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1669:, Iraqi politics took on a new dynamic. The emerging class of Sunni and Shia landowning tribal sheikhs vied for positions of power with wealthy and prestigious urban-based Sunni families and with Ottoman-trained army officers and bureaucrats. Because Iraq's newly established political institutions were the creation of a foreign power, and because the concept of democratic government had no precedent in Iraqi history, the politicians in Baghdad lacked legitimacy and never developed deeply rooted constituencies. Thus, despite a constitution and an elected assembly, Iraqi politics was more a shifting alliance of important personalities and cliques than a
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officials, among other expenses. British obligations under the new treaty included providing various kinds of aid, notably military assistance, and proposing Iraq for membership in the League of
Nations at the earliest moment. In effect, the treaty ensured that Iraq would remain politically and economically dependent on the UK. While unable to prevent the treaty, Faisal clearly felt that the British had gone back on their promises to him.
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at
Sanremo for the Iraqis. In the end, despite strong nationalist sentiments against the concession agreement, the Iraqi negotiators acquiesced to it. The League of Nations was soon to vote on the disposition of Mosul, and the Iraqis feared that, without British support, Iraq would lose the area to Turkey. In March 1925, an agreement was concluded that contained none of the Iraqi demands. The TPC, now renamed the
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and
Metcalf, John and Henry Lawrence, Milner and Cromer had attempted in vain to bring order, justice and security to the East, as though Burke and Macaulay, Bentham and James Mill had never addressed their intelligence to the problems and prospects of oriental government. We can never cease to marvel how, in the end, all this was discarded... Mesopotamia.
1684:
conscription was also "put down with the help of indiscriminate aerial bombing." During these disturbances, Shia religious leaders were expelled from Iraq due to being
Persians. Kedourie describes the monarchy as despotic, with a record "full of bloodshed, treason and rapine" and "however pitiful its end we may know that it was implicit in its beginning."
1638:
immense political and economic pressure throughout the monarchic period, the military gained increasing power and influence; moreover, because the officers in the new army were by necessity Sunnis who had served under the
Ottomans, while the lower ranks were predominantly filled by Shia tribal elements, Sunni dominance in the military was preserved.
1443:, author of a seminal work on Iraq, the building of a nation-state in Iraq depended upon two major factors: the integration of Shias and Sunnis into the new body politic and the successful resolution of the age-old conflicts between the tribes and the riverine cities and among the tribes themselves over the food-producing flatlands of the
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against the Turks, his achievements as a leader of the Iraq emancipation movement, and his general leadership qualities. Faisal was instated as the
Monarch of Iraq after the Naquib of Baghdad was disqualified as being too old (80 yrs) and Sayid Talib (a prominent Iraqi from the province of Basra) was
1529:
noted that "the North as a whole had to be coerced by the Royal Air Force." When the
Kurdish leader Sheikh Mahmud launched an armed rebellion, the British used the newly established Iraqi army to suppress the revolt, but that proved ineffective. The British then resorted to deploying the RAF, which
1717:
In a dispatch by a
British official to London in 1928, there was a description of how the electoral system worked: the government's provincial governors were in fact election agents who drew up lists of those to be elected and of those who would do the electing. Elections to "the chamber of deputies
1709:
If Makiya is referring to economic development in his account of the
British modernising legacy in Iraq, an authoritative study demonstrates that Iraq's productivity in agriculture, the most important sector at the time, in fact declined from 275 kg per acre in 1920 to an average of 238 kg
1704:
When we consider the long experience of
Britain in the government of Eastern countries, and set beside it the miserable polity which she bestowed on the populations of Mesopotamia, we are seized with rue- ful wonder. It is as though India and Egypt had never existed, as though Lord Cornwallis, Munro
1776:
Beginning in 1923, British and Iraqi negotiators held acrimonious discussions over the new oil concession. The major obstacle was Iraq's insistence on a 20 percent equity participation in the company; this figure had been included in the original TPC concession to the Turks and had been agreed upon
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into the armed forces. These were suppressed by the Iraqi government with assistance from the RAF Iraq Command, with Kedourie writing that the "killing, it seems, was indiscriminate, and old men, women and children were the victims." An armed revolt which broke out in 1937 over agrarian issues and
1633:
deficit with the UK, and that British officials would be appointed to specified posts in 18 departments to act as advisers and inspectors. A subsequent financial agreement, which significantly increased the financial burden on Iraq, required Iraq to pay half the cost of supporting British resident
1628:
of Najaf and Karbala to limit both British influence in Iraq and the duration of the treaty. Recognizing that the monarchy depended on British supportβ and wishing to avoid a repetition of his experience in Syria β Faisal maintained a moderate approach in dealing with the UK. The treaty, which had
1637:
The British decision at the Cairo Conference to establish an indigenous Iraqi army was significant. In Iraq, as in most of the developing world, the military establishment has been the best organized institution in an otherwise weak political system. Thus, while Iraq's body politic crumbled under
1713:
Under the British mandate a new ruling class of 'government shaikhs' was created. "Many of them , reported Major Pulley to the British commissioner in Baghdad in 1920, "were small men of no account until we made them powerful and rich." The Civil Commissioner Wilson reported on his part that the
1695:
The British mandate and the institutions it gave rise to in Iraq, were the agents of a modernisation that did not arise gradually or indigenously as the outcome of a populationβs own resourcefulness and engagement with the world. The British in Iraq were modernisers more than colonisers, despite
1742:
Nomadic bedouin tribes within Iraq, which had previously traded all throughout the Middle East, became confined to trading only within the borders of the Mandate itself. This decision by the colonial administration proved economically troubling and devastating for the bedouins.
1570:
was carefully arranged that had a return of 96 percent in his favor. The British saw in Faisal a leader who possessed sufficient nationalist and Islamic credentials to have broad appeal, but who also was vulnerable enough to remain dependent on their support. Faisal traced his
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since the 10th century. The British believed these credentials would satisfy traditional Arab standards of political legitimacy; moreover, the British thought Faisal would be accepted by the growing Iraqi nationalist movement because of his role in the 1916
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River valley. The southern tribes, who cherished their long-held political autonomy, needed little inducement to join in the fray. They did not cooperate in an organized effort against the British, however, which limited the effect of the revolt.
1769:β an agreement in 1916 between Britain and France that delineated future control of the Middle East β the area would have fallen under French influence. In 1919, however, the French relinquished their claims to Mosul under the terms of the
1629:
been originally set as a 20-year engagement but later reduced to four years, was ratified in June 1924; it stated that the king would heed British advice on all matters affecting British interests and on fiscal policy as long as Iraq had a
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deported on trumped up charges by the British. The voting was far from a reflection of the true feelings of the Iraqi people. Nevertheless, Faisal was considered the most effective choice for the throne by the British government.
1714:
Shaikhs "were in most cases directly dependent on the civil administration for the positions they held; realising that their positions entailed corresponding obligations, they co-operated actively with the political officers."
1274:
failed to restore order. The British occupiers faced the growing strength of the nationalists, who continued to resist against the British authority. British administration had yet to be established in
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in the Western sense. The absence of broadly based political institutions inhibited the early nationalist movement's ability to make deep inroads into Iraq's diverse social structure.
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Wright, Quincy. βThe Government of Iraq.β The American Political Science Review, vol. 20, no. 4, 1926, pp. 743β769. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1945423. Accessed 21 Jan. 2020
1423:, and his son, Mirza Muhammad Riza, began to organize the insurgent effort. Shirazi then issued a ruling, and he called for a resistance against the British. By July 1920,
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was a watershed event in contemporary Iraqi history. For the first time, Sunnis and Shias, tribes and cities, were brought together in a common effort. In the opinion of
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and the right to move troops across the country. The treaty, of twenty-five years' duration, was to come into force upon Iraq's admission to the League of Nations.
17:
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and appointments to the senate," comments Keeourie, "were an additional weapon in the hands of the government wherewith the better to control the country."
1525:. During the 1920s and 30s, the RAF Iraq Command participated in the suppression of numerous protests and revolts against the Hashemite monarchy. Historian
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1451:. The 1920 rebellion brought these groups together, if only briefly; this constituted an important first step in the long and arduous process of forging a
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Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the
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A photograph of British and Iraqi dignitaries in Baghdad from 1923 during the era of Mandatory Iraq. From second left to right in the front row,
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In 1936 and 1937 various protests and revolts broke out against the Iraqi government, with the main issues centering around agrarian issues and
1234:
by the French in July of the same year. Faisal was then granted by the British the territory of Iraq, to rule it as a kingdom, with the British
30:
This article is about Iraq (Mesopotamia) under British administration following World War I. For the proposed League of Nations instrument, see
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as a more cost-effective method of controlling large areas of territory than land forces, an idea that was heavily promoted by RAF officer
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Three important anticolonial secret societies had been formed in Iraq during 1918 and 1919. The League of the Islamic Awakening (
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The Role of Foreign Trade in the Economic Development of Iraq, 1864β1964: A Study in the Growth of a Dependent Economy
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1374:) was formed with the object of organizing and mobilizing the population for major resistance. In February 1919, in
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suppressed the revolt. In the same period, rebellions by the Shia in the South were also suppressed by the RAF.
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Ethnicity, State Formation, and Conscription in Postcolonial Iraq: The Case of the Yazidi Kurds of Jabal Sinjar
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provided for a "close alliance," for "full and frank consultations between the two countries in all matters of
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3989:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
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and a 1924 undertaking by the United Kingdom to the League of Nations to fulfil the role as Mandatory Power.
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under direct British command); and they proposed a new treaty. To confirm Faisal as Iraq's first monarch, a
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1962:
Hazelton, Fran 1989. "Iraq to 1963" in CARDRI, "Saddamβs Iraq: Revolution or Reaction?" London 1989. p3
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considers the British mandate and its institutions more as "agents of modernisation" than colonialism:
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of March 1921, the British set the parameters for Iraqi political life that were to continue until the
852:
5279:; Ascension Island (1922β) and Tristan da Cunha (1938β) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
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Vinogradov, Amal: "The 1920 Revolt in Iraq Reconsidered: The Role of Tribes in National Politics,"
2117:"Bedouin Tribes and the Imperial Intelligence Services in Syria, Iraq and Transjordan in the 1920s"
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Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day
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https://archive.org/details/KedourieElieTheChathamHouseVersionAndOtherMiddleEasternStudies
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1773:. The 1919 agreement granted the French a 25 percent share in the TPC as compensation.
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India Office LP & S, 10/4722/18/1920/8/6305, in Farouk-Sluglett and Sluglett, p277
1781:(IPC), was granted a full and complete concession for a period of seventy-five years.
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was in rebellion against British rule, and the armed resistance moved south down the
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Jacobsen, Mark: "'Only by the Sword': British Counterβinsurgency in Iraq", in:
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Coronation of Faisal as King of Iraq. Faisal seated, to his right are British
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In his assessment of the British mandate and the Iraqi monarchy, historians
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Mandatory Iraq, 1921. Remembrance flag of the coronation of King Faisail I
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1624:. Faisal was under pressure from the nationalists and the anti-British
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The final major decision taken at the Cairo Conference related to the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East
1761:
1584:
1579:. His ancestors held political authority in the holy cities of
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as Iraq's first King; they established an Iraqi army (but kept
1444:
1409:
837:
2217:
The First Iraq War, 1914-1918: Britain's Mesopotamian Campaign
1917:"Air Power in Small Wars β the British air control experience"
1676:
The Mandatory administration continued to operate until 1932.
1485:, to his left commander-in-chief of all British troops in the
1459:, a military force under British command, participated in the
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With the signing of the 1930 Treaty and the settling of the
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2029:
1975:
The Chatham House Version, and Other Middle-Eastern Studies
1509:(RAF) elements stationed in Iraq were reorganized into the
1248:
723:
2074:
The Chatham House Version and Other Middle Eastern Studies
2004:
2002:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1405:
2173:, ed. Leon M. Jefferies, Nova Publishers, 2003, page 146
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Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country, 1914β1932
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1999:
1982:
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after the capture and killing of a British officer in
5181:
4314:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the
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out of Iraq's conflict-ridden social structure. The
1195:
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2245:Western Imperialism in the Middle East, 1914β1958
2171:Iraq: Issues, Historical Background, Bibliography
1759:(TPC) had held concessionary rights to the Mosul
1734:. Ruled by the Hashemites, it lasted until 1958.
5375:
2022:Asian History Module-based Learning Ii' 2003 Ed
1950:Air of authority: A history of RAF organization
1945:Overseas commands: Iraq, India and the Far East
1616:stands directly behind Bell in the second row.
1238:(RAF) retaining certain military control, but
5414:States and territories disestablished in 1932
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3514:
2315:
1784:
1700:Kedourie's judgement, however, is different:
1386:teachers, and civil servants, Sunni and Shia
1153:
5276:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
5259:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
5137:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2294:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2280:The Proposed Termination of the Iraq Mandate
1395:
1369:
1359:
1174:Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration
222:
215:
148:
145:Kingdom of Iraq under British administration
1326:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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5409:States and territories established in 1920
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2630:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party β Iraq Region
1346:Learn how and when to remove this message
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
4320:Legitimacy of territorial establishment
2454:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
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2035:
2008:
1993:
1971:
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18:Kingdom of Iraq (Mandate administration)
5434:Former countries of the interwar period
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14:
5429:20th-century disestablishments in Iraq
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5305:Historical flags of the British Empire
5289:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985
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1903:Baghdad - City of Peace, City of Blood
1200:), was created in 1921, following the
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2284:American Journal of International Law
1400:). The Istiqlal had member groups in
1371:al-Jam'iyya al-waαΉaniyya al-islΔmiyya
3483:
3425:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
1914:
1517:. Air control was considered by the
1463:of Kurds, Arabs, and Turkomen. (See
1324:adding citations to reliable sources
1291:
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
5116:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands
3959:. British Cameroons is now part of
3473:
1915:Dean, David J. (JulyβAugust 1983).
1908:
1185:
216:
149:
24:
3975:unilaterally declared independence
3670:1708β1757, 1763β1782 and 1798β1802
2209:
1197:al-IntidΔb al-BrΔ«αΉΔnΔ« ΚΏalΔ l-ΚΏIrΔq
25:
5445:
5182:Antarctica and the South Atlantic
5161:Occupied by Argentina during the
5093:
4339:
2296:3, no. 2 (1972): pp. 123β39.
2261:2, no. 2 (1991): pp. 323β63.
1746:
5325:
5316:
5315:
4728:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3482:
3472:
3462:
3453:
3452:
2758:2021β2022 Iraqi political crisis
2332:
2219:(New York: Enigma Books, 2009).
2185:
1710:per acre between 1953 and 1958.
1390:, and Iraqi officers formed the
1296:
1247:The civil government of postwar
1129:
759:
703:
678:
664:
650:
636:
190:
174:
43:
3237:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
2660:1979β1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
2650:1974β1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
2389:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
2156:
2122:Journal of Contemporary History
2115:Thomas, Martin (October 2003).
2108:
2099:
2082:
2066:
2053:
2014:
1721:
1287:
793:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
54:needs additional citations for
5224:Australian Antarctic Territory
4080:since 1965 (before as part of
4077:British Indian Ocean Territory
3963:, while Tanganyika is part of
3594:since 1960 (before as part of
2520:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
1965:
1956:
1938:
1892:
1878:
1867:
1858:
1641:
1368:. The Muslim National League (
1361:Jam'iyya an-naαΈ₯da al-islΔmiyya
1206:British Mandate of Mesopotamia
13:
1:
5404:IraqβUnited Kingdom relations
5399:Former countries in West Asia
2779:
1251:was headed originally by the
1186:Ψ§ΩΨ§ΩΨͺΨ―Ψ§Ψ¨ Ψ§ΩΨ¨Ψ±ΩΨ·Ψ§ΩΩ ΨΉΩΩ Ψ§ΩΨΉΨ±Ψ§Ω
150:Ψ§ΩΨ§ΩΨͺΨ―Ψ§Ψ¨ Ψ§ΩΨ¨Ψ±ΩΨ·Ψ§ΩΩ ΨΉΩΩ Ψ§ΩΨΉΨ±Ψ§Ω
5394:British military occupations
3535:British Overseas Territories
3016:in ISIL-controlled territory
2904:
1696:acting out of self-interest.
7:
5424:1920 establishments in Iraq
5251:British Antarctic Territory
4961:Western Pacific Territories
4855:
3190:
3082:
2927:Council of Representatives
2665:Weapons of mass destruction
2352:
2259:Small Wars and Insurgencies
1874:See original documents here
1824:
1765:(province). Under the 1916
1751:Before the collapse of the
1396:
1370:
1360:
1208:, and enacted via the 1922
1196:
223:
10:
5450:
4989:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
4406:British Arctic Territories
3686:
3579:
2655:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
2266:Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam
2233:(London: IB Tauris, 1999).
2180:
1947:, section "RAF Iraq." In:
1785:British High Commissioners
1737:
1648:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930
1622:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922
1282:
1218:, who had been proclaimed
1108:Ba'athist rule (1968β2003)
1103:Republic of Iraq (1958β68)
29:
5300:
5269:
5229:Commonwealth of Australia
5187:
5176:
5147:
5099:
5088:
5054:
4861:
4825:
4631:Newfoundland and Labrador
4345:
4334:
4312:League of Nations mandate
4293:
4017:
4006:
3987:Lancaster House Agreement
3957:League of Nations mandate
3946:
3692:
3681:
3585:
3574:
3541:
3448:
3347:
3202:
3198:
3185:
3090:
3077:
2912:
2899:
2787:
2774:
2595:
2512:
2364:
2360:
2347:
2203:Federal Research Division
2135:10.1177/00220094030384002
1831:Guardians of Independence
1757:Turkish Petroleum Company
1755:, the British-controlled
1728:Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq
1392:Guardians of Independence
719:
615:
605:
601:
591:
578:
565:
552:
539:
526:
511:
507:
497:
485:
473:
463:
459:
447:
435:β’ 1920β1922 (first)
433:
429:
419:
415:
403:
399:
389:
385:
373:
361:
349:
345:
335:
323:
289:
267:
254:
249:League of Nations mandate
244:
235:
208:
170:
165:
143:
27:Former country, 1921β1932
4759:Turks and Caicos Islands
4066:(protectorate) 1907β1949
4011:
3638:(integrated into the UK)
3006:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
2917:Administrative divisions
2278:Wright, Quincy (1931). "
1901:: the High Commissioner,
1851:
1614:Bernard Henry Bourdillon
1224:Syrian National Congress
449:β’ 1930β1932 (last)
441:Abd Al-Rahman Al-Gillani
5042:1919β1942 and 1945β1968
4867:18th and 19th centuries
4683:Queen Charlotte Islands
4643:North-Western Territory
4615:1665β1674 and 1702β1776
4218:1781β1784 and 1795β1819
3883:1923β1965 and 1979β1980
3566:Commonwealth of Nations
2565:Mandate for Mesopotamia
2439:First Babylonian Empire
1978:. Praeger. p. 256.
1972:Kedourie, Elie (1970).
1953:. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
1771:Long-Berenger Agreement
1726:On 3 October 1932, the
1568:one-question plebiscite
1505:On 1 October 1922, the
1461:Kirkuk Massacre of 1924
878:First Babylonian Empire
32:Mandate for Mesopotamia
4792:West Indies Federation
3981:) and continued as an
3564:Current member of the
2724:Insurgency (2011β2013)
2645:IraqiβKurdish conflict
2449:Middle Assyrian Empire
2243:Fieldhouse, David K.:
2072:Ellie Kedourie, 2004,
1779:Iraq Petroleum Company
1707:
1698:
1617:
1556:Sherif Hussein ibn Ali
1502:
1494:
1240:
888:Middle Assyrian Empire
5419:SykesβPicot Agreement
4714:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3985:state until the 1979
3591:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
3011:in post-invasion Iraq
2717:U.S. troop withdrawal
2479:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2163:Iraq: A Country Study
2092:, in M.A. Cook, ed.,
1921:Air University Review
1836:Mesopotamian campaign
1767:Sykes-Picot Agreement
1702:
1693:
1599:
1500:
1473:
1204:against the proposed
1202:1920 Iraqi Revolution
1013:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
983:Buyid amirate of Iraq
898:Neo-Babylonian Empire
541:β’ Coronation of
268:Common languages
5389:20th century in Iraq
5242:Realm of New Zealand
5240:(transferred to the
5227:(transferred to the
5060:Realm of New Zealand
4661:Prince Edward Island
4539:1671β1816, 1833β1960
2960:Council of Ministers
2842:Mesopotamian Marshes
1819:Sir Francis Humphrys
1534:Coronation of Faisal
1437:Iraqi revolt of 1920
1320:improve this section
1113:Occupation (2003β11)
593:β’ Independence
487:β’ Lower Chamber
475:β’ Upper Chamber
63:improve this article
5356: /
5273:Since 2009 part of
5165:of AprilβJune 1982.
4752:Trinidad and Tobago
4366:Antigua and Barbuda
4266:Straits Settlements
3222:Mesopotamian Arabic
3028:Freedom of religion
2474:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2444:Old Assyrian Period
2429:Neo-Sumerian Empire
1810:Sir Gilbert Clayton
1631:balance of payments
1575:from the family of
1364:) was organized at
1230:in March 1920, was
1056:Early modern period
893:Neo-Assyrian Empire
858:Neo-Sumerian Empire
516:San Remo conference
492:Chamber of Deputies
4425:Cape Breton Island
4316:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
4158:Unfederated States
3973:Southern Rhodesia
3560:Commonwealth realm
3153:Telecommunications
3128:Foreign Investment
3065:Wars and conflicts
3001:in pre-Saddam Iraq
2965:Presidency Council
2751:2019β2021 protests
2680:Invasion of Kuwait
2504:Sassanid Asorestan
2499:Parthian Babylonia
2494:Seleucid Babylonia
2489:Achaemenid Assyria
2404:Jemdet Nasr period
2088:M.S. Hasan. 1970.
2063:London 1989 p. 174
2038:, p. 237-238.
1618:
1602:Kinahan Cornwallis
1519:British government
1515:Hashemite monarchy
1503:
1495:
1489:Commander General
1483:Kinahan Cornwallis
1259:, and his deputy,
1210:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
1028:Jalairid Sultanate
963:Rashidun Caliphate
938:Sasanian Asorestan
928:Parthian Babylonia
923:Seleucid Babylonia
918:Achaemenid Assyria
813:Jemdet Nasr Period
582:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
556:Treaty of Lausanne
230:"The Royal Salute"
225:As-Salam al-Malaki
5360:33.333Β°N 44.383Β°E
5339:
5338:
5296:
5295:
5172:
5171:
5104:Providence Island
5084:
5083:
5049:
5048:
4917:Western Australia
4885:Van Diemen's Land
4821:
4820:
4798:Associated States
4496:Columbia District
4330:
4329:
4184:Manila and Cavite
4002:
4001:
3881:Southern Rhodesia
3875:South-West Africa
3825:Northern Rhodesia
3737:Cape of Good Hope
3677:
3676:
3554:Current territory
3496:
3495:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3430:Mandaean New Year
3181:
3180:
3073:
3072:
3055:Political parties
2950:Foreign relations
2895:
2894:
2802:Lower Mesopotamia
2797:Upper Mesopotamia
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2530:Abbasid Caliphate
2525:Umayyad Caliphate
2434:Isin-Larsa period
2271:Sluglett, Peter:
2254:, (2nd ed. 2006).
2229:Fuccaro, Nelida:
2225:978-1-929631-86-5
2167:Helen Chapin Metz
2059:Samir al-Khalil,
1807:Brigadier-General
1552:Faisal ibn Husayn
1476:High commissioner
1397:HarΔs al-istiqlΔl
1378:, a coalition of
1356:
1355:
1348:
1253:High Commissioner
1216:Faisal ibn Husayn
1194:
1170:
1169:
973:Abbasid Caliphate
968:Umayyad Caliphate
933:Roman Mesopotamia
863:Isin-Larsa period
733:
732:
715:
714:
711:
710:
691:
690:
405:β’ 1921β1932
375:β’ 1929β1932
363:β’ 1923β1929
351:β’ 1921β1923
337:High Commissioner
212: (1924β1932)
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
5441:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5329:
5319:
5318:
5284:Antarctic Treaty
5245:
5232:
5217:Falkland Islands
5209:Tristan da Cunha
5201:Ascension Island
5178:
5177:
5129:Falkland Islands
5090:
5089:
5058:Now part of the
4930:Pitcairn Islands
4895:Auckland Islands
4864:
4863:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4827:
4826:
4812:Windward Islands
4766:Vancouver Island
4543:MassachusettsBay
4412:British Columbia
4336:
4335:
4152:Federated States
4008:
4007:
3918:Tristan da Cunha
3887:Southern Nigeria
3819:Northern Nigeria
3698:Ascension Island
3683:
3682:
3639:
3576:
3575:
3550:Former territory
3547:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3486:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3466:
3456:
3455:
3200:
3199:
3187:
3186:
3118:
3079:
3078:
2930:
2901:
2900:
2887:Sinjar Mountains
2877:Zagros Mountains
2817:Hamrin Mountains
2776:
2775:
2739:Mosul liberation
2712:Iraqi insurgency
2634:National Command
2623:
2459:Simurrum culture
2362:
2361:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2206:
2189:
2188:
2174:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2086:
2080:
2070:
2064:
2061:Republic of Fear
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2020:Ongsotto et.al.
2018:
2012:
2006:
1997:
1991:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1912:
1906:
1896:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1846:RAF Iraq Command
1540:Cairo Conference
1511:RAF Iraq Command
1465:Simele Massacres
1399:
1373:
1363:
1351:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1300:
1292:
1243:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1134:
1133:
1132:
958:Islamic conquest
763:
753:
735:
734:
707:
706:
695:
694:
682:
681:
668:
667:
654:
653:
640:
639:
633:
632:
617:
616:
569:Treaty of Ankara
530:Treaty of Sèvres
518:
443:
380:Francis Humphrys
257:and largest city
240:
228:
219:
218:
194:
178:
160:
152:
151:
141:
140:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
78:"Mandatory Iraq"
71:
47:
39:
21:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5374:
5373:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5335:
5292:
5265:
5239:
5237:Ross Dependency
5226:
5183:
5168:
5143:
5095:
5080:
5050:
5045:
5001:
4996:Solomon Islands
4943:North Australia
4923:South Australia
4879:New South Wales
4857:
4854:
4817:
4537:Leeward Islands
4341:
4326:
4289:
4196:Muscat and Oman
4013:
3998:
3942:
3688:
3673:
3637:
3581:
3570:
3545:
3537:
3527:
3497:
3492:
3436:
3420:Public holidays
3343:
3194:
3177:
3116:
3086:
3069:
2928:
2908:
2891:
2822:Iraqi Kurdistan
2812:Euphrates river
2783:
2762:
2729:War (2014β2017)
2675:Operation Opera
2621:
2591:
2587:Arab Federation
2575:Kingdom of Iraq
2508:
2484:Fall of Babylon
2419:Akkadian Empire
2394:Samarra culture
2379:Hassuna culture
2356:
2343:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2275:(2nd ed. 2007).
2268:(2nd ed. 1994).
2264:Simons, Geoff:
2231:The Other Kurds
2215:Barker, A. J.:
2212:
2210:Further reading
2198:Country Studies
2195:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2087:
2083:
2071:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1983:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1913:
1909:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1827:
1801:Sir Henry Dobbs
1787:
1749:
1740:
1732:sovereign state
1730:became a fully-
1724:
1644:
1560:Sharif of Mecca
1546:; they chose a
1544:1958 revolution
1536:
1507:Royal Air Force
1481:and Lieutenant
1457:Assyrian Levies
1352:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1317:
1301:
1290:
1285:
1277:Iraqi Kurdistan
1236:Royal Air Force
1166:
1136:Iraq portal
1130:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1098:Kingdom of Iraq
1088:
1078:
1077:
1058:
1048:
1047:
953:
943:
942:
913:
903:
902:
848:Akkadian Empire
828:
818:
817:
798:Samarra culture
783:Hassuna culture
773:
751:
744:
726:
704:
699:Kingdom of Iraq
679:
665:
651:
644:Baghdad Vilayet
637:
594:
584:
571:
558:
545:
532:
519:
514:
502:Interwar period
488:
476:
450:
439:
436:
406:
376:
364:
352:
316:
304:
282:
258:
231:
229:
221:
220:
213:
204:
203:
202:
199:
195:
187:
186:
183:
179:
161:
154:
146:
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5447:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5384:Mandatory Iraq
5365:33.333; 44.383
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5323:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5280:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5255:
5247:
5234:
5221:
5213:
5205:
5197:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5159:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5133:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5110:Willoughbyland
5107:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5068:
5062:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5011:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4926:
4920:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4882:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4830:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4773:Virgin Islands
4769:
4763:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4740:South Carolina
4737:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4686:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4637:North Carolina
4634:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4571:Mosquito Coast
4568:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4540:
4534:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4500:Oregon Country
4493:
4489:Cayman Islands
4485:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4447:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4409:
4403:
4395:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4318:
4309:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4281:
4278:Trucial States
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4025:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3990:
3971:Self-governing
3968:
3954:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3743:Central Africa
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3712:
3702:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3631:
3628:Ionian Islands
3625:
3619:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3531:British Empire
3526:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3470:
3460:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3158:Transportation
3155:
3150:
3148:Stock Exchange
3145:
3143:Reconstruction
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3123:Infrastructure
3120:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3008:
3003:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2982:Prime Minister
2979:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2962:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2690:1991 uprisings
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2640:Saddam Hussein
2637:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2570:Mandatory Iraq
2567:
2562:
2559:Mamluk dynasty
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2424:Gutian dynasty
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2358:
2357:
2345:
2344:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2250:Fisk, Robert:
2248:
2241:
2238:Inventing Iraq
2234:
2227:
2211:
2208:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2155:
2129:(4): 539β561.
2107:
2098:
2096:, London. p352
2081:
2065:
2052:
2050:, p. 239.
2040:
2028:
2013:
2011:, p. 250.
1998:
1996:, p. 438.
1981:
1964:
1955:
1937:
1925:Air University
1907:
1899:Justin Marozzi
1891:
1877:
1866:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1786:
1783:
1753:Ottoman Empire
1748:
1747:Oil concession
1745:
1739:
1736:
1723:
1720:
1667:Mosul Question
1652:foreign policy
1643:
1640:
1606:Sassoon Eskell
1535:
1532:
1523:Hugh Trenchard
1491:Aylmer Haldane
1354:
1353:
1304:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1178:Mandatory Iraq
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:Recent history
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1093:Mandatory Iraq
1089:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:Mamluk dynasty
1070:
1065:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1033:Timurid Empire
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
954:
949:
948:
945:
944:
941:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
914:
909:
908:
905:
904:
901:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
853:Gutian Dynasty
850:
845:
840:
835:
829:
824:
823:
820:
819:
816:
815:
810:
805:
795:
790:
785:
780:
774:
769:
768:
765:
764:
756:
755:
746:
745:
738:
731:
730:
721:
717:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
701:
692:
689:
688:
683:
675:
674:
669:
661:
660:
655:
647:
646:
641:
629:
628:
623:
613:
612:
607:
603:
602:
599:
598:
597:3 October 1932
595:
592:
589:
588:
585:
579:
576:
575:
572:
566:
563:
562:
559:
553:
550:
549:
548:23 August 1921
546:
540:
537:
536:
535:23 August 1921
533:
527:
524:
523:
520:
512:
509:
508:
505:
504:
499:
498:Historical era
495:
494:
489:
486:
483:
482:
477:
474:
471:
470:
465:
461:
460:
457:
456:
451:
448:
445:
444:
437:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
423:
421:Prime Minister
417:
416:
413:
412:
407:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
393:
387:
386:
383:
382:
377:
374:
371:
370:
365:
362:
359:
358:
353:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
333:
332:
327:
321:
320:
291:
287:
286:
269:
265:
264:
259:
256:
252:
251:
246:
242:
241:
233:
232:
214:
206:
205:
196:
189:
188:
180:
173:
172:
171:
168:
167:
163:
162:
147:
144:
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5446:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5372:
5369:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5322:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5179:
5175:
5164:
5163:Falklands War
5160:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5094:South America
5091:
5087:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4983:Union Islands
4981:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4851:
4846:
4844:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4695:Rupert's Land
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4655:Paulet affair
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4601:New Hampshire
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4589:New Brunswick
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4340:North America
4337:
4333:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4260:South Vietnam
4258:
4255:
4252:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3684:
3680:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3489:
3481:
3479:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3294:Iraqi Turkmen
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2929:(legislative)
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:Syrian Desert
2860:
2858:
2857:Shatt al-Arab
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Faw peninsula
2790:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:Fall of Mosul
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:U.S. invasion
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:IranβIraq War
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
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2535:Buyid dynasty
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2384:Halaf culture
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2289:(3): 436β446.
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2256:
2253:
2249:
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2236:Dodge, Toby:
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2222:
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2207:
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2200:
2199:
2193:
2192:public domain
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2111:
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2078:
2075:
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2062:
2056:
2049:
2048:Kedourie 1970
2044:
2037:
2036:Kedourie 1970
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2009:Kedourie 1970
2005:
2003:
1995:
1994:Kedourie 1970
1990:
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1804:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1795:Sir Percy Cox
1793:
1792:Major-General
1789:
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1623:
1615:
1611:
1610:Gertrude Bell
1607:
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1527:Elie Kedourie
1524:
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1315:
1314:
1310:
1305:This section
1303:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:Arnold Wilson
1262:
1258:
1257:Sir Percy Cox
1254:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:King of Syria
1217:
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1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:Seljuk Empire
1006:
1004:
1001:
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991:
989:
986:
984:
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827:
822:
821:
814:
811:
809:
806:
803:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
788:Halaf culture
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
772:
767:
766:
762:
758:
757:
754:
748:
747:
742:
737:
736:
729:
725:
722:
720:Today part of
718:
702:
700:
697:
696:
693:
687:
684:
677:
676:
673:
672:Mosul Vilayet
670:
663:
662:
659:
658:Basra Vilayet
656:
649:
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645:
642:
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
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531:
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522:25 April 1920
521:
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250:
247:
243:
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234:
227:
226:
217:Ψ§ΩΨ³ΩΨ§Ω
Ψ§ΩΩ
ΩΩΩ
211:
207:
201:
193:
185:
177:
169:
164:
158:
142:
133:
130:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: β
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5341:
5274:
5257:
5249:
5215:
5207:
5199:
5193:Saint Helena
5191:
5135:
5127:
4977:Cook Islands
4928:
4901:New Hebrides
4870:20th century
4786:West Florida
4771:
4757:
4689:Rhode Island
4667:Pennsylvania
4625:Newfoundland
4562:
4487:
4437:East Florida
4408:16th c.β1880
4397:
4349:
4246:Crown Colony
4234:Pulo Condore
4208:Crown Colony
4202:North Borneo
4075:
4034:Protectorate
3983:unrecognised
3977:in 1965 (as
3916:
3869:South Africa
3857:Sierra Leone
3844:Saint Helena
3842:
3837:Orange River
3715:Bechuanaland
3696:
3654:Protectorate
3613:
3589:
3553:
3533:and Current
3322:Christianity
3204:Demographics
3138:Oil reserves
3133:Oil Industry
3100:Central Bank
2996:Human rights
2922:Constitution
2867:Tigris river
2847:Persian Gulf
2569:
2555:Ottoman Iraq
2540:Qara Qoyunlu
2374:Ubaid period
2293:
2286:
2283:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2216:
2197:
2184:
2170:
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2126:
2120:
2110:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2073:
2068:
2060:
2055:
2043:
2031:
2021:
2016:
1974:
1967:
1958:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1920:
1910:
1894:
1884:
1880:
1869:
1860:
1841:Ottoman Iraq
1775:
1760:
1750:
1741:
1725:
1722:Independence
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:Kanan Makiya
1686:
1681:conscription
1678:
1675:
1664:
1645:
1636:
1619:
1537:
1504:
1453:nation-state
1441:Hanna Batatu
1434:
1421:Imam Shirazi
1419:of Karbala,
1414:
1357:
1342:
1333:
1318:Please help
1306:
1288:Early unrest
1246:
1214:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1092:
1068:Ottoman Iraq
1038:Kara Koyunlu
778:Ubaid period
728:Saudi Arabia
626:Succeeded by
625:
620:
610:Indian rupee
587:30 June 1930
561:24 July 1923
454:Nuri al-Said
309:
302:Christianity
297:
275:
209:
198:Coat of arms
125:
119:January 2013
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
5363: /
5310:Anglosphere
5028:New Zealand
4937:New Zealand
4806:West Jersey
4721:Saint Lucia
4707:Saint Kitts
4701:Saint Croix
4681:1763β1791*
4649:Nova Scotia
4595:New England
4551:, 1691β1776
4518:East Jersey
4506:Connecticut
4385:Bay Islands
4272:Transjordan
4190:Mesopotamia
4028:Afghanistan
4022:Aden Colony
3807:Niger Coast
3773:) 1874β1957
3749:East Africa
3731:Cape Colony
3721:) 1884β1966
3711:) 1868β1966
3478:WikiProject
3279:Marsh Arabs
3264:Circassians
2945:Foreign aid
2837:Mesopotamia
2399:Uruk period
1816:Lt. Colonel
1814:1929β1932:
1805:1928β1929:
1799:1923β1928:
1790:1920β1923:
1642:Later years
1590:Arab Revolt
1564:Iraq Levies
1487:Mesopotamia
1382:merchants,
1086:Modern Iraq
951:Middle Ages
808:Uruk period
750:History of
686:Al-Muntafiq
621:Preceded by
574:5 June 1926
464:Legislature
368:Henry Dobbs
284:Neo-Aramaic
200:(1931β1932)
184:(1924β1932)
5378:Categories
5262:since 1908
5254:since 1908
5220:since 1833
5212:since 1816
5204:since 1815
5196:since 1658
5153:department
5140:since 1908
5132:since 1833
4933:since 1838
4913:Swan River
4907:Queensland
4794:1958β1962
4776:since 1666
4762:since 1799
4613:New Jersey
4583:New Albion
4567:since 1632
4564:Montserrat
4545:1629β1691
4492:since 1670
4414:1858β1866
4402:since 1619
4354:since 1650
4307:Bangladesh
4242:1841β1946
4204:1882β1963
4170:Federation
4148:1819β1826
4086:Seychelles
4030:1839β1842
3921:since 1816
3905:Tanganyika
3863:Somaliland
3851:Seychelles
3847:since 1658
3767:Gold Coast
3761:The Gambia
3705:Basutoland
3701:since 1815
3643:Free State
3636:1542β1800
3622:Heligoland
3618:since 1713
3395:Television
3375:Literature
3337:Irreligion
3312:Secularism
3249:Minorities
3117:(currency)
3110:Corruption
2955:Government
2746:Insurgency
2545:Aq Qoyunlu
2366:Chronology
2148:13 October
1930:13 January
1660:Habbaniyah
1415:The Grand
1336:April 2017
1266:. British
1043:Aq Qoyunlu
998:Al-Mazeedi
826:Bronze Age
771:Prehistory
468:Parliament
325:Demonym(s)
89:newspapers
5246:1841β1947
5233:1841β1933
5124:1831β1966
5118:1670β1688
5112:1651β1667
5106:1631β1641
5036:1914β1962
5030:1907β1947
5023:1901β1942
5021:Australia
5016:1900β1974
5010:1900β1970
4998:1893β1978
4991:1892β1979
4985:1889β1948
4979:1888β1901
4973:Rarotonga
4969:1884β1902
4963:1877β1976
4957:1874β1970
4951:1851β1901
4945:1846β1847
4939:1841β1907
4925:1836β1901
4919:1829β1901
4909:1824β1901
4903:1824β1980
4897:1807β1863
4891:1803β1901
4881:1788β1901
4814:1833β1960
4808:1674β1702
4800:1967β1983
4788:1763β1783
4782:1607β1776
4768:1849β1866
4754:1889β1962
4748:1862β1863
4742:1712β1776
4736:1635β1644
4730:1627β1979
4723:1605β1979
4716:1882β1983
4709:1623β1983
4703:1625β1650
4697:1670β1870
4691:1636β1776
4685:1853β1863
4675:1620β1691
4669:1681β1776
4663:1763β1873
4651:1713β1867
4645:1859β1870
4639:1712β1776
4633:1583β1907
4627:1907β1949
4621:1664β1776
4609:1637β1662
4607:New Haven
4603:1680β1776
4597:1686β1689
4591:1784β1867
4579:1628β1983
4573:1655β1860
4559:1632β1776
4533:1655β1962
4526:1733β1776
4520:1674β1702
4514:1701β1776
4508:1636β1776
4502:1818β1846
4484:1663β1712
4476:1867β1931
4470:1841β1867
4464:1791β1841
4458:1791β1841
4446:1762β1974
4439:1763β1783
4433:1763β1978
4427:1754β1820
4418:1866β1871
4394:1871β1981
4387:1643β1860
4381:1624β1966
4375:1670β1973
4368:1860β1981
4361:1632β1860
4286:1898β1930
4280:1892β1971
4274:1921β1946
4268:1826β1946
4262:1945β1946
4256:1946β1963
4254:Singapore
4248:1946β1963
4236:1702β1705
4230:1786β1946
4224:1923β1948
4222:Palestine
4210:1946β1963
4198:1891β1971
4192:1920β1932
4186:1762β1764
4180:1796β1965
4172:1948β1957
4166:1946β1948
4160:1885β1946
4154:1895β1946
4142:1848β1946
4136:1918β1961
4130:1811β1816
4124:1858β1947
4118:1841β1997
4116:Hong Kong
4112:1878β1960
4106:1795β1948
4100:1888β1984
4094:1824β1948
4082:Mauritius
4072:1874β1963
4060:1757β1947
4054:1812β1824
4044:1685β1824
4042:Bencoolen
4036:1879β1919
4024:1839β1967
3939:1887β1897
3933:1890β1963
3927:1890β1962
3913:1900β1910
3911:Transvaal
3907:1922β1961
3901:1899β1956
3895:1893β1968
3893:Swaziland
3889:1900β1914
3877:1915β1931
3871:1910β1931
3865:1884β1960
3859:1792β1961
3853:1903β1976
3839:1900β1910
3833:1891β1964
3831:Nyasaland
3827:1924β1964
3821:1900β1914
3815:1914β1960
3809:1884β1900
3803:1856β1910
3797:1810β1968
3795:Mauritius
3791:1807β1808
3785:1862β1906
3779:1920β1963
3763:1816β1965
3757:1882β1922
3751:1895β1920
3745:1891β1907
3739:1806β1910
3733:1795β1803
3727:1919β1961
3725:Cameroons
3662:1813β1964
3656:1800β1813
3645:1921β1931
3630:1809β1864
3624:1807β1890
3615:Gibraltar
3610:1878β1960
3604:1794β1796
3558:*Current
3415:Squatting
3380:Education
3327:Mandaeism
3296:/Turkoman
3274:Mandaeans
3259:Assyrians
3254:Armenians
3217:Languages
3105:Companies
3060:Judiciary
2970:President
2940:Elections
2935:Democracy
2781:Geography
2697:Sanctions
2615:2003β2011
2610:1968β2003
2605:1958β1968
2464:Babylonia
2143:0022-0094
1905:, (2014).
1671:democracy
1626:mujtahids
1554:, son of
1548:Hashemite
1479:Percy Cox
1467:of 1933)
1449:Euphrates
1429:Euphrates
1404:, Najaf,
1307:does not
1268:reprisals
1191:romanized
1023:Ilkhanate
988:Marwanids
978:Hamdanids
873:Babylonia
356:Percy Cox
318:Mandaeism
290:Religion
166:1921β1932
5321:Category
5157:Colombia
5072:Kiribati
4949:Victoria
4889:Tasmania
4780:Virginia
4746:Stickeen
4734:Saybrook
4673:Plymouth
4619:New York
4557:Maryland
4549:Province
4512:Delaware
4482:Carolina
4474:Dominion
4468:Province
4431:Dominica
4379:Barbados
4351:Anguilla
4322:disputed
4303:Pakistan
4178:Maldives
4052:Billiton
3979:Rhodesia
3965:Tanzania
3961:Cameroon
3937:Zululand
3931:Zanzibar
3719:Botswana
3458:Category
3307:Religion
3284:Persians
3168:Railways
3163:Airlines
3045:Military
2906:Politics
2882:Wildlife
2872:Umm Qasr
2702:Iraq War
2685:Gulf War
2597:Republic
2550:Safavids
2513:638β1958
1887:. JSTOR
1825:See also
1577:Muhammad
1447:and the
1417:Mujtahid
1241:de facto
1228:Damascus
1063:Safavids
1003:Ayyubids
993:Uqaylids
911:Iron Age
883:Kassites
868:Simurrum
741:a series
739:Part of
606:Currency
543:Faisal I
410:Faisal I
314:Yazidism
5351:44Β°23β²E
5348:33Β°20β²N
5312:culture
5066:Vanuatu
4856:Oceania
4531:Jamaica
4524:Georgia
4444:Grenada
4399:Bermuda
4373:Bahamas
4359:Antigua
4240:Sarawak
3952:Namibia
3813:Nigeria
3789:Madeira
3709:Lesotho
3668:Minorca
3634:Ireland
3602:Corsica
3529:Former
3488:Commons
3405:Smoking
3370:Culture
3365:Cuisine
3348:General
3332:Yazidis
3289:Solluba
3242:Persian
3232:Kurdish
3227:Aramaic
3192:Society
3173:Tourism
3084:Economy
2832:Islands
2807:Borders
2632: (
2622:present
2557:(incl.
2469:Assyria
2414:Subartu
2354:History
2247:(2006).
2240:(2009).
2181:Sources
2024:. p69.
1738:Economy
1658:and at
1573:descent
1558:former
1538:At the
1402:Karbala
1376:Baghdad
1328:removed
1313:sources
1283:History
1261:Colonel
1232:ejected
1193::
1018:Zengids
843:Assyria
580:β’
567:β’
554:β’
528:β’
513:β’
306:Judaism
280:Kurdish
262:Baghdad
255:Capital
210:Anthem:
103:scholar
5331:Portal
5151:Now a
5122:Guiana
5076:Tuvalu
4679:Quebec
4451:Canada
4392:Belize
4284:Weihai
4228:Penang
4216:Padang
4146:Malaya
4140:Labuan
4134:Kuwait
4110:Cyprus
4104:Ceylon
4098:Brunei
4070:Borneo
4064:Bhutan
4058:Bengal
3994:Zambia
3925:Uganda
3687:Africa
3660:Colony
3650:Malta
3608:Cyprus
3596:Cyprus
3580:Europe
3546:Legend
3468:Portal
3410:Sports
3385:Health
3360:Cinema
3212:Iraqis
3115:Dinar
3050:Police
2852:Places
2342:topics
2223:
2194:.
2141:
1762:wilaya
1608:, and
1585:Medina
1445:Tigris
1410:Hillah
1408:, and
1182:Arabic
838:Hamazi
743:on the
480:Senate
425:
395:
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310:·
308:
298:·
296:
276:·
274:
272:Arabic
245:Status
157:Arabic
153:
105:
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5074:and *
5040:Nauru
5034:Samoa
5008:Tonga
4967:Papua
4577:Nevis
4462:Upper
4456:Lower
4299:India
4164:Union
4122:India
4092:Burma
4048:Banka
3899:Sudan
3801:Natal
3783:Lagos
3777:Kenya
3771:Ghana
3755:Egypt
3400:Music
3390:Media
3317:Islam
3269:Kurds
3095:Banks
3033:Women
2827:Lakes
2620:2011β
2580:Kings
2409:Sumer
2169:, in
2079:p.262
1852:Notes
1656:Basra
1581:Mecca
1425:Mosul
1388:ulama
1384:Sunni
1366:Najaf
1272:Najaf
1222:by a
1176:, or
833:Sumer
802:Eridu
330:Iraqi
312:
300:
294:Islam
278:
110:JSTOR
96:books
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4657:1843
4585:1579
4305:and
4297:Now
4128:Java
4084:and
4050:and
4012:Asia
3992:Now
3950:Now
3300:Jews
3023:LGBT
2987:List
2975:List
2340:Iraq
2221:ISBN
2150:2023
2139:ISSN
1932:2008
1646:The
1583:and
1435:The
1380:Shia
1311:any
1309:cite
1249:Iraq
1172:The
752:Iraq
724:Iraq
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182:Flag
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5155:of
3355:Art
3040:Law
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2131:doi
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1322:by
1226:in
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