2703:, addressed passionate calls for change to the lesser nobles. Kossuth was the son of a landless, lesser nobleman of Protestant background. He practiced law with his father before moving to Pest. There he published commentaries on the Diet's activities, which made him popular with young, reform-minded people. Kossuth was imprisoned in 1836 for treason. After his release in 1840, he gained quick notoriety as the editor of a liberal party newspaper. Kossuth argued that only political and economic separation from Austria would improve Hungary's plight. He called for broader parliamentary democracy, rapid industrialization, general taxation, economic expansion through exports, and the abolition of privileges (equality before the law) and serfdom. But Kossuth was also a Hungarian patriotic whose rhetoric provoked the strong resentment of Hungary's minority ethnic groups. Kossuth gained support among liberal lesser nobles, who constituted an opposition minority in the Diet. They sought reforms with increasing success after Francis's death in 1835 and the succession of
2555:, and they reacted by insisting on the right to use their own tongue. As a result, Hungarian lesser nobles sparked a renaissance of the Hungarian language and culture, and a cult of national dance and costume flourished. The lesser nobles questioned the loyalty of the magnates, of whom less than half were ethnic Hungarians, and even those had become French- and German-speaking courtiers. The Hungarian national reawakening subsequently triggered national revivals among the Slovak, Romanian, Serbian, and Croatian minorities within Hungary and Transylvania, who felt threatened by both German and Hungarian cultural hegemony. These national revivals later blossomed into the nationalist movements of the 19th and 20th centuries that contributed to the empire's ultimate collapse.
2372:
2643:
792:
701:
109:
2570:(1790–92), re-introduced the bureaucratic technicality which viewed Hungary as a separate country under a Habsburg king. In 1791 the Diet passed Law X, which stressed Hungary's status as an independent kingdom ruled only by a king legally crowned according to Hungarian laws. Law X later became the basis for demands by Hungarian reformers for statehood in the period from 1825 to 1849. New laws again required approval of both the Habsburg king and the Diet, and Latin was restored as the official language. The peasant reforms remained in effect, however, and Protestants remained equal before the law. Leopold died in March 1792 just as the
726:
2639:’s component lands at first stayed much as they had been under the composite monarchy that existed before 1804. This was especially demonstrated by the status of the Kingdom of Hungary, whose affairs remained to be administered by its own institutions (King and Diet) as they had been under the composite monarchy, in which it had always been considered a separate Realm. Article X of 1790, which was added to Hungary's constitution during the phase of the composite monarchy uses the Latin phrase "Regnum Independens". In the new situation, therefore, no Imperial institutions were involved in its internal government.
2714:
2741:
183:
687:
740:
2729:
93:
4674:
4660:
2364:
1567:
3111:
2668:
The decline of the lesser nobility continued despite the fact that by 1820 Hungary's exports had surpassed wartime levels. As the number of lesser nobles who earned diplomas increased, the bureaucracy and professions became saturated, leaving a host of disgruntled graduates without jobs. Members of this new intelligentsia quickly became enamored of radical political ideologies emanating from
Western Europe and organized themselves to effect changes in Hungary's political system.
2753:
2772:
2305:
2119:
1974:
3099:
1500:
2488:
response, the
Habsburgs began to colonize Hungary with large numbers of peasants from all over Europe, especially Slovaks, Serbs, Croatians, and Germans. Many Jews also immigrated from Vienna and the empire's Polish lands near the end of the 18th century. Hungary's population more than tripled to 8 million between 1720 and 1787. However, only 39 percent of its people were Magyars, who lived mainly in the center of the country.
3746:
3659:"Vor dem Jahr 1848 is das Kaisertum Österreich verfassungsrechtlich als ein monarchischer Einheitsstaat auf differenziert föderalistischer Grundlage zu sehen, wobei die besondere Stelung Ungarns im Rahmen dieses Gesamtstaates stets offenkundig war. Eine weitere Differenzierung der föderalistischen Grundlage erfolgte ab 1815 durch die Zugehörigkeit eines teiles des Kaisertums zum Deutschen Bund."
2449:, succeeded him. The Diet approved the Pragmatic Sanction in 1723, and Hungary thus agreed to become a hereditary monarchy under the Habsburgs for as long as their dynasty existed. In practice, however, Charles and his successors governed almost autocratically, controlling Hungary's foreign affairs, defense, and finance but lacking the power to tax the nobles without their approval.
2664:
capital for investment but as a means of adding luxury to their lives. As expectations rose, goods such as linen and silverware, once considered luxuries, became necessities. The wealthy magnates had little trouble balancing their earnings and expenditures, but many lesser nobles, fearful of losing their social standing, went into debt to finance their spending.
2798:(also known as the Banat). German and Bohemian administrators managed the government, and German became the language of administration and higher education. The non-Magyar minorities of Hungary received little for their support of Austria during the turmoil. A Croat reportedly told a Hungarian: "We received as a reward what the Magyars got as a punishment."
3636:" From the perspective of the Court since 1723, regnum Hungariae had been a hereditary province of the dynasty’s three main branches on both lines. From the perspective of the ország, Hungary was regnum independens, a separate Land as Article X of 1790 stipulated …….. In 1804 Emperor Franz assumed the title of Emperor of Austria for all the
2426:. Most of Hungary soon supported Rákóczi, and the Hungarian Diet voted to annul the Habsburgs' right to the throne. Fortunes turned against the Hungarians, however, when the Habsburgs made peace in the west and turned their full force against them. The war ended in 1711, when Count Károlyi, General of the Hungarian Armies agreed to the
2189:). The Habsburg monarchs needed the economic power of Hungary for the Ottoman wars. During the Ottoman wars the territory of the former Kingdom of Hungary was reduced by around 60 per cent. Despite these enormous territorial and demographic losses, the smaller and heavily war torn Royal Hungary was as important as the
2492:
trade existed between towns and the serfs. After 1760 a labor surplus developed. The serf population grew, pressure on the land increased, and the serfs' standard of living declined. Landowners began making greater demands on new tenants and began violating existing agreements. In response, Maria
Theresa issued her
2679:, a magnate from one of Hungary's most powerful families, shocked the Diet when he delivered the first speech in Hungarian ever uttered in the upper chamber and backed a proposal for the creation of a Hungarian academy of arts and sciences by pledging a year's income to support it. In 1831 angry nobles
2286:. During the Ottoman wars the territory controlled by the Kingdom of Hungary shrank by around 60%. Despite these enormous territorial and demographic losses, the smaller, heavily war-torn Royal Hungary had remained as economically important to the Habsburg rulers as the Austrian hereditary lands or the
2683:
Szechenyi's book Hitel (Credit), in which he argued that the nobles' privileges were both morally indefensible and economically detrimental to the nobles themselves. Szechenyi called for an economic revolution and argued that only the magnates were capable of implementing reforms. Szechenyi favored a
2601:
kind of revolution to install a radical democratic, egalitarian political system in
Hungary. Thereafter, Francis resolved to extinguish any spark of reform that might ignite a revolution. The execution of the alleged plotters silenced any reform advocates among the nobles, and for about three decades
2487:
Under
Charles and Maria Theresa, Hungary experienced further economic decline. Centuries of Ottoman occupation and war had reduced Hungary's population drastically, and large parts of the country's southern half were almost deserted. A labor shortage developed as landowners restored their estates. In
2054:
In the early stages, the lands that were ruled by the
Habsburg Hungarian kings were regarded as both the "Kingdom of Hungary" and "Royal Hungary". Royal Hungary was the symbol of the continuity of formal law after the Ottoman occupation, because it could preserve its legal traditions, but in general,
2265:
to prevent the holders amassing too much power. In addition, the so-called
Turkish question divided the Habsburgs and the Hungarians: Vienna wanted to maintain peace with the Ottomans; the Hungarians wanted the Ottomans ousted. As the Hungarians recognized the weakness of their position, many became
2671:
Francis rarely called the Diet into session (usually only to request men and supplies for war) without hearing complaints. Economic hardship brought the lesser nobles' discontent to a head by 1825, when
Francis finally convoked the Diet after a fourteen-year hiatus. Grievances were voiced, and open
2667:
Napoleon's final defeat brought recession. Grain prices collapsed as demand dropped, and debt ensnared much of
Hungary's lesser nobility. Poverty forced many lesser nobles to work to earn a livelihood, and their sons entered education institutions to train for civil service or professional careers.
2650:
By the start of the 19th century, the aim of
Hungary's agricultural producers had shifted from subsistence farming and small-scale production for local trade to cash-generating, large-scale production for a wider market. Road and waterway improvements cut transportation costs, while urbanization in
2452:
Charles organized the country under a centralized administration and in 1715 established a standing army under his command, which was entirely funded and manned by the non-noble population. This policy reduced the nobles' military obligation without abrogating their exemption from taxation. Charles
2491:
In the first half of the 18th century, Hungary had an agricultural economy that employed 90 percent of the population. The nobles failed to use fertilizers, roads were poor and rivers blocked, and crude storage methods caused huge losses of grain. Barter had replaced money transactions, and little
2663:
boosted demand for foodstuffs and clothing. Hungary became a major grain and wool exporter. New lands were cleared, and yields rose as farming methods improved. Hungary did not reap the full benefit of the boom, however, because most of the profits went to the magnates, who considered them not as
2339:
that reversed the Protestants' gains in Royal Hungary, using persuasion rather than intimidation. The Reformation caused rifts between Catholics, who often sided with the Habsburgs, and Protestants, who developed a strong national identity and became rebels in Austrian eyes. Chasms also developed
2476:. In 1741 she appeared before the Diet of Pressburg holding her newborn son and entreated Hungary's nobles to support her. They stood behind her and helped secure her rule. Maria Theresa later took measures to reinforce links with Hungary's magnates. She established special schools to attract
2526:
which granted Protestants and Orthodox Christians full civil rights and Jews freedom of worship. He decreed that German replace Latin as the kingdom's official language and granted the peasants the freedom to leave their holdings, to marry, and to place their children in trades. Hungary,
2684:
strong link with the Habsburg Empire and called for the abolition of entail and serfdom, taxation of landowners, financing of development with foreign capital, the establishment of a national bank, and introduction of wage labor. He inspired such projects as the construction of the
3578:
The language of the Austrian ministers daily assumed a far more imperative tone. They declared ominously that they were "preparing an official document, in which they would so fully clear up their relation to Hungary, as to enable their Diet to form a correct view on the
2500:. Despite her efforts and several periods of strong demand for grain, the situation worsened. Between 1767 and 1848, many serfs left their holdings. Most became landless farmworkers because a lack of industrial development meant few opportunities for work in the towns.
2830:. The defeat convinced Franz Joseph that national and social opposition to his government was too strong to be managed by decree from Vienna. Gradually he recognized the necessity of concessions towards Hungary, and Austria and Hungary thus moved towards a compromise.
3642:
of the dynasty and for the other Lands, including Hungary. Thus Hungary formally became part of the Empire of Austria. The Court reassured the diet, however, that the assumption of the monarch’s new title did not in any sense affect the laws and the constitution of
2383:
argued that he should rule Hungary as conquered territory. At the Diet of "Royal Hungary" in Pressburg, in 1687, the Emperor promised to observe all laws and privileges. Nonetheless, the hereditary succession of the Habsburgs was recognized, and the nobles'
172:
2810:
and argued that their amendment required the Hungarian Diet's consent. He also held that the dethronement of the Habsburgs was invalid. As long as Austria ruled absolutely, Deak argued, Hungarians should do no more than passively resist illegal demands.
4626:
2801:
Hungarian public opinion split over the country's relations with Austria. Some Hungarians held out hope for full separation from Austria; others wanted an accommodation with the Habsburgs, provided that they respected Hungary's constitution and laws.
2602:
reform ideas remained confined to poetry and philosophy. The magnates, who also feared that the influx of revolutionary ideas might precipitate a popular uprising, became a tool of the crown and seized the chance to further burden the peasants.
2445:, under which the Habsburg monarch was to rule Hungary not as emperor, but as a king subject to the restraints of Hungary's constitution and laws. He hoped that the Pragmatic Sanction would keep the Habsburg Empire intact if his daughter,
182:
2562:
that weakened his empire. On January 28, 1790, three weeks before his death, the emperor issued a decree cancelling all of his reforms except the Patent of Toleration, peasant reforms, and the abolition of the religious orders.
2059:
a Habsburg province. The Hungarian nobility forced Vienna to admit that Hungary was a special unit of the Habsburg lands and had to be ruled in conformity with its own special laws. However, Hungarian historiography positioned
2696:. Szechenyi's reform initiatives ultimately failed because they were targeted at the magnates, who were not inclined to support change, and because the pace of his program was too slow to attract disgruntled lesser nobles.
4656:
2547:". When the Hungarian nobles again refused to waive their exemption from taxation, Joseph banned imports of Hungarian manufactured goods into Austria and began a survey to prepare for the imposition of a general land tax.
2550:
Joseph's reforms outraged nobles and clergy of Hungary, and the peasants of the country grew dissatisfied with taxes, conscription, and requisitions of supplies. Hungarians perceived Joseph's language reform as German
3626:
Posse, Otto, ed. (1909–13). "Bey der Niederlegung der kaiserlichen Reichs-Regierung. Dekret vom 6. August 1806". Die Siegel der deutschen Kaiser und Könige von 751 bis 1806 (in German). Band 5, Beilage 3. p
2139:
1890:
171:
3663:
Verfassung, Verfassungsrecht und Lehre des Öffentlichen Rechts in Österreich bis 1848: Eine Darstellung der materiellen und formellen Verfassungssituation und der Lehre des öffentlichen Rechts
170:
2261:. The Habsburg king directly controlled Royal Hungary's financial, military, and foreign affairs, and imperial troops guarded its borders. The Habsburgs avoided filling the office of
3355:
Early Modern Religious Communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1691)
3314:
Early Modern Religious Communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1691)
3303:"... the Estates of the realm have submitted themselves not only to His Majesty's, but also his heirs' power and rule for ever ..." (Section 5 of Article V of 1547).
3279:
Early Modern Religious Communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526-1691)
2609:, in which Hungary and all his other dynastic lands were included. In doing so he created a formal overarching structure for the Habsburg Monarchy, that had functioned as a
4648:
3484:
3327:
2841:, further underscoring the weakness of the Habsburg Empire. Negotiations between the emperor and the Hungarian leaders were intensified and finally resulted in the
2392:
thought disloyal by the Habsburgs lost their estates, which were given to foreigners. Vienna controlled the foreign affairs, defense, tariffs, and other functions.
2234:
The term "Royal Hungary" fell into disuse after 1699, and the Habsburg kings referred to the newly enlarged country by the more formal term "Kingdom of Hungary".
2593:(ruled 1792–1835), who developed an almost abnormal aversion to change, bringing Hungary decades of political stagnation. In 1795 the Hungarian police arrested
3369:
2043:). Initially, the exact territory under Habsburg rule was disputed because both rulers claimed the whole kingdom. This unsettled period lasted until 1570 when
2713:
4158:
3750:
2290:
even in the late 16th century. Out of all his countries, the depleted Kingdom of Hungary was, at that time, Ferdinand I's largest source of revenue.
3534:
3444:
2320:
spread quickly, and by the early 17th century hardly any noble families remained Catholic. In Royal Hungary, the majority of the population became
2266:
anti-Habsburg. They complained about foreign rule, the behaviour of foreign garrisons, and the Habsburgs' recognition of Turkish suzerainty in the
811:
3615:
Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture / edited by Richard Frucht, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 348
4641:
17:
2672:
calls for reform were made, including demands for less royal interference in the nobles' affairs and for wider use of the Hungarian language.
4786:
2002:
2752:
4761:
4343:
3846:
2540:
2404:
2267:
2209:
1746:
1528:
1276:
1116:
1041:
3714:
3697:
229:
4634:
881:
2181:, when the Habsburgs got the northern and western parts of the country (Royal Hungary), with the new capital Pressburg (Pozsony, now
1920:
1840:
2518:. He refused to take the Hungarian coronation oath to avoid being constrained by Hungary's constitution. In 1781–82 Joseph issued a
4847:
4121:
3778:
2605:
In 1804 Francis II, who was also the Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the other dynastic lands of the Habsburg dynasty, founded the
2274:, however, it often had dual vassalage -Ottoman Turkish sultans and the Habsburg Hungarian kings- in the 16th and 17th centuries).
3509:
Dr. István Kenyeres: The Financial Administrative Reforms and Revenues of Ferdinand I in Hungary, English summary at p- 92 Link1:
2403:
against Habsburg rule. In Transylvania, which became part of Hungary again at the end of the 17th century (as a province, called "
4857:
4781:
4575:
2282:
a greater menace than the Turks, however. The Austrian branch of Habsburg monarchs needed the economic power of Hungary for the
1256:
2083:. The new territories were united with the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, and although its powers were mostly formal, the
1576:
926:
4832:
3851:
3412:
3379:
2400:
2299:
2122:
2095:
1106:
991:
587:
472:
108:
4827:
4822:
4165:
2728:
2208:
were parts of this polity, while control of the region of northeastern Hungary often shifted between Royal Hungary and the
2646:
Costumes of inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1855: ethnic Romanian, Hungarian (Magyar), Slovak and German peasants
2430:. The treaty contained the emperor's agreement to reconvene the Diet in Pressburg and to grant an amnesty for the rebels.
4837:
4060:
4012:
4002:
3538:
3448:
2819:
2103:
1166:
733:
628:
3924:
4852:
4189:
3919:
3881:
3831:
3826:
3510:
3494:
2559:
2371:
1685:
1680:
1445:
1236:
1216:
956:
916:
692:
4601:
4386:
4261:
4175:
4065:
3791:
3337:
3171:
2740:
2544:
2224:
2048:
1995:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4701:
4286:
4141:
3906:
2642:
1521:
946:
2510:, shook Hungary from its malaise when he inherited the throne from his mother, Maria Theresa. In the framework of
2212:. The central territories of the medieval Hungarian kingdom were annexed by the Ottoman Empire for 150 years (see
1792:
4716:
3166:, Thomas J. Sienkewicz and James T. McDonough, Jr., Eds., Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc.
2174:
2040:
1870:
1425:
548:
418:
2388:
was abrogated. In 1690 Leopold began redistributing lands freed from the Turks. Protestant nobles and all other
3934:
3896:
2567:
2434:
1787:
1628:
1480:
1440:
1321:
1186:
4791:
4691:
4520:
4510:
4276:
2532:
2503:
2380:
2309:
2262:
1930:
1390:
1071:
871:
225:
192:
3486:
The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806: A European Perspective Volume 1 van Brill's Companions to European History
4366:
4238:
4111:
3901:
3856:
3771:
2787:
2099:
1988:
1860:
1797:
1782:
1546:
1331:
1136:
614:
4022:
4817:
4570:
4560:
4515:
4310:
4153:
4027:
3929:
2675:
The first great figure of the reform era came to the fore during the 1825 convocation of the Diet. Count
2287:
2194:
1514:
1450:
1435:
791:
771:
2803:
92:
4447:
4440:
4406:
4131:
4070:
4038:
3949:
3836:
3546:
3456:
3089:
2442:
1420:
966:
4766:
4882:
4184:
4148:
4052:
3891:
3542:
3452:
3404:
The long European Reformation: religion, political conflict, and the search for conformity, 1350–1750
2283:
2186:
2061:
1900:
1815:
1721:
1311:
1206:
1011:
1001:
816:
430:
399:
2685:
2220:
2044:
4842:
4550:
4485:
4351:
4322:
4224:
4219:
4136:
4045:
3871:
3082:
2884:
2065:
1880:
1470:
1351:
1196:
4776:
4555:
4434:
4401:
4332:
4296:
4266:
4230:
4126:
4116:
4101:
3976:
3886:
3821:
3764:
3591:
2794:
divided the country into four distinct territories: Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia-Slavonia, and
2707:(1835–48). In 1844 a law was enacted making Hungarian the country's exclusive official language.
2633:(double emperor) in history. The workings of the overarching structure and the status of the new
2523:
2416:
2228:
1654:
1641:
1460:
1400:
1286:
906:
646:
355:
115:
4256:
4771:
4396:
3866:
2704:
2656:
2586:
2543:
became a single imperial territory under one administration, called the Kingdom of Hungary or "
2515:
1850:
1176:
3616:
3561:
3402:
3291:
3278:
3252:
3223:
3197:
2178:
522:
460:
4565:
4505:
4381:
4361:
4096:
3954:
3352:
3313:
3210:
3184:
2776:
2719:
2676:
2332:
1618:
1415:
3676:
2328:
4726:
4530:
4391:
4337:
4291:
4170:
4106:
4032:
3990:
3811:
3034:
2961:
2823:
2590:
2519:
2507:
2399:
and the land seizures frustrated the Hungarians, and in 1703 a peasant uprising sparked an
2379:
As the Habsburgs' control of the Turkish possessions started to increase, the ministers of
1465:
1126:
806:
600:
535:
2594:
2438:
2427:
8:
4721:
4696:
4411:
4271:
4084:
4007:
2838:
2827:
2528:
2469:
2353:
2336:
2279:
2072:
1555:
1485:
1266:
936:
851:
574:
496:
441:
387:
2163:
2032:
1690:
509:
27:
Period of Hungarian history while under the control of the Habsburg monarchy (1526–1867)
4736:
4711:
4686:
4594:
4525:
4492:
4426:
4376:
4281:
4207:
4017:
3966:
3939:
3799:
3236:
2956:
2888:
2842:
2652:
2622:
2610:
2477:
2473:
2130:
1667:
1430:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1246:
1061:
780:
561:
345:
324:
282:
161:
152:
45:
3679:, In: Eszmék, forradalmak, háborúk. Vadász Sándor 80 éves, ELTE, Budapest, 2010 p. 557
3185:
Beloved Children: History of Aristocratic Childhood in Hungary in the Early Modern Age
4796:
4751:
4741:
4731:
4465:
4460:
4356:
4243:
3959:
3876:
3490:
3408:
3375:
3333:
3167:
3140:
3021:
2571:
2552:
2536:
2496:
of 1767 to protect the serfs by restoring their freedom of movement and limiting the
2254:
2243:
2076:
2024:
2020:
1910:
1830:
1764:
1751:
1341:
1226:
392:
304:
294:
212:
196:
3689:
2861:
4756:
4610:
4540:
4535:
4416:
4327:
4248:
3047:
2790:, the emperor revoked Hungary's constitution and assumed absolute control. Emperor
2514:, Joseph sought to centralize control of the empire and to rule it by decree as an
2389:
1613:
1385:
1051:
319:
314:
309:
2375:
The Kingdom of Hungary on the Josephinische Landesaufnahme Original Map, 1782–1785
4746:
4673:
4668:
4659:
4545:
4500:
4478:
3971:
3944:
3861:
3728:
3470:
3265:
3237:
Carpathian Basin and the Development of the Hungarian Landscape Theory Until 1948
3115:
2984:
2965:
2846:
2660:
2606:
2575:
2408:
2385:
2363:
2247:
2213:
2155:
2143:
2107:
2102:
and marked important shifts in the evolution of the polity. The kingdom became a
2084:
2080:
2028:
1978:
1802:
1726:
1455:
1156:
1146:
1031:
861:
719:
706:
486:
340:
299:
274:
216:
99:
59:
2170:
2036:
4615:
4471:
3332:. van Brill's Companions to European History. Vol. 1. BRILL. p. 263.
3136:
3103:
2815:
2420:
2271:
2159:
1708:
1593:
1504:
266:
221:
188:
73:
3513:
3135:
Although the Habsburgs ruled Hungary, it remained a separate country ruled in
1741:
4811:
4455:
2997:
2758:
2700:
2693:
2454:
2446:
1623:
658:
3549:
on 29 October 2004 – via National Archives and Records Administration.
3459:
on 29 October 2004 – via National Archives and Records Administration.
2860:
Ethnic groups of the Kingdom of Hungary according to Hungarian statistician
2806:
became the main advocate for accommodation. Deak upheld the legality of the
2150:), was the name of the portion of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary where the
3647:
Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions
3566:
The History of Hungary and the Late Hungarian War: Kossuth and His Generals
2791:
2680:
2347:
2205:
1736:
1731:
360:
3143:
for details), and it was neither annexed nor incorporated into the empire.
3139:
with both the imperial title and the various lands within the empire (see
3110:
2771:
2511:
2458:
2437:(1711–40), began building a workable relationship with Hungary after the
2396:
2317:
2275:
1695:
1583:
350:
2780:
1475:
4664:
4371:
2916:
2807:
2635:
2412:
2182:
2088:
380:
246:
3677:
Austerlitz, 1805. december 2. A három császár csatája – magyar szemmel
2304:
2118:
3239:, CENTRE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES OF HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, p. 10
2795:
2151:
208:
2629:), ruling from 1804 to 1835, so later he was named the one and only
2497:
3816:
3756:
3638:
3002:
2493:
2321:
2201:
2190:
1955:
1588:
1566:
653:
3198:
European political thought 1450–1700: religion, law and philosophy
2312:, the Principality of Transylvania and Ottoman eyalets around 1683
3787:
2908:
2879:
2834:
2598:
2465:
2423:
2341:
1361:
758:
375:
365:
2185:). John I secured the eastern part of the kingdom (known as the
3745:
3006:
2943:
2924:
2912:
2481:
2258:
841:
2920:
2903:
2597:
and several of the country's leading thinkers for plotting a
1606:
2689:
821:
240:
3649:, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, the Netherlands, p. 6
3482:
3325:
2472:
when she became head of the House of Habsburg, facing the
2464:
Maria Theresa (1741–80) faced an immediate challenge from
3222:
Lajos Besenyei, Géza Érszegi, Maurizio Pedrazza Gorlero,
2578:
and send shock waves through the royal houses of Europe.
3329:
The Holy Roman Empire, 1495-1806: A European Perspective
2613:
for about three hundred years before. He himself became
2348:
Kingdom of Hungary in the early modern period until 1848
2169:
Temporary territorial division between the rival rulers
2068:
in pursuance of the advancement of Hungarian interests.
2506:(1780–90), a dynamic leader strongly influenced by the
2278:, who were persecuted in Royal Hungary, considered the
3087:
2035:
in 1526, the country was ruled by two crowned kings (
2019:
between 1526 and 1867 existed as a state outside the
3400:
2761:, the most popular of Hungary's great reform leaders
2699:
The most popular of Hungary's great reform leaders,
2166:(1526) and the subsequent partition of the country.
2461:, and forbade Protestant students to study abroad.
2047:(John II) abdicated as King of Hungary in Emperor
812:The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian conquest
3535:"A Country Study: Hungary – Partition of Hungary"
3253:The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology
2581:
2441:. Charles asked the approval of the Diet for the
4809:
3729:Les colonies lorraines et alsaciennes en Hongrie
3713:, Pest : Trattner-Kérolyi Tulajdona, 1842 (
3696:, Pest : Trattner-Kérolyi Tulajdona, 1842 (
3187:, Central European University Press, 2001, p. 22
3367:
3224:De bulla aurea Andreae II regis Hungariae, 1222
3200:, Yale University Press, 2007, pp. 177–189
2270:. This was usually under the suzerainty of the
144:
37:
1021:
4787:Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar
4642:
3772:
2849:, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
2242:The Habsburgs, an influential dynasty of the
1996:
1522:
134:("Kingdom of Mary, the Patroness of Hungary")
3732:, Nancy : Berger-Levrault et Cie, 1879.
3255:, Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 153
2589:ended in Hungary under Leopold's successor,
2113:
187:Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary (light blue) in
51:
3568:(First ed.). Phinney. pp. 152–153
3213:, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2002, p. 60
2818:rule developed in 1859, when the forces of
65:
4649:
4635:
3779:
3765:
3533:Burant, Stephen R., ed. (September 1989).
3445:"A Country Study: Hungary – Royal Hungary"
3443:Burant, Stephen R., ed. (September 1989).
2722:, the first great figure of the reform era
2079:in 1699, the Ottomans ceded nearly all of
2003:
1989:
1529:
1515:
181:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3235:Hajdú, Zoltán, DISCUSSION PAPERS No. 44,
2344:and the mainly Protestant lesser nobles.
2064:in a direct continuity with the medieval
3463:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3211:Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon
2770:
2641:
2558:Late in his reign, Joseph led a costly,
2370:
2362:
2303:
2223:abdicated as King of Hungary in Emperor
2117:
2094:Two major Hungarian rebellions were the
4782:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
3660:
3592:"Transylvania - Location & History"
3292:Statecraft: The Deeds of Antonio Carafa
3268:, Indiana University Press, 1994, p. 91
3247:
3245:
3164:World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions
14:
4810:
3644:
3559:
3532:
3517:
3442:
4630:
3760:
3665:, Lang, Frankfurt am Main, p. 45
3427:
2845:, which created the Dual Monarchy of
2457:, required civil servants to profess
2300:Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary
2123:Captaincies of the Kingdom of Hungary
3786:
3471:Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe
3242:
2560:ill-fated campaign against the Turks
3539:Library of Congress Country Studies
3483:Robert Evans, Peter Wilson (2012).
3449:Library of Congress Country Studies
3407:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 102.
3326:Robert Evans, Peter Wilson (2012).
2253:Royal Hungary became a part of the
734:Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
24:
4762:Grand Principality of Transylvania
2814:The first crack in Franz Joseph's
2659:and the need for supplies for the
2098:in the early 18th century and the
25:
4894:
3738:
3473:, Palgrave Macmillan, 1995, p. 62
2574:was about to degenerate into the
2545:Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen
2237:
2177:occurred only in 1538, under the
1167:Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen
4757:Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia
4702:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
4672:
4658:
3744:
3196:Howell A. Lloyd, Glenn Burgess,
3109:
3097:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2712:
2324:by the end of the 16th century.
2257:and enjoyed little influence in
2227:'s favor under the terms of the
1972:
1565:
1498:
790:
738:
724:
699:
685:
168:
107:
91:
4848:Early modern history of Hungary
3726:(in French) Louis-Emile Hecht,
3720:
3703:
3682:
3669:
3653:
3630:
3620:
3609:
3584:
3553:
3503:
3476:
3394:
3374:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 17.
3361:
3346:
3319:
3306:
3297:
3284:
3271:
2358:
2023:, but part of the lands of the
130:Regnum Mariae Patrona Hungariae
4858:1530s establishments in Europe
3751:Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)
3258:
3229:
3216:
3203:
3190:
3177:
3156:
3129:
2837:defeated the Austrians in the
2582:First half of the 19th century
2367:Growth of Habsburg territories
2293:
1921:Post-revolution Czechoslovakia
693:Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)
18:Kingdom of Hungary (1526-1867)
13:
1:
4792:Imperial Free City of Trieste
3560:De Puy, Henry Walter (1858).
3401:Peter George Wallace (2004).
3264:Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák,
3150:
2852:
2310:Principality of Upper Hungary
2200:The territory of present-day
2096:Rákóczi's War of Independence
1931:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
1793:Military District of Preßburg
1788:1848–49 Slovak Uprising
1107:Rákóczi's War of Independence
1072:Principality of Upper Hungary
872:Hungarian invasions of Europe
541:9 September – 17 October 1552
4833:Slovakia under Habsburg rule
3847:Principality of Transylvania
3709:(in Hungarian) Elek Fényes,
3162:Adeleye, Gabriel G. (1999).
2887:(75,107) because they speak
2788:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
2766:
2405:Principality of Transylvania
2340:between the mostly Catholic
2331:reorganized Royal Hungary's
2268:Principality of Transylvania
2210:Principality of Transylvania
2129:Royal Hungary (1526–1699), (
2100:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
1861:Slovakia during World War II
1798:Military District of Kaschau
1783:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
1752:Principality of Imre Thököly
1747:Principality of Transylvania
1117:Principality of Transylvania
1042:Principality of Transylvania
199:(in shades of blue) in 1572.
7:
4828:Croatia under Habsburg rule
4823:Hungary under Habsburg rule
4717:Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
3882:Interwar Kingdom of Hungary
3371:Fractured Europe, 1600–1721
3076:
3069:
3064:
3054:
3051:
3041:
3038:
3028:
3025:
3015:
3012:
2991:
2988:
2978:
2975:
2950:
2947:
2937:
2934:
2897:
2894:
2734:Revolutionary flag, 1848–49
2415:), the people united under
2195:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
1778:Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary
1322:Hungarian People's Republic
1257:Governorate of Subcarpathia
1197:Hungarian People's Republic
927:Personal union with Croatia
10:
4899:
4838:Former countries in Europe
3711:Magyarország' statistikája
3694:Magyarország' statistikája
3562:"IV: Kossuth the Reformer"
3294:, Peter Lang, 2004, p. 400
2453:also banned conversion to
2433:Leopold's successor, King
2351:
2297:
2197:in the late 16th century.
947:Mongol invasion of Hungary
4853:Modern history of Hungary
4682:
4588:
4425:
4344:Universities and colleges
4318:
4309:
4215:
4206:
4092:
4083:
3998:
3989:
3915:
3807:
3798:
3543:Federal Research Division
3453:Federal Research Division
3226:, Valdonega, 1999, p. 222
2191:Austrian hereditary lands
2187:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
2114:Royal Hungary (1526–1699)
1901:Slovak Socialist Republic
1891:Slovaks in Czechoslovakia
1841:Slovaks in Czechoslovakia
1803:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
1722:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
1714:(16th–17th century)
1312:Second Hungarian Republic
1207:Hungarian Soviet Republic
1157:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
1012:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
754:
664:
652:
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456:• 1526–1530 (first)
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125:
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82:
32:
4777:Princely County of Tyrol
4323:Anti-Hungarian sentiment
4003:Administrative divisions
3368:David J. Sturdy (2002).
3122:
3083:List of Hungarian rulers
2826:defeated Austria at the
1881:Slovak National Uprising
1352:Third Hungarian Republic
549:Battle of Saint Gotthard
468:• 1847–1848 (last)
426:• 1848–1867 (last)
271:(before 1784; 1790–1844)
4878:19th century in Hungary
4873:18th century in Hungary
4868:17th century in Hungary
4863:16th century in Hungary
4231:Hungarian National Bank
3862:Austro-Hungarian Empire
3661:Zeilner, Franz (2008),
2071:Under the terms of the
1655:Principality of Hungary
1642:Principality of Hungary
1401:History of Transylvania
907:Principality of Hungary
290:Other spoken languages:
195:(red), both within the
4772:Margraviate of Moravia
4387:International rankings
4262:Science and technology
4142:Chief of General Staff
3837:Ottoman–Hungarian wars
3645:Laszlo, Péter (2011),
3489:. Brill. p. 263.
2783:
2686:Széchenyi Chain Bridge
2647:
2587:Enlightened absolutism
2376:
2368:
2313:
2221:John Sigismund Zápolya
2147:
2134:
2126:
2045:John Sigismund Zápolya
1851:Slovak Soviet Republic
1607:Medieval Slavic states
279:(1784–1790; 1849–1867)
244:(1526–1536, 1784–1873)
66:
52:
38:
4767:Margraviate of Istria
3832:Late Medieval Kingdom
3827:High Medieval Kingdom
3281:, Brill, 2009, p. 253
2774:
2746:Arms of Hungary, 1849
2645:
2627:Kaiser von Österreich
2374:
2366:
2333:Roman Catholic Church
2307:
2121:
2104:dual monarchy in 1867
1948:Contemporary Slovakia
1619:Principality of Nitra
1426:Transylvanian Princes
1277:Revisions of Délvidék
1062:Wesselényi conspiracy
842:Kingdom of the Gepids
562:Wesselényi conspiracy
255:Common languages
4727:Archduchy of Austria
4576:World Heritage Sites
4448:Palaces and mansions
3812:Hungarian prehistory
3753:at Wikimedia Commons
3541:. Washington, D.C.:
3469:Dennis P. Hupchick,
3451:. Washington, D.C.:
3316:, BRILL, 2009, p. 40
3266:A History of Hungary
2962:Transylvanian Saxons
2566:Joseph's successor,
2520:Patent of Toleration
2508:Age of Enlightenment
2401:eight-year rebellion
2135:Királyi Magyarország
1127:Hungarian Reform Era
807:Hungarian prehistory
615:Hungarian Revolution
601:Hungarian Reform Era
4722:Kingdom of Slavonia
4697:Kingdom of Dalmatia
3290:Giambattista Vico,
2839:Austro-Prussian War
2828:Battle of Solferino
2386:right of resistance
2354:Lieutenancy Council
2337:Counter-Reformation
2308:Royal Hungary, the
2288:Bohemian crownlands
2280:Counter-Reformation
2179:Treaty of Nagyvárad
2158:in the wake of the
2154:were recognized as
2073:Treaty of Karlowitz
2031:in 1804. After the
1979:Slovakia portal
1696:Domain of Amade Aba
1691:Domain of Máté Csák
1673:(1000 – 1526)
1267:Second Vienna Award
852:Ostrogothic Kingdom
588:War of Independence
575:Treaty of Karlowitz
523:Treaty of Nagyvárad
262:Official languages:
4818:Kingdom of Hungary
4737:Duchy of Carinthia
4712:Kingdom of Illyria
4707:Kingdom of Hungary
4692:Kingdom of Croatia
4687:Kingdom of Bohemia
4526:Hungarian language
4377:Hungarian diaspora
4277:Telecommunications
3902:Revolution of 1956
3857:Revolution of 1848
2843:Compromise of 1867
2784:
2648:
2623:Emperor of Austria
2611:composite monarchy
2524:Edict of Tolerance
2516:enlightened despot
2474:First Silesian War
2443:Pragmatic Sanction
2417:Francis II Rákóczi
2395:The repression of
2377:
2369:
2314:
2148:Königliches Ungarn
2127:
2075:, which ended the
2066:Kingdom of Hungary
2017:Kingdom of Hungary
1960:1993–present
1668:Kingdom of Hungary
1647:(895 – 1000)
1505:Hungary portal
1406:Hungarian language
1396:History of Hungary
1332:Revolution of 1956
1247:First Vienna Award
1237:Kingdom of Hungary
1217:Hungarian Republic
1137:Revolution of 1848
1082:Kingdom of Hungary
957:Kingdom of Hungary
917:Kingdom of Hungary
882:Hungarian conquest
230:historical context
226:Kingdom of Croatia
215:and from 1804 the
193:Kingdom of Croatia
34:Kingdom of Hungary
4805:
4804:
4797:Military Frontier
4752:Duchy of Salzburg
4742:Duchy of Carniola
4732:Duchy of Bukovina
4624:
4623:
4584:
4583:
4367:Human trafficking
4305:
4304:
4202:
4201:
4166:Political parties
4112:Foreign relations
4079:
4078:
3985:
3984:
3897:People's Republic
3877:Treaty of Trianon
3749:Media related to
3414:978-0-333-64450-8
3381:978-0-631-20513-5
3141:Habsburg monarchy
3074:
3073:
3010:
2973:
2932:
2892:
2820:Sardinia-Piedmont
2595:Ignác Martinovics
2572:French Revolution
2553:cultural hegemony
2537:Military Frontier
2522:, followed by an
2439:Treaty of Szatmár
2428:Treaty of Szatmár
2255:Habsburg monarchy
2244:Holy Roman Empire
2204:and northwestern
2091:ruled the lands.
2077:Great Turkish War
2025:Habsburg monarchy
2021:Holy Roman Empire
2013:
2012:
1964:
1963:
1939:
1938:
1911:Velvet Revolution
1831:Treaty of Trianon
1823:
1821:(1918–1993)
1772:
1770:(1526–1918)
1765:Habsburg monarchy
1716:
1675:
1649:
1539:
1538:
1370:
1369:
1342:Goulash Communism
1295:
1294:
1227:Treaty of Trianon
1090:
1089:
975:
974:
890:
889:
764:
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750:
749:
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745:
712:
711:
393:Absolute monarchy
213:Habsburg monarchy
197:Habsburg monarchy
173:
135:
53:Königreich Ungarn
16:(Redirected from
4890:
4883:Christian states
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4013:Cities and towns
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3842:Habsburg Kingdom
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3545:. Archived from
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3455:. Archived from
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3389:
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3357:2009, pp. 61-255
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2743:
2731:
2720:István Széchenyi
2716:
2677:István Széchenyi
2478:Hungarian nobles
2248:Kings of Hungary
2229:Treaty of Speyer
2164:Battle of Mohács
2156:Kings of Hungary
2142:
2033:Battle of Mohács
2027:that became the
2005:
1998:
1991:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1952:
1951:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1771:
1768:
1715:
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1686:Late Middle Ages
1681:High Middle Ages
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1103:
1102:
1052:Bocskai uprising
988:
987:
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728:
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510:Battle of Mohács
185:
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146:"Rákóczi-induló"
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3688:(in Hungarian)
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3675:József Zachar,
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2867:
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2847:Austria-Hungary
2779:in May 1849 by
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2162:victory at the
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1221:1919–1920
1201:1918–1919
1191:1918–1941
1187:Interwar period
1181:1914–1918
1171:1867–1918
1161:1867–1918
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3353:István Keul,
3349:
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3339:9789004206830
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3312:István Keul,
3309:
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3277:István Keul,
3274:
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3254:
3248:
3246:
3238:
3232:
3225:
3219:
3212:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3186:
3180:
3173:
3172:0-86516-422-3
3169:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3008:
3004:
3001:(mostly from
2999:
2996:
2995:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:33.62 %
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2898:37.36 %
2890:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2760:
2759:Lajos Kossuth
2754:
2749:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2701:Lajos Kossuth
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:), the first
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:Protestantism
2450:
2448:
2447:Maria Theresa
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:Gyulafehérvár
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2373:
2365:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2329:Péter Pázmány
2325:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2225:Maximilian II
2222:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2049:Maximilian II
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1624:Great Moravia
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:Samo's Empire
1612:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:Lombard state
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:Early history
1573:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:Árpád dynasty
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1022:Royal Hungary
1020:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
993:
990:
989:
981:
980:
970:
968:
965:
964:
960:
958:
955:
954:
950:
948:
945:
944:
940:
938:
935:
934:
930:
928:
925:
924:
920:
918:
915:
914:
910:
908:
905:
904:
896:
895:
886:862–895
885:
883:
880:
879:
875:
873:
870:
869:
866:567–822
865:
863:
860:
859:
856:469–553
855:
853:
850:
849:
846:454–567
845:
843:
840:
839:
831:
830:
823:
822:Hunnic Empire
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
801:Early history
798:
797:
793:
789:
788:
785:
779:
778:
773:
768:
767:
760:
757:
755:Today part of
753:
737:
735:
732:
731:
723:
721:
718:
717:
714:
708:
705:
698:
697:
694:
691:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
663:
660:
657:
655:
654:ISO 3166 code
651:
648:
645:
641:
637:
634:30 March 1867
633:
630:
624:
621:15 March 1848
620:
616:
609:
605:
602:
596:
592:
589:
583:
579:
576:
570:
566:
563:
557:
554:1 August 1664
553:
550:
544:
540:
537:
536:Siege of Eger
531:
527:
524:
518:
514:
511:
505:
501:
498:
495:
491:
488:
485:
481:
477:
474:
471:
465:
462:
459:
453:
449:
445:
443:
439:
435:
432:
429:
423:
420:
417:
411:
407:
403:
401:
397:
394:
391:
389:
385:
382:
379:
377:
373:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
336:
332:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
286:
284:
281:
278:
276:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
257:
253:
248:
242:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
214:
210:
207:
203:
198:
194:
190:
184:
179:
163:
162:Rákóczi March
154:
142:
138:
131:
128:
124:
117:
110:
101:
94:
86:
81:
75:
68:
61:
54:
47:
40:
31:
19:
4706:
4435:Architecture
4402:Prostitution
4333:Demographics
4297:Unemployment
4287:Trade unions
4122:Intelligence
4117:Human rights
4102:Constitution
3977:Coat of arms
3935:List of wars
3920:Christianity
3887:World War II
3841:
3822:Principality
3727:
3722:
3710:
3705:
3693:
3684:
3671:
3662:
3655:
3646:
3637:
3632:
3622:
3611:
3599:. Retrieved
3595:
3586:
3577:
3570:. Retrieved
3565:
3555:
3547:the original
3505:
3485:
3478:
3465:
3457:the original
3418:. Retrieved
3403:
3396:
3385:. Retrieved
3370:
3363:
3354:
3348:
3328:
3321:
3308:
3299:
3286:
3273:
3260:
3231:
3218:
3205:
3192:
3179:
3163:
3158:
3131:
3065:
3060:
3055:0.01 %
3042:0.03 %
3029:0.04 %
3016:0.05 %
2992:1.89 %
2979:9.89 %
2969:
2951:17.1 %
2928:
2868:
2833:In 1866 the
2832:
2813:
2800:
2792:Franz Joseph
2785:
2698:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2649:
2634:
2631:Doppelkaiser
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2585:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2541:Transylvania
2502:
2490:
2486:
2470:Frederick II
2463:
2451:
2432:
2394:
2378:
2359:18th century
2326:
2315:
2284:Ottoman wars
2252:
2241:
2233:
2218:
2206:Transdanubia
2199:
2168:
2128:
2093:
2070:
2062:Transylvania
2056:
2053:
2016:
2014:
1777:
1737:Budin Eyalet
1732:Uyvar Eyalet
1461:Coat of arms
1446:Christianity
1441:List of Wars
1304:Contemporary
1287:World War II
1081:
1002:Ottoman Wars
984:Early modern
967:Ottoman Wars
675:Succeeded by
674:
669:
497:Early Modern
361:Unitarianism
289:
261:
140:
129:
127:Motto:
126:
116:Coat of arms
4665:Crown lands
4551:Spa culture
4382:Irredentism
4220:Agriculture
4149:Nationality
3867:World War I
3690:Elek Fényes
3070:100 %
2883:(including
2862:Elek Fényes
2804:Ferenc Deák
2705:Ferdinand V
2512:Josephinism
2459:Catholicism
2435:Charles III
2407:" with the
2397:Protestants
2327:Archbishop
2318:Reformation
2294:Reformation
2276:Protestants
2175:Ferdinand I
2125:around 1572
2106:, known as
2041:Ferdinand I
1742:Eğri Eyalet
1556:History of
1177:World War I
1099:Late modern
992:Reformation
937:Golden Bull
781:History of
670:Preceded by
483:Legislature
419:Ferdinand I
351:Lutheranism
287:(1836–1849)
250:(1536–1783)
4812:Categories
4566:Television
4531:Literature
4521:Inventions
4372:Hungarians
4362:Healthcare
4252:(currency)
4154:Parliament
3955:Holy Crown
3420:2009-04-12
3387:2009-04-12
3151:References
3066:12,880,406
2976:1,273,677
2948:2,202,542
2935:4,330,165
2917:Bulgarians
2895:4,812,759
2853:Demography
2808:April laws
2786:After the
2636:Kaiserthum
2591:Francis II
2568:Leopold II
2411:seated at
2390:Hungarians
2352:See also:
2335:and led a
2183:Bratislava
2051:'s favor.
1466:Literature
1416:Holy Crown
1386:Hungarians
1366:since 2012
487:Royal Diet
388:Government
376:Demonym(s)
158:(English:
4511:Festivals
4392:Languages
4338:Education
4292:Transport
4239:Companies
4171:President
4107:Elections
4061:Mountains
4033:Hydrology
3991:Geography
3579:subject."
3048:Albanians
3035:Armenians
2889:Hungarian
2835:Prussians
2796:Vojvodina
2767:1848–1867
2651:Austria,
2615:Francis I
2504:Joseph II
2381:Leopold I
2219:In 1570,
2152:Habsburgs
2140:‹See Tfd›
2131:Hungarian
2089:Pressburg
1584:Roman era
606:1825-1848
593:1703–1711
567:1664–1671
381:Hungarian
334:Religion
325:Ruthenian
283:Hungarian
247:Pressburg
224:with the
209:Crownland
191:with the
153:Hungarian
83:1526–1867
46:Hungarian
4611:Category
4516:Folklore
4493:Sausages
4412:Religion
4272:Taxation
4257:Industry
4137:Military
4085:Politics
4008:Counties
3967:Nobility
3950:Monarchs
3930:Military
3925:Economic
3817:Pannonia
3792:articles
3643:Hungary"
3639:Erblande
3601:19 March
3572:14 March
3116:Monarchy
3077:See also
3003:Lorraine
2989:244,035
2874:Percent
2781:Mór Than
2688:linking
2619:Franz I.
2529:Slavonia
2494:Urbarium
2342:magnates
2322:Lutheran
2263:palatine
2202:Slovakia
2057:de facto
1558:Slovakia
1547:a series
1545:Part of
1486:Budapest
1476:Székelys
1436:Military
1431:Nobility
1391:Timeline
899:Medieval
772:a series
770:Part of
643:Currency
442:Palatine
356:Orthodox
346:Reformed
341:Catholic
305:Croatian
295:Romanian
232:section)
4667:of the
4595:Outline
4571:Theatre
4561:Symbols
4506:Fashion
4466:Cuisine
4441:Castles
4427:Culture
4311:Society
4282:Tourism
4249:Forint
4208:Economy
4159:Speaker
4097:Cabinet
4071:Regions
4039:Islands
4028:Geology
4018:Climate
3800:History
3788:Hungary
3715:page 34
3698:page 33
3512:Link2:
3104:Hungary
3090:Portals
2957:Germans
2909:Slovaks
2885:Gypsies
2880:Magyars
2657:Moravia
2653:Bohemia
2599:Jacobin
2533:Croatia
2466:Prussia
2424:magnate
2193:or the
2160:Ottoman
2055:it was
1451:Economy
1362:Hungary
783:Hungary
759:Hungary
627:•
612:•
599:•
586:•
573:•
560:•
547:•
534:•
521:•
508:•
366:Judaism
320:Italian
315:Serbian
310:Slovene
237:Capital
141:Anthem:
4616:Portal
4486:Dishes
4461:Cinema
4357:Health
4244:Energy
4053:Rivers
3960:Regent
3790:
3493:
3411:
3378:
3336:
3170:
3052:1,600
3039:3,798
3026:5,680
3022:Greeks
3013:6,150
3007:Alsace
2998:French
2944:Vlachs
2925:Croats
2913:Rusyns
2866:Number
2824:France
2681:burned
2655:, and
2535:, the
2498:corvée
2482:Vienna
2259:Vienna
2171:John I
2144:German
2037:John I
1549:on the
1379:Topics
774:on the
647:Forint
446:
404:
300:Slovak
275:German
205:Status
149:
143:
70:
60:German
56:
42:
4602:Index
4556:Sport
4546:Names
4541:Music
4536:Media
4501:Dance
4417:Women
4328:Crime
4225:Banks
4046:Lakes
3627:256ff
3123:Notes
3061:Total
2921:Serbs
2904:Slavs
2871:1840
1471:Music
267:Latin
228:(see
74:Latin
4479:Beer
4472:Wine
4397:LGBT
4191:list
4177:list
3972:Flag
3945:King
3603:2018
3574:2022
3491:ISBN
3409:ISBN
3376:ISBN
3334:ISBN
3168:ISBN
3005:and
2985:Jews
2970:etc.
2929:etc.
2822:and
2775:The
2694:Pest
2692:and
2690:Buda
2539:and
2419:, a
2409:Diet
2316:The
2173:and
2039:and
2015:The
1935:1993
1915:1989
1885:1944
1855:1919
1835:1920
1481:Jews
1456:Flag
1336:1956
1281:1941
1271:1940
1251:1938
1231:1920
1211:1919
1151:1849
996:1520
941:1222
241:Buda
100:Flag
4456:Art
4127:Law
2480:to
2468:'s
2216:).
2087:in
220:In
211:of
4814::
3717:).
3700:).
3692:,
3594:.
3576:.
3564:.
3537:.
3519:^
3447:.
3429:^
3244:^
2968:,
2964:,
2927:,
2923:,
2919:,
2915:,
2911:,
2869:c.
2531:,
2484:.
2250:.
2231:.
2146::
2137:,
2133::
2110:.
659:HU
4650:e
4643:t
4636:v
3780:e
3773:t
3766:v
3605:.
3499:.
3423:.
3390:.
3342:.
3174:.
3092::
3009:)
2972:)
2960:(
2931:)
2907:(
2891:)
2625:(
2617:(
2004:e
1997:t
1990:v
1530:e
1523:t
1516:v
166:)
164:"
160:"
155:)
151:(
76:)
72:(
62:)
58:(
48:)
44:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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