Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)

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and merchants. Their arrival contributed to the development of Esztergom, Székesfehérvár and many other cities and large number of villages in various parts of the Kingdom. Situated at the crossroads of international trade routes, Hungary was affected by several cultural trends. Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance buildings, and literary works written in Latin prove the predominantly Roman Catholic character of the culture of the Kingdom, but Orthodox, and even non-Christian ethnic minority communities also existed. Latin was the language of legislation, administration and judiciary, but "linguistic pluralism" (János M. Bak) contributed to the survival of a number of tongues, including a great variety of Slavic dialects.

661: 2954: 3063: 2489: 2010: 591: 75: 2630: 566: 68: 2832: 619: 120: 2950:"extraordinary tax", often without the consent of the Diet. Traditional taxes were renamed in order to abolish earlier exemptions (for instance, the "thirtieth" was collected under the name "duty of the Crown" from 1467). Contemporary estimations suggest that his total yearly income was about 650,000 golden florins. More than 60 percent of his revenues (about 400,000 florins) derived from the "extraordinary tax", but salt monopoly and coinage still yielded significant income (60-80,000 florins). 1436: 2230: 3218: 2328: 2817: 7595: 2745: 1843: 7585: 1369: 5087: 2195: 3100: 7605: 2585: 2310:". In Hungary, fewer locals fell victim to the epidemic than in Western Europe, because the kingdom was still an underpopulated territory with well nourished inhabitants. Indeed, colonization also continued in the 14th century. The new settlers mainly came from Moravia, Poland and other neighboring countries. They were customarily exempted of taxation for 16 years, which is reflected by the 2260:" (a tax on goods transferred through the kingdom's frontiers), and authorized landholders to retain one third of the income from mines opened in their estates. The new mines produced around 2,250 kilograms (4,960 lb) of gold and 9,000 kilograms (20,000 lb) of silver annually, which made up more than 30 percent of the world's production up until the 2002:(1095–1116). Following the succession crisis in Croatia as a result of their campaign the Kingdom of Croatia entered a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary in 1102. Both of them were regarded as a successor by hereditary rights Coloman was crowned in Biograd in 1102 and the title now claimed by Coloman was "King of Hungary, Dalmatia, and Croatia". 2924:, to hand over all royal castles held by his father. Ladislaus Hunyadi pretended to accept the command, but his retinue murdered Ulrich in Belgrade. He was arrested in March 1457, along with his younger brother Matthias, and subsequently executed. However, the execution stirred up the lesser nobility to revolt. Ladislaus V fled to 3169:. Though the Hungarian troops were well-equipped and well-trained, they lacked a good military leader, while reinforcements from Croatia and Transylvania did not arrive in time. They were utterly defeated, with up to 20,000 killed on the field, while Louis himself died when he fell from his horse into a bog. 2565:. Thereafter, all landholders provided one archer for each twenty peasant households on their estates. In the same year, Sigismund abolished former immunities of the jurisdiction of county authorities which accelerated the development of county assemblies into important institutions of local autonomy. 3035:

of 1486 strengthened the authority of county magistrates by abolishing the palatine's right to convoke judicial assemblies in the counties and by annulling earlier immunities. King "Matthias the Just" travelling in disguise throughout his realm in order to suppress corruption became a hero of popular

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and royalties to the nobility. By this method, the king tried to stabilize his new reign and preserve his popularity amongst the magnates. After the naïve fiscal and land policy of the royal court, the central power began to experience severe financial difficulties, largely due to the enlargement of

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This knightly order was established on the occasion of the royal troop's victory over Hrvoje Hrvatinić in 1408. Thereafter most Dalmatian towns seceded from Ladislaus of Naples, but he soon sold his claims to the Republic of Venice. In the following decade, the republic forced the settlements on the

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and his (mostly foreign) favorites gave rise to a number of plots. Led by John Kanizsai, archbishop of Esztergom, the native barons even imprisoned him in 1401. For six months, the barons administered the realm in the name of the Holy Crown, "the impersonal sovereign of the kingdom" (Miklós Molnár),

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Rich in uncultivated lands and in silver, gold, and salt deposits, the kingdom became a preferred target of the continuous immigration of mainly German, Italian and French colonists. The colonists were mostly peasants who settled in villages, but also large number of townsfolk arrived as craftsmen

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in 1000 or 1001. He reinforced central authority and forced his subjects to accept Christianity. Although written sources emphasize the role played by German and Italian knights and clerics in the process, a significant part of the Hungarian vocabulary for agriculture, religion and state was taken

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became king, but a royal council appointed by the Diet ruled the country. Hungary was in a state of near anarchy under the magnates' rule. The king's finances were a shambles; he borrowed to meet his household expenses despite the fact that they totaled about one-third of the national income. The

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in 1452. Hunyadi also resigned from the regency, but he continued to administer a significant part of royal revenues and many royal fortresses. According to a contemporary proposal for the reform of royal revenues, more than 50 percent thereof (around 120,000 florins) derived from the royal

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of Habsburg. Each claimed sovereignty over the entire country but lacked sufficient forces to eliminate his rival. Zápolya, a Hungarian who was military governor of Transylvania, was recognized by Sultan Suleiman and was supported mostly by lesser nobles opposed to new foreign kings. Zápolya's

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disappeared in the 14th century, because all peasants had acquired the right to free movement by the 1350s. Most of them cultivated well defined parcels with a hereditary right to use it for a rent in cash and in-kind "gifts" due to the landowner. The legal position of "true noblemen" was also

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The major towns always remained faithful to Sigismund. He exempted many of them from internal custom duties and even invited their representatives to the Diet in 1405. However, the Diet was not convoked for three decades. The king spent more and more time abroad especially after his election

2939:, of the regency. Led by Garay, his opponents offered the crown to Frederick III, but Matthias defeated them and concluded a peace treaty with the emperor in 1464. In the meantime, the zone of buffer states along the kingdom's southern frontiers collapsed with the occupation of Serbia and 3165:, tried to manage an anti-magnate putsch, but were not successful. In August 1526, the Ottomans under Suleiman appeared in southern Hungary, and he marched nearly 100,000 Turkish-Islamic troops into Hungary's heartland. The Hungarian army, numbering around 26,000, met the Turks at 2240:

The king even afforded to grant privileges which contradicted customary law. For instance, he occasionally authorized daughters of noblemen to inherit their fathers' estates, although local customs required that a deceased nobleman's inherited lands were to be transferred to his

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The kingdom's defense and Sigismund's active foreign policy demanded new sources of income. For instance, the king imposed "extraordinary" taxes on the prelates and mortgaged 13 Saxon towns in the Szepesség to Poland in 1412. He regularly debased coinage which resulted in a

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limited the serfs' freedom of movement and expanded their obligations while a large portion of peasants became prosperous because of cattle-export to the West. Rural discontent boiled over in 1514 when well-armed peasants preparing for a crusade against Turks rose up under

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Vladislaus II also abolished the taxes that had supported Matthias' mercenary army. As a result, the king's army dispersed just as the Turks were threatening Hungary. The magnates also dismantled Mathias' administration and antagonized the lesser nobles. In 1492 the

2550:'s suzerainty, thus the Ottoman Empire's expansion reached the southern frontiers of Hungary in 1390. Sigismund decided to organize a crusade against the Ottomans. A great army consisting mainly of French knights assembled, but the crusaders were routed in the 2123:

At the news of Andrew III's death, viceroy Šubić invited Charles of Anjou, the late Charles Martel's son, to claim the throne, who hurried to Esztergom where he was crowned king. However, most secular lords opposed his rule and proposed the throne to King

3075:, the king of Bohemia and son of Casimir IV of Poland, precisely because of his notorious weakness: he was known as King Dobže, or Dobzse (meaning "all right"), from his habit of accepting, without question, every petition and document laid before him. 3110:

Shocked by the peasant revolt, the Diet of 1514 passed laws that condemned the serfs to eternal bondage and increased their work obligations. Corporal punishment became widespread, and one noble even branded his serfs like livestock. The legal scholar

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Assisted by the prelates and a growing number of lesser nobles, Charles I launched a series of expeditions against the great lords. Taking advantage of the lack of unity among them, he defeated them one by one. He won his first victory in the

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Religious fanaticism is one of the featuring element of Louis I's reign. He attempted, without success, to convert many of his Orthodox subjects to Catholicism by force. He expelled the Jews around 1360, but allowed them to return in 1367.

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in the 1490s. However, most profits from the mines were transferred to Italian and South German merchants, because the value of imported fine textiles and other goods always exceeded the price of cattle and wine exported from the kingdom.

2694:. Actually, the town became the kingdom's capital in his reign. The wealthiest landholders also constructed new residences or rebuilt their old fortresses in order to improve comfort. For instance, Pipo of Ozora who employed the painter 5072:(Translated and Edited by János M. Bak, György Bónis, James Ross Sweeney with an essay on previous editions by Andor Czizmadia, Second revised edition, In collaboration with Leslie S. Domonkos) (1999). Charles Schlacks, Jr. Publishers. 2386:, a Romanian principality east of the Carpathians is also connected to these campaigns. Along the southern frontiers, Louis I compelled the Venetians to withdraw from Dalmatia in 1358 and forced a number of local rulers (including 3045:

with its 2,000 manuscripts, was the second greatest in size among contemporary book-collections. Matthias was the first monarch north of the Alps to introduce Italian Renaissance style in his realms. Inspired by his second wife,

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Matthias' reforms did not survive the turbulent decades that followed his death in 1490. An oligarchy of quarrelsome magnates gained control of Hungary. Not wanting another heavy-handed king, they procured the accession of

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Charles I introduced a centralized power structure in the 1320s. Stating that "his words has the force of law", he never again convoked the Diet. Even his most faithful partisans depended on revenues from their temporary

3351: 2969:" was one of the first professional military forces in Europe. Matthias strengthened the network of fortresses along the southern frontier, but he did not pursue his father's offensive anti-Ottoman policy. Instead, he 2324:

standardized when the idea of "one and the same liberty" was enacted in 1351. For instance, all noblemen received the right to "adjudicate all offences committed" by the peasants living in their estates (Martyn Rady).

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was assassinated in 1345. His brother, Louis I of Hungary accused the queen of his murder and led two campaigns against her in 1347 and 1350. Although he twice conquered her kingdom, she regained it on both occasions.

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claimed the throne for himself. He arrived in the kingdom in September 1385. Although the Diet forced the queen to abdicate and elected Charles of Naples king, the queen's partisans murdered him in February 1386.

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The predominance of royal estates initially ensured the sovereign's preeminent position, but the alienation of royal lands gave rise to the emergence of a self-conscious group of lesser landholders. They forced

2855:, but it was also stipulated that he should convoke the Diet annually. At the Diets, all official documents were issued and even speeches could be made in Latin. However, the German-speaking delegates from 3096:, a borderguard captain, and attacked estates across Hungary. United by a common threat, the magnates and lesser nobles eventually crushed the rebels. Dózsa and other rebel leaders were brutally executed. 2527:

king. They captured the queen in July 1386, but her supporters proposed the crown to her husband, Sigismund of Luxemburg. Queen Mary was soon liberated, but she never again intervened in the government.

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independence of the monarch to strengthen their autonomy. They acquired all royal castles in a number of counties where everybody was obliged either to accept their supremacy or to leave. For instance,

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and other towns, frescoes and sculptures found at many places (including Esztergom and Nagyvárad) point at a flourishing Gothic architecture and art. Codices decorated with miniatures (among them the

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In: Using the Written Word in Medieval Towns: Varieties of Medieval Urban Literacy II. ed. Marco Mostert and Anna Adamska. Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy 28. Turhnout, Brepols, 2014.

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also became an Ottoman vassal in 1529 when he swore fealty to Suleiman. Ferdinand drew support from magnates in western Hungary who hoped he could convince his brother, Holy Roman Emperor

4904: 3202:, that would have made Ferdinand sole monarch upon the death of the then-childless Zápolya. The agreement failed when, just before his death in 1540, Zápolya married and fathered a son, 2862:

Large territories remained independent of the central government in Hunyadi's regency. For instance, Frederick III held several towns along the western borders, and a Czech mercenary,

2866:, administered many fortresses in the northern regions. Even so, Hunyadi was planning to fight against the Ottomans in their own territories. However, his new campaign ended with the 3083:

feudal lands at his expense. The noble estate of the parliament succeeded in reducing the tax burden by 70-80 percent, at the expense of the country's ability to defend itself.

2790:. Both Ladislaus and Władysław were crowned which caused a civil war. John Hunyadi, a talented military leader who supported Władysław, rose to prominence during these fights. 2531:

Sigismund distributed more than 50 percent of the royal estates to his supporters. Furthermore, large territories in Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia remained controlled by

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Early modern religious communities in East-Central Europe: ethnic diversity, denominational plurality, and corporative politics in the principality of Transylvania (1526–1691)

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A Diet was convoked and the assembled noblemen elected Matthias Hunyadi king in 1458. The young monarch in short time removed the powerful Ladislaus Garay from the office of

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country's defenses sagged as border guards went unpaid, fortresses fell into disrepair, and initiatives to increase taxes to reinforce defenses were stifled. In 1521 Sultan

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gave Hungary's king and nobles, or magnates, equal shares of power: the nobles recognized the king as superior, but in turn the nobles had the power to elect the king. The

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in 1427 and started to regularly plunder the neighboring lands. The Ottoman raids forced many locals to depart for better protected regions. Their place was occupied by

1904:. Gold and silver mines opened in his reign produced about one third of the world's total production up until the 1490s. The kingdom reached the peak of its power under 2581:

supported his opponent, Sigismund prohibited both the proclamation of papal documents without a previous royal consent and the appointment of prelates by the Holy See.

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achieved de facto independence, with Paul Šubić even minting his own coin and being called by contemporary Croatian historians as the "uncrowned king of the Croats".

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On the southern borders, Sigismund attempted to create a buffer zone against the Ottomans. For this purpose, he granted large estates to Stefan Lazarević of Serbia,

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never replaced customary which gave rise to the appearance of lay officials who possessed "a good command of Latin and a fair knowledge of common law" (Pál Engel).

6579: 7048: 7414: 2917:. They mobilized 25-30,000 commoners, cut the Ottomans' supply lines and forced them to withdraw on July 22, 1456. Hunyadi died in an epidemic in two weeks. 2577:

but finally restored Sigismund's rule. A group of barons offered the crown to Ladislaus of Naples in 1412, but Sigismund again gained the upper hand. Since

5058:(Translated and annotated with an introduction by Charles Christopher Mierow, with the collaboration of Richard Emery) (1953). Columbia University Press. 7550: 5911: 2683:

from 1428. However, Hussite ideas spread in the southern counties, mainly among the burghers of the Szerémség. Hussite preachers were also the first to

5099: 2148:(present-day Rozhanovce, Slovakia) in 1312. However, the most powerful lord, Matthew Csák preserved his autonomy up until his death in 1321, while the 2965:

Increased royal revenues enabled Matthias to set up and maintain a standing army. Consisting of mainly Czech, German and Hungarian mercenaries, his "

2278:. His ban on trading with uncoined gold produced shortage in the European market which lasted until his death in 1342. Following this, in 1343, the 680: 2652:

groups were also admitted in the kingdom because of their information on the Ottoman Empire's military and their skills in manufacturing weapons.

6401: 890: 2859:(present-day Bratislava, Slovakia) reported already in 1446 that they could not understand the debates because the noblemen spoke in Hungarian. 7063: 2510:. However, most noblemen opposed the idea of being ruled by a female monarch. Taking advantage of the situation, a male member of the dynasty, 2847:

Following Władysław's death, the Diet of 1445 acknowledged the infant Ladislaus V as rightful monarch. He lived in the court of his relative,

3162: 2851:. Therefore, the Estates appointed seven "captains", one of them being Hunyadi, to govern the kingdom. The Diet of 1446 elected Hunyadi sole 1871: 7140: 6096: 5599: 1615: 1397: 1145: 985: 910: 5022:(Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); 2644:

and other neighboring rulers. Furthermore, fourteen new fortresses were erected on the Danube frontier under the auspices of the Italian

5108: 143: 6611: 750: 7639: 6569: 3372:[Croatian-Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868, with a special survey of the Slavonian issue]. 1789: 1709: 102: 5874: 5531: 4998: 1939:) in 1456 stabilized the southern frontiers for more than half a century. The first king of Hungary without dynastic ancestry was 6960: 6328: 3206:. Violence erupted, and the Turks seized the opportunity, conquering the city of Buda and then partitioning the country in 1541. 1125: 3131:

also freed the nobles from taxation, obligated them to serve in the military only in a defensive war, and made them immune from

3327: 3302: 3013: 1445: 795: 5040:(Translated and Annotated by János M. Bak and Martyn Rady) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); 7018: 5604: 5502: 5472: 5382: 5305: 5209: 5186: 5171: 3246: 2946:

King Matthias introduced far-reaching fiscal and military reforms. First of all, peasants were in each year obliged to pay a

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in 1437. It was suppressed by the joint forces of the Hungarian noblemen, Székelys and Transylvanian Saxons who concluded an

975: 860: 506: 3303:"A magyar nyelv hivatalossá tételéről rendelkező törvény, 1844 (Act on the officialization of the Hungarian language, 1844)" 119: 7629: 6684: 5918: 5439: 1994:' unsuccessful attempts to expand their authority over Hungary jeopardized the new monarchy. Its position stabilized under 7474: 7449: 7389: 6688: 6394: 5813: 5765: 5755: 2988:, archbishop of Esztergom, many of Matthias's former supporters rebelled against him in 1471. They offered the throne to 1035: 5677: 3031:

after 1471. He preferred to employ lesser nobles and even commoners instead of aristocrats in state administration. His

7565: 6601: 6489: 5942: 5672: 5634: 5594: 5579: 5049: 5031: 4961: 3412: 2355:("Privilege for the Slavs") from 1381 was the first indication of official bilingualism in a town. It ensured that the 2349:, Hungarian and Slovak peasants arrived from the nearby villages to settle in the towns in the 14th century. Louis I's 2140:

persuaded all the lords to accept Charles of Anjou's rule in 1310, but most territories remained out of royal control.

2072: 1968: 1646: 1549: 1314: 1105: 1085: 950: 785: 584: 571: 7608: 7570: 7100: 6882: 6574: 6504: 6485: 6354: 6139: 6014: 5928: 5818: 5544: 5487: 5457: 5418: 5367: 5344: 5329: 5290: 5272: 5248: 5227: 5148: 5129: 5063: 2848: 2406:

even achieved the independence of Moldavia. Louis I's suzerainty over Moldavia was only restored when he was elected

1864: 108: 7659: 7654: 7649: 6523: 6512: 6508: 6481: 6039: 5894: 5659: 2909:), the key fort at Hungary's southern frontier. The defence was organized by John Hunyadi, who was assisted by the 2261: 2031: 1390: 815: 1661: 7068: 6461: 6457: 6410: 5390: 3182: 2375: 1739: 1294: 3349:

Márta Font - Ugarsko Kraljevstvo i Hrvatska u srednjem vijeku (Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middle Ages)

2532: 1928: 7644: 7434: 7374: 7346: 7105: 6532: 6453: 6387: 5687: 5649: 3132: 1978: 1656: 1497: 1349: 1309: 1190: 1055: 7520: 7351: 6540: 6536: 6273: 6263: 6029: 5358:. In: Sugár, Peter F. (General Editor); Hanák, Péter (Associate Editor); Frank, Tibor (Editorial Assistant); 5139:. In: Sugár, Peter F. (General Editor); Hanák, Péter (Associate Editor); Frank, Tibor (Editorial Assistant); 3191: 2588: 2483: 2085: 1799: 1259: 940: 740: 138: 2771:, king. Albert promised not to make any decisions without consulting the prelates and the lords. He died of 7664: 6968: 6964: 6835: 6119: 5991: 5864: 5654: 5609: 5524: 5038:

Master Roger's Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars

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Matthias's court was "unquestionably among the most brilliant in Europe" (Miklós Molnár). His library, the

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to Hungarian. However, all Hussites were either executed or expelled from the Szerémség in the late 1430s.

1857: 1729: 1666: 1651: 1415: 1200: 1005: 5775: 5413:. Palgrave (in association with School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London). 3370:"Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije" 2984:, was supported by the Holy See, this reorientation of the kingdom's foreign policy was unpopular. Led by 7530: 6500: 6323: 6313: 6268: 6063: 5906: 5780: 5682: 2943:

by the Ottomans. As an immediate consequence, a great number of Serbian refugees settled in the kingdom.

2797:) to command the southern defenses in 1441. Hunyadi made several raids against the Ottomans. During his " 2606:

in 1410. The kingdom was governed by his most faithful partisans who were united in a formal league, the

2113: 1383: 1319: 1304: 660: 640: 428: 3119:

of 1514, which made up the espirit of Hungary's legal corpus until the revolution of 1848. However, the

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and Ladislaus of Naples's other supporters. When Queen Mary died childless in 1395, her sister, Queen

7248: 7011: 6934: 6764: 6621: 6467: 5937: 5901: 5805: 5644: 5258: 5234: 3187: 2985: 2882: 2459: 2290:

transported enormous quantities of gold to Italy in order to promote the claim of their younger son,

2133: 2129: 2026:, "one of first examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch" ( 1769: 1684: 1590: 1180: 1075: 880: 870: 685: 598: 311: 292: 3203: 3062: 2863: 7634: 7499: 6528: 6518: 6495: 6472: 6444: 6303: 6238: 6104: 6075: 5977: 5972: 5889: 5798: 5624: 3380:(1). Hrvatski institut za povijest – Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje: 152–173. 3231: 3144: 3072: 2977:, arguing that he was trying to forge an alliance strong enough to expel the Ottomans from Europe. 2783: 2488: 2418: 2291: 2253: 2125: 2084:

Andrew III died on January 14, 1301. His death created an opportunity for about a dozen lords, or "

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The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century

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The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

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The northern regions of the kingdom (present-day Slovakia) were pillaged in almost every year by

2479: 1920: 1901: 1523: 1510: 1329: 1269: 1155: 775: 262: 85: 6813: 6009: 1896:, experienced a period of interregnum in the early 14th century. Royal power was restored under 7560: 7316: 7090: 6953: 6949: 6861: 6728: 6149: 5619: 3041: 2894: 2507: 2492: 2383: 2351: 2176: 1995: 1719: 1045: 480: 3199: 3177:

After Louis's death, the rival factions of Hungarian nobles simultaneously elected two kings,

2981: 2363:(present-day Žilina, Slovakia) would enjoy the same privileges as the town's German burghers. 365: 192: 67: 7379: 7271: 7228: 6318: 6258: 6134: 6114: 5849: 5707: 2966: 2958: 2739: 2641: 2561:(present-day Timișoara, Romania) of 1397 obliged all landholders to finance the equipment of 2511: 2454: 2371: 2270: 2077: 1944: 1487: 1284: 2881:

subjects forced Emperor Frederick III to hand their young monarch over to his new guardian,

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founded a university at his see in 1367, but it was closed shortly after his death in 1375.

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Francis Fukuyama: Origins of Political Order: From Pre-Human Times to the French Revolution

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recognized Hungary's weakness and seized Belgrade in preparation for an attack on Hungary.

3112: 2993: 2974: 2768: 2764: 2695: 2500: 2399: 2165: 2019: 1974: 1897: 1334: 995: 675: 2996:, but Matthias overcame them without difficulties. His war against Bohemia ended with the 2059: 74: 8: 7484: 7464: 7444: 7409: 7341: 7253: 7120: 6804: 6799: 6788: 6768: 6738: 6164: 6024: 5837: 5760: 3139: 2932: 2715: 2607: 2569: 2551: 2524: 2475: 2425:

in 1375. Therefore, Louis I was the first Hungarian monarch who had to fight against the

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The Hungarians' prehistory, their conquest of Hungary and their raids to the West to 955

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The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century

3166: 3156: 2936: 2629: 2543: 2448:(present-day Zvolen, Slovakia) under the Angevin kings. Patricians' houses unearthed at 2199: 2094: 2063: 1559: 519: 353: 7588: 7424: 7399: 7301: 7178: 7130: 7125: 7115: 7053: 6930: 6829: 6794: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6750: 6746: 6709: 6680: 6627: 6477: 6347: 6278: 6245: 6179: 6129: 6034: 5960: 5770: 5719: 5692: 5552: 5300:(Translated from the Croatian by Nikolina Jovanović). McGill-Queen's University Press. 5198: 3223: 3047: 2914: 2902: 2878: 2622: 2603: 2387: 2331: 2295: 2246: 2203: 2169: 1991: 1905: 1889: 1536: 1299: 1279: 1274: 1264: 1115: 930: 649: 402: 217: 34: 6742: 5122:

The Culture of Christendom: Essays in Medieval History in Memory of Denis L. T. Bethel

3079: 2794: 7584: 7326: 7296: 7286: 7276: 7193: 7183: 7168: 7035: 6980: 6945: 6941: 6919: 6896: 6892: 6825: 6821: 6760: 6724: 6714: 6704: 6699: 6676: 6218: 6213: 6109: 5996: 5712: 5629: 5498: 5483: 5468: 5453: 5435: 5414: 5378: 5363: 5340: 5325: 5301: 5286: 5268: 5244: 5223: 5205: 5182: 5167: 5144: 5125: 5059: 5045: 5027: 3381: 3195: 3093: 2940: 2921: 2836: 2824: 2731: 2536: 2179:, because the king rarely made land grants. This practice ensured the loyalty of the 2145: 2055: 1940: 1779: 1699: 1633: 1620: 1210: 1095: 493: 285: 254: 237: 221: 94: 2897:

in 1453 demonstrated the beginning of a new phase of Ottoman expansion under Sultan

2463: 2117: 7545: 7494: 7489: 7429: 7394: 7306: 7263: 7233: 7155: 7073: 7043: 6915: 6904: 6874: 6853: 6734: 6639: 6590: 6584: 6564: 6439: 6363: 6293: 6288: 6169: 6080: 6001: 3408: 3270: 2997: 2874: 2806: 2656: 2578: 2562: 2520: 2496: 2367: 2234: 2132:. The young Wenceslaus could not strengthen his position and renounced in favor of 2027: 1987: 1885: 1482: 1254: 920: 537: 467: 441: 5056:

The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa by Otto of Freising and his continuator, Rahewin

2831: 2098: 7555: 7469: 7439: 7163: 7080: 6976: 6888: 6756: 6379: 6298: 6253: 6231: 5724: 5697: 5614: 5262: 5238: 3355: 2810: 2391: 2257: 2219: 2211: 1982: 1952: 1948: 1847: 1671: 1595: 1324: 1025: 1015: 900: 730: 612: 379: 229: 90: 81: 3178: 2786:, most noblemen preferred a monarch capable to fight. They offered the crown to 2136:

in 1305. The latter was forced to leave the kingdom in 1307 by Ladislaus Kán. A

7459: 7404: 7358: 7311: 7291: 7135: 7058: 6972: 6926: 6594: 6368: 6224: 5425: 3088: 2690:

Sigismund erected a splendid royal palace (later destroyed by the Ottomans) at

2547: 2539:

claimed the throne for herself, but Sigismund's partisans defeated her troops.

2426: 2422: 2407: 2306:

The first campaign against Naples was abandoned because of the arrival of the "

2299: 2188: 2180: 2110: 1916: 1893: 1577: 1462: 1373: 233: 225: 211: 196: 134: 48: 1610: 7623: 7218: 6631: 6208: 5103: 5093: 3385: 3278: 3021: 2989: 2798: 2748: 2684: 2649: 2645: 2634: 2595: 2441: 2184: 2039: 1492: 5429: 4965: 3198:, Zápolya's adviser, arranged an agreement between the rivals, known as the 2109:

and Dráva. In Croatia the situation for the crown became even more dire, as

2102: 7384: 7281: 7085: 6694: 5193: 5156:

At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and "Pagans" in Medieval Hungary,

3274: 3217: 3028: 2947: 2820: 2727: 2699: 2379: 2229: 2137: 1924: 1605: 1600: 248: 2268:

Charles I also ordered the minting of stable golden coins modelled on the

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rebuilt under the auspices of Italian architects and artists after 1479.

2910: 2840: 2703: 2660: 2591: 2516: 2327: 2307: 2067: 1956: 1564: 1452: 415: 389: 5465:

Illustrated Slovak History: A Struggle for Sovereignty in Central Europe

3051: 2775:

during an unsuccessful military operation against the Ottomans in 1439.

2558: 2437: 1955:. With his patronage Hungary became the first country which adopted the 1344: 180: 174: 7110: 6996: 6809: 6124: 5112:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 462. 2887: 2345:

Most towns were still dominated by German merchants, but more and more

2153: 2042:

groups were settled in the central lowlands and colonists arrived from

1923:(1387–1437). In the next decades, a talented military commander, 275: 5220:

The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526

2149: 7419: 7188: 2898: 2856: 2816: 2772: 2752: 2414: 2319: 2286:

was established, which would exist until 1402. Thereafter his widow,

2279: 2445: 7454: 7331: 7208: 5569: 5509: 3099: 2744: 2667:). Many of them were organized into mobile military units known as 2339: 2275: 1932: 1824: 1457: 1435: 258: 5092:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

2712:

major rebellion of Hungarian and Romanian peasants in Transylvania

2106: 7095: 6671: 5540: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2901:. In two years, he occupied Serbia and decided to take Belgrade ( 2756: 2680: 2356: 2242: 2223: 2043: 1230: 270: 2194: 2097:

ruled over fourteen counties in the lands now forming Slovakia,

2013:

Oligarchs controlled parts of the Kingdom during the interregnum

5463:

Spiesz, Anton; Caplovic, Dusan; Bolchazy, Ladislaus J. (2006).

5356:

The foundation of the Hungarian Christian state, 950–1196

3319: 3266: 3017: 2925: 2852: 2677: 2669: 2449: 2395: 2360: 2346: 2035: 1936: 710: 186: 5495:

Urban Rituals and Literacy in the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary.

3323:

Italy & Hungary: Humanism and Art in the Early Renaissance

6817: 2802: 2793:

Władysław appointed Hunyadi (together with his close friend,

2664: 2335: 1475: 2417:, the other Romanian principality always remained doubtful. 2809:, but the Ottomans annihilated the Christian forces at the 2691: 2584: 690: 157: 5431:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024

5020:

Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians

3016:

against Emperor Frederick III which enabled him to occupy

2801:" of 1443-1444, the Hungarian forces penetrated as far as 4784: 4782: 2980:

Although his war against the "heretic" king of Bohemia,

4927: 3161:

Following the fall of Belgrade, Louis II and his wife,

2523:

initiated a new rebellion and declared his infant son,

5070:

The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1301

4979: 4623: 4621: 3307:

Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár (National Archives of Hungary)

3138:

When Vladislaus II died in 1516, his ten-year-old son

2721: 2621:

Reverse of the second double seal (1366-1382) of King

2614:

Dalmatian coasts one by one to accept her suzerainty.

5267:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 5179:

A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia

4779: 2159: 1908:(1342–1382) who led military campaigns against 4944: 4942: 3213: 2839:

at around 50 years old (contemporary sculpture from

2805:

within the Ottoman Empire. The Holy See organized a

2254:

reformed the system of royal revenues and monopolies

4618: 3320:Peter Farbaky, Louis A. Waldman (7 November 2011). 2763:Sigismund, who had no sons, died in late 1437. The 2314:("lightening") placenames in present-day Slovakia. 6409: 5337:Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary 5197: 4252: 4250: 3417:Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law (blog) 681:The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian conquest 5450:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 4939: 4458: 4456: 4454: 3078:Vladislaus II donated most of the royal estates, 2436:New royal castles were erected, for instance, in 7621: 5322:A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival 5200:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 5124:(Edited by Marc A. Meyer); The Hambledon Press; 3827: 3825: 3027:Matthias rarely convoked a Diet and governed by 2469: 2317:Earlier distinctions between freemen, serfs and 2105:controlled large territories between the rivers 1912:, southern Italy and other faraway territories. 4497: 4495: 4366: 4364: 4247: 3848: 3846: 2506:Louis I was succeeded in 1382 by his daughter, 2294:to the Kingdom of Naples. Andrew who was Queen 1927:, directed the fight against the Ottomans. His 26: 5411:Nobility, Land and Service in Medieval Hungary 5393:[On the Life Journey of György Dózsa] 4451: 4222: 4220: 4189: 4187: 4102: 4100: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 2030:). The kingdom received a major blow from the 7012: 6395: 5525: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4745: 4743: 4679: 4677: 4557: 4555: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4414: 4412: 4114: 4112: 3930: 3928: 3822: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3675: 3673: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3595: 3593: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3485: 3483: 3367: 2920:Ulrich of Celje ordered Hunyadi's elder son, 2191:and other families who emerged in his reign. 1865: 1391: 4897: 4492: 4361: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4201: 4199: 4159: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4126: 4124: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3843: 3574: 3572: 3428: 3426: 2928:, where he died before the end of the year. 2813:in 1444, during which Władysław was killed. 1973:The Kingdom of Hungary came into being when 5314:Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends 5243:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 4293: 4217: 4184: 4097: 3973: 3172: 3036:folk tales for some years after his death. 2076:The oldest authentic representation of the 40: 7019: 7005: 6402: 6388: 5532: 5518: 5118:"Linguistic pluralism" in Medieval Hungary 4883: 4867: 4865: 4837: 4835: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4740: 4674: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4635: 4633: 4552: 4525: 4513: 4444: 4442: 4409: 4109: 3925: 3808: 3772: 3670: 3629: 3590: 3519: 3480: 3326:. Harvard University Press. Archived from 3150: 2868:Christian forces' defeat at Kosovo in 1448 2049: 1872: 1858: 1398: 1384: 572:Kingdom of Hungary under the Árpád dynasty 118: 5434:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5204:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5137:The late medieval period, 1382–1526 4338: 4324: 4268: 4196: 4154: 4142: 4121: 4052: 3873: 3727: 3569: 3492: 3423: 3361: 2722:Age of the two Hunyadis (1437–1490) 2398:often rebelled against him in the 1360s. 2394:) to accept his suzerainty. However, his 2374:assisted the Poles several times against 7026: 4905:"Hungary—Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 3407: 3098: 3061: 2952: 2830: 2815: 2743: 2635:first Hungarian translation of the Bible 2628: 2616: 2583: 2487: 2326: 2228: 2193: 2160:The Angevins' monarchy (1323–1382) 2071: 2008: 1943:(1458–1490), who led several successful 5311: 4985: 4862: 4832: 4809: 4651: 4630: 4439: 3301:Kulcsár, Krisztina (13 November 2019). 3300: 3066:Events after the death of King Matthias 3050:, he had the royal palaces at Buda and 2156:families were only subjugated in 1323. 199:, royal seat, crowning and burial site) 7622: 5424: 5388: 4933: 3057: 1990:. Civil wars, pagan uprisings and the 214:(ceremonial/liturgical/administrative) 124:Kingdom of Hungary in the 14th century 7000: 6383: 5513: 5192: 3247:Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary 2046:, Poland and other nearby countries. 5539: 5405:(8): 1147–1155 – via EPA OSZK. 5257: 5233: 5097: 5077: 4948: 3000:of 1478 which confirmed his hold of 7604: 7049:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 2470:New consolidation (1382–1437) 13: 7141:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 5452:. University of Washington Press. 5012: 2782:, gave birth to a posthumous son, 1900:(1308–1342), a scion of the 14: 7676: 7571:Historiography in the Middle Ages 5320:Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (2005). 3103:Werbőczy's influential work, the 2088:", who had by that time achieved 1036:Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen 7640:Territorial evolution of Hungary 7603: 7594: 7593: 7583: 5482:(Translated by Dana Bădulescu). 5467:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. 5085: 4991: 4954: 4918: 4874: 4853: 4844: 4823: 4800: 4791: 4770: 4761: 4752: 4731: 4722: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4686: 4665: 4642: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4573: 4564: 4539: 4504: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4430: 4421: 4400: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4352: 3216: 2262:Spanish conquest of the Americas 2256:. For instance, he imposed the " 2245:in lack of a son. Nevertheless, 1841: 1434: 1367: 659: 617: 603: 589: 564: 101: 73: 66: 7069:Christianity in the Middle Ages 7064:Decline of Hellenistic religion 5285:. Ohio State University Press. 4311: 4302: 4284: 4259: 4238: 4229: 4208: 4175: 4166: 4133: 4088: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3998: 3989: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3916: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3864: 3855: 3834: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3581: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3510: 3501: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3012:. In the next decade, Matthias 2563:soldiers for defensive purposes 2101:administered Transylvania, and 7347:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 6411:European Middle Ages by region 5389:Pataki, József (August 1971). 5377:. Cambridge University Press. 5339:. Atlantisz Publishing House. 5166:. Cambridge University Press. 3435: 3401: 3392: 3368:Ladislav Heka (October 2008). 3342: 3313: 3294: 3259: 3194:, to expel the Turks. In 1538 3173:Partitioning (1526–1541) 3123:was never used as a code. The 2568:Sigismund's open bias towards 2458:) attest to the high level of 2421:even allied with the emerging 1979:grand prince of the Hungarians 1969:Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301) 1790:Post-revolution Czechoslovakia 16:Former state in Central Europe 1: 7521:Disability in the Middle Ages 7194:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 7126:Rise of the Venetian Republic 5098:Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). " 3288: 3115:included the new laws in his 2484:Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor 2050:Interregnum (1301–1323) 1962: 1800:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 1662:Military District of Preßburg 1657:1848–49 Slovak Uprising 976:Rákóczi's War of Independence 941:Principality of Upper Hungary 741:Hungarian invasions of Europe 6836:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway 5600:Principality of Transylvania 5375:A Concise History of Hungary 5362:; Indiana University Press; 5143:; Indiana University Press; 4962:"A brief history of Hungary" 4397:Georgescu 1991, pp. 31., 41. 2716:agreement against the rebels 2218:), a mining town founded by 2032:Mongol invasion of 1241–1242 1730:Slovakia during World War II 1667:Military District of Kaschau 1652:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 1621:Principality of Imre Thököly 1616:Principality of Transylvania 986:Principality of Transylvania 911:Principality of Transylvania 507:Beginning of the Reformation 7: 7630:Medieval Kingdom of Hungary 5635:Interwar Kingdom of Hungary 3459:Kirschbaum 2005, pp. 44-45. 3413:"What's Wrong with Hungary" 3209: 2971:launched attacks on Bohemia 1647:Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary 1191:Hungarian People's Republic 1126:Governorate of Subcarpathia 1066:Hungarian People's Republic 796:Personal union with Croatia 492:• Peasants' revolt of 429:Union of Hungary and Poland 10: 7681: 7322:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 5391:"Dózsa György életútjáról" 5316:. Oxford University Press. 5222:. I.B. Tauris Publishers. 5007: 4797:Kontler 1999, pp. 123-125. 4758:Sedlar 1994, pp. 225., 238 4076:Kontler 1999, pp. 102-103. 3277:, mostly by conversion to 3154: 2890:payable by the peasantry. 2725: 2473: 2163: 2053: 1966: 1919:reached the kingdom under 816:Mongol invasion of Hungary 7579: 7508: 7367: 7262: 7249:Mongol invasion of Europe 7154: 7034: 6935:Principality of Chernigov 6844: 6765:Principality of Catalonia 6662: 6653: 6550: 6430: 6417: 6341: 6178: 6097:Universities and colleges 6071: 6062: 5968: 5959: 5845: 5836: 5751: 5742: 5668: 5560: 5551: 5042:Anonymus and Master Roger 5024:Anonymus and Master Roger 4235:Goldstein 1999, p. 29-30. 3952:Kontler 1999, pp. 99-100. 3441:Engel 2001, p. 111., 124. 3058:Decline (1490–1526) 2883:Ulrich II, Count of Celje 2827:of the Kingdom of Hungary 2778:Although Albert's widow, 2633:Munich Codex (1466): the 2462:. William of Bergzabern, 2134:Otto III, Duke of Bavaria 1929:victory at Nándorfehérvár 1770:Slovak Socialist Republic 1760:Slovaks in Czechoslovakia 1710:Slovaks in Czechoslovakia 1672:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy 1591:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1583:(16th–17th century) 1181:Second Hungarian Republic 1076:Hungarian Soviet Republic 1026:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy 881:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 599:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 543: 533: 529: 516: 503: 490: 477: 464: 451: 438: 425: 412: 401:• Extinction of the 399: 395: 385: 375: 371: 359: 349:• 1302–1309 (first) 347: 343: 333: 329: 317: 307:• 1301–1305 (first) 305: 301: 291: 281: 269: 243: 206: 150: 129: 117: 62: 57: 21: 6914:Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 6076:Anti-Hungarian sentiment 5756:Administrative divisions 5448:Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). 5335:Kontler, László (1999). 5312:Johnson, Lonnie (2011). 5283:The Romanians: A History 5281:Georgescu, Vlad (1991). 5177:Crowe, David M. (2007). 4806:Engel 2001, pp. 303-304. 4776:Engel 2001, pp. 308-309. 4719:Engel 2001, pp. 310-311. 4692:Engel 2001, pp. 300-301. 4489:Engel 2001, pp. 286-287. 4471:Engel 2001, pp. 284-285. 4462:Engel 2001, pp. 282-283. 4436:Engel 2001, pp. 279-280. 4379:Engel 2001, pp. 227-228. 4265:Engel 2001, pp. 232-234. 4040:Engel 2001, pp. 199-201. 3943:Engel 2001, pp. 147-148. 3922:Engel 2001, pp. 172-173. 3895:Engel 2001, pp. 165-166. 3870:Engel 2001, pp. 162-165. 3760:Engel 2001, pp. 269-270. 3697:Engel 2001, pp. 159-160. 3649:Engel 2001, pp. 155-156. 3626:Engel 2001, pp. 192-193. 3419:. The American Interest. 3252: 3237:Bulgarian–Hungarian wars 3232:List of Hungarian rulers 3145:Suleiman the Magnificent 2767:elected his son-in-law, 2755:(present-day Hunedoara, 2419:Vladislav I of Wallachia 2284:Voivodeship of Maramureș 2126:Wenceslaus II of Bohemia 1750:Slovak National Uprising 1221:Third Hungarian Republic 486:29 January – 1 June 1485 361:• 1526–1530 (last) 319:• 1516–1526 (last) 7660:16th century in Hungary 7655:15th century in Hungary 7650:14th century in Hungary 7204:Investiture Controversy 7174:Second Bulgarian Empire 6845:Central, Eastern Europe 6551:Central, Eastern Europe 5984:Hungarian National Bank 5615:Austro-Hungarian Empire 5478:Spinei, Victor (2003). 5373:Molnár, Miklós (2001). 5350:Makkai, László (1994). 5296:Goldstein, Ivo (1999). 5109:Encyclopædia Britannica 4606:Fine 1991, pp. 568-569. 4244:Fine 1994, pp. 489-490. 4139:Kirschbaum 2005, p. 53. 3831:Kirschbaum 2005, p. 46. 3617:Rady 2000, pp. 107-109. 3557:Makkai 1994, pp. 37-38. 3151:Battle of Mohács (1526) 2886:monopoly on salt and a 2788:Władysław III of Poland 2780:Elizabeth of Luxembourg 2706:architecture and arts. 2702:'s students introduced 2546:of Serbia accepted the 2533:Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić 2480:Budai Nagy Antal Revolt 1921:Sigismund of Luxembourg 1902:Capetian House of Anjou 1524:Principality of Hungary 1511:Principality of Hungary 1270:History of Transylvania 776:Principality of Hungary 7561:Post-classical history 7317:Fall of Constantinople 7224:Capet–Plantagenet feud 7091:First Bulgarian Empire 6729:Burgundian Netherlands 6570:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6140:International rankings 6015:Science and technology 5895:Chief of General Staff 5590:Ottoman–Hungarian wars 5181:. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN. 5116:Bak, János M. (1993). 4388:Georgescu 1991, p. 30. 3861:Goldstein 1999, p. 27. 3852:Georgescu 1991, p. 18. 3242:Ottoman–Hungarian wars 3204:John Sigismund Zápolya 3107: 3067: 3042:Bibliotheca Corviniana 2962: 2906: 2895:Fall of Constantinople 2864:John Jiskra of Brandýs 2844: 2828: 2760: 2736:Ottoman–Hungarian Wars 2655:The Ottomans occupied 2637: 2626: 2598: 2503: 2493:Sigismund of Luxemburg 2384:foundation of Moldavia 2352:Privilegium pro Slavis 2342: 2237: 2226: 2215: 2207: 2081: 2014: 1998:(1077–1095) and 1720:Slovak Soviet Republic 1476:Medieval Slavic states 499:9 April - 15 July 1514 41: 27: 7645:Medieval Transylvania 6606:Late Medieval Kingdom 6602:High Medieval Kingdom 5585:Late Medieval Kingdom 5580:High Medieval Kingdom 5493:Zupka, Dušan (2014). 5409:Rady, Martyn (2000). 5154:Berend, Nora (2006). 4788:Kontler 1999, p. 125. 4728:Kontler 1999, p. 120. 4710:Kontler 1999, p. 121. 4648:Kontler 1999, p. 118. 4579:Kontler 1999, p. 117. 4501:Kontler 1999, p. 116. 4480:Kontler 1999, p. 114. 4427:Kontler 1999, p. 112. 4370:Kontler 1999, p. 109. 4358:Kontler 1999, p. 126. 4299:Kontler 1999, p. 111. 4226:Kontler 1999, p. 105. 4193:Kontler 1999, p. 106. 4106:Kontler 1999, p. 104. 4031:Kontler 1999, p. 102. 3986:Kontler 1999, p. 101. 3796:Rady 2000, pp. 57-58. 3102: 3065: 2959:Black Army of Hungary 2956: 2834: 2819: 2747: 2740:Black Army of Hungary 2726:Further information: 2642:Mircea I of Wallachia 2632: 2620: 2587: 2512:Charles III of Naples 2491: 2474:Further information: 2455:Illuminated Chronicle 2372:Casimir III of Poland 2330: 2232: 2197: 2164:Further information: 2078:Holy Crown of Hungary 2075: 2054:Further information: 2012: 1915:The expansion of the 1817:Contemporary Slovakia 1488:Principality of Nitra 1295:Transylvanian Princes 1146:Revisions of Délvidék 931:Wesselényi conspiracy 711:Kingdom of the Gepids 207:Common languages 7541:Medieval reenactment 7337:Renaissance Humanism 7244:Medieval Warm Period 7214:Republic of Florence 7028:European Middle Ages 6814:Caliphate of Córdoba 6720:Republic of Florence 6329:World Heritage Sites 6201:Palaces and mansions 5565:Hungarian prehistory 5360:A History of Hungary 5259:Fine, John V. A. Jr. 5235:Fine, John V. A. Jr. 5141:A History of Hungary 5001:, BRILL, 2009, p. 40 4850:Sedlar 1994, p. 290. 4829:Bak 1994, pp. 72-73. 4615:Sedlar 1994, p. 251. 4118:Sedlar 1994, p. 167. 3961:Sedlar 1994, p. 472. 3934:Kontler 1999, p. 99. 3778:Kontler 1999, p. 98. 3769:Kontler 1999, p. 97. 3724:Kontler 1999, p. 93. 3679:Sedlar 1994, p. 348. 3667:Sedlar 1994, p. 346. 3640:Kontler 1999, p. 90. 3599:Kontler 1999, p. 89. 3530:Kontler 1999, p. 88. 3489:Kontler 1999, p. 87. 3432:Kontler 1999, p. 84. 3411:(February 6, 2012). 3024:(including Vienna). 2994:Casimir IV of Poland 2696:Masolino da Panicale 2501:Council of Constance 2166:Charles I of Hungary 1947:and also became the 996:Hungarian Reform Era 676:Hungarian prehistory 434:1370-1382, 1440-1444 7665:History of Slovakia 7254:Kingdom of Portugal 7121:Old Church Slavonic 7106:Anglo-Saxon England 6805:Lordship of Ireland 6800:Kingdom of Scotland 6789:Kingdom of Portugal 6769:Kingdom of Valencia 6739:Kingdom of Asturias 5218:Engel, Pál (2001). 5135:Bak, János (1994). 4894:Engel 2001, p. 319. 4880:Molnár 2001, p. 79. 4859:Engel 2001, p. 316. 4767:Engel 2001, p. 309. 4749:Engel 2001, p. 311. 4683:Engel 2001, p. 299. 4671:Engel 2001, p. 298. 4627:Engel 2001, p. 296. 4597:Engel 2001, p. 295. 4570:Engel 2001, p. 292. 4561:Engel 2001, p. 291. 4536:Engel 2001, p. 289. 4510:Engel 2001, p. 288. 4418:Engel 2001, p. 279. 4349:Engel 2001, p. 241. 4308:Engel 2001, p. 339. 4281:Engel 2001, p. 237. 4214:Molnár 2001, p. 57. 4205:Engel 2001, p. 214. 4181:Engel 2001, p. 210. 4172:Engel 2001, p. 208. 4163:Molnár 2001, p. 56. 4151:Engel 2001, p. 206. 4130:Engel 2001, p. 219. 4094:Engel 2001, p. 203. 4058:Engel 2001, p. 201. 4004:Engel 2001, p. 198. 3995:Engel 2001, p. 195. 3970:Engel 2001, p. 194. 3913:Molnár 2001, p. 53. 3904:Engel 2001, p. 172. 3886:Engel 2001, p. 165. 3840:Engel 2001, p. 167. 3805:Engel 2001, p. 261. 3787:Engel 2001, p. 175. 3751:Engel 2001, p. 270. 3742:Engel 2001, p. 269. 3733:Engel 2001, p. 161. 3715:Molnár 2001, p. 51. 3706:Molnár 2001, p. 50. 3688:Engel 2001, p. 159. 3608:Engel 2001, p. 141. 3587:Molnár 2001, p. 46. 3578:Engel 2001, p. 140. 3566:Engel 2001, p. 133. 3548:Engel 2001, p. 131. 3539:Engel 2001, p. 132. 3516:Makkai 1994, p. 37. 3507:Engel 2001, p. 130. 3498:Engel 2001, p. 129. 3477:Engel 2001, p. 128. 3468:Engel 2001, p. 126. 3450:Makkai 1994, p. 34. 3200:Treaty of Nagyvárad 2982:George of Poděbrady 2769:Albert V of Austria 2685:translate the Bible 2608:Order of the Dragon 2570:Stibor of Stiboricz 2552:battle of Nicopolis 2525:Ladislaus of Naples 2476:Battle of Nicopolis 2288:Elisabeth of Poland 2233:Charles I's golden 2024:Golden Bull of 1222 1992:Holy Roman Emperors 1848:Slovakia portal 1565:Domain of Amade Aba 1560:Domain of Máté Csák 1542:(1000 – 1526) 1136:Second Vienna Award 721:Ostrogothic Kingdom 236:, Slavic dialects, 7435:In popular culture 7400:Crusading movement 7272:Hundred Years' War 7131:Civitas Schinesghe 7116:Carolingian Empire 7101:Kingdom of Croatia 7054:Barbarian kingdoms 6965:Grand Principality 6883:Kingdom of Croatia 6830:Emirate of Granada 6795:Kingdom of England 6779:Kingdom of Navarre 6773:Kingdom of Majorca 6751:Kingdom of Galicia 6747:Kingdom of Castile 6710:Republic of Venice 6681:Kingdom of Bohemia 6279:Hungarian language 6130:Hungarian diaspora 6030:Telecommunications 5655:Revolution of 1956 5610:Revolution of 1848 5298:Croatia: A History 4701:Fine 1994, p. 576. 4290:Crowe 2007, p. 70. 4085:Fine 1994, p. 424. 4067:Fine 1994, p. 412. 4049:Fine 1994, p. 398. 4022:Fine 1994, p. 397. 3354:2017-08-01 at the 3330:on 30 October 2021 3224:Middle Ages portal 3108: 3068: 3048:Beatrice of Naples 2963: 2957:Campaigns of the " 2915:John of Capistrano 2845: 2829: 2761: 2638: 2627: 2604:King of the Romans 2599: 2504: 2388:Tvrtko I of Bosnia 2343: 2296:Joanna I of Naples 2238: 2227: 2170:Louis I of Hungary 2082: 2015: 1945:military campaigns 1890:Kingdom of Hungary 1829:1993–present 1537:Kingdom of Hungary 1516:(895 – 1000) 1374:Hungary portal 1275:Hungarian language 1265:History of Hungary 1201:Revolution of 1956 1116:First Vienna Award 1106:Kingdom of Hungary 1086:Hungarian Republic 1006:Revolution of 1848 951:Kingdom of Hungary 826:Kingdom of Hungary 786:Kingdom of Hungary 751:Hungarian conquest 585:Kingdom of Hungary 144:historical context 139:Kingdom of Croatia 23:Kingdom of Hungary 7617: 7616: 7526:Basic topics list 7327:Swiss mercenaries 7277:Wars of the Roses 7184:Kingdom of Poland 7169:Holy Roman Empire 7036:Early Middle Ages 6994: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6946:Novgorod Republic 6920:Kingdom of Bosnia 6858:Bulgarian Empire 6761:Kingdom of Aragon 6725:Duchy of Burgundy 6715:Republic of Genoa 6705:Kingdom of Naples 6700:Kingdom of Sicily 6689:Swiss Confederacy 6677:Holy Roman Empire 6649: 6648: 6377: 6376: 6337: 6336: 6120:Human trafficking 6058: 6057: 5955: 5954: 5919:Political parties 5865:Foreign relations 5832: 5831: 5738: 5737: 5650:People's Republic 5630:Treaty of Trianon 5503:978-2-503-54960-6 5473:978-0-86516-426-0 5383:978-0-521-66736-4 5306:978-0-7735-2017-2 5211:978-0-521-81539-0 5187:978-1-4039-8009-0 5172:978-0-521-02720-5 5078:Secondary sources 3819:Bak 1993, p. 277. 3409:Fukuyama, Francis 3398:Bak 1993, p. 269. 3374:Scrinia Slavonica 3196:George Martinuzzi 2837:Matthias the Just 2732:Matthias Corvinus 2663:refugees (mainly 2623:Louis I the Great 2542:In the meantime, 2537:Jadwiga of Poland 2460:book illumination 2413:His control over 2332:Louis I the Great 2146:battle of Rozgony 2060:Ladislaus III Kán 2056:Battle of Rozgony 1941:Matthias Corvinus 1882: 1881: 1833: 1832: 1808: 1807: 1780:Velvet Revolution 1700:Treaty of Trianon 1692: 1690:(1918–1993) 1641: 1639:(1526–1918) 1634:Habsburg monarchy 1585: 1544: 1518: 1408: 1407: 1239: 1238: 1211:Goulash Communism 1164: 1163: 1096:Treaty of Trianon 959: 958: 844: 843: 759: 758: 633: 632: 629: 628: 625: 624: 577: 576: 455:Siege of Belgrade 286:Absolute monarchy 95:Matthias Corvinus 82:Dynastic standard 7672: 7607: 7606: 7597: 7596: 7587: 7546:Medieval studies 7390:Church and State 7264:Late Middle Ages 7156:High Middle Ages 7074:Christianization 7044:Migration Period 7021: 7014: 7007: 6998: 6997: 6916:Banate of Bosnia 6854:Byzantine Empire 6735:Crown of Castile 6685:Kingdom of Italy 6660: 6659: 6428: 6427: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6381: 6380: 6357: 6350: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6203: 6196: 6099: 6069: 6068: 6006: 5986: 5966: 5965: 5945: 5931: 5843: 5842: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5766:Cities and towns 5749: 5748: 5595:Habsburg Kingdom 5558: 5557: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5511: 5510: 5445: 5441:978-1-13905572-7 5406: 5401:(in Hungarian). 5396: 5317: 5278: 5254: 5215: 5203: 5113: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5002: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4968:on 12 April 2010 4964:. 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Britannica.com 4901: 4895: 4892: 4881: 4878: 4872: 4871:Bak 1994, p. 74. 4869: 4860: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4842: 4841:Bak 1994, p. 73. 4839: 4830: 4827: 4821: 4820:Bak 1994, p. 72. 4818: 4807: 4804: 4798: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4777: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4750: 4747: 4738: 4737:Bak 1994, p. 71. 4735: 4729: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4672: 4669: 4663: 4662:Bak 1994, p. 70. 4660: 4649: 4646: 4640: 4639:Bak 1994, p. 69. 4637: 4628: 4625: 4616: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4589: 4588:Bak 1994, p. 68. 4586: 4580: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4562: 4559: 4550: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4523: 4522:Bak 1994, p. 67. 4520: 4511: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4490: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4463: 4460: 4449: 4448:Bak 1994, p. 63. 4446: 4437: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4407: 4406:Bak 1994, p. 62. 4404: 4398: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4371: 4368: 4359: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4336: 4335:Bak 1994, p. 60. 4333: 4322: 4321:2006, pp. 52-53. 4315: 4309: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4282: 4279: 4266: 4263: 4257: 4256:Bak 1994, p. 61. 4254: 4245: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4194: 4191: 4182: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4152: 4149: 4140: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4119: 4116: 4107: 4104: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4014: 4013:Bak 1994, p. 54. 4011: 4005: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3820: 3817: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3658:Bak 1994, p. 58. 3656: 3650: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3627: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3567: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3505: 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581: 580: 568: 567: 561: 560: 545: 544: 520:Battle of Mohács 468:Peace of Olomouc 442:Crusade of Varna 255:Eastern Orthodox 252: 215: 171: 167: 163: 122: 105: 77: 70: 52: 44: 42:Regnum Hungariae 38: 30: 28:Magyar Királyság 19: 18: 7680: 7679: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7635:Former kingdoms 7620: 7619: 7618: 7613: 7575: 7556:Neo-medievalism 7504: 7440:Itinerant court 7363: 7258: 7179:Georgian Empire 7164:Norman Conquest 7150: 7096:Frankish Empire 7030: 7025: 6995: 6986: 6931:Kingdom of Rus' 6889:Crusader states 6846: 6840: 6757:Crown of Aragon 6743:Kingdom of León 6672:Frankish Empire 6665:Northern Europe 6664: 6655: 6645: 6552: 6546: 6433:Northern Europe 6432: 6424:political units 6423: 6421: 6419: 6413: 6408: 6378: 6373: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6333: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6199: 6192: 6174: 6160:Public holidays 6095: 6054: 6004: 5982: 5951: 5943: 5929: 5885:Law enforcement 5828: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5734: 5664: 5645:Second Republic 5547: 5538: 5508: 5442: 5426:Reuter, Timothy 5394: 5275: 5251: 5212: 5162:–c. 5086: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5015: 5013:Primary sources 5010: 5005: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4971: 4969: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4947: 4940: 4936:, p. 1152. 4932: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4910: 4908: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4631: 4626: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4553: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4526: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4452: 4447: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4339: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4225: 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Croatian). 3366: 3362: 3356:Wayback Machine 3347: 3343: 3333: 3331: 3318: 3314: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3265:The last pagan 3264: 3260: 3255: 3222: 3215: 3212: 3175: 3159: 3153: 3113:István Werbőczy 3060: 2935:and his uncle, 2825:Regent-Governor 2811:Battle of Varna 2795:Nicholas Újlaki 2742: 2724: 2495:and his queen, 2486: 2472: 2392:Lazar of Serbia 2172: 2162: 2070: 2052: 1971: 1965: 1953:Duke of Austria 1949:King of Bohemia 1906:Louis the Great 1892:, a country in 1878: 1842: 1840: 1835: 1834: 1825:Slovak Republic 1818: 1810: 1809: 1794:1989–1992 1774:1969–1990 1764:1948–1989 1744:1939–1945 1740:Slovak Republic 1734:1939–1945 1714:1918–1938 1693: 1689: 1687: 1677: 1676: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1626: 1625: 1596:Ottoman Hungary 1586: 1582: 1580: 1570: 1569: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1529: 1528: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1503: 1502: 1478: 1468: 1467: 1448: 1426: 1419: 1404: 1368: 1366: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1290:Hungarian Kings 1249: 1241: 1240: 1225:1989–2012 1215:1956–1989 1195:1949–1989 1185:1946–1949 1174: 1166: 1165: 1160:1941–1945 1130:1939–1945 1110:1920–1946 1090:1919–1920 1070:1918–1919 1060:1918–1941 1056:Interwar period 1050:1914–1918 1040:1867–1918 1030:1867–1918 1016:Hungarian State 1010:1848–1849 1000:1825–1848 990:1711–1867 980:1703–1711 969: 961: 960: 955:1699–1867 945:1682–1685 935:1664–1671 925:1604–1606 915:1570–1711 905:1541–1699 901:Ottoman Hungary 895:1526–1699 885:1526–1570 875:1526–1699 854: 846: 845: 840:1366–1526 830:1301–1526 820:1241–1242 800:1102–1918 790:1000–1301 769: 761: 760: 704: 696: 695: 671: 651: 644: 618: 613:Ottoman Hungary 604: 590: 565: 522: 509: 496: 483: 481:Siege of Vienna 470: 457: 444: 431: 418: 408:14 January 1301 405: 362: 350: 320: 308: 247: 210: 202: 169: 165: 161: 141: 125: 113: 112: 111: 106: 98: 97: 88: 78: 71: 53: 46: 39: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7678: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7601: 7591: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7551:Misconceptions 7548: 7543: 7538: 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5899: 5898: 5897: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5819:National parks 5816: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5783: 5778: 5776:Extreme points 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5660:Third Republic 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5625:First Republic 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5537: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5507: 5506: 5491: 5476: 5461: 5446: 5440: 5428:, ed. (2000). 5422: 5407: 5386: 5371: 5348: 5333: 5318: 5309: 5294: 5279: 5273: 5255: 5249: 5231: 5216: 5210: 5190: 5175: 5152: 5133: 5114: 5104:Chisholm, Hugh 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5067: 5053: 5050:978-9639776951 5035: 5032:978-9639776951 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4990: 4978: 4953: 4938: 4926: 4917: 4896: 4882: 4873: 4861: 4852: 4843: 4831: 4822: 4808: 4799: 4790: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4751: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4685: 4673: 4664: 4650: 4641: 4629: 4617: 4608: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4563: 4551: 4538: 4524: 4512: 4503: 4491: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4450: 4438: 4429: 4420: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4360: 4351: 4337: 4323: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4267: 4258: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4216: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4132: 4120: 4108: 4096: 4087: 4078: 4069: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3988: 3972: 3963: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3842: 3833: 3821: 3807: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3735: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3690: 3681: 3669: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3589: 3580: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3532: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3479: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3422: 3400: 3391: 3360: 3341: 3312: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3211: 3208: 3174: 3171: 3152: 3149: 3059: 3056: 3033:Decretum Maius 2973:, Poland, and 2907:Nándorfehérvár 2873:Ladislaus V's 2749:Hunyadi Castle 2723: 2720: 2592:hunting castle 2548:Ottoman sultan 2471: 2468: 2464:Bishop of Pécs 2423:Ottoman Empire 2408:king of Poland 2198:The castle at 2161: 2158: 2118:Babonić family 2051: 2048: 1981:, was crowned 1967:Main article: 1964: 1961: 1917:Ottoman Empire 1894:Central Europe 1880: 1879: 1877: 1876: 1869: 1862: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1694: 1685:Czechoslovakia 1683: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1643: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1587: 1578:Ottoman Empire 1576: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1546: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1520: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1498:Lower Pannonia 1495: 1490: 1485: 1479: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1463:Avar Khaganate 1460: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1431: 1430: 1421: 1420: 1413: 1406: 1405: 1403: 1402: 1395: 1388: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1002: 1001: 998: 992: 991: 988: 982: 981: 978: 970: 967: 966: 963: 962: 957: 956: 953: 947: 946: 943: 937: 936: 933: 927: 926: 923: 917: 916: 913: 907: 906: 903: 897: 896: 893: 887: 886: 883: 877: 876: 873: 867: 866: 863: 855: 852: 851: 848: 847: 842: 841: 838: 832: 831: 828: 822: 821: 818: 812: 811: 808: 802: 801: 798: 792: 791: 788: 782: 781: 780:895–1000 778: 770: 767: 766: 763: 762: 757: 756: 753: 747: 746: 745:~800–970 743: 737: 736: 733: 731:Avar Khaganate 727: 726: 723: 717: 716: 713: 705: 703:Early medieval 702: 701: 698: 697: 694: 693: 688: 686:Roman Pannonia 683: 678: 672: 669: 668: 665: 664: 656: 655: 646: 645: 638: 631: 630: 627: 626: 623: 622: 615: 609: 608: 601: 595: 594: 587: 578: 575: 574: 569: 557: 556: 551: 541: 540: 535: 531: 530: 527: 526: 525:29 August 1526 523: 517: 514: 513: 510: 504: 501: 500: 497: 491: 488: 487: 484: 478: 475: 474: 471: 465: 462: 461: 460:4–22 July 1456 458: 452: 449: 448: 445: 439: 436: 435: 432: 426: 423: 422: 419: 413: 410: 409: 406: 400: 397: 396: 393: 392: 387: 386:Historical era 383: 382: 377: 373: 372: 369: 368: 366:István Báthory 363: 360: 357: 356: 351: 348: 345: 344: 341: 340: 337: 331: 330: 327: 326: 321: 318: 315: 314: 309: 306: 303: 302: 299: 298: 295: 289: 288: 283: 279: 278: 273: 267: 266: 249:Roman Catholic 245: 241: 240: 208: 204: 203: 201: 200: 193:Székesfehérvár 190: 184: 178: 172: 154: 152: 148: 147: 135:personal union 131: 127: 126: 123: 115: 114: 107: 100: 99: 91:Royal standard 86:House of Anjou 79: 72: 65: 64: 63: 60: 59: 55: 54: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7677: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7610: 7602: 7600: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7357: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7219:Scholasticism 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7081:Rise of Islam 7079: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7017: 7015: 7010: 7008: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6847:and Near East 6843: 6837: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6661: 6658: 6652: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553:and Near East 6549: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6429: 6426: 6416: 6412: 6405: 6400: 6398: 6393: 6391: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6105:Family policy 6103: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5946: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5693:Árpád dynasty 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5605:Rákóczi's War 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5530: 5528: 5523: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5488:973-85894-5-2 5485: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5458:0-295-97290-4 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5419:0-333-80085-0 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5392: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5368:0-253-20867-X 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5345:963-9165-37-9 5342: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5330:1-4039-6929-9 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5291:0-8142-0511-9 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5274:0-472-08260-4 5270: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5250:0-472-08149-7 5246: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5228:1-86064-061-3 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5195: 5194:Curta, Florin 5191: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5149:0-253-20867-X 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5130:1-85285-064-7 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5100:Dozsa, György 5095: 5094:public domain 5083: 5082: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5064:0-231-13419-3 5061: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5044:; CEU Press; 5043: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026:; CEU Press; 5025: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5000: 4997:István Keul, 4994: 4988:, p. 75. 4987: 4982: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4935: 4930: 4921: 4906: 4900: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4877: 4868: 4866: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4836: 4826: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4803: 4794: 4785: 4783: 4773: 4764: 4755: 4746: 4744: 4734: 4725: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4678: 4668: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4645: 4636: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4567: 4558: 4556: 4548: 4542: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4507: 4498: 4496: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4433: 4424: 4415: 4413: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4367: 4365: 4355: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4320: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4262: 4253: 4251: 4241: 4232: 4223: 4221: 4211: 4202: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4178: 4169: 4160: 4158: 4148: 4146: 4136: 4127: 4125: 4115: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4091: 4082: 4073: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4010: 4001: 3992: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3967: 3958: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3929: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3847: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3802: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3674: 3664: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3623: 3614: 3605: 3596: 3594: 3584: 3575: 3573: 3563: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3513: 3504: 3495: 3486: 3484: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3427: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3293: 3280: 3279:Protestantism 3276: 3272: 3271:christianized 3268: 3262: 3258: 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2784:Ladislaus V 2753:Vajdahunyad 2704:Renaissance 2698:and one of 2625:(1342-1382) 2589:Sigismund's 2517:Paul Horvat 2308:Black Death 2208:Körmöcbánya 2068:Amadeus Aba 1996:Ladislaus I 1957:Renaissance 1611:Eğri Eyalet 1425:History of 1046:World War I 968:Late modern 861:Reformation 806:Golden Bull 650:History of 549:Preceded by 416:Interregnum 376:Legislature 312:Ladislaus V 189:(1485–1490) 183:(1323–1408) 177:(1315–1323) 170:after 1490) 7624:Categories 7531:Land terms 7485:Technology 7465:Philosophy 7445:Literature 7410:Demography 7111:Viking Age 6822:Almoravids 6810:al-Andalus 6783:Portugal ( 6626:Anatolia ( 6319:Television 6284:Literature 6274:Inventions 6125:Hungarians 6115:Healthcare 6005:(currency) 5907:Parliament 5708:Holy Crown 4972:2010-06-14 4911:2008-11-21 3289:References 3155:See also: 2986:John Vitéz 2967:Black Army 2913:preacher, 2911:Franciscan 2888:direct tax 2252:Charles I 2189:Szécsényis 2114:Paul Šubić 2103:Ugrin Csák 1963:Background 1335:Literature 1285:Holy Crown 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335:Palatine 324:Louis II 259:Tengrism 238:Romanian 222:Croatian 181:Visegrád 175:Temesvár 146:section) 89:Bottom: 7509:Related 7495:Warfare 7490:Theatre 7480:Slavery 7475:Science 7430:Hunting 7395:Cuisine 7368:Culture 7307:Castile 7302:England 6969:Kingdom 6901:Antioch 6897:Tripoli 6640:Ottoman 6617:Romania 6595:Ottoman 6585:Georgia 6575:Croatia 6565:Armenia 6560:Albania 6482:400–800 6478:Ireland 6473:Germany 6450:England 6445:Denmark 6440:Corsica 6422:current 6348:Outline 6324:Theatre 6314:Symbols 6259:Fashion 6219:Cuisine 6194:Castles 6180:Culture 6064:Society 6035:Tourism 6002:Forint 5961:Economy 5912:Speaker 5850:Cabinet 5824:Regions 5792:Islands 5781:Geology 5771:Climate 5553:History 5541:Hungary 5106:(ed.). 5096:: 5008:Sources 4545:Spiesz 4317:Spiesz 3334:6 March 3273:in the 3080:régales 3010:Lusatia 3006:Silesia 3002:Moravia 2990:Casimir 2975:Austria 2765:Estates 2757:Romania 2670:hussars 2499:at the 2404:voivode 2396:vassals 2357:Slovaks 2300:consort 2243:agnates 2224:Bohemia 2185:Lackfis 2177:honours 2150:Babonić 2111:viceroy 2044:Moravia 2000:Coloman 1884:In the 1320:Economy 1231:Hungary 652:Hungary 518:• 505:• 479:• 466:• 453:• 440:• 427:• 414:• 261:(among 151:Capital 84:of the 7589:Portal 7470:Poetry 7297:France 6973:Empire 6954:Moscow 6950:Ryazan 6905:Edessa 6893:Cyprus 6867:Second 6785:County 6632:Seljuk 6622:Serbia 6612:Poland 6524:Sweden 6468:France 6369:Portal 6239:Dishes 6214:Cinema 6110:Health 5997:Energy 5806:Rivers 5713:Regent 5543: 5501: 5486: 5471: 5456: 5438: 5417: 5399:Korunk 5381: 5366: 5343: 5328: 5304: 5289: 5271: 5247: 5226: 5208: 5185: 5170: 5147: 5128: 5120:. 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