511:
1510:
578:
161:
118:
1113:. Further discoveries followed, and commercial development was quickly initiated by concession holders who returned 50 percent of their profits to the Libyan government in taxes. In the petroleum market, Libya's advantages lay not only in the quantity but also in the high quality of its crude product. Libya's proximity and direct linkage to Europe by sea were further marketing advantages. The discovery and exploitation of petroleum turned the vast, sparsely populated, impoverished country into an independently wealthy nation with potential for extensive development and thus constituted a major turning point in Libyan history.
1309:
1371:
1146:
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536:
1295:
the colonial powers. As a quiet but firm ruler, he played a unifying role both in Libya, between the various strains of Islam and the plethora of Libyan tribes, and across the region. He is remembered as "uncompromising" against his enemies, no matter the consequences of his actions. The obituary posted by
Associated Press in 1983 recalled that he stripped thirty members of the royal household of their privileges and rights, exiled seven princes and ruled in favor of the execution of one of his nephew who had murdered a trusted royal adviser.
960:, and was seen to include significant mechanisms for the protection of human rights. Ultimately, the document established an institutional apparatus that promoted transparency and safeguards against antidemocratic power accumulation. In particular, the Constitution envisioned mechanisms to guarantee accountability in the exercise of public functions and equality of all Libyan citizens before the law. At the time it was produced, it was received as a positive and forward-thinking model of good governance and balance of powers for the region.
1077:
497:
1159:
1482:
1522:
483:
104:
1213:
801:
3191:
1575:
president and vice president served for a fixed two-year term. At the end of this term, the King was free to reappoint the president or replace them with someone else while the vice presidents faced re-election. The term of office for a senator was eight years. A senator could not serve for consecutive terms but could be reappointed in the future. Half of all the senators were to be replaced every four years.
990:
Gaddafi's circle, he suffered a stroke that led him to seek medical treatment in the UK in 1988. He then travelled to Europe with his second son, Prince
Mohammed El Hassan El Rida El Senussi, and died in 1992 in London surrounded by his family. When, on 18 June 1992, the last will of the late Crown Prince was read at a press conference at the presence of the press and of his five children,
1545:. The king also appointed and dismissed ministers based on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Council of Ministers were responsible for the direction of the internal and external affairs of the country and the council were accountable to the House of Representatives. Once a prime minister was removed from office this automatically resulted in dismissal of all the other ministers.
1391:
918:
1204:
display in a high school art exhibit showed pictures of the leading rules of Egypt; on one side were the "bad" rulers, on the other the "good" rulers. The bad rulers began with the
Pharaoh Cheops, who enslaved his people to build the pyramids, and ended with Farouk. The good rulers began with the idealistic Pharaoh Ikhnaton and ended with, of course, Gamal Abdel Nasser.
1597:
1785:
Representatives under the slogan "The return to the unamended
Constitution of the founding fathers of 1951 to ensure the unity of the Libyan nation". A conclusive statement authored by the organizers reiterated the necessity to regard the 1951 Constitution as the sole means to achieve political reunification in Libya.
945:, or upper house, consisted of eight representatives from each of the three provinces. Half of the senators were nominated by the king, who also had the right to veto legislation and to dissolve the lower house. Local autonomy in the provinces was exercised through provincial governments and legislatures.
2481:
1120:
As development of petroleum resources progressed in the early 1960s, Libya launched its first Five-Year Plan, 1963–68. One negative result of the new wealth from petroleum, however, was a decline in agricultural production, largely through neglect. Internal Libyan politics continued to be stable, but
1048:
In 1953, Libya concluded a twenty-year treaty of friendship and alliance with the United
Kingdom under which the latter received military bases in exchange for financial and military assistance. The next year, Libya and the United States signed an agreement under which the United States also obtained
1792:
In general, growing interest in the viability and relevance of that solution both on the ground and internationally was recorded in
February 2016 by Declan Walsh, a New York Times reporter who spent considerable time in Libya. The increasing volume of social media pages and activities on the subject
1780:
In July 2015, support to restore the implementation of the 1951 Constitution and to encourage the return of the
Monarchy was publicly expressed by several members of the Constitution Drafting Assembly (CDA), the committee tasked with writing a new constitution, through a petition circulated through
1764:
Since
Muammar Gaddafi's four-decade rule ended in 2011, Libya has struggled to establish basic institutions and rule of law. The 1951 Constitution as amended in 1963 has been at the center of political debate over the past years. In fact, the document continues to be widely regarded as an important
1582:
following the constitutional change on 25 April 1963. Women had previously not been able to vote. The number of deputies in the house was determined on the basis of one deputy for twenty thousand people. Elections were held every four years unless parliament was dissolved earlier. The deputies were
1294:
In 2013 the
African Union commemorated King Idris' legacy as an African hero and the architect of Libya's independence from Italy's colonial rule in a public event. In fact, Idris remains widely regarded as the father of an independent and unified Libya who led the country through its resistance to
1208:
In response to anti-Western agitation in 1964, Libya's essentially pro-Western government requested the evacuation of
British and American bases before the dates specified in the treaties. Most British forces were in fact withdrawn in 1966, although the evacuation of foreign military installations,
989:
seized power under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi on 1 September 1969, the Crown Prince, who was then ruling the country on behalf of King Idris was imprisoned for two years and subsequently reduced to complete isolation during the following seven years under house arrest. Publicly humiliated by
940:
as chief of state, with succession to his designated male heirs (Art. 44 and 45 of the 1951 Constitution). Substantial political power resided with the king. The executive arm of the government consisted of a prime minister and Council of Ministers designated by the king but also responsible to the
1784:
In August 2015 a Cyrenaican federalist party, the National Federal Bloc, asked the Parliament to endorse the 1951 Constitution as a legitimate Constitution for the whole country. The party held a meeting in Bayda attended by Cyrenaican authorities as well as by members of the Tobruk-based House of
977:
was deported. Second, provincial ties continued to be more important than national ones, and the federal and provincial governments were constantly in dispute over their respective spheres of authority. A third problem derived from the lack of a direct heir to the throne. To remedy this situation,
1191:
in forming a joint consultative committee aimed at economic cooperation among North African states. Although it supported Arab causes, including the Moroccan and Algerian independence movements, Libya took little active part in the Arab-Israeli dispute or the tumultuous inter-Arab politics of the
1768:
Growing support on the ground in Libya that a Constitutional monarchy based on the pre-revolutionary constitution should be reinstated as a force for stability, unity, and just governance has emerged since 2011. Libyan exiles, as well as prominent political actors and local groups, have publicly
1574:
The Senate was made up of twenty-four members appointed by the King. A seat in the Senate was restricted to Libyan nationals of at least forty years. The King appointed the President of the Senate, with the Senate itself electing two vice presidents which the King would then need to approve. The
1217:
1788:
Notably, on 4 June 2015 Daniel Kawczynski, a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee in the British Parliament, published a piece advocating for the return of the 1951 Constitution as amended in 1963 in line with the growing grassroots support registered in the major cities across Libya.
1776:
Interviewed by Al-Hayat in April 2014, then-Libyan Minister of Foreign Affairs Mohamed Abdelaziz stated that the return of the Constitutional Monarchy within the institutional limits set up by the 1951 Constitution before the 1963 amendments could serve as a unifying symbol for the nation and a
1203:
The presence of Egyptian teachers explains why so many classrooms show the influence of Egyptian propaganda. Pupils do crayon drawings of Egyptian troops winning victories over Israel or Britain. In Benghazi, Libya, a complete course in Egyptian history is given to secondary school students. A
1215:
1171:
1261:, defeated in June by Israel. Also, Idris first broached the idea of taking collective action to increase the price of oil on the world market. Libya, nonetheless, continued its close association with the West, while Idris' government steered an essentially conservative course at home.
1286:
The coup pre-empted King Idris' instrument of abdication dated 4 August 1969 to take effect 2 September 1969 in favour of the Crown Prince, who had been appointed regent following the king's departure for Turkey. Following the overthrow of the monarchy the country was renamed the
149:
1092:
was founded in 1955 by royal decree in Benghazi. Foreign powers, notably Britain and the United States, provided development aid. Steady economic improvement occurred, but the pace was slow, and Libya remained a poor and underdeveloped country heavily dependent on foreign aid.
1496:
needed to be sanctioned and promulgated by the king. It was also the king's responsibility to open and close the sessions of Parliament, it is also his responsibility to dissolve the House of Representatives in line with the constitution. The king was head of the kingdom's
150:
1796:
Prince Mohammed el-Senussi has acknowledged the growing enthusiasm towards the reinstatement of the 1951 Constitution and the Constitutional Monarchy. He has consistently stressed that he would be honored to return and serve his country if the Libyan people demanded it.
1229:
between Israel and its Arab neighbors sparked violent demonstrations including attacks on the United States and British embassies and oil company offices. Members of the Jewish community were also attacked, prompting the emigration of almost all remaining Libyan Jews.
148:
147:
1216:
1178:
In regional affairs, Libya enjoyed the advantage of not having aggravated boundary disputes with its neighbors. Libya was one of the thirty founding members of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), established in 1963, and in November 1964 participated with
1053:, near Tripoli, considered a strategically valuable installation in the 1950s and early 1960s. Reservations set aside in the desert were used by British and American military aircraft based in Europe as practice firing ranges. Libya forged close ties with
968:
Several factors, rooted in Libya's history, affected the political development of the newly independent country. They reflected the differing political orientations of the provinces and the ambiguities inherent in Libya's monarchy. First, after the first
1491:
The King was defined by the constitution as the supreme head of state. Before he is able to assume constitutional powers the King would need to take an oath before a joint session of the Senate and the House of Representatives. All laws passed by
1125:
secured adoption by parliament of a bill, endorsed by the king, that abolished the federal form of government, establishing in its place a unitary, monarchical state with a dominant central government. By legislation, the historical divisions of
146:
973:, which was held on 19 February, political parties were abolished. The National Congress Party, which had campaigned against a federal form of government, was defeated throughout the country. The party was outlawed, and
1214:
1138:
were to be eliminated and the country divided into ten new provinces, each headed by an appointed governor. The legislature revised the constitution in 1963 to reflect the change from a federal to a
144:
1320:
Although the king and the crown prince died in exile and most of the younger generation of Libyans were born after the monarchy, the Senussi dynasty has enjoyed somewhat of a comeback during the
1283:
for medical treatment. The revolutionaries arrested the army chief of staff and the head of security in the kingdom. After hearing about the coup, King Idris dismissed it as "unimportant".
1984:
145:
1088:
As part of a broad assistance package, the UN Technical Assistance Board agreed to sponsor a technical aid program that emphasized the development of agriculture and education. The
1770:
1199:
exercised an increasing influence, particularly among the younger Libyan generation that were influenced by the influx of Egyptian teachers into Libya. As one report suggests:
1773:
and its affiliated groups in Libya advocate for the reinstatement of the 1951 Constitution and the return of the Senussi monarchy under Mohammed El Senussi's leadership.
2584:
1800:
A 2024 Pollfish opinion poll of 100 respondents found that 48 per cent of Libyans support the restoration of monarchy in Libya against 52 per cent who oppose it.
1328:. Opposition demonstrators to Colonel Gaddafi used the old tricolour flag of the monarchy, some carried portraits of the king, and played the old national anthem
5154:
5270:
2387:
1049:
military base rights, subject to renewal in 1970, in return for economic aid to Libya. The most important of the United States installations in Libya was
5265:
2507:
1777:"political umbrella" that would guarantee the legitimacy of Libya's institutions in the face of calls for a federal solution and sectarian conflict.
1769:
backed the reinstatement of the Senussi Monarchy under the leadership of Prince Mohammed el-Senussi as an attractive political option in Libya. The
906:
5290:
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3416:
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3341:
3336:
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3326:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
1992:
978:
Idris in 1953 designated his sixty-year-old brother to succeed him. When the original heir apparent died, the king appointed his nephew, Prince
1233:
Although Libya was clearly on record as supporting Arab causes in general, the country did not play an important role in Arab politics. At the
2623:
2046:
619:
1781:
social media as well as through a formal letter issued by Ali Hussain Bubaker, then-mayor of Baida, an important city in the east of Libya.
4202:
4030:
3945:
3684:
1684:
Following a change in the constitution abolishing the federal makeup of the country in 1963 the three provinces were reorganised into ten
1616:, which are the three historic regions of Libya. Autonomy in the provinces was exercised through provincial governments and legislatures.
3211:
1498:
829:
3157:
2243:
1117:, initially passed in 1955, was amended in 1961 and again in 1965 to increase the Libyan government's share of the revenues from oil.
5285:
2872:
2348:
4099:
3179:
516:
2072:
4417:
502:
3689:
2753:
2655:
708:
5280:
4469:
4024:
2130:
4434:
2277:
160:
3654:
2914:
2899:
1814:
1542:
781:
315:
2191:
117:
4922:
2451:
4927:
2691:
1568:
1554:
1493:
1002:
In its foreign policy, the Kingdom of Libya was recognized as belonging to the conservative traditionalist bloc in the
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360:
2211:
4192:
2287:
2056:
4737:
2924:
2773:
2763:
1633:
1605:
748:
577:
1989:
Democracy Reporting International is a non-partisan, independent, not-for-profit organisation registered in Berlin
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3132:
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255:
1509:
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822:
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4551:
2919:
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2816:
2711:
970:
771:
728:
659:
894:
424:
5205:
4187:
4175:
3694:
3172:
2904:
1809:
1270:
931:
5275:
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4709:
4207:
4079:
3934:
2826:
2612:
1887:
986:
1913:
5215:
5130:
4719:
4617:
3187:
2982:
2882:
2648:
2098:
4907:
5185:
4872:
4807:
4797:
4782:
4117:
4064:
3974:
2806:
1022:
815:
738:
557:
5007:
2426:
1121:
the federal form of government had proven inefficient and cumbersome. In April 1963, Prime Minister
5250:
4627:
4607:
4572:
4525:
4479:
3831:
3647:
3081:
3005:
2146:
589:
2597:
1334:. Two of the surviving Senussi exiles were planning to return to Libya to support the protestors.
1308:
5260:
5255:
4505:
4197:
4180:
4170:
4145:
3989:
3715:
3165:
2977:
2811:
2768:
1485:
1455:
1343:
1234:
886:
761:
247:
236:
1949:
1025:
providing for Libyan independence in 1951 and raised the status of its office at Tripoli from a
5225:
5140:
4987:
4699:
4632:
4500:
4449:
4381:
4281:
4271:
4069:
4004:
3811:
3740:
3195:
2738:
2686:
2122:
2116:
1716:
856:
718:
609:
244:
233:
1145:
5210:
5190:
5170:
5033:
4997:
4952:
4897:
4689:
4684:
4459:
4406:
4231:
4140:
4109:
4049:
3999:
3781:
3771:
3099:
3046:
3010:
2972:
2934:
2841:
2641:
2585:"Prince Mohammed el Senussi says Libyans must solve own problems in Independence Day address"
1752:
1685:
1376:
1321:
1313:
1114:
1101:
This situation changed suddenly and dramatically in June 1959 when research prospectors from
123:
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1370:
893:
that came into existence upon independence on 24 December 1951 and lasted until a bloodless
5195:
5114:
5078:
5028:
4887:
4812:
4597:
4474:
4266:
4041:
4019:
4014:
3979:
3921:
3000:
2967:
2939:
2785:
2716:
2706:
1722:
1704:
664:
649:
529:
488:
2020:
8:
5220:
5165:
5002:
4992:
4977:
4967:
4932:
4862:
4777:
4747:
4694:
4411:
4165:
4160:
4059:
4054:
3821:
3776:
3735:
3640:
2929:
2701:
2345:
1859:
1740:
1734:
1596:
1473:
1347:
1330:
1275:
The monarchy came to an end on 1 September 1969 when a group of military officers led by
1089:
1081:
991:
868:
639:
137:
5119:
4942:
4937:
4902:
4882:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4822:
4817:
4762:
4669:
4515:
4386:
4276:
4256:
4212:
4155:
4150:
4127:
4094:
4084:
4074:
3956:
3051:
3020:
2877:
2836:
2821:
2794:
1728:
1710:
1648:
1609:
1579:
1196:
334:
1350:
with legislative power being exercised by the monarch in conjunction with parliament.
103:
5145:
5135:
5098:
4972:
4957:
4832:
4802:
4772:
4767:
4742:
4679:
4674:
4664:
4535:
4484:
4371:
4366:
4089:
3725:
3710:
3094:
3086:
3066:
2860:
2846:
2721:
2395:
2283:
2251:
2126:
2052:
1746:
1698:
1526:
1026:
1010:
668:
225:
936:
Under the constitution of October 1951, the federal monarchy of Libya was headed by
5161:
5125:
5043:
4867:
4637:
4582:
4545:
4520:
4510:
4444:
4396:
4321:
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4311:
4306:
4296:
4291:
3984:
3730:
3125:
3034:
3015:
2955:
2673:
2048:
From Deep State to Islamic State: The Arab Counter-revolution and Its Jihadi Legacy
1604:
Following independence until 1963, the Kingdom was organised into three provinces:
1530:
1122:
1050:
1034:
979:
874:
566:
411:
346:
304:
205:
54:
1021:; both countries maintained military base rights in Libya. The U.S. supported the
5038:
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4602:
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4540:
4376:
4331:
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1276:
942:
898:
847:
629:
375:
200:
40:
5180:
4962:
4947:
4912:
4652:
4647:
4530:
4464:
4336:
3994:
3969:
3874:
3791:
3745:
3141:
3106:
3076:
3071:
1638:
1429:
1419:
1018:
974:
957:
946:
937:
902:
274:
174:
1765:
instrument and a solid base towards the solution of Libya's political crisis.
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3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3061:
2831:
2726:
2681:
2559:
2399:
2308:
2255:
1163:
1139:
1076:
1014:
678:
599:
454:
241:
109:
4356:
1158:
4917:
4439:
4401:
4301:
3884:
3146:
2987:
2215:
1668:
1560:
1534:
1514:
1481:
1242:
1131:
1070:
890:
805:
442:
184:
2617:
2459:
5149:
4658:
4454:
4346:
4341:
4261:
3852:
3836:
1226:
1003:
384:
369:
2628:
1583:
responsible for electing a speaker and two vice-speakers for the house.
4704:
4642:
4561:
3801:
3766:
1521:
1042:
230:
2212:"African Union commemorates King Idris : Libyan Embassy – London"
994:
was formally appointed as the legitimate heir to the throne of Libya.
5063:
5053:
4622:
3929:
3816:
1690:
1325:
1127:
1110:
941:
Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of a bicameral legislature. The
2560:"التكتل الفيدرالي يدعو إلى اعتماد دستور 1951 ويحذر من عدم الاستجابة"
5200:
5083:
5073:
4892:
4391:
3663:
2388:"A Radical Idea to Rebuild a Shattered Libya: Restore the Monarchy"
2196:
1653:
1238:
1030:
950:
449:
179:
1109:) confirmed the location of major petroleum deposits at Zaltan in
1037:
in 1954. Both countries subsequently raised their missions to the
5093:
5048:
5023:
4577:
4286:
3904:
3857:
3796:
3720:
3674:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1038:
1249:, agreed to provide generous subsidies from oil revenues to aid
1209:
including Wheelus Air Base, was not completed until March 1970.
1195:
Nevertheless, the brand of Arab nationalism advanced by Egypt's
5175:
5088:
4351:
4251:
3894:
3750:
2598:
https://www.pollfish.com/dashboard/results/390307043/2098176591
2365:
1985:"Briefing Paper 28: Assessment of the 1951 Libyan Constitution"
1280:
1258:
1246:
1135:
1066:
1062:
1054:
3632:
3199:
2758:
2664:
2097:
Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress (1987),
1578:
Members of the House of Representatives were elected through
1254:
1250:
1106:
1058:
218:
2303:
1166:
in March 1957. Libya sought cordial relations with the West.
5058:
3899:
3889:
3879:
3862:
1102:
1390:
1312:
A young Benghazian carrying King Idris's photo during the
917:
2147:"Pragmatism and Rhetoric in Libya's Policy Toward Israel"
2633:
1324:, especially in the dynasty's traditional stronghold of
1279:
staged a coup d'état against King Idris while he was in
2355:(in Arabic). Libya's future. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
956:
The Constitution was drafted under the auspices of the
1694:
in Arabic) which were ruled by an appointed governor.
1073:
in 1955, but declined a Soviet offer of economic aid.
2508:"Libya Foreign Minister calls for return of monarchy"
2244:"King Idris, Ousted in '69 by Waddafi, Dies in Cairo"
1541:
The King was responsible for appointing and removing
1069:, and established full diplomatic relations with the
1771:
Movement for the Return of Constitutional Legitimacy
1264:
1174:
King Idris meeting Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt.
861:
1221:
Footage from Tripoli International Fairground, 1962
985:When a group of young officers and soldiers in the
2482:"مبادرة للعودة إلى الملكية في ليبيا.. لماذا الآن؟"
2452:"دعوة لمبايعة الأمير محمد السنوسي ملكًا على ليبيا"
1571:. Both chambers met and closed at the same time.
1084:'s first campus, founded by royal decree in 1955.
5242:
2073:"Heir to Libyan throne under Brussels spotlight"
1080:Al Manar Royal Palace in central Benghazi, the
1241:in September 1967, however, Libya, along with
5271:States and territories disestablished in 1969
3648:
3173:
2649:
823:
80:
46:
2279:Libya in Western Foreign Policies, 1911–2011
1149:1959 United Kingdom of Libya passport cover.
1096:
953:served alternately as the national capital.
70:
32:
2333:Libya: the new Arab kingdom of North Africa
2180:. Clinton, MA: Colonial Press. p. 137.
5266:States and territories established in 1951
3655:
3641:
3180:
3166:
2656:
2642:
2304:"The liberated east: Building a new Libya"
2114:
1737:, formerly part of Fezzan and Tripolitania
1673:243,500 sq mi (631,000 km)
1658:330,000 sq mi (850,000 km)
1643:106,500 sq mi (276,000 km)
1153:
830:
816:
159:
2018:
1303:
16:Kingdom in North Africa from 1951 to 1969
2358:
2275:
1595:
1520:
1508:
1480:
1307:
1211:
1169:
1157:
1144:
1075:
963:
916:
5291:20th-century disestablishments in Libya
2330:
2178:Nasser of Egypt: The Search For Dignity
1911:
1882:
1880:
1504:
1006:, of which it became a member in 1953.
5243:
3690:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
2534:"ليبيا – العربية.نت | الصفحة الرئيسية"
2335:, Cornell University Press, p. 26
2121:, Cambridge University Press, p.
1854:
1852:
1679:
1559:The Kingdom's parliament consisted of
3920:
3636:
3161:
2637:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2144:
2044:
2175:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1912:Pickard, Duncan (5 September 2012).
1877:
1815:List of heads of government of Libya
1162:King Idris with U.S. vice-president
1849:
851:
71:
33:
13:
3685:List of current sovereign monarchs
2692:Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica
2413:
2386:Walsh, Declan (24 February 2016).
2376:
2241:
2230:
1914:"Libya's constitution controversy"
1555:Parliament of the Kingdom of Libya
1494:Parliament of the Kingdom of Libya
1342:The United Kingdom of Libya was a
14:
5302:
2606:
2424:
2007:
1968:
1931:
1892:www.libyanconstitutionalunion.net
1265:1969 coup and end of the monarchy
997:
5286:1969 disestablishments in Africa
4203:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3189:
2784:
2427:"The Case for Monarchy in Libya"
1833:Tripoli and Benghazi (1951–1963)
1389:
1369:
799:
576:
534:
509:
495:
481:
142:
116:
102:
3680:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
2888:Foreign relations under Gaddafi
2613:Kingdom of Libya's constitution
2591:
2577:
2552:
2526:
2500:
2474:
2444:
2339:
2331:Villard, Henry Serrano (1956),
2324:
2296:
2269:
2204:
2192:"1969: Bloodless coup in Libya"
2184:
2169:
2138:
2108:
2091:
1755:, formerly part of Tripolitania
1743:, formerly part of Tripolitania
1719:, formerly part of Tripolitania
1707:, formerly part of Tripolitania
1586:
1013:was in close alliance with the
925:
895:coup d'état on 1 September 1969
503:British Military Administration
3662:
2065:
2038:
1905:
1827:
1525:Left to right: Prime Minister
517:French Military Administration
1:
2895:Government of National Accord
2276:Genugten, Saskia Van (2016).
1842:
1548:
1337:
1033:. Libya opened a legation at
971:Libyan general election, 1952
772:Government of National Accord
729:National Transitional Council
5281:1951 establishments in Libya
3695:List of monarchy referendums
2900:Government of National Unity
2115:Vandewalle, Dirk J. (2006),
1860:"Libya: الدستور الليبي 1951"
1810:Federation of Arab Republics
1731:, formerly part of Cyrenaica
1725:, formerly part of Cyrenaica
1701:, formerly part of Cyrenaica
1591:
1298:
932:Constitution of Libya (1951)
782:Government of National Unity
7:
2458:(in Arabic). Archived from
2151:Journal of Conflict Studies
2051:. Oxford University Press.
2045:Filiu, Jean-Pierre (2017).
1803:
1513:Prime Minister's office in
1192:1950s and the early 1960s.
862:
709:Libya under Muammar Gaddafi
10:
5307:
2346:Modern history in politics
2145:Abadi, Jacob (Fall 2000).
1552:
1268:
929:
912:
873:'Libyan Kingdom';
5107:
5016:
4730:
4493:
4427:
4239:
4230:
4126:
4108:
4040:
3955:
3913:
3845:
3759:
3703:
3670:
3207:
3119:
3042:
3033:
2963:
2954:
2868:
2859:
2802:
2793:
2782:
2672:
2663:
2292:– via Google Books.
2118:A history of modern Libya
2105:. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
2061:– via Google Books.
1793:has mirrored that trend.
1759:
1749:, formerly part of Fezzan
1713:, formerly part of Fezzan
1469:
1461:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1388:
1384:
1368:
1360:
1271:Libyan coup d'etat (1969)
1097:Development of the nation
1023:United Nations resolution
885:from 1951 to 1963, was a
739:General National Congress
460:
448:
438:
434:
421:
410:• Independence from
408:
404:
396:
381:
366:
356:
352:
340:
330:• 1951–1954 (first)
328:
324:
314:
310:
298:
294:
284:
280:
268:
264:
254:
224:
214:
193:
167:
158:
132:
98:
93:
23:
3832:Self-proclaimed monarchy
3006:National Oil Corporation
2925:House of Representatives
2103:U.S. Library of Congress
1820:
1569:House of Representatives
749:House of Representatives
391:House of Representatives
342:• 1968–1969 (last)
4100:Vatican City (Holy See)
1950:"Where next for Libya?"
1486:Royal Palace of Tripoli
1353:
1154:International relations
887:constitutional monarchy
883:United Kingdom of Libya
248:constitutional monarchy
237:constitutional monarchy
34:المملكة الليبية المتحدة
25:United Kingdom of Libya
4382:Islands of Refreshment
3812:Legitimacy (political)
2620:at worldstatesmen.org.
1888:"Libya's Constitution"
1601:
1538:
1518:
1488:
1317:
1304:2011 Libyan revolution
1235:Arab summit conference
1222:
1206:
1175:
1167:
1150:
1085:
922:
878:
863:Al-Mamlakah Al-Lībiyya
81:
47:
4193:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3782:Criticism of monarchy
3772:Abolition of monarchy
2920:High Council of State
2431:The National Interest
2351:6 August 2017 at the
2176:Wynn, Wilton (1959).
1634:Tripolitania province
1606:Tripolitania province
1599:
1524:
1512:
1484:
1322:2011 Libyan civil war
1311:
1220:
1201:
1173:
1161:
1148:
1115:Libya's petroleum law
1079:
1004:League of Arab States
964:Political development
921:King Idris I of Libya
920:
194:Common languages
4025:United Arab Emirates
3001:Great Man-Made River
2905:Presidential Council
2717:Italian Tripolitania
2712:Italian colonization
2021:"The Senussi Family"
1954:www.newstatesman.com
1505:Council of ministers
1289:Libyan Arab Republic
1041:level and exchanged
907:Libyan Arab Republic
905:and established the
665:Italian Tripolitania
660:Italian colonization
650:Ottoman Tripolitania
530:Libyan Arab Republic
489:Emirate of Cyrenaica
48:Regno Unito di Libia
5221:Trinidad and Tobago
5108:Commonwealth realms
4993:United Baltic Duchy
4136:Antigua and Barbuda
4128:Commonwealth realms
3822:Order of succession
2754:Libya under Gaddafi
2702:Hospitaller Tripoli
2587:. 24 December 2016.
2218:on 16 November 2018
2200:. 1 September 1969.
2099:"Independent Libya"
1680:1963 reorganisation
1474:Mohammed El Senussi
1348:hereditary monarchy
1331:Libya, Libya, Libya
1090:University of Libya
1082:University of Libya
897:. The coup, led by
640:Hospitaller Tripoli
286:Crown Prince Regent
138:Libya, Libya, Libya
5276:Former Arab states
2915:Head of government
2392:The New York Times
2312:. 24 February 2011
2248:The New York Times
2242:AP (26 May 1983).
1649:Cyrenaica province
1610:Cyrenaica province
1602:
1600:Pre-1963 provinces
1580:universal suffrage
1539:
1519:
1489:
1416:First monarch
1377:Royal Coat of arms
1318:
1223:
1197:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1176:
1168:
1151:
1086:
923:
335:Mahmud al-Muntasir
5238:
5237:
5234:
5233:
4923:Piedmont-Sardinia
4675:Sip Song Chau Tai
4485:Thirteen Colonies
4226:
4225:
3630:
3629:
3155:
3154:
3115:
3114:
3029:
3028:
2950:
2949:
2883:Foreign relations
2855:
2854:
2744:Allied occupation
2722:Italian Cyrenaica
2629:Independent Libya
2624:Birth of a nation
2538:www.alarabiya.net
2366:"Libya Districts"
2132:978-0-521-85048-3
1835:Bayda (1963-1969)
1677:
1676:
1527:Abdul Majid Kubar
1479:
1478:
1426:Last monarch
1218:
1027:consulate general
982:, his successor.
872:
860:
840:
839:
793:
792:
689:Allied occupation
624:mid-7c–1510
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
522:
521:
270:• 1951–1969
151:
5298:
5162:Irish Free State
4928:Poland–Lithuania
4237:
4236:
4188:Papua New Guinea
3918:
3917:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3634:
3633:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3135:
3128:
3040:
3039:
2991:
2961:
2960:
2866:
2865:
2800:
2799:
2788:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2462:on 31 March 2016
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2422:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2362:
2356:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2239:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2214:. Archived from
2208:
2202:
2201:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2112:
2106:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2016:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1991:. Archived from
1981:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1946:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1856:
1836:
1831:
1619:
1618:
1533:and Governor of
1447:1 September 1969
1439:24 December 1951
1393:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1219:
1123:Mohieddin Fikini
1051:Wheelus Air Base
1035:Washington, D.C.
881:), known as the
867:
865:
855:
853:
844:Kingdom of Libya
832:
825:
818:
806:Libya portal
804:
803:
802:
789:
762:Second Civil War
756:
699:Kingdom of Libya
586:
585:
580:
570:
552:
551:
538:
537:
526:
525:
513:
512:
499:
498:
485:
484:
478:
477:
462:
461:
430:1 September 1969
417:24 December 1951
347:Wanis al-Qaddafi
163:
153:
152:
120:
106:
88:
84:
78:
74:
73:
67:
66:
61:Kingdom of Libya
59:
58:
50:
44:
36:
35:
30:
21:
20:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5251:Former kingdoms
5241:
5240:
5239:
5230:
5155:princely states
5103:
5039:Kingdom of Fiji
5012:
4758:Austria-Hungary
4726:
4489:
4423:
4222:
4208:Solomon Islands
4122:
4104:
4036:
3951:
3909:
3841:
3787:Democratization
3755:
3699:
3666:
3661:
3631:
3626:
3203:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3156:
3151:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3111:
3082:Public holidays
3025:
2989:
2946:
2851:
2789:
2780:
2774:2014–2020
2732:Libyan genocide
2697:Spanish Tripoli
2668:
2662:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2423:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2384:
2377:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2353:Wayback Machine
2344:
2340:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2240:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2113:
2109:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2079:. 21 April 2011
2071:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2019:Administrator.
2017:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1983:
1982:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1806:
1762:
1682:
1664:Fezzan province
1614:Fezzan province
1594:
1589:
1557:
1551:
1543:Prime Ministers
1529:, Crown Prince
1507:
1398:
1380:
1362:
1356:
1340:
1306:
1301:
1277:Muammar Gaddafi
1273:
1267:
1212:
1156:
1105:(later renamed
1099:
1000:
992:Prince Mohammed
966:
934:
928:
915:
899:Muammar Gaddafi
852:المملكة الليبية
836:
800:
798:
787:
776:2016–2021
766:2014–2020
754:
743:2012–2014
733:2011–2012
719:First Civil War
713:1969–2011
703:1951–1969
693:1943–1951
683:1934–1943
673:1911–1934
663:
654:1551–1911
644:1530–1551
634:1510–1530
630:Spanish Tripoli
614:146 BC – mid-7C
600:Ancient history
568:
561:
535:
510:
496:
482:
427:
414:
387:
372:
343:
331:
301:
271:
240:
210:
189:
154:
143:
128:
127:
126:
121:
113:
112:
107:
89:
86:
79:
76:
72:المملكة الليبية
68:
64:
63:
62:
60:
52:
45:
38:
31:
28:
27:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5304:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5261:1960s in Libya
5258:
5256:1950s in Libya
5253:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5159:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4913:Ottoman Empire
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4873:Kartli-Kakheti
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4555:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4282:Central Africa
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4241:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4218:United Kingdom
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3875:Prince regnant
3872:
3871:
3870:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:Decolonization
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3746:Personal union
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3716:Constitutional
3713:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3637:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
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2764:Libyan Crisis
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5206:Sierra Leone
5153:
4983:Two Sicilies
4918:Papal States
4718:
4657:
4550:
4416:
4326:
4176:Cook Islands
4029:
4015:Saudi Arabia
3944:
3047:Demographics
3011:Oil reserves
2973:Central Bank
2935:Human rights
2873:Constitution
2842:Subdivisions
2748:
2593:
2579:
2569:21 September
2567:. Retrieved
2563:
2554:
2544:21 September
2542:. Retrieved
2537:
2528:
2518:21 September
2516:. Retrieved
2511:
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2485:
2476:
2464:. Retrieved
2460:the original
2455:
2446:
2436:21 September
2434:. Retrieved
2430:
2405:21 September
2403:. Retrieved
2391:
2370:statoids.com
2369:
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2326:
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2307:
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2282:. Springer.
2278:
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2247:
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2220:. Retrieved
2216:the original
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2154:
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2083:21 September
2081:. Retrieved
2077:EURACTIV.com
2076:
2067:
2047:
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2030:21 September
2028:. Retrieved
2024:
1999:21 September
1997:. Retrieved
1993:the original
1988:
1960:21 September
1958:. Retrieved
1953:
1923:21 September
1921:. Retrieved
1917:
1907:
1897:21 September
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1891:
1869:21 September
1867:. Retrieved
1864:www.wipo.int
1863:
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1587:Subdivisions
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1561:two chambers
1558:
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1537:Taher Bakeer
1535:Tripolitania
1499:armed forces
1490:
1470:Pretender(s)
1456:Royal Palace
1395:
1375:
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1119:
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1071:Soviet Union
1047:
1008:
1001:
984:
967:
955:
935:
926:Constitution
901:, overthrew
891:North Africa
882:
843:
841:
698:
620:Islamic rule
471:Succeeded by
470:
465:
443:Libyan pound
300:• 1962
133:
124:Coat of arms
18:
5150:British Raj
5122:(Sri Lanka)
5008:Württemberg
4720:South Yemen
4608:Maguindanao
4501:Afghanistan
4262:Barotseland
4198:Saint Lucia
4171:New Zealand
4080:Netherlands
3853:Chhatrapati
3837:Sovereignty
3777:Aristocracy
2968:Agriculture
2564:بوابة الوسط
2540:(in Arabic)
2488:(in Arabic)
2456:بوابة الوسط
2316:26 February
2161:21 February
1227:Six-Day War
1043:ambassadors
987:Libyan Army
786:2021–
753:2014–
604:3200–146 BC
567:History of
466:Preceded by
425:Coup d'état
385:Lower house
370:Upper house
357:Legislature
250:(1963–1969)
239:(1951–1963)
65:(1963–1969)
29:(1951–1963)
5245:Categories
5216:Tanganyika
5131:The Gambia
5059:Niuē-Fekai
4998:Yugoslavia
4898:Montenegro
4705:Upper Yafa
4700:Upper Asir
4337:Madagascar
4070:Luxembourg
3802:Government
3767:Abdication
3736:Hereditary
3664:Monarchies
3067:Literature
2990:(currency)
2827:Ecoregions
2512:Al-Monitor
1843:References
1717:Az Zawiyah
1549:Parliament
1465:Hereditary
1338:Government
1011:government
938:King Idris
903:King Idris
590:Prehistory
361:Parliament
226:Government
5186:Mauritius
5079:Rarotonga
5064:Nuku Hiva
5054:Mangareva
5029:Bora Bora
4908:Neuchâtel
4878:Lithuania
4783:Catalonia
4670:Sri Lanka
4623:Manchukuo
4598:Kurdistan
4552:Indonesia
4475:Talamanca
4435:Araucanía
4418:and other
4397:Wassoulou
4141:Australia
3817:Oligarchy
3052:Education
3021:Transport
2983:Companies
2878:Elections
2822:Districts
2795:Geography
2492:6 October
2466:6 October
2400:0362-4331
2256:0362-4331
1753:Tarabulus
1691:muhafazah
1592:Provinces
1462:Appointer
1452:Residence
1444:Abolition
1436:Formation
1326:Cyrenaica
1299:Aftermath
1128:Cyrenaica
1111:Cyrenaica
857:romanized
669:Cyrenaica
610:Roman era
215:Religion
94:1951–1969
87:(Italian)
5201:Rhodesia
5196:Pakistan
5115:Barbados
5084:Rimatara
5074:Rapa Iti
5003:Valencia
4978:Tavolara
4968:Scotland
4933:Portugal
4893:Moldavia
4778:Bulgaria
4773:Brittany
4748:Asturias
4628:Mongolia
4618:Maldives
4480:Trinidad
4470:Suriname
4428:Americas
4412:Zimbabwe
4407:Zanzibar
4392:Wituland
4367:Ngazidja
4362:Ndzuwani
4297:Ethiopia
4020:Thailand
4000:Malaysia
3980:Cambodia
3930:Eswatini
3726:Elective
3711:Absolute
3212:Pre-1943
3142:Category
3100:Olympics
3095:Football
3087:Religion
2930:Military
2861:Politics
2847:Wildlife
2349:Archived
2197:BBC News
1804:See also
1723:Benghazi
1705:Al Khums
1654:Benghazi
1622:Province
1567:and the
1361:King of
1239:Khartoum
1237:held at
1031:legation
951:Benghazi
558:a series
556:Part of
439:Currency
180:Benghazi
77:(Arabic)
5191:Nigeria
5166:Ireland
5094:Tahuata
5069:Raiatea
5049:Huahine
5024:Abemama
5017:Oceania
4988:Tuscany
4943:Romania
4938:Prussia
4903:Navarre
4883:Majorca
4863:Ireland
4858:Imereti
4853:Iceland
4848:Hungary
4843:Hanover
4838:Granada
4828:Germany
4823:Georgia
4818:Galicia
4808:Finland
4798:Corsica
4793:Cilicia
4763:Bavaria
4753:Austria
4738:Albania
4710:Vietnam
4653:Sarawak
4643:Qu'aiti
4578:Kathiri
4541:Dapitan
4516:Bukhara
4465:Miskito
4387:Tunisia
4377:Shilluk
4287:Dahomey
4277:Burundi
4267:Bagirmi
4247:Adamawa
4166:Jamaica
4161:Grenada
4146:Bahamas
4110:Oceania
4060:Denmark
4055:Belgium
4050:Andorra
3965:Bahrain
3940:Morocco
3935:Lesotho
3914:Current
3905:Pharaoh
3858:Emperor
3797:Dynasty
3751:Regency
3731:Federal
3721:Diarchy
3675:Monarch
3126:Outline
3091:Sports
3035:Culture
3016:Tourism
2956:Economy
2817:Climate
2807:Borders
2749:Kingdom
2707:Ottoman
2682:Ancient
2674:History
1741:Misrata
1735:Gharian
1639:Tripoli
1625:Capital
1430:Idris I
1420:Idris I
1411:Details
1396:Idris I
1189:Tunisia
1185:Algeria
1181:Morocco
1039:embassy
947:Tripoli
913:History
875:Italian
871:
859::
788:present
755:present
594:
423:•
397:History
383:•
368:•
275:Idris I
256:Monarch
242:Unitary
231:Federal
206:Italian
175:Tripoli
168:Capital
136: "
134:Anthem:
55:Italian
5226:Uganda
5176:Malawi
5141:Guyana
5120:Ceylon
5099:Tahiti
5089:Rurutu
5044:Hawaii
4973:Serbia
4958:Saxony
4948:Russia
4833:Greece
4813:France
4803:Cyprus
4788:Crimea
4768:Bosnia
4743:Aragon
4731:Europe
4695:Taiwan
4665:Sikkim
4648:Ryukyu
4633:Najran
4531:Chehab
4511:Bengal
4460:Mexico
4445:Brazil
4372:Rwanda
4352:Maravi
4252:Ankole
4240:Africa
4232:Former
4213:Tuvalu
4156:Canada
4151:Belize
4095:Sweden
4085:Norway
4075:Monaco
4042:Europe
3995:Kuwait
3990:Jordan
3975:Brunei
3970:Bhutan
3922:Africa
3895:Sultan
3846:Titles
3760:Topics
3147:Portal
3057:Health
2996:Energy
2988:Dinar
2812:Cities
2667:
2486:عربي21
2398:
2286:
2254:
2129:
2055:
1760:Legacy
1729:Darnah
1711:Awbari
1565:Senate
1563:, the
1517:(1965)
1281:Turkey
1259:Jordan
1257:, and
1247:Kuwait
1187:, and
1136:Fezzan
1134:, and
1067:Turkey
1063:Greece
1055:France
943:Senate
848:Arabic
560:on the
400:
376:Senate
320:
290:
260:
201:Arabic
85:
75:
51:
41:Arabic
37:
5181:Malta
5171:Kenya
5146:India
5136:Ghana
4963:Savoy
4953:Samos
4868:Italy
4715:Yemen
4690:Tibet
4685:Syria
4638:Nepal
4613:Mahra
4593:Kumul
4588:Korea
4583:Khiva
4562:Qajar
4546:Hejaz
4536:China
4521:Burma
4450:Haiti
4440:Aztec
4357:Mwali
4347:Maore
4327:Libya
4322:Kongo
4317:Kaffa
4312:Gumma
4307:Gomma
4302:Ghana
4292:Egypt
4272:Bornu
4257:Aussa
4118:Tonga
4090:Spain
4010:Qatar
3985:Japan
3200:Libya
3196:Years
3133:Index
3107:Women
3077:Music
3072:Media
2687:Roman
2665:Libya
2618:Libya
1821:Notes
1747:Sabha
1699:Bayda
1669:Sabha
1628:Area
1531:Hasan
1515:Bayda
1363:Libya
1255:Syria
1251:Egypt
1107:Exxon
1059:Italy
1029:to a
569:Libya
412:Italy
305:Hasan
219:Islam
185:Bayda
5126:Fiji
4680:Sulu
4659:Shan
4603:Laos
4568:Iraq
4558:Iran
4526:Cebu
4506:Asir
4494:Asia
4455:Inca
4402:Yeke
4342:Mali
4332:Luba
4181:Niue
4031:list
4005:Oman
3957:Asia
3946:list
3900:Shah
3890:Tsar
3885:khan
3880:Raja
3863:King
3704:Type
3622:2024
3617:2023
3612:2022
3607:2021
3602:2020
3597:2019
3592:2018
3587:2017
3582:2016
3577:2015
3572:2014
3567:2013
3562:2012
3557:2011
3552:2010
3547:2009
3542:2008
3537:2007
3532:2006
3527:2005
3522:2004
3517:2003
3512:2002
3507:2001
3502:2000
3497:1999
3492:1998
3487:1997
3482:1996
3477:1995
3472:1994
3467:1993
3462:1992
3457:1991
3452:1990
3447:1989
3442:1988
3437:1987
3432:1986
3427:1985
3422:1984
3417:1983
3412:1982
3407:1981
3402:1980
3397:1979
3392:1978
3387:1977
3382:1976
3377:1975
3372:1974
3367:1973
3362:1972
3357:1971
3352:1970
3347:1969
3342:1968
3337:1967
3332:1966
3327:1965
3322:1964
3317:1963
3312:1962
3307:1961
3302:1960
3297:1959
3292:1958
3287:1957
3282:1956
3277:1955
3272:1954
3267:1953
3262:1952
3257:1951
3252:1950
3247:1949
3242:1948
3237:1947
3232:1946
3227:1945
3222:1944
3217:1943
2940:LGBT
2769:2011
2571:2017
2546:2017
2520:2017
2494:2017
2468:2017
2438:2017
2407:2017
2396:ISSN
2318:2011
2284:ISBN
2263:2017
2252:ISSN
2224:2017
2163:2018
2127:ISBN
2085:2017
2053:ISBN
2032:2017
2001:2017
1962:2017
1925:2017
1899:2017
1871:2017
1612:and
1354:King
1346:and
1245:and
1225:The
1103:Esso
1017:and
1009:The
949:and
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842:The
723:2011
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