92:
403:
417:
364:
431:
76:
448:
778:. The debate over a constitutional monarchy vs. democratic republic was not a new one. Earlier, in December 1917, the council had voted 15-to-5 that a monarchy would suit Lithuania better. The proponents argued that the Lithuanians were not politically mature for a republic and that the Germans would more readily support a monarchy. The opponents maintained that the council had no legal right to determine such fundamental matters as these had been delegated to the future
705:. The monarch had the executive power to appoint ministers, sign legislation into law, and initiate legislation in the parliament. The ministers were to be selected from among the Lithuanians and were to ultimately report to the parliament. The King was to abide by the Constitution, protect the independence and territorial integrity of Lithuania, and preserve religious tolerance. Without parliamentary approval, he could not become ruler of another state. The
378:
817:
provisional constitution and formation of the government. As no projects or drafts had been prepared beforehand, these decisions needed to be made by the council during its session and this process took several days. The changed political situation also dictated the council's need to rescind its decision to elect
Mindaugas II. Lithuania, hoping to receive recognition from the Entente, could not have the
596:
790:
Council of
Lithuania had changed its name to the State Council of Lithuania just before the approval of Mindaugas II. The Council stopped using its new name in communications with the Germans but stood by its new king. The Lithuanian press was censored and not allowed to publish any news about the new king, while the German press unanimously criticized the decision. When
825:. Later the same day the Council adopted the first provisional constitution, which did not declare either monarchy or republic. The constitution simply organized the government on a provisional basis until the Constituent Assembly made a final decision. Further constitutions did not reconsider a monarchy.
796:, the newspaper of the council, refused to print an article denouncing the new king, the newspaper was shut down for a month. German–Lithuanian relations remained tense until October 1918. The election also further damaged the reputation of the council, already portrayed as a German puppet, among the
789:
The
Germans did not approve of the new king. They claimed that their recognition of independent Lithuania was based on the Act of 11 December, which provided for an alliance with Germany and therefore Lithuania did not have the right to unilaterally elect a new monarch. They also protested that the
717:
has called it an "embryo of a constitution"; these conditions were a very basic and temporary framework that would have developed into a constitution, had not the monarchy been abolished. A project for a full constitution was later found in German archives, but it was never discussed by the
Council
709:
was to be used as the official state and court language, with a special provision to limit and eventually exclude all foreigners from the royal court. The monarch and his family were obligated to reside in
Lithuania, spending no more than 2 months a year abroad. His children were to be educated and
568:
and sought a declaration from the
Lithuanians that they wanted a "firm and permanent alliance" with Germany. Such a declaration was adopted by the Council of Lithuania on 11 December 1917. However, these concessions divided the council and still did not earn recognition from Germany. Therefore, the
816:
repeated recognition of independent
Lithuania, promised to convert the German military administration into a civilian government, and to allow the Lithuanians to take over once they had sufficient capabilities. After receiving this news, the Council of Lithuania convened on 28 October to discuss a
581:
were in the German interest zone and that Russia renounced any claims to them. On 23 March
Germany formally recognized independent Lithuania on the basis of the 11 December declaration. However, the country was still occupied by German troops, the Council still did not have any actual power and it
658:
elected the Heads of the House of Wettin as hereditary
Sovereigns). A number of other candidates were also considered. Such plans were viewed by the Lithuanians as a threat to their independence. The threat became more pressing after a meeting of German officials on 19 May, where conventions
691:) accepted the offer without conditions. On 11 July the Council of Lithuania voted (13 for, 5 against, and 2 abstentions) to officially establish the monarchy. On 12 August the Council sent a formal invitation to Duke William to become King Mindaugas II of Lithuania.
662:
An idea was advanced to create a constitutional monarchy and invite a candidate who would fight to preserve
Lithuanian independence. The Presidium of the Council of Lithuania voted confidentially on 4 June 1918, to establish a hereditary monarchy and to invite
489:
on 16 February 1918, but the council was unable to form a government, police, or other state institutions due to the continued presence of German troops. The Germans presented various proposals to incorporate Lithuania into the German Empire, particularly
710:
raised in Lithuania. In essence, the Lithuanians imposed "elective ethnicity." There were reports that Duke William began learning the Lithuanian language and reading about Lithuanian history and customs, but he never visited Lithuania.
800:
and the Lithuanian diaspora. Lithuanians in the west thought that Lithuania should place its hopes of independence with the Entente and not Germany. This rift further fractured and weakened the Lithuanian positions.
671:, who had worked with Lithuanians in Switzerland. His candidacy had been discussed at least since March 1918. Duke William seemed to be a perfect candidate as he was a Catholic, was not in line of succession to the
821:'s enemy as its king. Duke William indicated that he was willing to abandon the throne. Therefore, on 2 November, the Council suspended its invitation to Duke William leaving the final decision to the future
886:. The Lithuanians feared that any union with Poland masked Polish imperialism and would bring back Polish political and cultural dominance. Eventually the tensions between Poland and Lithuania grew into the
560:, hoping that it would proclaim that the Lithuanian nation wanted to detach itself from Russia and establish a "closer relationship" with Germany. In September 1917, the Conference elected a twenty-member
505:
Mindaugas II. However, he never visited Lithuania. His election stirred up controversy, divided the council and did not achieve the desired results. As Germany was losing the war and was engulfed in the
573:
on 16 February 1918. The Act omitted any mention of alliance with Germany and declared the "termination of all state ties which formerly bound this State to other nations." On 3 March, Germany and
726:
The proposal for monarchy was controversial and created a rift between right-wing and left-wing members of the Council of Lithuania. The proposal was most strongly supported by
755:
1380:
3133:
3244:
3274:
410:
3239:
854:
1474:
2181:
2009:
1924:
1663:
91:
3269:
564:
and empowered it to negotiate Lithuanian independence with the Germans. The Germans were preparing for the upcoming negotiations for the
1582:
2078:
639:
630:. Such plans for expansion of already dominant Protestant Prussia were opposed by the Catholic ruling houses, like the Wettins of
3234:
2396:
834:
3249:
1668:
494:. The Lithuanians resisted this idea and hoped to preserve their independence by creating a separate constitutional monarchy.
2448:
2003:
1427:
1400:
683:, and had no ties to Poland. Due to obstacles posed by the German military, the Lithuanian delegation to see Duke William in
396:
2413:
924:
wrote to the press that "Mindaugas I created the Lithuanian state, while his descendant Mindaugas II will reestablish it." (
1633:
2901:
2906:
651:
529:
507:
75:
2171:
1569:
1519:
1494:
1446:
1369:
1350:
849:
822:
779:
2716:
643:
570:
519:
486:
245:
2114:
1658:
2693:
2196:
3259:
2530:
1505:
659:
governing the "firm and permanent alliance" were discussed leaving very little autonomy for the Lithuanians.
325:
3184:
2166:
2154:
1673:
626:
between Lithuania and Prussia. An alternative proposal called for the election of Wilhelm's youngest son,
3047:
2961:
2771:
2688:
2186:
2058:
1913:
734:, and Catholic priests. When the monarchy was approved, four members of the council resigned in protest:
599:
498:
463:
300:
192:
3254:
3229:
3194:
3109:
2698:
2596:
813:
655:
611:
541:
2886:
713:
Some authors called these conditions a constitution, but that is not accurate. Lithuanian law scholar
3264:
3164:
2851:
2786:
2776:
2761:
2096:
2043:
1953:
887:
839:
664:
627:
615:
2986:
809:
As Germany was losing the war, the Lithuanians received more freedom of action. On 20 October 1918,
672:
510:, Lithuania suspended its decision to invite the Duke on 2 November 1918, thereby ending his reign.
2606:
2586:
2551:
2504:
2458:
1810:
1626:
917:
2484:
2176:
2159:
2149:
2124:
1968:
1694:
701:
565:
460:
260:
164:
747:
3204:
3119:
2966:
2678:
2611:
2479:
2428:
2360:
2260:
2250:
2048:
1983:
1790:
1719:
1543:
754:
also voted against, but did not resign. At the same time the Council co-opted six new members:
714:
424:
168:
1419:
War land on the Eastern Front: culture, national identity and German occupation in World War I
1417:
3189:
3169:
3149:
3012:
2976:
2931:
2876:
2668:
2663:
2438:
2385:
2210:
2119:
2088:
2028:
1978:
1760:
1750:
818:
810:
797:
759:
743:
680:
2340:
1422:. Studies in the social and cultural history of modern warfare. Cambridge University Press.
3174:
3093:
3057:
3007:
2866:
2791:
2576:
2453:
2245:
2020:
1998:
1993:
1958:
1900:
883:
844:
684:
561:
525:
482:
206:
20:
19:
This article is about the short-lived twentieth-century state. For the historic state, see
1360:
Eidintas, Alfonsas; Žalys, Vytautas; Senn, Alfred Erich (1999). Tuskenis, Edvardas (ed.).
928:, p. 19) Note that the lineage between both men is based on genealogical speculation.
8:
3199:
3144:
2981:
2971:
2956:
2946:
2911:
2841:
2756:
2726:
2673:
2390:
2144:
2139:
2038:
2033:
1800:
1755:
1714:
1619:
1338:
859:
767:
706:
676:
137:
129:
43:
3098:
2921:
2916:
2881:
2861:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2801:
2796:
2741:
2648:
2494:
2365:
2255:
2235:
2191:
2134:
2129:
2106:
2073:
2063:
2053:
1935:
783:
668:
635:
557:
540:, Germany occupied western parts of the Russian Empire, including Lithuania. After the
229:
775:
3124:
3114:
3077:
2951:
2936:
2811:
2781:
2751:
2746:
2721:
2658:
2653:
2643:
2514:
2463:
2350:
2345:
2068:
1704:
1689:
1565:
1548:
1515:
1490:
1461:
1442:
1423:
1392:
1365:
1346:
913:
631:
82:
878:
Poland wished to resurrect the old Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; for example, see
739:
646:. This proposal was a reminder of historical ties between Saxony and Lithuania: the
3140:
3104:
3022:
2846:
2616:
2561:
2524:
2499:
2489:
2423:
2375:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2275:
2270:
1963:
1709:
574:
383:
141:
731:
3017:
2766:
2736:
2731:
2591:
2581:
2546:
2536:
2519:
2355:
2310:
2225:
1943:
1918:
1765:
921:
763:
735:
727:
699:
Duke William was presented with a twelve-point proposal which resembled medieval
647:
133:
57:
3159:
2941:
2926:
2891:
2631:
2626:
2509:
2443:
2315:
1973:
1948:
1853:
1770:
1724:
1482:
792:
623:
533:
879:
497:
On 4 June 1918, they voted to offer the Lithuanian throne to the German noble
3223:
2806:
2571:
2566:
1988:
1846:
1805:
1785:
1597:
1584:
1465:
1396:
771:
751:
688:
578:
475:
276:
109:
2335:
447:
2896:
2418:
2380:
2280:
1863:
549:
545:
105:
1525:
1362:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918-1940
3128:
2637:
2433:
2325:
2320:
2240:
1831:
1815:
553:
537:
502:
467:
216:
153:
2683:
2621:
2540:
1780:
1745:
3042:
3032:
2601:
1908:
1795:
909:
603:
3179:
3062:
3052:
2871:
2370:
1642:
619:
471:
369:
1509:
1381:"Lietuvių istorikų politikų valstybingumo samprata (1907–1918 m.)"
3072:
3027:
3002:
2556:
2265:
1883:
1836:
1775:
1699:
1653:
1552:
491:
148:
119:
595:
3154:
3067:
2330:
2230:
1873:
1729:
1224:
1475:"Karališkojo kraujo paieškos: Lietuva ir šimto dienų karalius"
978:
966:
954:
687:
was delayed until 1 July. Duke William and his oldest son (as
602:
became Mindaugas II, named after the medieval Lithuanian king
1611:
1439:
Lietuvos valstybÄ—s konstitucijĹł istorija (XX a. pirmoji pusÄ—)
1345:(in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Chicago: Dr. Griniaus fondas.
1188:
1154:
1152:
942:
1541:
Sužiedėlis, Simas, ed. (1970–1978). "Council of Lithuania".
1316:
1314:
1212:
1139:
1137:
1122:
577:
signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which declared that the
3037:
1878:
1868:
1858:
1841:
1263:
1149:
1311:
1299:
1176:
1134:
1112:
1110:
1078:
1049:
544:
in 1917, Germany conceived the geopolitical strategy of
1547:. Vol. I. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas KapoÄŤius.
1514:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: ElektroninÄ—s leidybos namai.
1068:
1066:
1064:
478:. The state was officially dissolved in November 1918.
1107:
1097:
1095:
1093:
582:
was treated just as an advisory board by the Germans.
1287:
1275:
1253:
1251:
1061:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1014:
916:. The name signified historical continuity with the
899:
The date is often incorrectly given as 13 July 1918.
466:
in February 1918. It was created towards the end of
1200:
1090:
1248:
1236:
1164:
1002:
501:. He accepted the offer in July 1918 and took the
1385:Istorija. Lietuvos aukštųjų mokyklų mokslo darbai
1359:
1230:
1026:
990:
984:
972:
960:
3221:
610:The crown of Lithuania was initially offered to
35:
1564:(in Lithuanian). Valstybinis leidybos centras.
1540:
948:
855:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–19)
556:. The Germans allowed the organisation of the
3245:States and territories disestablished in 1918
1627:
49:
3275:German involvement in the Russian Civil War
1436:
1415:
1320:
1305:
1218:
1194:
1182:
1158:
1143:
1128:
1084:
459:was an attempt to establish an independent
3240:States and territories established in 1918
1634:
1620:
470:when Lithuanian-speaking lands were under
90:
1560:Tuska, Liudas (1995). "Antanas Smetona".
912:(reigned 1251–1263) was the only crowned
902:
1472:
1378:
1116:
1072:
925:
718:of Lithuania and remained just a draft.
594:
446:
1506:"Vokietija ir Lietuvos nepriklausomybÄ—"
1503:
1473:Paleckis, Mindaugas (24 October 2006).
1337:
1269:
1101:
1055:
835:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)
3222:
1669:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
893:
872:
532:in 1795, Lithuania was annexed by the
96:Map of the Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)
1899:
1615:
1559:
1511:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasÄ—s
1206:
1008:
721:
656:1791 Constitution of Poland–Lithuania
1481:
1455:
1441:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Justitia.
1293:
1281:
1257:
1242:
1170:
1043:
1020:
996:
451:Counties of the Kingdom of Lithuania
411:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
13:
3270:Lithuania in the Russian Civil War
1664:List of current sovereign monarchs
1458:The Formation of the Baltic States
14:
3286:
1487:The Emergence of Modern Lithuania
823:Constituent Assembly of Lithuania
780:Constituent Assembly of Lithuania
679:, was not closely related to the
16:Client state of the German Empire
2182:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1562:Lietuvos Respublikos prezidentai
1477:(in Lithuanian). Bernardinai.lt.
1364:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1330:
667:. Duke William was suggested by
650:had produced two rulers for the
571:Act of Independence of Lithuania
520:Act of Independence of Lithuania
429:
415:
401:
376:
362:
74:
1659:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
1437:Maksimaitis, Mindaugas (2005).
1343:NaujĹłjĹł laikĹł Lietuvos istorija
1231:Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999
985:Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999
973:Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999
961:Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999
654:between 1697 and 1763 (and the
1641:
1416:Liulevicius, Vejas G. (2000).
652:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
530:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
3250:Former unrecognized countries
935:
850:Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)
694:
618:, by the military command of
590:
513:
1674:List of monarchy referendums
1460:. Harvard University Press.
750:(Stanislovas NarutaviÄŤius).
622:. This would have created a
7:
828:
804:
644:King Frederick Augustus III
585:
499:Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach
289:• Monarchy proclaimed
10:
3291:
3235:Post–Russian Empire states
1379:JanuĹľytÄ—, AudronÄ— (2007).
920:. Co-opted Council member
814:Prince Maximilian of Baden
640:Prince Friedrich Christian
612:Wilhelm II, German Emperor
517:
312:• Monarchy suspended
18:
3086:
2995:
2709:
2472:
2406:
2218:
2209:
2105:
2087:
2019:
1934:
1892:
1824:
1738:
1682:
1649:
1456:Page, Stanley W. (1959).
840:Kingdom of Finland (1918)
675:due to his grandfather's
634:and the Wittelsbacher of
341:
337:
322:
310:
297:
287:
271:
256:
241:
226:
222:
212:
202:
198:
186:
182:
174:
159:
147:
125:
115:
101:
89:
71:
66:
30:
1811:Self-proclaimed monarchy
1504:Skirius, Juozas (2002).
918:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
865:
548:, a regional network of
487:Lithuania's independence
2079:Vatican City (Holy See)
566:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
261:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
165:constitutional monarchy
2361:Islands of Refreshment
1791:Legitimacy (political)
1544:Encyclopedia Lituanica
673:Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
607:
552:that would serve as a
452:
425:Second Polish Republic
169:provisional government
50:
36:
2172:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1761:Criticism of monarchy
1751:Abolition of monarchy
888:Polish–Lithuanian War
811:Chancellor of Germany
760:Augustinas Voldemaras
681:House of Hohenzollern
665:Duke Wilhelm of Urach
600:Duke Wilhelm of Urach
598:
450:
397:Republic of Lithuania
246:Independence declared
126:Common languages
3260:Former client states
2004:United Arab Emirates
1403:on 23 September 2015
949:Sužiedėlis 1970–1978
845:Kingdom of Lithuania
748:Stanisław Narutowicz
685:Freiburg im Breisgau
569:Council adopted the
562:Council of Lithuania
483:Council of Lithuania
457:Kingdom of Lithuania
207:Council of Lithuania
32:Kingdom of Lithuania
21:Kingdom of Lithuania
3200:Trinidad and Tobago
3087:Commonwealth realms
2972:United Baltic Duchy
2115:Antigua and Barbuda
2107:Commonwealth realms
1801:Order of succession
1594: /
1489:. Greenwood Press.
1272:, pp. 220–221.
1058:, pp. 215–217.
860:United Baltic Duchy
768:Eliziejus Draugelis
707:Lithuanian language
677:morganatic marriage
472:military occupation
464:Lithuanian monarchy
1483:Senn, Alfred Erich
1197:, pp. 56, 60.
784:Vilnius Conference
722:After the election
669:Matthias Erzberger
638:. Saxony promoted
608:
558:Vilnius Conference
542:Russian Revolution
536:. In 1915, during
453:
230:Vilnius Conference
51:Königreich Litauen
37:Lietuvos KaralystÄ—
3255:Former monarchies
3230:1918 in Lithuania
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
2902:Piedmont-Sardinia
2654:Sip Song Chau Tai
2464:Thirteen Colonies
2205:
2204:
1598:54.683°N 25.317°E
1429:978-0-521-66157-7
1387:(in Lithuanian).
1296:, pp. 39–40.
1284:, pp. 38–39.
1221:, pp. 45–46.
1131:, pp. 52–53.
1023:, pp. 35–36.
914:King of Lithuania
715:Michał Pius Römer
508:German Revolution
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
389:
388:
236:18 September 1917
3282:
3265:Former countries
3141:Irish Free State
2907:Poland–Lithuania
2216:
2215:
2167:Papua New Guinea
1897:
1896:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1575:
1556:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1524:. Archived from
1500:
1478:
1469:
1452:
1433:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1399:. Archived from
1375:
1356:
1324:
1321:Maksimaitis 2005
1318:
1309:
1306:Maksimaitis 2005
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1219:Maksimaitis 2005
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1195:Maksimaitis 2005
1192:
1186:
1183:Maksimaitis 2005
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1159:Liulevicius 2000
1156:
1147:
1144:Maksimaitis 2005
1141:
1132:
1129:Maksimaitis 2005
1126:
1120:
1114:
1105:
1099:
1088:
1085:Maksimaitis 2005
1082:
1076:
1070:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
929:
906:
900:
897:
891:
876:
744:Mykolas Biržiška
642:, second son of
575:Bolshevik Russia
433:
432:
419:
418:
405:
404:
393:
392:
384:Russian Republic
380:
379:
366:
365:
359:
358:
343:
342:
333:
332:11 November 1918
326:German surrender
318:
279:
263:
252:16 February 1918
248:
237:
94:
78:
61:
53:
47:
39:
28:
27:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3209:
3134:princely states
3082:
3018:Kingdom of Fiji
2991:
2737:Austria-Hungary
2705:
2468:
2402:
2201:
2187:Solomon Islands
2101:
2083:
2015:
1930:
1888:
1820:
1766:Democratization
1734:
1678:
1645:
1640:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1572:
1531:
1529:
1528:on 3 March 2008
1522:
1497:
1449:
1430:
1406:
1404:
1372:
1353:
1339:ÄŚepÄ—nas, Pranas
1333:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
979:
971:
967:
959:
955:
947:
943:
938:
933:
932:
922:Juozas Purickis
907:
903:
898:
894:
884:Józef Piłsudski
877:
873:
868:
831:
807:
776:Stasys Ĺ ilingas
764:Juozas Purickis
736:Steponas Kairys
728:Antanas Smetona
724:
697:
648:House of Wettin
616:King of Prussia
593:
588:
524:After the last
522:
516:
430:
416:
402:
377:
363:
331:
328:
317:2 November 1918
316:
313:
303:
290:
280:
274:
264:
259:
249:
244:
235:
232:
189:
140:
136:
132:
97:
85:
80:
79:
62:
55:
48:
41:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3288:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3138:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:Ottoman Empire
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2852:Kartli-Kakheti
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2261:Central Africa
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2197:United Kingdom
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1854:Prince regnant
1851:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:Decolonization
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1725:Personal union
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1695:Constitutional
1692:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1603:54.683; 25.317
1577:
1576:
1570:
1557:
1538:
1520:
1501:
1495:
1479:
1470:
1453:
1447:
1434:
1428:
1413:
1376:
1370:
1357:
1351:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1161:, p. 210.
1148:
1133:
1121:
1106:
1089:
1077:
1060:
1048:
1025:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
965:
953:
951:, p. 581.
940:
939:
937:
934:
931:
930:
901:
892:
870:
869:
867:
864:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
830:
827:
806:
803:
798:Entente powers
793:Lietuvos aidas
740:Jonas Vileišis
723:
720:
702:pacta conventa
696:
693:
628:Prince Joachim
624:personal union
592:
589:
587:
584:
579:Baltic nations
534:Russian Empire
518:Main article:
515:
512:
461:constitutional
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
427:
421:
420:
413:
407:
406:
399:
390:
387:
386:
381:
373:
372:
367:
355:
354:
349:
339:
338:
335:
334:
329:
323:
320:
319:
314:
311:
308:
307:
304:
298:
295:
294:
291:
288:
285:
284:
281:
275:Recognized by
272:
269:
268:
265:
257:
254:
253:
250:
242:
239:
238:
233:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
214:
213:Historical era
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
196:
195:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
161:
157:
156:
151:
145:
144:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
103:
99:
98:
95:
87:
86:
81:
73:
72:
69:
68:
64:
63:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3287:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Easter Island
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:Jabal Shammar
2550:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2044:Liechtenstein
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1847:Queen regnant
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Republicanism
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Head of state
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Non-sovereign
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1573:
1571:9986-09-055-5
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1527:
1523:
1521:9986-9216-9-4
1517:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1496:0-8371-7780-4
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1448:9955-616-09-1
1444:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1371:0-312-22458-3
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1352:5-89957-012-1
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1331:Cited sources
1323:, p. 64.
1322:
1317:
1315:
1308:, p. 62.
1307:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1260:, p. 38.
1259:
1254:
1252:
1245:, p. 37.
1244:
1239:
1233:, p. 31.
1232:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1209:, p. 49.
1208:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1185:, p. 54.
1184:
1179:
1173:, p. 94.
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1146:, p. 53.
1145:
1140:
1138:
1130:
1125:
1119:, p. 19.
1118:
1117:JanuĹľytÄ— 2007
1113:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1087:, p. 49.
1086:
1081:
1074:
1073:Paleckis 2006
1069:
1067:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1046:, p. 36.
1045:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1011:, p. 32.
1010:
1005:
999:, p. 33.
998:
993:
987:, p. 30.
986:
981:
975:, p. 29.
974:
969:
963:, p. 26.
962:
957:
950:
945:
941:
927:
926:JanuĹľytÄ— 2007
923:
919:
915:
911:
905:
896:
889:
885:
881:
875:
871:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
826:
824:
820:
815:
812:
802:
799:
795:
794:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:Jurgis Alekna
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:Martynas YÄŤas
753:
752:Petras Klimas
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:Jurgis Ĺ aulys
729:
719:
716:
711:
708:
704:
703:
692:
690:
689:heir apparent
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531:
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3190:South Africa
3185:Sierra Leone
3132:
2962:Two Sicilies
2897:Papal States
2856:
2697:
2636:
2529:
2395:
2155:Cook Islands
2008:
1994:Saudi Arabia
1923:
1579:
1561:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:the original
1510:
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1405:. Retrieved
1401:the original
1388:
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1270:ÄŚepÄ—nas 1986
1265:
1238:
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1190:
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1102:Skirius 2002
1080:
1056:ÄŚepÄ—nas 1986
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546:Mitteleuropa
523:
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352:Succeeded by
351:
346:
306:11 July 1918
301:King elected
267:3 March 1918
193:Mindaugas II
188:• 1918
106:Client state
25:
3129:British Raj
3101:(Sri Lanka)
2987:WĂĽrttemberg
2699:South Yemen
2587:Maguindanao
2480:Afghanistan
2241:Barotseland
2177:Saint Lucia
2150:New Zealand
2059:Netherlands
1832:Chhatrapati
1816:Sovereignty
1756:Aristocracy
1601: /
880:Międzymorze
554:buffer zone
538:World War I
503:regnal name
468:World War I
347:Preceded by
293:4 June 1918
217:World War I
203:Legislature
3224:Categories
3195:Tanganyika
3110:The Gambia
3038:Niuē-Fekai
2977:Yugoslavia
2877:Montenegro
2684:Upper Yafa
2679:Upper Asir
2316:Madagascar
2049:Luxembourg
1781:Government
1746:Abdication
1715:Hereditary
1643:Monarchies
1207:Tuska 1995
1009:Tuska 1995
936:References
695:Conditions
591:Candidates
514:Background
175:King-elect
160:Government
154:Lithuanian
149:Demonym(s)
138:Belarusian
130:Lithuanian
44:Lithuanian
3165:Mauritius
3058:Rarotonga
3043:Nuku Hiva
3033:Mangareva
3008:Bora Bora
2887:Neuchâtel
2857:Lithuania
2762:Catalonia
2649:Sri Lanka
2602:Manchukuo
2577:Kurdistan
2531:Indonesia
2454:Talamanca
2414:AraucanĂa
2397:and other
2376:Wassoulou
2120:Australia
1796:Oligarchy
1553:74-114275
1485:(1975) .
1466:491526167
1397:1392-0456
1294:Senn 1975
1282:Senn 1975
1258:Senn 1975
1243:Senn 1975
1171:Page 1959
1044:Senn 1975
1021:Senn 1975
997:Senn 1975
910:Mindaugas
604:Mindaugas
526:Partition
485:declared
3180:Rhodesia
3175:Pakistan
3094:Barbados
3063:Rimatara
3053:Rapa Iti
2982:Valencia
2957:Tavolara
2947:Scotland
2912:Portugal
2872:Moldavia
2757:Bulgaria
2752:Brittany
2727:Asturias
2607:Mongolia
2597:Maldives
2459:Trinidad
2449:Suriname
2407:Americas
2391:Zimbabwe
2386:Zanzibar
2371:Wituland
2346:Ngazidja
2341:Ndzuwani
2276:Ethiopia
1999:Thailand
1979:Malaysia
1959:Cambodia
1909:Eswatini
1705:Elective
1690:Absolute
1532:17 April
1407:18 April
1341:(1986).
829:See also
805:Republic
620:Ober Ost
586:Election
370:Ober Ost
167:under a
163:Unitary
3170:Nigeria
3145:Ireland
3073:Tahuata
3048:Raiatea
3028:Huahine
3003:Abemama
2996:Oceania
2967:Tuscany
2922:Romania
2917:Prussia
2882:Navarre
2862:Majorca
2842:Ireland
2837:Imereti
2832:Iceland
2827:Hungary
2822:Hanover
2817:Granada
2807:Germany
2802:Georgia
2797:Galicia
2787:Finland
2777:Corsica
2772:Cilicia
2742:Bavaria
2732:Austria
2717:Albania
2689:Vietnam
2632:Sarawak
2622:Qu'aiti
2557:Kathiri
2520:Dapitan
2495:Bukhara
2444:Miskito
2366:Tunisia
2356:Shilluk
2266:Dahomey
2256:Burundi
2246:Bagirmi
2226:Adamawa
2145:Jamaica
2140:Grenada
2125:Bahamas
2089:Oceania
2039:Denmark
2034:Belgium
2029:Andorra
1944:Bahrain
1919:Morocco
1914:Lesotho
1893:Current
1884:Pharaoh
1837:Emperor
1776:Dynasty
1730:Regency
1710:Federal
1700:Diarchy
1654:Monarch
1589:25°19′E
1586:54°41′N
819:Entente
782:by the
636:Bavaria
528:of the
492:Prussia
474:by the
324:•
299:•
277:Germany
273:•
258:•
243:•
228:•
142:Russian
120:Vilnius
116:Capital
108:of the
3205:Uganda
3155:Malawi
3120:Guyana
3099:Ceylon
3078:Tahiti
3068:Rurutu
3023:Hawaii
2952:Serbia
2937:Saxony
2927:Russia
2812:Greece
2792:France
2782:Cyprus
2767:Crimea
2747:Bosnia
2722:Aragon
2710:Europe
2674:Taiwan
2644:Sikkim
2627:Ryukyu
2612:Najran
2510:Chehab
2490:Bengal
2439:Mexico
2424:Brazil
2351:Rwanda
2331:Maravi
2231:Ankole
2219:Africa
2211:Former
2192:Tuvalu
2135:Canada
2130:Belize
2074:Sweden
2064:Norway
2054:Monaco
2021:Europe
1974:Kuwait
1969:Jordan
1954:Brunei
1949:Bhutan
1901:Africa
1874:Sultan
1825:Titles
1739:Topics
1568:
1551:
1518:
1493:
1464:
1445:
1426:
1395:
1368:
1349:
632:Saxony
178:
134:Polish
102:Status
58:German
54:
40:
3160:Malta
3150:Kenya
3125:India
3115:Ghana
2942:Savoy
2932:Samos
2847:Italy
2694:Yemen
2669:Tibet
2664:Syria
2617:Nepal
2592:Mahra
2572:Kumul
2567:Korea
2562:Khiva
2541:Qajar
2525:Hejaz
2515:China
2500:Burma
2429:Haiti
2419:Aztec
2336:Mwali
2326:Maore
2306:Libya
2301:Kongo
2296:Kaffa
2291:Gumma
2286:Gomma
2281:Ghana
2271:Egypt
2251:Bornu
2236:Aussa
2097:Tonga
2069:Spain
1989:Qatar
1964:Japan
908:King
866:Notes
3105:Fiji
2659:Sulu
2638:Shan
2582:Laos
2547:Iraq
2537:Iran
2505:Cebu
2485:Asir
2473:Asia
2434:Inca
2381:Yeke
2321:Mali
2311:Luba
2160:Niue
2010:list
1984:Oman
1936:Asia
1925:list
1879:Shah
1869:Tsar
1864:khan
1859:Raja
1842:King
1683:Type
1566:ISBN
1549:LCCN
1534:2010
1516:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1462:OCLC
1443:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1409:2010
1393:ISSN
1366:ISBN
1347:ISBN
774:and
614:and
481:The
455:The
83:Flag
67:1918
2867:Man
3226::
3143:/
3131:,
1508:.
1391:.
1389:65
1383:.
1313:^
1250:^
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1432:.
1411:.
1374:.
1355:.
1104:.
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606:.
60:)
56:(
46:)
42:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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