percent of the

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to excommunicate him in case of his departure from its provisions. For non-Christians who continued to be employed in the royal household, Archbishop Robert of Esztergom placed the kingdom under interdict in 1232. Andrew II was forced to take an oath, which included his promise to respect the

3110:". Around this time, the structure of charters of grant underwent a significant change with the introduction of a narrative section about the beneficiaries' heroic acts in the king's service. These lengthy accounts contain more information about Hungary's 13th-century history than the chronicles. 2950:

received one third of the chamber revenues collected in their counties. In-kind taxes were typically imposed on vineyards, and herds of pigs or oxen. Some privileged communities paid lump sum taxes to the royal chamber. Examples include the foreign settlers in Transylvania, who were to pay 15,000

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already around 1150. He also writes of slave trading, mentioning that he bought an attractive slave girl for ten denars, but beautiful slave women were sold for three denars after military campaigns. Archaeological evidence indicates that the large asymmetric heavy plows, capable to turn the soil

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Otto, who was a grandson of Béla IV of Hungary, was crowned king, but only the Kőszegis and the Transylvanian Saxons regarded him as the lawful monarch. He was captured in Transylvania by Ladislaus Kán, who forced him to leave Hungary. The majority of the lords and prelates elected Charles

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shows that Béla's total income was the equivalent of 32 tonnes of silver per year, but this number is clearly exaggerated. According to the list, more than 50 percent of his revenues derived from the annual renewal of the silver currency, and from trade-related duties. Austrian custom

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on a field outside the city. ... After they had destroyed everything, and an intolerable stench arose from the corpses, they left the place empty. People hiding in the nearby forests came back to find some food. And while they were searching among the stones and the corpses, the suddenly

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Béla emphasized the importance of making records on judicial proceedings, which substantiates reports in later Hungarian chronicles of his order regarding the obligatory use of written petitions. Landowners also started to put their transactions into writing, which led to the appearance of the

2011:

colonists. These immigrants were mostly peasants who settled in villages, but some were craftsmen and merchants, who established most of the cities of the Kingdom. Their arrival played a key role in the shaping of an urban lifestyle, habits, and culture in medieval Hungary. The location of the

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has even in a trivial matter offended against the king or, as sometimes happens, has been unjustly accused of this, an emissary from the court, though he be of very lowly station and unattended, seizes him in the midst of his retinue, puts him in chains, and drags him off to various forms of

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After the Mongol withdrawal, Béla IV abandoned his policy of recovering former crown lands. Instead, he granted large estates to his supporters, and urged them to construct stone-and-mortar castles. He initiated a new wave of colonization that resulted in the arrival of a number of Germans,

2449:. The huts were surrounded by large courtyards. Ditches separated them, keeping the animals away and enabling the growing of grains and vegetables. Many of the villages were named after a profession, implying that the villagers were required to render a specific service to their lords. 2356:. The earliest churches were simple wood constructions, but the royal basilica at Székesfehérvár was built in Romanesque style. With the introduction of the Catholic church hierarchy, Latin emerged as the dominant language of ecclesiastic life and state administration, although some 2424:, but intermediate groups also existed. All freemen had the legal capacity to own property, to sue, and to be sued. Most of them were bound to the monarch or to a wealthier landlord, and only "guests" could freely move. Among freemen living in lands attached to a fortress, the 2615:

states that Coloman was crowned king of Croatia after concluding an agreement with twelve local noblemen. Although most probably a forgery, the document reflects the actual status of Croatia proper, which was never incorporated into Hungary. In contrast, the region known as

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Although they were pagan, the Hungarians demonstrated a tolerant attitude towards Christians, Jews, and Muslims. Muslim, Jewish, and Hungarian merchants from Hungary regularly visited the fairs at Prague, exchanging gold and Byzantine gold coins for slaves, tin, and fur. To

2388:. Stating that "the country that has only one language and one custom is weak and fragile", he emphasized the advantages of the arrival of foreigners, or "guests". His laws were aimed at the adoption, even by force, of a Christian way of life. He especially protected 2036:, and even non-Christian ethnic minority communities also existed. Latin was the language of legislation, administration and the judiciary, but "linguistic pluralism" contributed to the survival of many tongues, including a great variety of Slavic dialects. 3479:

of dubious legitimacy. Andrew became the first monarch to take an oath respecting the liberties of the Church and the nobility before his coronation. He regularly convoked the prelates, the lords, and the noblemen's representatives to assemblies known as

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in March 1242. Nevertheless, the invasion and the famine that followed it had catastrophic demographic consequences. At least 15 percent of the population died or disappeared. Transcontinental trading routes disintegrated, causing the decline of

2472:, as his heir. After Vazul was blinded and his three sons were expelled, Peter succeeded his uncle without opposition in 1038. Peter's preference for his foreign courtiers led to a rebellion, which ended with his deposition in favor of a native lord, 3252:

burnt the church , together with the women and whatever there was in the church. In other churches they perpetrated such crimes to the women that it is better to keep silent ... Then they ruthlessly beheaded the nobles, citizens, soldiers and

6777:(Translated and Edited by János M. Bak, György Bónis, James Ross Sweeney with an essay on previous editions by Andor Czizmadia, Second revised edition, In collaboration with Leslie S. Domonkos) (1999). Charles Schlacks, Jr. Publishers. 2405:

If any warrior debased by lewdness abducts a girl to be his wife without the consent of her parents, we decreed that the girl should be returned to her parents, even if he did anything by force to her, and the abductor shall pay ten

3208:. Here, a riot broke out against the Cumans and the mob massacred the Cuman leader, Kuthen. The Cumans soon departed and pillaged the central parts of the kingdom. The main Mongol army arrived through the northeastern passes of the 3113:

The Golden Bull also prohibited the employment of Muslims and Jews in royal administration. This ban was confirmed when Andrew II, urged by the prelates, issued the Golden Bull's new variant in 1231, which authorized the

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too. But if the deal was made in the market, and agreement shall be concluded in front of a judge, a toll-gatherer, and witnesses, and if the purchased goods later appear to be stolen, the buyer shall escape penalty ...

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harvest for themselves. Stephen's laws and charters suggest that most commoners lived in sedentary communities which formed villages. An average village was made up of no more than 40 semi-sunken timber huts with a corner

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Laszlovszky, József; Kubinyi, András (2018). "Demographic issues in late medieval Hungary: population, ethnic groups, economic activity". In Laszlovszky, József; Nagy, Balázs; Szabó, Péter; Vadai, András (eds.).

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towns also accepted Coloman's suzerainty in 1105, but their right to elect their own bishops and leaders remained unchanged. In Croatia and Slavonia, the sovereign was represented by governors bearing the title

2657:, the eastern borderland of the kingdom. The central administration's highest offices developed from the royal household's leading positions. Initially responsible for the management of the royal domains, the 2539:, in the early 1080s. Ladislaus promulgated laws that prescribed draconian punishments against criminals. His laws also regulated the payment of customs duties, of tolls payable at fairs and fords, and of the 2738:, the raw material for home brew, was also grown. Winegrowing flourished and vineyards existed in virtually all settlements with the exception of the highlands. The highest-ranking wines were produced in the 2392:

against polygamy and other traditional customs. Decorated belts and other items of pagan fashion also disappeared. Commoners started to wear long woolen coats, but wealthy men persisted in wearing their silk

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The predominance of royal estates initially assured the sovereign's preeminent position, but the alienation of royal lands gave rise to the emergence of a self-conscious group of lesser landholders, known as

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punishment. No formal sentence is asked of the prince through his peers, ... no opportunity of defending himself is granted the accused, but the will of the prince alone is held by all as sufficient.

7150:"The Hungarians' prehistory, their conquest of Hungary and their raids to the West to 955; The foundation of the Hungarian Christian state, 950–1196; Transformation into a Western-type state, 1196–1301" 1791: 3119:

privileged position of clergymen and to dismiss all his Jewish and Muslim officials. A growing intolerance against non-Catholics is also demonstrated by the transfer of the Orthodox monastery of

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over, first appeared when the new settlers arrived. As the heavy plows spread, long narrow fields, more suitable to their use, replaced the traditional small square fields in the villages.

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in Dalmatia. The Mongols first occupied and thoroughly plundered the territories east of the river Danube. An eyewitness account of the devastation of eastern Hungary was compiled by

3142:) in 1231. Béla IV succeeded his father in 1235. His attempt to reacquire crown lands alienated by his predecessors created a deep rift between the monarch and the lords just as the 2661:

emerged as the king's deputy by the early 12th century. His managerial tasks were transferred to a new official who quickly gained the functions of a chief justiciar as

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on either December 25, 1000, or January 1, 1001. He consolidated his rule through a series of wars against semi-independent local rulers, including his maternal uncle,

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in 1267. By that time, "true noblemen" were legally differentiated from other landholders. They held their estates free from any obligation, but everybody else (even the

2999:(two emblematic works of chivalric culture) were also popular among Hungarian aristocrats. According to the consensual scholarly view, "Master P", the author of the 2898:

region (Spiš, Slovakia) and in southern Transylvania. Abu Hamid refers to mountains that "contain lots of silver and gold", which points at the importance of mining and

624: 2598:

under his brother's suzerainty. Throughout Coloman's reign, the brothers' relationship remained tense, which finally led to the blinding of Álmos and his infant son

8545: 9014: 2294:, in 1030. Marshlands, other natural obstacles, and barricades made of stone, earth, or timber provided defense at the kingdom's borders. A wide zone known as 3240:

of the cathedral chapter at Várad. The Mongols crossed the Danube when it was frozen in early 1242. On learning of their acts, Hermann, abbot of the Austrian

9380: 2922:

and the Szerémség to the Byzantines in 1165. Stephen III set an example for the development of towns by granting liberties to the Walloon "guests" in

117: 6763:(Translated and annotated with an introduction by Charles Christopher Mierow, with the collaboration of Richard Emery) (1953). Columbia University Press. 2484:, this time aimed at the restoration of paganism. There were many lords who opposed the destruction of the Christian monarchy. They proposed the crown to 9516: 7877: 2153: 1980:

with the support of a part of the local population. Both realms retained their autonomous position. The successors of Ladislaus and Coloman—especially

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in 1068. The power conflict in the royal family caused a new civil war in 1071. It lasted up to Solomon's abdication in favor of one of his cousins,

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New villages appeared, consisting of timber houses built side by side in equal parcels of land. For instance, the scarcely-inhabited forests of the

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were produced for fodder. Both written sources and archaeological evidence indicate that famine was an exceptional phenomenon in medieval Hungary.

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in medieval Hungary. The inscriptions have not been deciphered, and the script was probably never used for administrative or legislative purposes.

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The kingdom was sparsely populated, with an average population density of four or five people per 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi). The

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from the 1150s. Aspects of 12th-century French culture could also be detected in Béla's kingdom. His palace at Esztergom was built in the early

9029: 3204:, demanded Béla IV's surrender without a fight in 1240. The king refused, and ordered his barons to assemble with their retinue in his camp at 2918:, claimed the crown for themselves. Emperor Manuel I Komnenos took advantage of the internal conflicts and forced the young king to cede 3716: 1903: 2578:, and several noblemen (mainly from northern Croatia) supported his claim. Ladislaus's troops occupied the lowlands, but a native claimant, 9106: 8062: 7565: 1647: 1429: 1177: 1017: 942: 6727:(Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); 2360:

were likely written in Greek. The bishops were required to supply the local clergy with liturgical books, and the kings regularly donated

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Laszlovszky, József (2018). "Agriculture in Medieval Hungary". In Laszlovszky, József; Nagy, Balázs; Szabó, Péter; Vadai, András (eds.).

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Weisz, Boglárka (2018). "Royal revenues in the Árpádian Age". In Laszlovszky, József; Nagy, Balázs; Szabó, Péter; Vadai, András (eds.).

8577: 3370:

proved that the danger of a new Mongol invasion still existed, he adopted an expansionist foreign policy. Frederick II of Austria

2967:. Their emergence also evidences the employment of an educated staff. Indeed, students from the kingdom studied at the universities of 2107: 782: 3174:. The Cumans' nomadic lifestyle caused many conflicts with local communities. The locals even considered them as the Mongols' allies. 9605: 8535: 3508:, to Hungary. The young pretender was marching from Croatia towards Buda when Andrew III unexpectedly died on January 14, 1301. 3390: 2480:, Peter returned and expelled Samuel in 1044. During his second rule, Peter accepted the emperor's suzerainty. His rule ended with a 2007:

Rich in uncultivated lands, silver, gold, and salt deposits, Hungary became the preferred destination of mainly German, Italian, and

1821: 1741: 7206:

Nagy, Balázs (2018). "Foreign Trade in Medieval Hungary". In Laszlovszky, József; Nagy, Balázs; Szabó, Péter; Vadai, András (eds.).

2942: 2586:. Nevertheless, Croatia and Hungary remained closely connected for more than nine centuries. Ladislaus I appointed his nephew, 2488:, one of Vazul's sons, who returned to Hungary, defeated Peter and suppressed the pagans in 1046. His cooperation with his brother, 7840: 7497: 3696:

is the modern Hungarian word for Italians, but in the Middle Ages the term also covered other peoples speaking a Romance language.

8926: 8294: 2543:. He forbade Jews from holding Christian serfs, and introduced laws aiming at the conversion of local Muslims, who were known as 2369: 1157: 3378:, annexed large territories along the kingdom's southern frontiers. Conflicts between the elderly monarch and his heir caused a 2305: 2206: 2110:

at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. Here they found a predominantly Slavic-speaking population. From their new homeland,

3829: 1477: 827: 418: 6745:(Translated and Annotated by János M. Bak and Martyn Rady) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); 8984: 7570: 7417: 7386: 7363: 7340: 7291: 7219: 7196: 7138: 7115: 7049: 6941: 6912: 6882: 6852: 6826: 6754: 6736: 3785: 1007: 892: 3830:"A magyar nyelv hivatalossá tételéről rendelkező törvény, 1844 (Act on the officialization of the Hungarian language, 1844)" 2072:, and other nearby countries. The erection of fortresses by landlords, promoted by the monarchs after the withdrawal of the 9595: 8650: 7884: 3444:, was a Cuman chieftain's daughter, preferred his Cuman kin, which made him unpopular. He was even accused of initiating a 3420:

The wealthiest landholders forced the lesser nobles to join their retinue, which increased their power. One of the barons,

3091: 2169:", which emerged in the mid-10th century. Archaeological finds—a few objects with short inscriptions—indicate the use of a 2119: 2088:. His death was followed by a period of interregnum and anarchy. Central power was re-established only in the early 1320s. 9440: 9415: 9355: 8654: 8360: 7779: 7731: 7721: 3379: 2575: 2244:

heavy cavalry, Stephen emerged the victor in the decisive battle of the conflict in 998. He applied for a royal crown to

1067: 7643: 6813:

Bárány, Attila (2012). "The Expansion of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages (1000–1490)". In Berend, Nóra (ed.).

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indicates that imported goods were primarily paid for using silver and salt. Likewise, a list of merchandise brought to

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A new civil war broke out when Duke Béla claimed the crown for himself in 1059, but his three sons accepted the rule of

9531: 8571: 8455: 7908: 7638: 7600: 7560: 7550: 7041: 3517: 3386: 3274:

The kingdom continued to exist. Batu Khan withdrew his entire army when he was informed of the death of the Great Khan

3103: 2791: 2625: 2332:, the basic units of administration, were districts organized around fortresses and headed by royal officials known as 2041: 1678: 1586: 1346: 1137: 1117: 982: 857: 642: 2832: 9574: 9536: 9066: 8848: 8540: 8470: 8451: 8320: 8105: 7980: 7894: 7784: 7510: 7439: 7317: 7268: 7245: 7169: 7091: 7072: 7019: 6993: 6967: 6803: 6768: 3816: 3445: 1896: 615: 487: 2798:, an alleged son of King Coloman who attempted to seize the throne from Béla II, received no internal support. 9620: 9615: 9610: 8489: 8478: 8474: 8447: 8005: 7860: 7625: 6985: 3460: 2429: 2053: 1422: 847: 474: 3488:

body. By 1300, when the kingdom had disintegrated into autonomous provinces ruled by powerful noblemen (including

3005:, a chronicle on the Hungarian "land-taking", was Béla's notary. The earliest text written in Hungarian, known as 1693: 9034: 8427: 8423: 8376: 1771: 1326: 3385:

Béla IV and his son jointly confirmed the liberties of the royal servants and started referring to them as

9400: 9340: 9312: 9071: 8498: 8419: 8353: 7653: 7615: 7260: 3053: 2145: 1929: 1688: 1529: 1381: 1341: 1222: 1087: 140: 2786:—a Hungarian-speaking community of free warriors—is in connection with the young king's first war against the 9486: 9317: 8506: 8502: 8239: 8229: 7995: 7378: 3891: 3225: 2523:—around this time. The young king and his cousins cooperated for almost a decade; for instance, they jointly 2432:

cultivated the lands, forged weapons, or rendered other services. All freemen were to pay a special tax, the

2291: 2111: 2077: 1831: 1291: 972: 772: 159: 2839:, and launched at least six military campaigns to the Kievan Rus' against the enemies of his brother-in-law 9625: 8934: 8930: 8801: 8085: 7957: 7830: 7620: 7575: 7490: 6743:

Master Roger's Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars

3412: 2609:) who were plundering the Western borderlands, and defeated Petar Snačić in Croatia. The late 14th-century 1889: 1761: 1698: 1683: 1447: 1232: 1037: 7741: 7430:

Sághy, Marianne (2001). "The making of the Christian kingdom in Hungary". In Urbańczyk, Przemysław (ed.).

9496: 8466: 8289: 8279: 8234: 8029: 7872: 7746: 7648: 7309: 3501: 2590:, to administer Croatia. Although a younger son, Álmos was also favored by the king against his brother, 2364:

to monasteries. The earliest extant literary works were composed in Latin during Stephen's reign. Bishop

2329: 2048:, "one of the first examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch" ( 1415: 1351: 1336: 692: 672: 82: 3083:

to Muslims and Jews. The new methods of raising funds for the royal treasury created widespread unrest.

9491: 9481: 9445: 9287: 9189: 8844: 8582: 8525: 8415: 8166: 8159: 8125: 7850: 7789: 7757: 7668: 7555: 7404: 7188: 7008:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

6904: 6874: 6844: 3661:

The extant copy of the foundation charter of the convent of nuns at Veszprémvölgy was written in Greek.

3575: 3371: 2345: 2126: 1321: 867: 3545:

Matthew Csák, which enabled him to conquer Csák's large province in the northeast of Hungary in 1321.

9214: 8977: 8900: 8730: 8587: 8433: 7903: 7867: 7771: 7610: 7003: 6977: 6866: 3533: 3524: 3147: 3007: 2012:

kingdom at the crossroads of international trade routes favored the coexistence of several cultures.

1801: 1716: 1622: 1212: 1107: 912: 902: 717: 290: 3675: 2574:, in 1089 or 1090, created an opportunity for him to claim Croatia for himself. Ladislaus's sister, 9600: 9465: 8494: 8484: 8461: 8438: 8410: 8269: 8204: 8070: 8041: 7943: 7938: 7855: 7764: 7590: 7157: 3580: 3570: 3301: 3162:, in 1235. In the next years, the Mongols routed the Cumans who dominated the western parts of the 3138:

to accept Andrew II's suzerainty in 1228 and established a new march in Oltenia (known as the

3076: 2719: 2611: 2500: 2021: 1781: 1371: 1252: 1097: 7306:

The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century

3754: 3724: 3170:, agreed to accept Béla IV's supremacy; thus he and his people were allowed to settle in the 2340:, or counts. Most of the early medieval fortresses were made of earth and timber. Stephen founded 9169: 9139: 8866: 8832: 8274: 8153: 8120: 8051: 8015: 7985: 7949: 7845: 7835: 7820: 7695: 7605: 7540: 7483: 3464: 3429: 3263: 3233: 3115: 2956: 2911: 2649: 2458: 2097: 2033: 2013: 1555: 1542: 1361: 1301: 1187: 807: 598: 534: 255: 124: 8779: 7975: 2504: 9526: 9282: 9056: 8919: 8915: 8827: 8694: 8115: 7585: 7011: 3476: 3375: 3139: 3127: 3080: 2907: 2778:, the Byzantine Empire, and other neighboring states characterized the reign of Coloman's son, 2536: 1965: 1751: 1077: 7279: 3800: 2931: 2923: 1985: 178: 9345: 9237: 9194: 8284: 8224: 8100: 8080: 7815: 7673: 7332: 6790:

Bak, János M. (1993). ""Linguistic pluralism" in Medieval Hungary". In Meyer, Marc A. (ed.).

3541: 3472: 3171: 2976: 2915: 2848: 2779: 2492:, a talented military commander, ensured the Hungarians' victory over Emperor Henry III, who 2081: 1519: 1316: 629: 500: 321: 7375:

The Árpáds and Their People: An Introduction to the History of Hungary from cca. 900 to 1301

7161: 7149: 3528: 3187: 3131: 2828: 2599: 1993: 1981: 9564: 9506: 9302: 9209: 9179: 9164: 8970: 8874: 8685: 8249: 8110: 8056: 8010: 7889: 7825: 7751: 7709: 7530: 6841:

At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and 'Pagans' in Medieval Hungary, c. 1000–c. 1300

3505: 3344: 3209: 3057: 2995: 2972: 2594:, for the succession. Even so, Coloman succeeded his uncle in 1095, while Álmos received a 2433: 2310: 2273: 2218: 2181:, an important emporium on the Lower Danube, the Hungarians brought horses and silver. The 2170: 2001: 1989: 1969: 1925: 1366: 1027: 707: 519: 370: 309: 2489: 8: 9450: 9430: 9410: 9375: 9307: 9219: 9086: 8770: 8765: 8754: 8734: 8704: 8130: 7990: 7803: 7726: 6795: 3441: 3396: 3328: 3241: 3087: 3033: 2980: 2968: 2840: 2658: 2617: 2606: 2571: 2485: 2481: 2377: 2237: 2166: 2045: 2017: 1456: 1386: 1167: 837: 752: 431: 332: 278: 8601: 6982:

The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth century

3489: 3244:

recorded that "the Kingdom of Hungary, which had existed for 350 years, was destroyed".

2524: 2365: 1591: 9554: 9390: 9365: 9267: 9144: 9096: 9091: 9081: 9019: 8896: 8795: 8760: 8750: 8744: 8738: 8716: 8712: 8675: 8646: 8593: 8443: 8313: 8244: 8211: 8145: 8095: 8000: 7926: 7736: 7685: 7658: 7518: 7237: 6897: 3562: 3359: 2775: 2673: 2591: 2512: 2410:

for the abduction, although he may afterwards have made peace with the girl's parents.

2389: 2314: 2222: 2130: 2123: 2085: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1568: 1331: 1311: 1306: 1296: 1147: 962: 681: 504: 209: 69: 37: 8708: 6792:

The Culture of Christendom: Essays in Medieval History in Memory of Denis L. T. Bethel

3432:, in 1272. Stephen V died some months later, causing a new civil war between the 3094:

by a group of local lords in 1213. A new uprising broke out while the king was in the

3028: 2794:, who ordered the massacre of the lords whom she blamed for her husband's mutilation. 2546: 9550: 9292: 9262: 9252: 9242: 9159: 9149: 9134: 9001: 8946: 8911: 8907: 8885: 8862: 8858: 8791: 8787: 8726: 8690: 8680: 8670: 8665: 8642: 8184: 8179: 8075: 7962: 7678: 7595: 7435: 7413: 7382: 7359: 7336: 7313: 7287: 7264: 7241: 7215: 7192: 7181: 7165: 7134: 7111: 7087: 7068: 7061: 7045: 7015: 6989: 6963: 6937: 6908: 6878: 6848: 6822: 6799: 6764: 6750: 6732: 3812: 3781: 3468: 3402: 3049: 2960: 2836: 2747: 2595: 2579: 2477: 2376:

in Hungary. Stephen's views on state administration were summarized around 1015 in a

2245: 1811: 1731: 1665: 1652: 1242: 1127: 444: 246: 225: 213: 3437: 2213:. He erected fortresses and invited foreign warriors to develop a new army based on 9511: 9460: 9455: 9395: 9360: 9272: 9229: 9199: 9121: 9039: 9009: 8881: 8870: 8840: 8819: 8700: 8605: 8556: 8550: 8530: 8405: 8329: 8259: 8254: 8135: 8046: 7967: 7355: 7211: 7130: 7107: 6933: 6871:

Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c. 900-c. 1300

6818: 3887: 3604: 3421: 3163: 3090:. She openly expressed her preference for her German compatriots, which led to her 3001: 2861: 2816: 2787: 2226: 2049: 1997: 1953: 1936:

in 1000 or 1001. He reinforced central authority and forced his subjects to accept

1514: 1286: 952: 89: 6761:

The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa by Otto of Freising and his continuator, Rahewin

5199:

The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa by Otto of Freising and his continuator, Rahewin

3846: 3811:

Gábor Alföldy, Centuries of the Royal Castle in Buda, History Museum, 2000, p. 4,

3493: 3406: 2831:, who ascended the throne in 1141, adopted an active foreign policy. He supported 9521: 9435: 9405: 9129: 9046: 8942: 8854: 8722: 8345: 8264: 8219: 8197: 7690: 7663: 7580: 3481: 3155: 2795: 2279: 1933: 1879: 1703: 1627: 1356: 1057: 1047: 932: 762: 384: 283: 217: 105: 96: 3433: 2587: 9425: 9370: 9324: 9277: 9257: 9101: 9024: 8938: 8892: 8560: 8334: 8190: 3339:. A 1264 list of luxury goods—oriental velvet, silk, jewels, gems, and Flemish 3254: 3217: 3201: 3191: 3159: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3037: 2989: 2887: 2857: 2844: 2739: 2633: 2425: 2373: 2325: 2302:

was intentionally left uninhabited for defensive purposes along the frontiers.

2202: 2029: 2025: 1921: 1609: 1494: 1405: 221: 203: 182: 52: 3280: 2004:, transforming their kingdom into one of the major powers of medieval Europe. 1642: 9589: 9184: 8597: 8174: 7301: 7029: 3612: 3540:

Robert king at a Diet on October 10, 1307. He was crowned king with the

3336: 3305: 3229: 3205: 3099: 3072: 2516: 2469: 2357: 2353: 2214: 2196: 2188: 2178: 2141: 2073: 2061: 2008: 1964:, jeopardized the new monarchy. The monarchy stabilized during the reigns of 1524: 564: 7034: 4348: 2290:. He proved his kingdom's military strength when he repelled an invasion by 9350: 9247: 9051: 8660: 6922: 6892: 3608: 3556: 3367: 3151: 3107: 2984: 2899: 2875: 2654: 2532: 2407: 2210: 2115: 1937: 1637: 1632: 239: 6951: 4077: 4075: 3780:(in Hungarian). Budapest: Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum. pp. 19–21. 2895: 2715: 2436:—eight denars per person per year—to the monarchs. Peasants known as 2185:

was the first to successfully proselytize among their leaders: in 948 the

9501: 9204: 9111: 8993: 7229: 6959: 6862: 6836: 3497: 3485: 3332: 3321: 3275: 3258:

returned and of those living whom they found there, none was left alive.

3228:

held him for ransom. Thereafter, the king and his family found refuge in

2871: 2662: 2643: 2583: 2520: 2420:

From a legal perspective, Hungarian society was divided into freemen and

2383: 2349: 2137: 1596: 1484: 461: 395: 7284:

Illustrated Slovak History: A Struggle for Sovereignty in Central Europe

5511: 3120: 2783: 1376: 9076: 8962: 8775: 8090: 5030: 4299: 4297: 4072: 3340: 3237: 3012: 2867: 2852: 2743: 2682: 2473: 2149: 2103: 1952:

vocabulary for agriculture, religion, and state matters was taken from

358: 271: 6087: 5285: 3366:

Although threatening letters sent to Béla IV by the khans of the

2233: 9385: 9154: 6627: 6264: 6189: 3504:, dared to invite the late Charles Martel's son, the twelve-year-old 3309: 3197: 3095: 2879: 2755: 2692: 2528: 2452: 2439: 2283: 2161: 2122:, and other regions of Europe. Their raids were halted by the future 2076:, led to the development of semi-autonomous "provinces" dominated by 172: 6041: 6039: 4628: 4294: 4033: 3865:, ed. Carlo M. Cipolla (London: Collins/Fontana Books, 1972), p. 25. 3679: 3671: 3354: 3313: 3284: 2668: 2461:, which caused a four-decade crisis. Stephen considered his cousin, 2324:

Stephen developed a state similar to the monarchies of contemporary

2232:

When Géza died in 997, his son had to fight for his succession with

9420: 9297: 9174: 7535: 7475: 7459: 7412:. Budapest, Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. 2022. 6932:. BRILL's Companion to European History. Vol. 19. Leiden, NL: 3452: 3425: 2919: 2891: 2637: 2555:

King Ladislaus' Decree on Merchants and Traders Buying Stolen Goods

2352:

monasteries. He prescribed that every tenth village was to build a

2256: 2064:

groups settled in the central lowlands, and colonists arrived from

1977: 1945: 1856: 1489: 1467: 559: 251: 5773: 2807: 2621: 2335: 2318: 2297: 1920:

was a regional power in central Europe. It came into existence in

9061: 8637: 7506: 6036: 3288: 3221: 3143: 2689:. Local trade also existed, which enabled Coloman to collect the 2421: 2341: 2241: 2152:, the Hungarians' leader around the time of their "land-taking". 2065: 1973: 1941: 1940:. Although all written sources emphasize only the role played by 1262: 266: 7354:. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450. 7210:. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450. 7129:. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450. 7106:. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450. 6956:

The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526

3851:

The Magna Carta of the English and of the Hungarian Constitution

3448:

in 1285, although the invaders were routed by the royal troops.

3213: 2864:

noticed Géza's nearly uncontrolled authority over his subjects.

2782:, who succeeded his father in 1116. The earliest mention of the 2711: 2465:, unsuitable for the throne and named his own sister's son, the 3600: 3220:

on April 11, 1241. From the battlefield, Béla IV fled first to

3182: 3167: 3135: 2759: 2751: 2735: 2718:(Oradea, Romania) point at the presence of "guests" speaking a 2605:

Coloman routed two bands of crusaders (the perpetrators of the

2540: 2466: 2446: 2394: 2287: 2069: 2057: 742: 457: 6363: 5453: 3351:

shows that Hungary exported wax and unminted gold and silver.

3212:

in March 1241. Royal troops met the enemy forces at the river

3041: 1948:

knights and clerics in the process, a significant part of the

8783: 5321: 5101: 3348: 3324:, seems to have settled in the kingdom around the same time. 3317: 2629: 2462: 2361: 2157: 1956:. Civil wars and pagan uprisings, along with attempts by the 1507: 4062: 4060: 3633: 3456: 2964: 2763: 2707: 2686: 1996:(1235–1270)—continued this policy of expansion towards the 722: 188: 7187:. Cambridge Concise Histories. Translated by Anna Magyar. 6725:

Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians

6459: 6150: 6075: 5737: 5725: 5137: 5113: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4425: 3126:

Andrew II made several attempts to occupy the neighboring

3018: 2080:. Some of these magnates even challenged the authority of 7152:. In Sugár, Peter F.; Hanák, Péter; Frank, Tibor (eds.). 6817:. The Expansion of Latin Europe, 1000–1500. Vol. 5. 6617: 6615: 6613: 6598: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6447: 6423: 6375: 6300: 6252: 6128: 6126: 6012: 5966: 5964: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5903: 5901: 5874: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5638: 5636: 5528: 5526: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5333: 5297: 5209: 5207: 5168: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 4967: 4842: 4703: 4565: 4442: 4440: 3312:. The king re-invited the Cumans and settled them in the 3158:

friar who had visited a Hungarian-speaking population in

3075:

in 1202. Emeric was succeeded in 1204 by his infant son,

2769: 6861: 6663: 6661: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6476: 6474: 6329: 6327: 6312: 6276: 6242: 6240: 6179: 6177: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5623: 5621: 5517: 5501: 5499: 5234: 5047: 5045: 5036: 4866: 4679: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4360: 4354: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4246: 4244: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4081: 4057: 3910: 2926:, including immunity from the jurisdiction of the local 2209:

who ruled from the early 970s received baptism into the

366:• 1298–1299 (the last palatine of the Árpád reign) 5828: 5826: 5824: 5761: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5567: 5565: 5429: 5275: 5273: 5224: 5222: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5018: 4943: 4890: 4783: 4761: 4759: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4727: 4657: 4655: 4589: 4532: 4530: 4493: 4491: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4111: 4099: 4021: 4009: 3958: 3934: 3863:

The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Middle Ages

3248:

Master Roger on the Destruction of Várad by the Mongols

2255:), who granted his request with the consent of Emperor 7277: 6775:

The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1301

6697: 6633: 6610: 6586: 6563: 6510: 6486: 6411: 6351: 6288: 6270: 6195: 6123: 6099: 5961: 5944: 5898: 5886: 5862: 5838: 5809: 5701: 5684:

The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1301

5660: 5633: 5523: 5477: 5369: 5357: 5291: 5258: 5246: 5204: 5149: 4984: 4982: 4832: 4830: 4817: 4815: 4722:

The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1301

4634: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4452: 4437: 4420:

The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1301

4384: 4326: 4324: 4303: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4181: 4179: 4039: 3999: 3997: 3834:

Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár (National Archives of Hungary)

3428:

clan, even captured Stephen V's heir, the infant

3200:, who was the commander of the Mongol armies invading 3150:. The king was first informed of the Mongol threat by 2140:

families, which were organized into clans that formed

6685: 6673: 6658: 6639: 6551: 6539: 6522: 6498: 6471: 6435: 6399: 6387: 6339: 6324: 6237: 6225: 6213: 6201: 6174: 6162: 6138: 6111: 6063: 6051: 6024: 6000: 5976: 5932: 5913: 5850: 5785: 5689: 5618: 5606: 5538: 5496: 5417: 5393: 5381: 5042: 4994: 4955: 4800: 4771: 4691: 4601: 4464: 4336: 4309: 4277: 4241: 4210: 4140: 2894:"guests" arrived in great numbers and settled in the 5821: 5797: 5749: 5713: 5648: 5577: 5562: 5441: 5345: 5309: 5270: 5219: 5180: 5125: 5084: 5057: 4931: 4907: 4878: 4756: 4739: 4652: 4577: 4527: 4488: 4396: 4191: 4164: 4123: 4087: 4045: 3982: 3970: 3946: 3552: 2930:. When Stephen died childless in 1172, his brother, 2886:

Géza promoted the colonization of the border zones.

2476:, who was related to the royal family. Supported by 2084:(1290–1301), the last male descendant of the native 7259:. A History of East Central Europe. Vol. III. 5594: 5550: 5465: 5006: 4979: 4919: 4854: 4827: 4812: 4667: 4640: 4542: 4515: 4503: 4476: 4372: 4321: 4256: 4176: 4152: 3994: 3861:J. C. Russell, "Population in Europe 500–1500", in 8375: 7180: 7100: 7084:Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary 7060: 7033: 6896: 6815:The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages 6093: 6045: 5405: 3922: 3896:Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law (blog) 3868: 3216:, where the Mongols won a decisive victory in the 3023: 2453:Pagan revolts, wars, and consolidation (1038–1116) 2262: 713:The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian conquest 7257:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 3775: 3451:When Ladislaus IV was murdered in 1290, the 2624:, became closely connected to Hungary. Here many 9587: 7063:A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival 6899:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 2148:, always a member of the family descending from 3691: 3086:Andrew II was strongly influenced by his wife, 2729: 2723: 2701: 2544: 2401:King Stephen's Decree on the Abduction of Girls 2333: 2295: 2194: 2186: 29: 7234:Nobility, Land and Service in Medieval Hungary 6927:Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300), 3177: 2906:Géza was succeeded in 1162 by his eldest son, 2742:region (now Srem in Serbia), but the wines of 2267: 2217:. Géza also arranged the marriage of his son, 2052:). The kingdom received a major blow from the 8978: 8361: 7491: 3717:"Árpád-házi királyi zászló a 12. sz. végétől" 3148:sweeping westward across the Eurasian steppes 2570:The death of Ladislaus's brother-in-law King 2144:. The tribal confederation was headed by the 1897: 1423: 3475:, the grandson of Andrew II and son of 3471:, the majority of the Hungarian lords chose 2802:Otto of Freising on King Géza II's Authority 16:Former Central European monarchy (1000–1301) 7124: 5327: 5143: 5119: 5107: 4571: 3410: 3394: 2843:. He even recruited Muslim warriors in the 2620:, between the Petrova Mounts and the river 2494:attempted to conquer the kingdom two times: 2437: 2381: 317:• 1290–1301 (the last king of Árpáds) 44: 8985: 8971: 8368: 8354: 7498: 7484: 7058: 6604: 4235: 3916: 3778:Magyar zászlók a honfoglalástól napjainkig 3294: 2987:. Achilles and other names known from the 2690: 1904: 1890: 1430: 1416: 643:Kingdom of Hungary after the Árpád dynasty 139: 7028: 4901: 4794: 3747:"Az Árpád-házi királyok családi zászlaja" 3523:They elected as king the twelve-year-old 3011:, was preserved in the late 12th-century 2938:Dalmatia and the Szerémség in the 1180s. 529:282,870 km (109,220 sq mi) 8992: 7406:Kings and Saints - The Age of the Árpáds 3886: 3670:Examples include Födémes ("beekeeper"), 3374:in 1246, and Béla IV's son-in-law, 3353: 3181: 3027: 2866: 2667: 2628:received land grants from the monarchs. 2304: 2024:buildings and literary works written in 7372: 7081: 6703: 6621: 6580: 6306: 6132: 6105: 5671: 5642: 5532: 5490: 5375: 5363: 5339: 5264: 5213: 5162: 4961: 4806: 4697: 4685: 4622: 4610: 4342: 4315: 4250: 4223: 4146: 3828:Kulcsár, Krisztina (13 November 2019). 3827: 3459:. Although Rome granted the kingdom to 3019:Development of the Estates of the realm 185:, royal seat, crowning and burial site) 9588: 7457: 7326: 7300: 7254: 7178: 7147: 6835: 6812: 6691: 6679: 6592: 6557: 6545: 6516: 6504: 6492: 6465: 6417: 6294: 6183: 6156: 6144: 6081: 6030: 5970: 5955: 5907: 5892: 5868: 5856: 5844: 5815: 5791: 5743: 5731: 5707: 5627: 5612: 5518:Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013 5505: 5423: 5387: 5252: 5037:Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013 5000: 4973: 4949: 4848: 4777: 4765: 4709: 4595: 4583: 4536: 4407: 4355:Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013 4288: 4204: 4170: 4134: 4117: 4093: 4082:Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013 4051: 4015: 3988: 3976: 3964: 3952: 3940: 3372:died fighting against Hungarian troops 2770:Expansion and colonization (1116–1196) 2368:, who had come from Venice, completed 2044:". They forced Andrew II to issue his 206:(ceremonial/liturgical/administrative) 8966: 8349: 7479: 7434:. Wydawnictwo DIG. pp. 451–464. 7429: 7349: 7236:. Studies in Russia and East Europe. 6950: 6921: 6891: 6667: 6652: 6533: 6480: 6453: 6441: 6429: 6405: 6393: 6381: 6345: 6333: 6258: 6246: 6231: 6219: 6207: 6168: 6117: 6069: 6057: 6018: 6006: 5982: 5938: 5926: 5880: 5832: 5803: 5779: 5767: 5755: 5719: 5695: 5654: 5588: 5571: 5544: 5459: 5435: 5399: 5351: 5315: 5303: 5279: 5228: 5186: 5174: 5131: 5095: 5078: 5066: 5051: 5024: 5012: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4884: 4872: 4836: 4821: 4750: 4673: 4661: 4646: 4559: 4521: 4509: 4497: 4482: 4458: 4446: 4431: 4390: 4378: 4366: 4330: 4271: 4185: 4158: 4066: 4027: 4003: 3928: 3751:Magyar Nemzeti és Történelmi Jelképek 3721:Magyar Nemzeti és Történelmi Jelképek 3314:plains along the Danube and the Tisza 2706:("Italians") streets or districts in 7505: 7312:(Center for Transylvanian Studies). 7228: 7205: 7040:. Translated by Nikolina Jovanović. 7002: 6976: 6782: 6634:Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006 6369: 6357: 6318: 6282: 6271:Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006 6196:Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006 5600: 5556: 5471: 5447: 5411: 5292:Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006 5240: 4988: 4860: 4733: 4635:Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006 4470: 4304:Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006 4105: 4040:Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006 3417:, a chronicle written in the 1280s. 2963:and monasteries authorized to issue 9570: 9015:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 6789: 3874: 3776:Csákváriné Kottra, Györgyi (2011). 3652:("idol") were borrowed from Slavic. 3056:stirred up by his younger brother, 1972:(1095–1116). These rulers occupied 13: 9107:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 7458:Jékely, Zsombor (7 October 2011). 7397: 7379:Research Centre for the Humanities 6958:. Translated by Tamás Pálosfalvi. 6717: 3484:, which started to develop into a 2647:. Likewise, a royal official, the 2503:, Andrew I's son, in 1063. Bishop 14: 9637: 9537:Historiography in the Middle Ages 7450: 7282:; Bolchazy, Ladislaus J. (2006). 7059:Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1996). 2821:The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa 2286:, and the powerful tribal chief, 2227:family of the Holy Roman emperors 1068:Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen 9606:Territorial evolution of Hungary 9569: 9560: 9559: 9549: 7308:. Translated by Dana Badulescu. 7286:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. 6986:The University of Michigan Press 6903:. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. 6873:. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. 6869:; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013). 5988: 5677: 5192: 3685: 3555: 2205:. In contrast, the grand prince 1918:high-medieval Kingdom of Hungary 1873: 1466: 1399: 691: 647: 630:Principality of Nitra (disputed) 622: 608: 591: 116: 88: 81: 9035:Christianity in the Middle Ages 9030:Decline of Hellenistic religion 7352:The Economy of Medieval Hungary 7329:Croatia: A Nation Forged in War 7208:The Economy of Medieval Hungary 7127:The Economy of Medieval Hungary 7104:The Economy of Medieval Hungary 7042:McGill-Queen's University Press 4715: 4413: 3880: 3664: 3655: 3618: 3024:Age of Golden Bulls (1196–1241) 2370:a Latin commentary on a chapter 2250: 1960:to expand their authority over 9313:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 8377:European Middle Ages by region 7261:University of Washington Press 7086:. Atlantisz Publishing House. 6094:Laszlovszky & Kubinyi 2018 6046:Laszlovszky & Kubinyi 2018 3855: 3840: 3821: 3805: 3794: 3769: 3753:(in Hungarian). Archived from 3739: 3723:(in Hungarian). Archived from 3709: 3593: 3518:Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526) 3455:declared the kingdom a vacant 3048:Béla III's son and successor, 2878:chapel in the Royal Castle at 2278:Stephen was crowned the first 2112:they launched plundering raids 2108:conquered the Carpathian Basin 2032:character of the culture; but 1930:Grand Prince of the Hungarians 1822:Post-revolution Czechoslovakia 1: 9487:Disability in the Middle Ages 9160:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 9092:Rise of the Venetian Republic 6954:(2001). Ayton, Andrew (ed.). 3703: 3532:claim to Hungary in favor of 3343:—sold to Béla IV's heir 3123:to the Benedictines in 1221. 3102:. Finally, a movement of the 2565:Ladislaus II:7, 1077–1095 2292:Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor 2091: 1832:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 1694:Military District of Preßburg 1689:1848–49 Slovak Uprising 1008:Rákóczi's War of Independence 973:Principality of Upper Hungary 773:Hungarian invasions of Europe 348: 146: 8802:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway 7566:Principality of Transylvania 7183:A Concise History of Hungary 5782:, pp. 387–388, 405–406. 3511: 3100:his crusade in 1217 and 1218 2856:crossing Hungary during the 2457:Stephen I survived his son, 2428:served in the army, and the 2156:described the Hungarians as 1762:Slovakia during World War II 1699:Military District of Kaschau 1684:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 1653:Principality of Imre Thököly 1648:Principality of Transylvania 1018:Principality of Transylvania 943:Principality of Transylvania 7: 9596:Medieval Kingdom of Hungary 7601:Interwar Kingdom of Hungary 7432:Europe around the Year 1000 7377:. Arpadiana. Vol. IV. 7310:Romanian Cultural Institute 3892:"What's Wrong with Hungary" 3548: 3178:Mongol invasion (1241–1242) 2774:Unsuccessful wars with the 2415:Stephen I:27, 1000–1038 2268:King St Stephen (1000–1038) 2236:, the eldest member of the 2129:, who defeated them at the 1679:Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary 1223:Hungarian People's Republic 1158:Governorate of Subcarpathia 1098:Hungarian People's Republic 828:Personal union with Croatia 419:Personal union with Croatia 10: 9642: 9288:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 7189:Cambridge University Press 6905:Cambridge University Press 6875:Cambridge University Press 6845:Cambridge University Press 6712: 3611:, mostly by conversion to 3576:List of Hungarian monarchs 3515: 3060:. Furthermore, incited by 2934:, ascended the throne. He 2271: 2095: 2054:Mongol invasion of 1241–42 2000:and the lands east of the 848:Mongol invasion of Hungary 9545: 9474: 9333: 9228: 9215:Mongol invasion of Europe 9120: 9000: 8901:Principality of Chernigov 8810: 8731:Principality of Catalonia 8628: 8619: 8516: 8396: 8383: 8307: 8144: 8063:Universities and colleges 8037: 8028: 7934: 7925: 7811: 7802: 7717: 7708: 7634: 7526: 7517: 7460:"Art in Medieval Hungary" 6747:Anonymus and Master Roger 6729:Anonymus and Master Roger 6372:, pp. 79, 84, 91–93. 3534:Otto III, Duke of Bavaria 3527:, who was descended from 3008:Funeral Sermon and Prayer 2851:, a Muslim traveler from 2806:If anyone of the rank of 1802:Slovak Socialist Republic 1792:Slovaks in Czechoslovakia 1742:Slovaks in Czechoslovakia 1704:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy 1623:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1615:(16th–17th century) 1213:Second Hungarian Republic 1108:Hungarian Soviet Republic 1058:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy 913:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 570: 558: 554: 544: 540: 533: 525: 518: 514: 503:, the last member of the 497: 484: 471: 454: 441: 428: 415: 405: 401: 391: 380: 376: 364: 345: 341: 331: 327: 315: 305:• 1000–1038 (first) 303: 299: 289: 277: 265: 231: 198: 165: 154: 138: 77: 64: 21: 8880:Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 8042:Anti-Hungarian sentiment 7722:Administrative divisions 7373:Zsoldos, Attila (2020). 7255:Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). 7158:Indiana University Press 7082:Kontler, László (1999). 5462:, pp. 255, 262–263. 3586: 3581:Bulgarian-Hungarian Wars 3571:Banat in the Middle Ages 3358:Local autonomies in the 2957:places of authentication 2720:Western Romance language 2519:—the earliest Hungarian 2028:prove the predominantly 1782:Slovak National Uprising 1253:Third Hungarian Republic 9621:13th century in Hungary 9616:12th century in Hungary 9611:11th century in Hungary 9170:Investiture Controversy 9140:Second Bulgarian Empire 8811:Central, Eastern Europe 8517:Central, Eastern Europe 7950:Hungarian National Bank 7581:Austro-Hungarian Empire 7327:Tanner, Marcus (2010). 7179:Molnár, Miklós (2001). 7148:Makkai, László (1994). 4724:(Ladislas II:7), p. 14. 3898:. The American Interest 3335:(Trnava, Slovakia) and 3320:, the ancestors of the 3295:Last Árpáds (1242–1301) 3134:, persuaded a group of 3116:archbishop of Esztergom 2890:, German, Italian, and 2171:special runiform script 2098:Principality of Hungary 1556:Principality of Hungary 1543:Principality of Hungary 1302:History of Transylvania 808:Principality of Hungary 456:• Resettlement of 9527:Post-classical history 9283:Fall of Constantinople 9190:Capet–Plantagenet feud 9057:First Bulgarian Empire 8695:Burgundian Netherlands 8536:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8106:International rankings 7981:Science and technology 7861:Chief of General Staff 7556:Ottoman–Hungarian wars 7067:. Palgrave Macmillan. 7012:University of Michigan 5995:Master Roger's Epistle 5686:(1222:31), p. 35. 3692: 3502:Paul I Šubić of Bribir 3500:), the Croatian lord, 3467:, crown prince of the 3446:second Mongol invasion 3411: 3395: 3380:civil war in the 1260s 3376:Rostislav Mikhailovich 3363: 3260: 3194: 3128:Principality of Halych 3045: 2883: 2847:to serve in his army. 2813: 2730: 2724: 2702: 2691: 2677: 2562: 2545: 2438: 2412: 2382: 2334: 2321: 2296: 2225:, a princess from the 2195: 2187: 1752:Slovak Soviet Republic 1508:Medieval Slavic states 488:Second Mongol invasion 45: 30: 8572:Late Medieval Kingdom 8568:High Medieval Kingdom 7551:Late Medieval Kingdom 7546:High Medieval Kingdom 7333:Yale University Press 6867:Urbańczyk, Przemysław 4434:, pp. 66–69, 74. 4422:(Stephen I:27), p. 6. 3542:Holy Crown of Hungary 3525:Wenceslaus of Bohemia 3357: 3250: 3185: 3172:Great Hungarian Plain 3166:. A Cuman chieftain, 3031: 2870: 2849:Abu Hamid al-Gharnati 2804: 2671: 2557: 2403: 2397:decorated with furs. 2317:founding a church at 2308: 2263:"Patrimonial" kingdom 2193:, and around 952 the 1849:Contemporary Slovakia 1520:Principality of Nitra 1327:Transylvanian Princes 1178:Revisions of Délvidék 963:Wesselényi conspiracy 743:Kingdom of the Gepids 499:• Death of King 475:First Mongol invasion 199:Common languages 9507:Medieval reenactment 9303:Renaissance Humanism 9210:Medieval Warm Period 9180:Republic of Florence 8994:European Middle Ages 8780:Caliphate of Córdoba 8686:Republic of Florence 8295:World Heritage Sites 8167:Palaces and mansions 7531:Hungarian prehistory 7358:. pp. 256–264. 7214:. pp. 473–490. 7154:A History of Hungary 6821:. pp. 333–380. 4357:, pp. 155, 402. 3890:(February 6, 2012). 3801:History of Esztergom 3210:Carpathian Mountains 3068:, the armies of the 2996:Romance of Alexander 2274:Stephen I of Hungary 2154:Contemporary authors 2136:Hungarians lived in 2002:Carpathian Mountains 1028:Hungarian Reform Era 708:Hungarian prehistory 385:Parlamentum Generale 145:Kingdom of Hungary ( 9626:History of Slovakia 9220:Kingdom of Portugal 9087:Old Church Slavonic 9072:Anglo-Saxon England 8771:Lordship of Ireland 8766:Kingdom of Scotland 8755:Kingdom of Portugal 8735:Kingdom of Valencia 8705:Kingdom of Asturias 7133:. pp. 81–112. 6796:The Hambledon Press 6468:, pp. 406–407. 6456:, pp. 108–109. 6432:, pp. 107–108. 6384:, pp. 120–121. 6321:, pp. 171–175. 6285:, pp. 479–480. 6261:, pp. 112–113. 6159:, pp. 104–105. 6096:, pp. 242–243. 6084:, pp. 242–243. 6021:, pp. 101–102. 5883:, pp. 409–411. 5746:, pp. 158–159. 5734:, pp. 156–157. 5306:, pp. 352–353. 5243:, pp. 237–238. 5177:, pp. 115–117. 4976:, pp. 75, 111. 4875:, pp. 266–267. 4851:, pp. 225–226. 4736:, pp. 283–284. 4712:, pp. 75, 237. 4369:, pp. 597–598. 4108:, pp. 475–476. 4069:, pp. 192–193. 3674:("beaver hunter"), 3648:("horseshoe"), and 3391:ecclesiastic nobles 3362:(late 13th century) 3329:Western Carpathians 3242:Niederaltaich Abbey 3088:Gertrude of Merania 3034:Matthew the Apostle 2882:(late 12th century) 2841:Iziaslav II of Kiev 2607:Rhineland massacres 2572:Zvonimir of Croatia 2201:, were baptized in 2167:Bijelo Brdo culture 2046:Golden Bull of 1222 1958:Holy Roman emperors 1880:Slovakia portal 1597:Domain of Amade Aba 1592:Domain of Máté Csák 1574:(1000 – 1526) 1168:Second Vienna Award 753:Ostrogothic Kingdom 407:• Established 220:, Slavic dialects, 9401:In popular culture 9366:Crusading movement 9238:Hundred Years' War 9097:Civitas Schinesghe 9082:Carolingian Empire 9067:Kingdom of Croatia 9020:Barbarian kingdoms 8931:Grand Principality 8849:Kingdom of Croatia 8796:Emirate of Granada 8761:Kingdom of England 8745:Kingdom of Navarre 8739:Kingdom of Majorca 8717:Kingdom of Galicia 8713:Kingdom of Castile 8676:Republic of Venice 8647:Kingdom of Bohemia 8245:Hungarian language 8096:Hungarian diaspora 7996:Telecommunications 7621:Revolution of 1956 7576:Revolution of 1848 7110:. pp. 48–64. 7036:Croatia: A History 5027:, pp. 34, 65. 4030:, pp. 44, 57. 3563:Middle Ages portal 3529:Béla IV of Hungary 3403:conditional nobles 3364: 3360:Kingdom of Hungary 3195: 3046: 2961:cathedral chapters 2884: 2776:Republic of Venice 2678: 2674:Kingdom of Hungary 2626:Hungarian noblemen 2582:, resisted in the 2496:in 1050 and 1053. 2390:Christian marriage 2378:mirror for princes 2348:, and established 2322: 2223:Giselle of Bavaria 2131:Battle of Lechfeld 2124:Holy Roman Emperor 1861:1993–present 1569:Kingdom of Hungary 1548:(895 – 1000) 1406:Hungary portal 1307:Hungarian language 1297:History of Hungary 1233:Revolution of 1956 1148:First Vienna Award 1138:Kingdom of Hungary 1118:Hungarian Republic 1038:Revolution of 1848 983:Kingdom of Hungary 858:Kingdom of Hungary 818:Kingdom of Hungary 783:Hungarian conquest 616:Kingdom of Croatia 160:union with Croatia 23:Kingdom of Hungary 9583: 9582: 9492:Basic topics list 9293:Swiss mercenaries 9243:Wars of the Roses 9150:Kingdom of Poland 9135:Holy Roman Empire 9002:Early Middle Ages 8960: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8912:Novgorod Republic 8886:Kingdom of Bosnia 8824:Bulgarian Empire 8727:Kingdom of Aragon 8691:Duchy of Burgundy 8681:Republic of Genoa 8671:Kingdom of Naples 8666:Kingdom of Sicily 8655:Swiss Confederacy 8643:Holy Roman Empire 8615: 8614: 8343: 8342: 8303: 8302: 8086:Human trafficking 8024: 8023: 7921: 7920: 7885:Political parties 7831:Foreign relations 7798: 7797: 7704: 7703: 7616:People's Republic 7596:Treaty of Trianon 7419:978-615-6117-65-6 7388:978-963-416-226-1 7365:978-90-04-31015-5 7342:978-0-300-16394-0 7293:978-0-86516-426-0 7221:978-90-04-31015-5 7198:978-0-521-66736-4 7140:978-90-04-31015-5 7117:978-90-04-31015-5 7051:978-0-7735-2017-2 6943:978-90-04-41534-8 6914:978-0-521-89452-4 6884:978-0-521-78156-5 6854:978-0-521-02720-5 6828:978-1-4094-2245-7 6783:Secondary sources 6755:978-963-9776-95-1 6737:978-963-9776-95-1 6360:, pp. 91–93. 6309:, pp. 81–82. 5997:(ch. 34), p. 201. 5770:, pp. 89–90. 5438:, pp. 62–63. 5342:, pp. 73–74. 5330:, pp. 96–98. 5201:(1.32/31), p. 67. 5110:, pp. 85–86. 5081:, pp. 60–61. 4952:, pp. 21–22. 4688:, pp. 61–62. 4625:, pp. 59–60. 4598:, pp. 18–19. 4473:, pp. 19–21. 4461:, pp. 69–70. 4449:, pp. 68–69. 4393:, pp. 45–46. 4120:, pp. 78–79. 4018:, pp. 19–22. 3967:, pp. 81–82. 3943:, pp. 14–16. 3888:Fukuyama, Francis 3787:978-963-09-6494-4 3469:Kingdom of Naples 3140:Banate of Szörény 3081:their farming out 2943:contemporary list 2837:Manuel I Komnenos 2833:Uroš II of Serbia 2478:Emperor Henry III 2434:freemen's pennies 2346:one archbishopric 2246:Pope Sylvester II 2078:powerful magnates 1992:(1205–1235), and 1914: 1913: 1865: 1864: 1840: 1839: 1812:Velvet Revolution 1732:Treaty of Trianon 1724: 1722:(1918–1993) 1673: 1671:(1526–1918) 1666:Habsburg monarchy 1617: 1576: 1550: 1440: 1439: 1271: 1270: 1243:Goulash Communism 1196: 1195: 1128:Treaty of Trianon 991: 990: 876: 875: 791: 790: 663: 662: 659: 658: 655: 654: 635: 634: 445:Diploma Andreanum 247:Eastern Orthodoxy 240:Roman Catholicism 106:Dynastic standard 9633: 9573: 9572: 9563: 9562: 9553: 9512:Medieval studies 9356:Church and State 9230:Late Middle Ages 9122:High Middle Ages 9040:Christianization 9010:Migration Period 8987: 8980: 8973: 8964: 8963: 8882:Banate of Bosnia 8820:Byzantine Empire 8701:Crown of Castile 8651:Kingdom of Italy 8626: 8625: 8394: 8393: 8370: 8363: 8356: 8347: 8346: 8323: 8316: 8214: 8207: 8200: 8193: 8169: 8162: 8065: 8035: 8034: 7972: 7952: 7932: 7931: 7911: 7897: 7809: 7808: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7732:Cities and towns 7715: 7714: 7561:Habsburg Kingdom 7524: 7523: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7462:. Zsombor Jékely 7445: 7423: 7411: 7392: 7369: 7356:Brill Publishers 7346: 7323: 7297: 7274: 7251: 7225: 7212:Brill Publishers 7202: 7186: 7175: 7144: 7131:Brill Publishers 7121: 7108:Brill Publishers 7097: 7078: 7066: 7055: 7039: 7025: 6999: 6973: 6947: 6934:Brill Publishers 6918: 6902: 6888: 6858: 6832: 6819:Ashgate Variorum 6809: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6656: 6650: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5959: 5953: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5911: 5905: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5631: 5625: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5575: 5569: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5494: 5488: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5328:Laszlovszky 2018 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5217: 5211: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5147: 5144:Laszlovszky 2018 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5120:Laszlovszky 2018 5117: 5111: 5108:Laszlovszky 2018 5105: 5099: 5093: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5055: 5049: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4825: 4819: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4754: 4748: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4572:Laszlovszky 2018 4569: 4563: 4557: 4540: 4534: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4292: 4286: 4275: 4269: 4254: 4248: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4208: 4202: 4189: 4183: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4070: 4064: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3825: 3819: 3809: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3713: 3697: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3678:("potter"), and 3668: 3662: 3659: 3653: 3640:("blacksmith"), 3622: 3616: 3603:were definitely 3597: 3565: 3560: 3559: 3416: 3413:Gesta Hungarorum 3400: 3270: 3186:Mongols chasing 3164:Eurasian steppes 3002:Gesta Hungarorum 2951:marks per year. 2862:Otto of Freising 2835:against Emperor 2823: 2817:Otto of Freising 2792:Helena of Serbia 2788:Duchy of Bohemia 2733: 2728:("Germans") and 2727: 2705: 2696: 2566: 2550: 2443: 2416: 2387: 2366:Gerard of Csanád 2339: 2301: 2254: 2252: 2200: 2192: 2183:Byzantine Church 2102:The Magyars, or 2050:Francis Fukuyama 1998:Balkan Peninsula 1968:(1077–1095) and 1954:Slavic languages 1906: 1899: 1892: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1853: 1852: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1672: 1669: 1616: 1613: 1587:Late Middle Ages 1582:High Middle Ages 1575: 1572: 1549: 1546: 1470: 1460: 1442: 1441: 1432: 1425: 1418: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1209: 1208: 1004: 1003: 953:Bocskai uprising 889: 888: 804: 803: 739: 738: 695: 685: 667: 666: 651: 650: 639: 638: 626: 625: 612: 611: 602: 595: 594: 588: 587: 572: 571: 353: 350: 243: 207: 148: 143: 131: 127: 120: 111: 102: 92: 85: 73: 72: 56: 48: 46:Regnum Hungariae 41: 33: 31:Magyar Királyság 19: 18: 9641: 9640: 9636: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9631: 9630: 9601:Former kingdoms 9586: 9585: 9584: 9579: 9541: 9522:Neo-medievalism 9470: 9406:Itinerant court 9329: 9224: 9145:Georgian Empire 9130:Norman Conquest 9116: 9062:Frankish Empire 8996: 8991: 8961: 8952: 8897:Kingdom of Rus' 8855:Crusader states 8812: 8806: 8723:Crown of Aragon 8709:Kingdom of León 8638:Frankish Empire 8631:Northern Europe 8630: 8621: 8611: 8518: 8512: 8399:Northern Europe 8398: 8390:political units 8389: 8387: 8385: 8379: 8374: 8344: 8339: 8326: 8319: 8312: 8299: 8210: 8203: 8196: 8189: 8165: 8158: 8140: 8126:Public holidays 8061: 8020: 7970: 7948: 7917: 7909: 7895: 7851:Law enforcement 7794: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7700: 7630: 7611:Second Republic 7513: 7504: 7474: 7465: 7463: 7453: 7448: 7442: 7420: 7409: 7403: 7400: 7398:Further reading 7395: 7389: 7366: 7343: 7320: 7294: 7280:Caplovic, Dusan 7278:Spiesz, Anton; 7271: 7248: 7222: 7199: 7172: 7141: 7118: 7094: 7075: 7052: 7022: 7004:Fine, John V. A 6996: 6978:Fine, John V. A 6970: 6944: 6915: 6885: 6855: 6829: 6806: 6785: 6780: 6720: 6718:Primary sources 6715: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6666: 6659: 6651: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6620: 6611: 6605:Kirschbaum 1996 6603: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6579: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6544: 6540: 6532: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6479: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6452: 6448: 6440: 6436: 6428: 6424: 6416: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6380: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6332: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6269: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6245: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6218: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6182: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6131: 6124: 6116: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6037: 6029: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5981: 5977: 5969: 5962: 5954: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5925: 5914: 5906: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5802: 5798: 5790: 5786: 5778: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5670: 5661: 5653: 5649: 5641: 5634: 5626: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5578: 5570: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5531: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5504: 5497: 5489: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5410: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5220: 5212: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5161: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5094: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4828: 4820: 4813: 4805: 4801: 4793: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4757: 4749: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4708: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4543: 4535: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4496: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4295: 4287: 4278: 4270: 4257: 4249: 4242: 4236:Kirschbaum 1996 4234: 4230: 4222: 4211: 4203: 4192: 4184: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4073: 4065: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3917:Kirschbaum 1996 3915: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3860: 3856: 3845: 3841: 3826: 3822: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3727:on 7 April 2022 3715: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3700: 3690: 3686: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3623: 3619: 3599:The last pagan 3598: 3594: 3589: 3561: 3554: 3551: 3520: 3514: 3297: 3283:(Bač, Serbia), 3272: 3262: 3249: 3180: 3026: 3021: 2827:Béla II's son, 2825: 2815: 2803: 2796:Boris Kalamanos 2772: 2653:, administered 2568: 2564: 2556: 2511:of the hermits 2455: 2426:castle warriors 2418: 2414: 2402: 2280:king of Hungary 2276: 2270: 2265: 2253: 999–1003 2249: 2100: 2094: 1910: 1874: 1872: 1867: 1866: 1857:Slovak Republic 1850: 1842: 1841: 1826:1989–1992 1806:1969–1990 1796:1948–1989 1776:1939–1945 1772:Slovak Republic 1766:1939–1945 1746:1918–1938 1725: 1721: 1719: 1709: 1708: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1658: 1657: 1628:Ottoman Hungary 1618: 1614: 1612: 1602: 1601: 1577: 1573: 1571: 1561: 1560: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1535: 1534: 1510: 1500: 1499: 1480: 1458: 1451: 1436: 1400: 1398: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1322:Hungarian Kings 1281: 1273: 1272: 1257:1989–2012 1247:1956–1989 1227:1949–1989 1217:1946–1949 1206: 1198: 1197: 1192:1941–1945 1162:1939–1945 1142:1920–1946 1122:1919–1920 1102:1918–1919 1092:1918–1941 1088:Interwar period 1082:1914–1918 1072:1867–1918 1062:1867–1918 1048:Hungarian State 1042:1848–1849 1032:1825–1848 1022:1711–1867 1012:1703–1711 1001: 993: 992: 987:1699–1867 977:1682–1685 967:1664–1671 957:1604–1606 947:1570–1711 937:1541–1699 933:Ottoman Hungary 927:1526–1699 917:1526–1570 907:1526–1699 886: 878: 877: 872:1366–1526 862:1301–1526 852:1241–1242 832:1102–1918 822:1000–1301 801: 793: 792: 736: 728: 727: 703: 683: 676: 648: 623: 609: 600: 592: 547: 507: 490: 477: 464: 447: 434: 421: 408: 367: 355: 351: 318: 306: 284:Feudal monarchy 261: 238: 202: 194: 150: 134: 133: 132: 129: 123: 121: 113: 112: 109: 103: 100: 93: 86: 68: 67: 66: 60: 59: 50: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9639: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9577: 9567: 9557: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9517:Misconceptions 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9478: 9476: 9472: 9471: 9469: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9337: 9335: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9325:Little Ice Age 9322: 9321: 9320: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9278:Western Schism 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9234: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9126: 9124: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9032: 9027: 9025:Late antiquity 9022: 9017: 9012: 9006: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8990: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8967: 8958: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8951: 8950: 8923: 8908:Rus' Khaganate 8904: 8889: 8878: 8852: 8837: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8822: 8816: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8804: 8799: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8747: 8742: 8720: 8698: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8640: 8634: 8632: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8564: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8522: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8464: 8459: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8413: 8408: 8402: 8400: 8391: 8381: 8380: 8373: 8372: 8365: 8358: 8350: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8332: 8325: 8324: 8317: 8309: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8194: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8163: 8150: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8026: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7986:Stock exchange 7983: 7978: 7973: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7954: 7953: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7904:Prime Minister 7901: 7900: 7899: 7887: 7882: 7881: 7880: 7870: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7812: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7785:National parks 7782: 7777: 7776: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7749: 7744: 7742:Extreme points 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7626:Third Republic 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7591:First Republic 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7503: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7480: 7473: 7472: 7454: 7452: 7451:External links 7449: 7447: 7446: 7440: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7418: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7387: 7370: 7364: 7347: 7341: 7324: 7318: 7302:Spinei, Victor 7298: 7292: 7275: 7269: 7252: 7246: 7226: 7220: 7203: 7197: 7176: 7170: 7145: 7139: 7122: 7116: 7098: 7092: 7079: 7073: 7056: 7050: 7030:Goldstein, Ivo 7026: 7020: 7000: 6994: 6974: 6968: 6948: 6942: 6919: 6913: 6889: 6883: 6859: 6853: 6833: 6827: 6810: 6804: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6772: 6758: 6740: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6708: 6696: 6684: 6672: 6670:, p. 130. 6657: 6655:, p. 129. 6638: 6626: 6609: 6597: 6595:, p. 286. 6585: 6562: 6550: 6538: 6536:, p. 110. 6521: 6519:, p. 163. 6509: 6497: 6495:, p. 219. 6485: 6483:, p. 109. 6470: 6458: 6446: 6444:, p. 108. 6434: 6422: 6420:, p. 276. 6410: 6408:, p. 121. 6398: 6396:, p. 122. 6386: 6374: 6362: 6350: 6348:, p. 120. 6338: 6336:, p. 106. 6323: 6311: 6299: 6297:, p. 377. 6287: 6275: 6263: 6251: 6249:, p. 112. 6236: 6234:, p. 111. 6224: 6222:, p. 272. 6212: 6210:, p. 113. 6200: 6188: 6173: 6171:, p. 105. 6161: 6149: 6137: 6122: 6120:, p. 104. 6110: 6098: 6086: 6074: 6072:, p. 103. 6062: 6060:, p. 414. 6050: 6035: 6023: 6011: 6009:, p. 413. 5999: 5987: 5985:, p. 410. 5975: 5973:, p. 214. 5960: 5958:, p. 439. 5943: 5941:, p. 409. 5931: 5929:, p. 100. 5912: 5910:, p. 427. 5897: 5895:, p. 213. 5885: 5873: 5871:, p. 211. 5861: 5849: 5847:, p. 308. 5837: 5820: 5818:, p. 301. 5808: 5796: 5784: 5772: 5760: 5748: 5736: 5724: 5712: 5710:, p. 121. 5700: 5698:, p. 607. 5688: 5676: 5659: 5647: 5632: 5617: 5605: 5593: 5576: 5561: 5549: 5547:, p. 372. 5537: 5522: 5520:, p. 404. 5510: 5495: 5476: 5464: 5452: 5450:, p. 478. 5440: 5428: 5416: 5404: 5402:, p. 346. 5392: 5380: 5368: 5356: 5344: 5332: 5320: 5308: 5296: 5294:, p. 276. 5284: 5269: 5257: 5255:, p. 141. 5245: 5233: 5218: 5203: 5191: 5179: 5167: 5148: 5136: 5124: 5112: 5100: 5083: 5071: 5056: 5054:, p. 604. 5041: 5039:, p. 405. 5029: 5017: 5005: 5003:, p. 211. 4993: 4991:, p. 477. 4978: 4966: 4954: 4942: 4940:, p. 355. 4930: 4918: 4916:, p. 266. 4906: 4902:Goldstein 1999 4889: 4887:, p. 267. 4877: 4865: 4863:, p. 284. 4853: 4841: 4826: 4811: 4799: 4795:Goldstein 1999 4782: 4780:, p. 345. 4770: 4755: 4753:, p. 265. 4738: 4726: 4714: 4702: 4690: 4678: 4666: 4664:, p. 596. 4651: 4639: 4627: 4615: 4600: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4541: 4526: 4514: 4502: 4500:, p. 261. 4487: 4475: 4463: 4451: 4436: 4424: 4412: 4395: 4383: 4371: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4320: 4308: 4293: 4291:, p. 207. 4276: 4255: 4240: 4228: 4209: 4190: 4175: 4163: 4151: 4139: 4122: 4110: 4098: 4086: 4084:, p. 402. 4071: 4056: 4044: 4032: 4020: 4008: 3993: 3981: 3969: 3957: 3945: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3879: 3877:, p. 269. 3867: 3854: 3839: 3820: 3804: 3793: 3786: 3768: 3757:on 19 May 2022 3738: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3684: 3682:("carpenter") 3663: 3654: 3617: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3550: 3547: 3516:Main article: 3513: 3510: 3506:Charles Robert 3465:Charles Martel 3296: 3293: 3247: 3246: 3218:battle of Mohi 3202:Eastern Europe 3192:Battle of Mohi 3179: 3176: 3160:Magna Hungaria 3104:royal servants 3070:Fourth Crusade 3066:Doge of Venice 3062:Enrico Dandolo 3052:, had to face 3044:(13th century) 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 2990:Legend of Troy 2924:Székesfehérvár 2910:. His uncles, 2858:Second Crusade 2845:Pontic steppes 2801: 2800: 2771: 2768: 2612:Pacta conventa 2596:separate duchy 2584:Petrova Mounts 2554: 2553: 2505:Maurus of Pécs 2454: 2451: 2400: 2399: 2374:Book of Daniel 2358:royal charters 2326:Western Europe 2272:Main article: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2240:. Assisted by 2238:House of Árpád 2203:Constantinople 2096:Main article: 2093: 2090: 2056:. Thereafter, 2042:royal servants 2030:Roman Catholic 1932:, was crowned 1922:Central Europe 1912: 1911: 1909: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1726: 1717:Czechoslovakia 1715: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1675: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1619: 1610:Ottoman Empire 1608: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1578: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1552: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1530:Lower Pannonia 1527: 1522: 1517: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1495:Avar Khaganate 1492: 1487: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1463: 1462: 1453: 1452: 1445: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1434: 1427: 1420: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1002: 999: 998: 995: 994: 989: 988: 985: 979: 978: 975: 969: 968: 965: 959: 958: 955: 949: 948: 945: 939: 938: 935: 929: 928: 925: 919: 918: 915: 909: 908: 905: 899: 898: 895: 887: 884: 883: 880: 879: 874: 873: 870: 864: 863: 860: 854: 853: 850: 844: 843: 840: 834: 833: 830: 824: 823: 820: 814: 813: 812:895–1000 810: 802: 799: 798: 795: 794: 789: 788: 785: 779: 778: 777:~800–970 775: 769: 768: 765: 763:Avar Khaganate 759: 758: 755: 749: 748: 745: 737: 735:Early medieval 734: 733: 730: 729: 726: 725: 720: 718:Roman Pannonia 715: 710: 704: 701: 700: 697: 696: 688: 687: 678: 677: 670: 661: 660: 657: 656: 653: 652: 645: 636: 633: 632: 627: 619: 618: 613: 605: 604: 596: 584: 583: 578: 568: 567: 562: 556: 555: 552: 551: 548: 545: 542: 541: 538: 537: 531: 530: 527: 523: 522: 516: 515: 512: 511: 508: 505:House of Árpád 498: 495: 494: 491: 485: 482: 481: 478: 472: 469: 468: 465: 455: 452: 451: 448: 442: 439: 438: 435: 429: 426: 425: 422: 416: 413: 412: 409: 406: 403: 402: 399: 398: 393: 392:Historical era 389: 388: 382: 378: 377: 374: 373: 368: 365: 362: 361: 356: 354:–1038 (first) 346: 343: 342: 339: 338: 335: 329: 328: 325: 324: 319: 316: 313: 312: 307: 304: 301: 300: 297: 296: 293: 287: 286: 281: 275: 274: 269: 263: 262: 260: 259: 249: 244: 235: 233: 229: 228: 200: 196: 195: 193: 192: 186: 179:Székesfehérvár 176: 169: 167: 163: 162: 156: 152: 151: 144: 136: 135: 122: 115: 114: 97:Royal standard 94: 87: 80: 79: 78: 75: 74: 62: 61: 58: 57: 42: 26: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9638: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9576: 9568: 9566: 9558: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9547: 9544: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9473: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9332: 9326: 9323: 9319: 9316: 9315: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9185:Scholasticism 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9119: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9047:Rise of Islam 9045: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8988: 8983: 8981: 8976: 8974: 8969: 8968: 8965: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8853: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8813:and Near East 8809: 8803: 8800: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8627: 8624: 8618: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8519:and Near East 8515: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8395: 8392: 8382: 8378: 8371: 8366: 8364: 8359: 8357: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8306: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8213: 8209: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8195: 8192: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8168: 8164: 8161: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8071:Family policy 8069: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8039: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7912: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7898: 7893: 7892: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7801: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7773: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7659:Árpád dynasty 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7571:Rákóczi's War 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7496: 7494: 7489: 7487: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7461: 7456: 7455: 7443: 7441:83-7181-211-6 7437: 7433: 7428: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7401: 7390: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7325: 7321: 7319:973-85894-5-2 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7272: 7270:0-295-97290-4 7266: 7262: 7258: 7253: 7249: 7247:0-333-80085-0 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7200: 7194: 7190: 7185: 7184: 7177: 7173: 7171:0-253-20867-X 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7142: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7119: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7099: 7095: 7093:963-9165-37-9 7089: 7085: 7080: 7076: 7074:1-4039-6929-9 7070: 7065: 7064: 7057: 7053: 7047: 7043: 7038: 7037: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7021:0-472-08260-4 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6995:0-472-08149-7 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6969:1-86064-061-3 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6923:Curta, Florin 6920: 6916: 6910: 6906: 6901: 6900: 6894: 6893:Curta, Florin 6890: 6886: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6811: 6807: 6805:1-85285-064-7 6801: 6797: 6793: 6788: 6787: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6769:0-231-13419-3 6766: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6749:; CEU Press; 6748: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6731:; CEU Press; 6730: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6706:, p. 91. 6705: 6700: 6694:, p. 45. 6693: 6688: 6682:, p. 43. 6681: 6676: 6669: 6664: 6662: 6654: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6636:, p. 50. 6635: 6630: 6624:, p. 87. 6623: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6607:, p. 45. 6606: 6601: 6594: 6589: 6583:, p. 84. 6582: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6560:, p. 39. 6559: 6554: 6548:, p. 33. 6547: 6542: 6535: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6518: 6513: 6507:, p. 31. 6506: 6501: 6494: 6489: 6482: 6477: 6475: 6467: 6462: 6455: 6450: 6443: 6438: 6431: 6426: 6419: 6414: 6407: 6402: 6395: 6390: 6383: 6378: 6371: 6366: 6359: 6354: 6347: 6342: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6320: 6315: 6308: 6303: 6296: 6291: 6284: 6279: 6273:, p. 34. 6272: 6267: 6260: 6255: 6248: 6243: 6241: 6233: 6228: 6221: 6216: 6209: 6204: 6198:, p. 49. 6197: 6192: 6186:, p. 33. 6185: 6180: 6178: 6170: 6165: 6158: 6153: 6147:, p. 38. 6146: 6141: 6135:, p. 81. 6134: 6129: 6127: 6119: 6114: 6108:, p. 80. 6107: 6102: 6095: 6090: 6083: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6054: 6048:, p. 54. 6047: 6042: 6040: 6033:, p. 34. 6032: 6027: 6020: 6015: 6008: 6003: 5996: 5991: 5984: 5979: 5972: 5967: 5965: 5957: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5909: 5904: 5902: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5877: 5870: 5865: 5859:, p. 99. 5858: 5853: 5846: 5841: 5835:, p. 99. 5834: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5817: 5812: 5806:, p. 98. 5805: 5800: 5794:, p. 25. 5793: 5788: 5781: 5776: 5769: 5764: 5758:, p. 97. 5757: 5752: 5745: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5722:, p. 96. 5721: 5716: 5709: 5704: 5697: 5692: 5685: 5680: 5674:, p. 77. 5673: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5657:, p. 94. 5656: 5651: 5645:, p. 76. 5644: 5639: 5637: 5630:, p. 23. 5629: 5624: 5622: 5615:, p. 21. 5614: 5609: 5603:, p. 34. 5602: 5597: 5591:, p. 91. 5590: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5574:, p. 89. 5573: 5568: 5566: 5559:, p. 61. 5558: 5553: 5546: 5541: 5535:, p. 75. 5534: 5529: 5527: 5519: 5514: 5508:, p. 21. 5507: 5502: 5500: 5493:, p. 71. 5492: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5474:, p. 66. 5473: 5468: 5461: 5456: 5449: 5444: 5437: 5432: 5426:, p. 46. 5425: 5420: 5413: 5408: 5401: 5396: 5390:, p. 55. 5389: 5384: 5378:, p. 74. 5377: 5372: 5366:, p. 61. 5365: 5360: 5354:, p. 53. 5353: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5318:, p. 62. 5317: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5293: 5288: 5282:, p. 61. 5281: 5276: 5274: 5267:, p. 33. 5266: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5242: 5237: 5231:, p. 51. 5230: 5225: 5223: 5216:, p. 53. 5215: 5210: 5208: 5200: 5195: 5189:, p. 50. 5188: 5183: 5176: 5171: 5165:, p. 73. 5164: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5146:, p. 87. 5145: 5140: 5134:, p. 56. 5133: 5128: 5122:, p. 95. 5121: 5116: 5109: 5104: 5098:, p. 57. 5097: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5080: 5075: 5069:, p. 60. 5068: 5063: 5061: 5053: 5048: 5046: 5038: 5033: 5026: 5021: 5015:, p. 64. 5014: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4990: 4985: 4983: 4975: 4970: 4964:, p. 65. 4963: 4958: 4951: 4946: 4939: 4934: 4928:, p. 36. 4927: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4904:, p. 21. 4903: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4886: 4881: 4874: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4839:, p. 35. 4838: 4833: 4831: 4824:, p. 34. 4823: 4818: 4816: 4809:, p. 63. 4808: 4803: 4797:, p. 20. 4796: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4779: 4774: 4768:, p. 14. 4767: 4762: 4760: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4735: 4730: 4723: 4718: 4711: 4706: 4700:, p. 62. 4699: 4694: 4687: 4682: 4676:, p. 33. 4675: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4649:, p. 31. 4648: 4643: 4637:, p. 32. 4636: 4631: 4624: 4619: 4613:, p. 59. 4612: 4607: 4605: 4597: 4592: 4586:, p. 26. 4585: 4580: 4574:, p. 92. 4573: 4568: 4562:, p. 59. 4561: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4539:, p. 18. 4538: 4533: 4531: 4524:, p. 68. 4523: 4518: 4512:, p. 74. 4511: 4506: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4485:, p. 70. 4484: 4479: 4472: 4467: 4460: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4441: 4433: 4428: 4421: 4416: 4410:, p. 20. 4409: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4392: 4387: 4381:, p. 38. 4380: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4356: 4351: 4345:, p. 72. 4344: 4339: 4333:, p. 46. 4332: 4327: 4325: 4318:, p. 56. 4317: 4312: 4306:, p. 29. 4305: 4300: 4298: 4290: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4274:, p. 29. 4273: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4253:, p. 58. 4252: 4247: 4245: 4238:, p. 41. 4237: 4232: 4226:, p. 53. 4225: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4207:, p. 17. 4206: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4188:, p. 27. 4187: 4182: 4180: 4173:, p. 20. 4172: 4167: 4161:, p. 26. 4160: 4155: 4149:, p. 51. 4148: 4143: 4137:, p. 16. 4136: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4119: 4114: 4107: 4102: 4096:, p. 16. 4095: 4090: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4054:, p. 57. 4053: 4048: 4042:, p. 28. 4041: 4036: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4012: 4006:, p. 20. 4005: 4000: 3998: 3991:, p. 21. 3990: 3985: 3979:, p. 82. 3978: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3955:, p. 13. 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3925: 3919:, p. 40. 3918: 3913: 3902:September 18, 3897: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3848: 3847:Elemér Hantos 3843: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3818: 3817:9789637096990 3814: 3808: 3802: 3797: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3708: 3694: 3688: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3658: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3624:For example, 3621: 3614: 3613:Protestantism 3610: 3606: 3605:christianized 3602: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3553: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3494:Ladislaus Kán 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3408: 3407:Simon of Kéza 3404: 3401:, and other " 3399: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3323: 3322:Jassic people 3319: 3316:. A group of 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3230:Klis Fortress 3227: 3224:, where Duke 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3092:assassination 3089: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3077:Ladislaus III 3074: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2688: 2684: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2517:Andrew Zorard 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2482:new rebellion 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470:Peter Orseolo 2468: 2464: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2409: 2398: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354:parish church 2351: 2347: 2344:and at least 2343: 2338: 2337: 2331: 2327: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2260: 2258: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215:heavy cavalry 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2198: 2191: 2190: 2184: 2180: 2179:Pereyaslavets 2174: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2086:Árpád dynasty 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1988:(1176–1196), 1987: 1984:(1131–1141), 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1871: 1870: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1846: 1845: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1544: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1525:Great Moravia 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1515:Samo's Empire 1513: 1512: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1490:Lombard state 1488: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1478:Early history 1474: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1397: 1396: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1312:Árpád dynasty 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1276: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1202: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1086: 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Tauris 6692:Molnár 2001 6680:Molnár 2001 6593:Sedlar 1994 6558:Sedlar 1994 6546:Sedlar 1994 6517:Sedlar 1994 6505:Makkai 1994 6493:Sedlar 1994 6466:Sedlar 1994 6418:Sedlar 1994 6295:Sedlar 1994 6184:Makkai 1994 6157:Spinei 2003 6145:Molnár 2001 6082:Berend 2001 6031:Molnár 2001 5971:Sedlar 1994 5956:Spinei 2003 5908:Spinei 2003 5893:Sedlar 1994 5869:Sedlar 1994 5857:Berend 2001 5845:Spinei 2003 5816:Spinei 2003 5792:Makkai 1994 5744:Berend 2001 5732:Berend 2001 5708:Berend 2001 5628:Makkai 1994 5613:Berend 2001 5506:Makkai 1994 5424:Molnár 2001 5388:Sedlar 1994 5253:Berend 2001 5001:Berend 2001 4974:Berend 2001 4950:Makkai 1994 4849:Sedlar 1994 4778:Bárány 2012 4766:Tanner 2010 4710:Berend 2001 4596:Makkai 1994 4584:Molnár 2001 4537:Makkai 1994 4408:Makkai 1994 4289:Sedlar 1994 4205:Makkai 1994 4171:Molnár 2001 4135:Makkai 1994 4118:Spinei 2003 4094:Spinei 2003 4052:Spinei 2003 4016:Spinei 2003 3989:Sedlar 1994 3977:Spinei 2003 3965:Spinei 2003 3953:Makkai 1994 3941:Molnár 2001 3498:Amadeus Aba 3486:legislative 3393:, Romanian 3333:Nagyszombat 3287:(Uzhhorod, 3130:. His son, 2959:", such as 2955:so-called " 2936:reconquered 2908:Stephen III 2872:Rose window 2663:judge royal 2547:Böszörménys 2531:plundering 2521:hagiography 2430:castle folk 2384:Admonitions 2350:Benedictine 2138:patrilineal 2022:Renaissance 1966:Ladislaus I 1643:Eğri Eyalet 1457:History of 1078:World War I 1000:Late modern 893:Reformation 838:Golden Bull 682:History of 576:Preceded by 462:Jasz people 432:Golden Bull 381:Legislature 352: 1009 191:(from 1256) 9590:Categories 9497:Land terms 9451:Technology 9431:Philosophy 9411:Literature 9376:Demography 9077:Viking Age 8788:Almoravids 8776:al-Andalus 8749:Portugal ( 8592:Anatolia ( 8285:Television 8250:Literature 8240:Inventions 8091:Hungarians 8081:Healthcare 7971:(currency) 7873:Parliament 7674:Holy Crown 6952:Engel, Pál 6668:Engel 2001 6653:Engel 2001 6534:Engel 2001 6481:Engel 2001 6454:Engel 2001 6442:Engel 2001 6430:Engel 2001 6406:Engel 2001 6394:Engel 2001 6382:Engel 2001 6346:Engel 2001 6334:Engel 2001 6259:Engel 2001 6247:Engel 2001 6232:Engel 2001 6220:Engel 2001 6208:Engel 2001 6169:Engel 2001 6118:Engel 2001 6070:Engel 2001 6058:Curta 2006 6019:Engel 2001 6007:Curta 2006 5983:Curta 2006 5939:Curta 2006 5927:Engel 2001 5881:Curta 2006 5833:Engel 2001 5804:Engel 2001 5780:Curta 2006 5768:Engel 2001 5756:Engel 2001 5720:Engel 2001 5696:Curta 2019 5655:Engel 2001 5589:Engel 2001 5572:Engel 2001 5545:Curta 2006 5460:Weisz 2018 5436:Engel 2001 5400:Curta 2006 5352:Engel 2001 5316:Engel 2001 5304:Curta 2006 5280:Engel 2001 5229:Engel 2001 5187:Engel 2001 5175:Engel 2001 5132:Engel 2001 5096:Engel 2001 5079:Engel 2001 5067:Engel 2001 5052:Curta 2019 5025:Engel 2001 5013:Engel 2001 4938:Curta 2006 4926:Engel 2001 4914:Curta 2006 4885:Curta 2006 4873:Curta 2006 4837:Engel 2001 4822:Engel 2001 4751:Curta 2006 4674:Engel 2001 4662:Curta 2019 4647:Engel 2001 4560:Engel 2001 4522:Engel 2001 4510:Engel 2001 4498:Weisz 2018 4483:Engel 2001 4459:Engel 2001 4447:Engel 2001 4432:Engel 2001 4391:Engel 2001 4379:Engel 2001 4367:Curta 2019 4331:Engel 2001 4272:Engel 2001 4186:Engel 2001 4159:Engel 2001 4067:Curta 2006 4028:Engel 2001 4004:Engel 2001 3929:Engel 2001 3704:References 3626:cseresznye 3341:broadcloth 3238:archdeacon 3190:after the 3073:took Zadar 3040:church of 3038:Romanesque 3032:Relief of 3013:Pray Codex 2916:Stephen IV 2853:Al-Andaluz 2780:Stephen II 2744:Buda Hills 2683:Regensburg 2507:wrote his 2474:Samuel Aba 2311:St Stephen 2104:Hungarians 2092:Background 2082:Andrew III 2014:Romanesque 1367:Literature 1317:Holy Crown 1287:Hungarians 1267:since 2012 601:of Hungary 535:Population 501:Andrew III 359:Samuel Aba 322:Andrew III 279:Government 267:Demonym(s) 242:(official) 181:(place of 9482:Dark Ages 9391:Household 9386:Hastilude 9155:Feudalism 8947:Despotate 8891:Ukraine ( 8875:Jerusalem 8839:Croatia ( 8594:Byzantine 8566:Hungary ( 8557:Byzantine 8456:1169–1536 8230:Festivals 8111:Languages 8057:Education 8011:Transport 7958:Companies 7890:President 7826:Elections 7780:Mountains 7752:Hydrology 7710:Geography 6370:Rady 2000 6358:Rady 2000 6319:Fine 1994 6283:Nagy 2018 5601:Rady 2000 5557:Fine 1994 5472:Rady 2000 5448:Nagy 2018 5412:Fine 1994 5241:Fine 1991 4989:Nagy 2018 4861:Fine 1991 4734:Fine 1991 4471:Rady 2000 4106:Nagy 2018 3676:Gerencsér 3512:Aftermath 3442:Elisabeth 3430:Ladislaus 3310:Romanians 3302:Moravians 3198:Batu Khan 3156:Dominican 3096:Holy Land 3036:from the 2896:Szepesség 2880:Esztergom 2756:Pressburg 2740:Szerémség 2693:marturina 2638:Dalmatian 2537:Ladislaus 2529:Pechenegs 2440:udvornici 2380:known as 2162:Ibn Rusta 1990:Andrew II 1950:Hungarian 1926:Stephen I 1485:Roman era 550:2,000,000 493:1285-1286 480:1241-1242 467:1238-1239 310:Stephen I 272:Hungarian 232:Religion 210:Hungarian 173:Esztergom 65:1000–1301 38:Hungarian 9565:Category 9532:Timeline 9421:Minstrel 9416:Medicine 9298:Chivalry 9253:Burgundy 9175:Crusades 8943:Lordship 8925:Serbia ( 8906:Russia ( 8845:Pannonia 8841:Dalmatia 8792:Almohads 8620:Medieval 8555:Greece ( 8467:Scotland 8452:800–1169 8384:Medieval 8330:Category 8235:Folklore 8212:Sausages 8131:Religion 7991:Taxation 7976:Industry 7856:Military 7804:Politics 7727:Counties 7686:Nobility 7669:Monarchs 7649:Military 7644:Economic 7536:Pannonia 7511:articles 7466:15 March 7304:(2003). 7238:Palgrave 7232:(2000). 7032:(1999). 7006:(1994). 6980:(1991). 6929:Volume I 6925:(2019). 6895:(2006). 6839:(2001). 3875:Bak 1993 3849:(1904), 3761:15 March 3731:15 March 3549:See also 3477:a prince 3453:Holy See 3426:Gutkeled 3387:noblemen 3121:Visegrád 2993:and the 2932:Béla III 2920:Dalmatia 2784:Székelys 2748:Hegyalja 2659:palatine 2618:Slavonia 2525:defeated 2513:Benedict 2467:Venetian 2342:dioceses 2330:Counties 2315:his wife 2257:Otto III 2133:in 955. 2114:against 2034:Orthodox 1986:Béla III 1978:Dalmatia 1459:Slovakia 1448:a series 1446:Part of 1387:Budapest 1377:Székelys 1337:Military 1332:Nobility 1292:Timeline 800:Medieval 673:a series 671:Part of 396:Medieval 333:Palatine 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2066:Moravia 1994:Béla IV 1982:Béla II 1974:Croatia 1970:Coloman 1962:Hungary 1946:Italian 1352:Economy 1263:Hungary 684:Hungary 486:• 473:• 443:• 430:• 417:• 347:• 254:(among 166:Capital 128:of the 108:of the 99:of the 9555:Portal 9436:Poetry 9263:France 8939:Empire 8920:Moscow 8916:Ryazan 8871:Edessa 8859:Cyprus 8833:Second 8751:County 8598:Seljuk 8588:Serbia 8578:Poland 8490:Sweden 8434:France 8335:Portal 8205:Dishes 8180:Cinema 8076:Health 7963:Energy 7772:Rivers 7679:Regent 7509: 7438: 7416: 7385: 7362: 7339: 7316: 7290: 7267: 7244: 7218: 7195: 7168: 7137: 7114: 7090: 7071: 7048: 7018: 6992: 6966: 6940: 6911: 6881: 6851: 6825: 6802: 6767: 6753: 6735: 3815: 3784: 3680:Taszár 3672:Hodász 3638:kovács 3601:Cumans 3496:, and 3473:Andrew 3397:knezes 3308:, and 3285:Ungvár 3276:Ögödei 3266:, 3255:canons 3168:Kuthen 3136:Cumans 3058:Andrew 3050:Emeric 2979:, and 2973:Oxford 2948:ispáns 2876:Gothic 2819:, 2760:millet 2754:, and 2752:Sopron 2736:barley 2731:Szászi 2725:Németi 2703:Olaszi 2685:, and 2576:Helena 2541:tithes 2486:Andrew 2459:Emeric 2447:hearth 2408:steers 2336:ispáns 2288:Ajtony 2242:German 2160:, but 2158:nomads 2142:tribes 2127:Otto I 2070:Poland 2062:Jassic 2020:, and 2018:Gothic 2009:French 1942:German 1450:on the 1280:Topics 675:on the 458:Cumans 337: 295: 256:Cumans 218:German 155:Status 49: 34: 9466:Women 9426:Music 9381:Domes 9371:Dance 9258:Milan 8828:First 8784:Taifa 8499:Early 8495:Wales 8485:Spain 8471:Early 8462:Italy 8420:Early 8321:Index 8275:Sport 8265:Names 8260:Music 8255:Media 8220:Dance 8136:Women 8047:Crime 7944:Banks 7765:Lakes 7410:(PDF) 3693:Olasz 3646:patkó 3642:ablak 3587:Notes 3482:Diets 3463:son, 3349:Ghent 3318:Alans 3306:Poles 3146:were 2981:Padua 2969:Paris 2965:deeds 2928:ispán 2808:count 2716:Várad 2634:Split 2630:Zadar 2622:Dráva 2588:Álmos 2463:Vazul 2422:serfs 2319:Óbuda 2309:King 2298:gyepü 2284:Gyula 2197:gyula 2189:horka 2165:the " 2150:Árpád 2120:Italy 2058:Cuman 2026:Latin 1924:when 1372:Music 520:Area 226:Vlach 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