Nanzhao - Knowledge

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north of the besieged Chengdu. Shilong hurriedly diverted some of his forces to intercept the Tang troops, but he suffered a crushing defeat. Some two thousand Nanzhao soldiers were killed. Two days later, another Tang force arrived to inflict even greater casualties on Shilong. Five thousand soldiers were exterminated, and the rest retreated to a nearby mountain. The Tang force advanced to Tuojiang, a relay station merely 15 kilometers north of Chengdu. Now it was Shilong who anxiously sued for peace. But Zhixiang was in no hurry to make a deal with him: “You should first lift the siege and withdraw your troops.” A few days later, a Nanzhao envoy came again. He shuttled ten times between Shilong and Zhixiang in the same day, trying to work out an agreement, but to no avail. With the Tang reinforcement fast approaching Chengdu, Shilong knew that time was working against him. His soldiers intensified attacks on the city. Shilong was so desperate to complete the campaign that he risked his life and personally supervised operations on the front line. But it was too late. On the eighteenth day, the Tang rescue forces converged on Chengdu and engaged their enemy. That night, Shilong decided to abort his campaign.

1484:

Nanzhao could proceed. Shilong responded positively to the Tang proposal and sent an envoy to fetch Zhixiang to Nanzhao for further negotiation. Unfortunately, a piece of misinformation derailed Zhixiang’s plan. The Tang soldiers believed that reinforcement had arrived at the suburbs of Chengdu to rescue them. They opened the city gate and dashed out to greet the relief troops. This sudden event puzzled the Nanzhao generals, who mistook it for a Tang attack and ordered a counteroffensive. Tangled fighting broke out in the morning and lasted into dusk. Nanzhao’s action also puzzled Zhixiang. He questioned Shilong’s envoy: “The Son of Heaven has decreed that Nanzhao make peace , but your soldiers have just raided Chengdu. Why?” He then requested withdrawal of the Nanzhao soldiers as the prerequisite for his visit to Shilong. Zhixiang eventually canceled his visit. His subordinates convinced him that the visit would subject him to mortal danger because the “barbarians are deceitful.” This cancellation only convinced Shilong that Tang lacked sincerity in seeking peace. He resumed attacks on Chengdu but could not score a decisive victory.

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Lu Dan had earlier handpicked were particularly brave and skillful in battle. They killed and wounded some 2,000 enemy soldiers and burned three thousand pieces of war equipment. After the frontal attacks failed, the Nanzhao troops changed their tactics. They dismantled the bamboo fences of nearby residential houses, wet them with water, and shaped them into a huge cage that could ward off stones, arrows, and fire. They then put this “bamboo tank” on logs and rolled it near the foot of the city wall. Hiding themselves in the cage, they started digging a tunnel. But the Tang soldiers also had a novel weapon waiting for them. They filled jars with human waste and threw them at the attackers. The foul smell made the cage an impossible place to hide and work. Jars filled with molten iron then fell on the cage, turning it into a giant furnace. The invaders, however, refused to give up. They escalated their operations by night attacks. In response, the Tang soldiers lit up the city wall with a thousand torches, thus effectively foiling the enemy’s plan.

1218:

ordered the wives of the four rulers to search for their husband’s bones and take them home. At first, Cishan, the wife of the ruler of Dengdan, could not find the bones of her husband, but she located them by searching for the iron bracelet that asked her husband wear on his arm. The ruler of Nanzhao marvelled at her intelligence and strongly desired to take her as his wife. Cishan replied saying, “I have not buried my deceased husband yet, so how could I dare think of marrying again so quickly?”, and then she shut tight her city gates. The Nanzhao army encircled the city, and all inside died of starvation after three months after completely exhausting their food supplies. Cishan declared, “I am going to report the injustice done to my husband to Heaven (Shangdi 上帝).” Horrified by this, the ruler of Nanzhao repented, and extolled her city as the “source of virtue”.

1406:, was wounded by an arrow while strutting to and fro naked outside the southern walls. On 14 February, Cai Xi shot down 200 Puzi and over 30 horses using a mounted crossbow from the walls. By 28 February, most of Cai Xi's followers had perished, and he himself had been wounded several times by arrows and stones. The Nanzhao commander, Yang Sijin, penetrated the inner city. Cai Xi tried to escape by boat, but it capsized midstream, drowning him. The 400 remaining defenders wanted to flee as well, but could not find any boats, so they chose to make a last stand at the eastern gate. Ambushing a group of Nanzhao cavalry, they killed over 2,000 Nanzhao troops and 300 horses before Yang sent reinforcements from the inner city. After taking Songping, Nanzhao laid siege to Junzhou (modern 1628: 1451:

and reported him to the throne. The court sent another general named Wang Yanqian to replace Gao. In the meantime, Gao had been reinforced by 7,000 men who arrived overland under the command of Wei Zhongzai. In early 866, Gao's 12,000 men defeated a fresh Nanzhao army and chased them back to the mountains. He then laid siege to Songping but had to leave command due to the arrival of Li Weizhou and Wang Yanqian. He was later reinstated after sending his aid, Zeng Gun, who went to the capital as his representative and explained his circumstances. Gao completed the retaking of Annan in fall 866, executing the enemy general, Duan Qiuqian, and beheading 30,000 of his men.

87: 1592:. Longshun did not give up on the marriage however. In 883 he sent a delegation to Chengdu to fetch the Princess of Anhua. They brought with them one hundred rugs and carpets as betrothal gifts. The Nanzhao delegation was detained for two years due to a dispute in ceremony and failed to bring back the princess. In 897 Longshun was murdered by one of his own ministers. His successor, Shunhua, sent envoys to the Tang requesting restoration of friendly relations, but by this time the Tang emperor was merely a puppet figurehead of more powerful military governors. No response returned. 1807: 1201:) to convince the Tang court to support him in uniting the Six Zhaos. Piluoge then made a surprise attack on Dengdan and defeated the forces of both Mieluopi and the ruler of Shilang, Shiwangqian. The zhao of Yuexi was annexed when its ruler, Bochong, was murdered by his wife's lover, Zhangxunqiu. Zhangxunqiu was summoned by the Tang court and beaten to death. The territory of Yuexi was bestowed to Piluoge. Bochong's son, Yuzeng, fled and resisted Nanzhao's expansion for some time before he was defeated by Piluoge's son, Geluofeng, and drowned in the 2051: 1755:... the ethnic identity of the Nanzhao rulers is still a matter for lively discussion (see Qi 1987), and the Yunnan origin of the Yi is disputed by those who think they came from the Northwest. With regard to the latter issue, a recent article by Chen Tianjun (1985) demonstrates even more clearly than Ma Changshou's book the power of the five-stage and Morganian historical schemes. According to Chen, the origin of the Yi goes back further, to the San Miao of classical History, who were always fighting against the Xia dynasty (C.2200-1600 B.C.E.). 1410:). A Nanzhao and rebel fleet of 4,000 men led by a native chieftain named Zhu Daogu (朱道古) was attacked by a local commander, who rammed their vessels and sank 30 boats, drowning them. In total, the invasion destroyed Chinese armies in Annan numbering over 150,000. Although initially welcomed by the locals in ousting Tang control, Nanzhao turned on them, ravaging the local population and countryside. Both Chinese and Vietnamese sources note that the Annanese locals fled to the mountains to avoid destruction. A 2042:, and also worshiped gods of nature: fire, hills, trees, rocks, water, earth, sky, wind and forests. Bimoists also worship dragons, believed to be protectors from bad spirits that cause illness, poor harvests and other misfortunes. Bimoists believe in multiple souls. At death, one soul remains to watch the grave while the other is eventually reincarnated into some living form. After someone dies they sacrifice a pig or sheep at the doorway to maintain relationship with the deceased spirit. 1176:

Shihe and captured Shigepi, Piluoge himself struck at Shiqiao and prevented reinforcements from Shilang from interfering with what appear to have been the main operations. For having occupied Shihe, Piluoge was well placed to attack the Xier He people of the Dali Plain. Once again victory was his, though some of the conquered people managed to escape and make their way North, where they eventually came under the rule of the Jianlang Zhao at Jian Chuan, which will be mentioned in due course.

1569: 988: 432: 94: 5635: 1011: 1921: 1003: 1674: 1265:. The Tibetans retaliated in 799 but were repelled by a joint Tang-Nanzhao force. In 801 Nanzhao and Tang forces defeated a contingent of Tibetan and Abbasid slave soldiers. More than 10,000 Tibetan soldiers were killed and some 6,000 captured. Nanzhao captured seven Tibetan cities and five military garrisons while more than a hundred fortifications were destroyed. This defeat shifted the balance of power in favor of the Tang and Nanzhao. 1310:

Nanzhao delegations followed and continued until the end of Emperor Wuzong’s reign in 846. During these sixteen years, Nanzhao progressed rapidly in state building. Through its students dispatched to Yizhou, Nanzhao borrowed heavily from Tang administrative practice. There was much building of public works and a great expansion of monasteries. Nanzhao also expanded its realm to the Indochina peninsula. They invaded

5647: 1909: 1261:. His successor, Yimouxun, continued the pro-Tibetan policy. In 779, Yimouxun participated in a large Tibetan attack on the Tang dynasty. However the burden of having to support every single Tibetan military campaign against the Tang soon weighed on him. In 794, he severed ties with Tibet and switched sides to the Tang. In 795, Yimouxun attacked a Tibetan stronghold in 1213:). Located in the heart of the Erhai valley, the site was ideal: it could be easily defended against attack and it was in the midst of rich farmland. Under the reign of Piluoge, the White Mywa were removed from eastern Yunnan and resettled in the west. The Black and White Mywa were separated to create a more solidified caste system of ministers and warriors. 1858:

forcibly moved the White Barbarians (Baiman 白蠻) of the Mi River 瀰河 together with other peoples, such as the Luoluo 羅落 and Mosuo 麽些, to populate the region and then renamed it Chengji Dan 成偈賧 (later Shanju prefecture 善巨郡)... The Duan family 段氏 of the Dali kingdom changed the name to Chengji Zhen 成紀鎮 in 1048 (Qingli 8) and appointed Gao Dahui 高大惠 to govern...

2119:

Jiajing reign period (1522–1566). According to tradition, seven holy monks 聖僧 constructed Biaoleng Temple during the Nanzhao kingdom period. A stele dated 1430 (Xuande 5) records that Zhao Yanzhen 趙彥貞 from a local family of officials renovated Longhua Temple (flourished during the Nanzhao to Dali kingdom periods) after its destruction by the Ming army.

2295: 2211: 2259: 2223: 2331: 2235: 2319: 2247: 2307: 2283: 2271: 2199: 2187: 1152:'s protection. The Tang emperor appointed Xinuluo as prefect of Weizhou, sent him an embroidered official robe, and sent troops to defeat rebellious tribes in 672, thus enhancing Xinuluou's position. Xinuluo was succeeded by his son, Luoshengyan, who travelled to Chang'an to make tribute to the Tang. In 704, the 1371:. When Li Hu led an army to retake Bozhou, the Đỗ family gathered 30,000 men, including contingents from Nanzhao to attack the Tang. When Li Hu returned, he learned the Vietnamese rebels and Nanzhao had taken control over Annan out of his hand. In December 860, Songping fell to the rebels and Hu fled to 1545:

From Emperor Yizong’s time , the barbarians sacked Annan and Yongzhou twice, marched into Qianzhong once, and raided Xichuan four times. Over these fifteen years, recruiting soldiers for and transporting supplies to have exhausted the entire country. As the lion’s share of taxes did not reach the

1478:

The battle for Chengdu was brutal and protracted. The Nanzhao soldiers used scaling ladders and battering rams to attack the city from four directions. The Tang defenders used hooks and robes to immobilize the attackers before showering them with oil and setting them on fire. The 3,000 commandos that

1208:

In the year 737 AD, Piluoge (皮羅閣) united the Six Zhaos in succession, establishing a new kingdom called Nanzhao (Southern Zhao). In 738, the Tang granted Piluoge the Chinese-style name Meng Guiyi ("return to righteousness") and the title of "Prince of Yunnan". Piluoge set up a new capital at Taihe in

1652:

Nanzhao society was separated into two distinct castes: the administrative White Mywa living in western Yunnan, and the militaristic Black Mywa in eastern Yunnan. The rulers of Nanzhao were from the Mengshe tribe of the Black Mywa. Nanzhao modelled its government on the Tang dynasty with ministries

1507:

Your ancestor once served the Tibetans as a slave. The Tibetans should be your foes. Instead you have turned yourself into a Tibetan subject. How could you not even differentiate kindness from enmity? As for the hall of the former Lord of Shu, it is a treasure from the previous dynasty, not a place

1483:

Fierce battles in Chengdu had now lasted over a month. Zhixiang, the Tang envoy, believed that it was time to send a messenger to contact Shilong and let him know that peace was in the interest of both parties. He instructed Lu Dan to stop new initiatives against the enemy so that a peace talk with

1175:

Shige/gupi of Shilang was garrisoning the fort of Shihe, which, it will be recalled, was a little East of the present Xiaguan, at the Southern entrance to the Dali Plain. Shilang forces also occupied the fort of Shiqiao at the Southern end of the Tiancang Shan. While Yan Zhenghui and Geluofeng took

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began expanding his realm in the early 730s. He first annexed the neighboring zhao of Mengsui, whose ruler, Zhaoyuan, was blind. Piluoge supported Zhaoyuan's son, Yuanluo, in his accession, and in turn weakened Mengsui. After Zhaoyuan was assassinated, Piluoge drove Yuanluo from Mengsui and annexed

1488:

The situation in Chengdu changed in favor of the defenders when Yan Qingfu, military governor of Jiannan East Circuit (Jiannan dongchuan), coordinated a rescue operation. On the eleventh day of the second month, Yan’s troops arrived at Xindu (present-day Xindu County), which was some 22 kilometers

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in the north. In September 865, Gao's 5,000 troops surprised a Nanzhao army of 50,000 while they were collecting rice from the villages and routed them. Gao captured large quantities of rice, which he used to feed his army. A jealous governor, Li Weizhou, accused Gao of stalling to meet the enemy,

1273:

During the reign of Quanlongcheng (r.809-816), the ruler behaved without constraint, and was killed by Wang Cuodian, a powerful governor. The military generals in Nanzhao had become powerful after the victory in Tibet. Wang Cuodian installed a puppet ruler Quanlisheng. However, Quanlisheng quickly

1131:

In 649, the chieftain of the Mengshe tribe, Xinuluo (細奴邏, Senola), son of Jiadupang and grandson of Shelong, founded the Great Meng (大蒙) and took the title of Qijia Wang (奇嘉王; "Outstanding King"). He acknowledged Tang suzerainty. In 652, Xinuluo absorbed the White Mywa realm of Zhang Lejinqiu, who

1765:

The Bai people also trace their ancestry to Nanzhao and the Dali Kingdom, but records from those kingdoms do not mention Bai. "Bai barbarians" or "Bo people" were mentioned during the Tang dynasty and it is suspected that they might be the same name using different transcriptions; Bai and Bo were

1736:

In the histories of the Period of Division (311–589), as well as the Cuan kingdoms of the Sui-Tang period (581–907), are thought to have been ruled by the ancestors of today’s Yi, and at least one faction in an ongoing debate considers the Nanzhao kingdom, which ruled Yunnan and surrounding areas

1309:

In the same year of 830, Nanzhao renewed contact with Tang. The next year, at the request of Li Deyu, Nanzhao released more than four thousand prisoners of war, including Buddhist monks, Daoist priests, and artisans, who had been captured during the Yizhou incident. Frequent visits to Chang’an by

1664:

dominated society also traditionally hold it to be a slave society because of how central the institution was to Yi culture. The prevalence of the slave culture was so great that sometimes children were named after the quality and quantity of slaves they owned or their parents wished to own. For

1643:

Nanzhao had an elite vanguard unit called the Luojuzi, which means tiger sons, that served as full-time soldiers. For every hundred soldiers, the strongest one was chosen for service in the Luojuzi. They were outfitted with red helmets, leather armour, and bronze shields, but went barefoot. Only

1857:

Beisheng originally formed part of the territory occupied by an ethnic group known to Chinese dynasties as the Shi barbarians (Shiman 施蠻). The Nanzhao King, Yimouxun 異牟尋 (reigned 779–808), opened the area during the Zhenyuan period (785 to 804) of the Tang and named it Beifang Dan 北方賧. Yimouxun

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The Three Pagoda Temple 三塔寺 controlled the Ranggong Chapel 讓公庵, which the Gao family constructed during the Nanzhao kingdom period. Friends of the famous Neo-Confucian scholar Li Yuanyang 李元陽 (1497–1580) supported the chapel by donating funds to buy farm land for its maintenance as late as the

1217:

During the Kaiyuan reign period (713–741), the ruler of Nanzhao, desired to annex the other four polities to create a kingdom, so he invited the four rulers to a banquet to celebrate the xinghui festival 星回節 on the sixteenth day of the twelfth lunar month. He set fire to the building, and then

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in 593 and were destroyed by a retaliatory expedition in 602. The Cuan split into two groups known as the Black and White Mywa. The White Mywa (Baiman) tribes, who are considered the predecessors of the Bai people, settled on the fertile land of western Yunnan around the alpine fault lake

1293:, but withdrew the following year. Wang Cuodian's invasion was not to take Sichuan but to push its territorial boundaries north and take the resources south of Chengdu. The advance of Nanzhaos' army was almost unopposed; the attack took advantage of chaos created in Sichuan by its 1233:

Piluoge died in 748, and was succeeded by his son Geluofeng (閣羅鳳). When the Chinese prefect of Yunnan attempted to rob Nanzhao envoys in 750, Geluofeng attacked, killing the prefect and seizing nearby Tang territory. In retaliation, the Tang governor of Jiannan (modern

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and Annan. Shilong also killed Wang Cuodian. To recruit for his wars, Shilong ordered all men over the age 15 to join the army. Anti-Tang locals allied with highland people, who appealed to Nanzhao for help, and as a result invaded the area in 860, briefly taking

1458:, there were probably a quite large number of indigenous Tai-speaking people in Northern Vietnam that threw their support for Nanzhao against the Chinese, and when the Chinese came back in 864, many Tai people were also victims of following Chinese suppression. 1242:. Duan Jianwei's grave is two kilometres west of Xiaguan, and the Tomb of Ten Thousand Soldiers is located in Tianbao Park. In 754, another Tang army of 100,000 soldiers, led by General Li Mi (李宓), approached the kingdom from the north, but never made it past 1170:

banded together against Piluoge, who thwarted them with an alliance with the Tang dynasty. Not long after 733, the Tang official Yan Zhenghui cooperated with Piluoge in a successful attack on the zhao of Shilang, and rewarded the Mengshe rulers with titles.

1846:峨昌. In addition, reportedly, seven ethnic groups, i.e., the Baiman, Luoluo, Mosuo, Dongmen 冬門, Xunding 尋丁 and Echang, were forcibly moved here from the Kunmi River 昆彌河 (today’s Miju River 彌苴河 in Dengchuan) by Nanzhao King Yimouxun 異牟尋 (reigned 779–808). 1274:

took power back three years later before he was himself replaced by Quanfengyou, with the aid of the generals. Quanfengyou and Wang Cuodian, who remained a powerful general, were instrumental in the expansion of Nanzhao territory. Nanzhao expanded into

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where he defeated them in a decisive battle, captured their armored horses, and executed 50 tribal leaders. He proposed to the court an invasion of Nanzhao with 60,000 troops. His proposal was rejected. Nanzhao forces were driven from the

1040: 1798:. Scriptures dated to the Nanzhao period used the Bai language. According to Stevan Harrell, while the ethnic identity of Nanzhao's ruling elite is still disputed, the subsequent Yang and Duan dynasties were both definitely Bai. 1156:

made the White Mywa tribes into tributaries, whilst subjugating the Black Mywa. In 713, Luoshengyan was succeeded by his son, Shengluopi, who was also on good terms with the Tang. He was succeeded by his son, Piluoge, in 733.

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capital , the treasury and the palace storehouses were emptied. Soldiers died of tropical diseases. Poverty turned commoners into robbers and thieves. Land in central China lay waste. This is all due to the war with Nanzhao.

2137:. According to Azhali practices among the Bai people, acharyas were allowed to marry and have children. The position of acharya was hereditary. The acharyas became state mentors in Nanzhao and held great influence until the 1644:

wounds to the front were allowed and if they suffered any wounds to their back, they were executed. Their commander was called Luojuzuo. The king's personal guards, known as the Zhunuquju, were recruited from the Luojuzi.

2070:

named Candragupta entered Nanzhao. Quanfengyou appointed him as a state mentor and married his sister Yueying to Candragupta. It was said that he meditated in a thatched cottage of Fengding Mountain in the east of

1192:

also joined in the attack on Shilang: Dengdan ruled by Mieluopi and Langqiong ruled by Duoluowang. Piluoge moved to eliminate these competitors by bribing Wang Yu, the military commissioner of Jiannan (modern

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Howard, Angela F. "The Dhāraṇī pillar of Kunming, Yunnan: A legacy of esoteric Buddhism and burial rites of the Bai people in the kingdom of Dali, 937–1253", Artibus Asiae 57, 1997, pp. 33-72 (see pp. 43–44).

1707:

Leading families around the Nanzhao capital adopted Chinese surnames such as Yang, Li, Zhao, Dong, and claimed Han Chinese ancestry; however, the rulers instead presented themselves as Ailao descendants from

1821:

Before the early Ming, northwest Yunnan was mainly populated by non-Han ethnic peoples. Ethnic peoples recorded as residing in mountainous or semimountainous parts of Beisheng sub-prefecture included the

1523:

In 875, Gao Pian was appointed by the Tang to lead defenses against Nanzhao. He ordered all the refugees in Chengdu to return home. Gao led a force of 5,000 and chased the remaining Nanzhao troops to the

2003:, which means 'master of scriptures', who officiate at births, funerals, weddings and holidays. One can become bimo by patrilinial descent after a time of apprenticeship or formally acknowledging an old 1122:

Among them, Mengshe zhao was recorded as Ma Shizi ( ꂷꏂꌅ ma shy nzy ) in Yi classics, which means "King of Golden Bamboo". Because it is located in the south, Mengshe was called Nanzhao or southern Zhao.

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Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Vol I: Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route

4640: 1205:. Piluoge's step-grandson grew jealous of the preeminence of his step-father, Geluofeng, and sought to create his own zhao by allying with the Tibetan Empire. His plans leaked out and he was killed. 1103:, settled in the mountainous regions of eastern Yunnan. These tribes were called Mengshe (蒙舍), Mengxi (蒙嶲), Langqiong (浪穹), Tengtan (邆賧), Shilang (施浪), and Yuexi (越析). Each tribe was known as a 5299: 2087:, and engaged in water conservancy projects. He left for his homeland later on and possibly went to Tibet to propagate his teachings. When he returned to Nanzhao, he built Wuwei Temple. 1246:. By the end of 754, Geluofeng had established an alliance with the Tibetans against the Tang that would last until 794. In the same year, Nanzhao gained control of the salt marshes of 1900:

The earliest Bamar kings practiced the same patronymic naming tradition that the Nanzhao kings practiced: the last part of a father's name is used as the first part of the son's name.

1653:(nine instead of six) and imperial examinations. However the system of governance and rule in Nanzhao was essentially feudal. Sons of the Nanzhao aristocracy visited the Tang capital, 1386:

in mid-January. On 20 January, the defenders led by Cai Xi killed a hundred of the besiegers. Five days later, Cai Xi captured, tortured, and killed a group of besiegers known as the

1948:

that worshiped local lords and deities. The Benzhu lords are spirits of people that died under special circumstances and are not hierarchically organized. Archaeological findings in

1665:

example: Lurbbu (many slaves), Lurda (strong slaves), Lurshy (commander of slaves), Lurnji (origin of slaves), Lurpo (slave lord), Lurha, (hundred slaves), Jjinu (lots of slaves).

1580:

Shilong's successor, Longshun, entered negotiations with the Tang for a marriage alliance, which was agreed to in 880. The marriage alliance never came to fruition owing to the

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History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting

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in Upper Burma) in 832 and brought back three thousand prisoners of war; shortly after, in 835, they subdued Michen (near the mouth of the Ayeyarwady River in lower Burma).

1603:(大長和, 902–928). In 928, a White Mywa noble, Yang Ganzhen (Jianchuan Jiedushi), aided the chief minister, Zhao Shanzheng, in overthrowing the Zheng family and establishing 1681: 4259: 3918: 599: 585: 560: 1107:. In academia, the ethnic composition of the Nanzhao kingdom's population has been debated for a century. Some non-Chinese scholars subscribed to the theory that the 5344: 1382:

Shilong attacked Annan again in 863, occupying it for three years. With the aid of locals, Nanzhao invaded with an army of 50,000 and besieged Annan's capital

1238:), Xianyu Zhongtong, attacked Nanzhao with an army of 80,000 soldiers in 751. He was defeated by Duan Jianwei (段俭魏) with heavy losses (many due to disease) at 2054:

Extract of Nanzhao Tujuan scroll - the Nanzhao Buddhists are depicted as light skinned whereas the non-Buddhists are depicted as rebellious short brown people

1474:, who kidnapped Dongman tribesmen and sold them to other tribes. When the Nanzhao attacked Xizhou, the Dongman tribe opened the gates and welcomed them in. 4327: 3123: 4486:

The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages

4119: 3969: 2062:(Acharya), founded around 821-824 by a monk from India called Li Xian Maishun. More monks from India arrived in 825 and 828 and built a temple in 5615: 5577: 1398:. Description about them is indefinite). A local official named Liang Ke was related to them, and defected as a result. On 28 January, a Nanzhao 4632:

An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East

1466:

In 869, Shilong attacked Chengdu with the help of the Dongman tribe. The Dongman used to be an ally of the Tang during their wars against the

5582: 4166: 5688: 1604: 5424: 2114:, the Nanzhao Buddhist elite are depicted with light skin whereas the people who oppose Buddhism are depicted as short and dark skinned. 2141:

in the 13th century, during which the acharyas called upon various peoples to resist the Mongol rulers and later the Chinese during the

1140:. This event occurred peacefully as Zhang made way for Xinuluo of his own accord. The agreement was consecrated under an iron pillar in 5553: 1608: 830: 1968:

shows offerings to heaven occurring around one. The Bai people have female shamans and share a worship of white stones similar to the

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show that the ruling elite used Chinese script. Scriptures from Nanzhao unearthed in the 1950s show that it was written in the

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suitable for occupancy by you remote barbarians. has angered the deities as well as the common people. Your days are numbered!

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in 859, when the Nanzhao king Shilong treated Tang envoys sent to receive his condolences with contempt, and launched raids on

5232: 5055: 4951: 4867: 4812: 4745: 4692: 4669: 4557: 4474: 4432: 4187: 4029: 3664: 3145: 3001: 1786:(begun in 104 BC). The earliest references to "Bai people", or the "Bo", in connection to the people of Yunnan are from the 1051:

Nanzhao encompassed many ethnic and linguistic groups. Some historians believe that the majority of the population were the

1039: 4233: 4145: 3215: 1748: 1627: 1144:. Thereafter the Black and White Mywa acted as warriors and ministers respectively. In 655, Xinuluo sent his eldest son to 4963:

Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800 (Oxford Studies in Early Empires)

2933: 1305:, saying that Nanzhao had remained a loyal tributary and was only punishing Du Yuanying at the request of Tang soldiers. 5683: 5121: 5033: 1087: 17: 5197: 5083: 5006: 4988: 4932: 4893: 4840: 4784: 4620: 4596: 4243: 4103: 3953: 3225: 3168: 3026: 2970: 2943: 2919: 2911: 1341: 1960:

drums in return for wealth and health. The use of iron pillars for rituals seems to have been retained into the

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Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies)

4650: 2149:

banned the dissemination of Azhali Buddhism for a time before setting up an office to administer the religion.

1782: 1555: 1375:. In summer 861, Li Hu retook Songping but Nanzhao forces moved around and seized Yongzhou. Hu was banished to 908: 654: 4277: 4331: 3193: 1301:. Bilateral relations between Nanzhao and Tang became delicate, as Wang Cuodian refused to step retreat from 668: 311: 431: 5336: 1367:

before being driven out by a Tang army the next year. Prior to Li Hu's arrival, Nanzhao had already seized

1250:, which it used to regulate the salt to its people, a practice that would continue during the reign of the 5673: 5500: 5269: 1355: 4588: 1500: 5243: 1969: 128: 101: 3735: 1332:

In the 830s, they conquered the neighboring kingdoms of Kunlun to the east and Nuwang to the south.

2138: 1302: 1090:

in 225. By the fourth century they had gained control of the region, but they rebelled against the

31: 2965:(3, illustrated ed.). the University of California: Lonely Planet Publications. p. 705. 2179: 5651: 4776: 4162: 3082:"Cuan Culture in Yunnan – Yunnan Exploration: Yunnan Travel, Yunnan Trip, Yunnan Tours 2020/2021" 2142: 4390:

Megan Bryson, "Mahākāla worship in the Dali kingdom (937-1253) – A study and translation of the

3081: 5349: 5262: 4576: 3124:"The Faded Buddhist Country: A Brief History of Ancient Yunnan Constitution | by 山滇之城 | Medium" 2960: 1607:(大天興, 928–929). The new regime lasted only a year before Zhao was killed by Yang, who created 5414: 5043: 4466: 2039: 1817:

The Nanzhao king Yimouxun (r. 779-808) conducted forced resettlement of several ethnicities.

756: 3890: 5181:

Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE)

5168:

Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE)

5155:

Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE)

3102: 1806: 4203:"Masters of Psalmody (Bimo): Scriptural shamanism in Southwestern China, by Aurélie Névot" 1704:

but Nanzhao does not seem to have ever attempted to standardize or popularize the script.

8: 5605: 5404: 5078:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center distributed by Harvard University Press. 3904: 2083:. Candragupta continued to propagate tantric doctrines, translated the tantric scripture 1470:

in the 790s. Their service was rewarded with mistreatment by Yu Shizhen, the governor of

1411: 1403: 779: 139: 4425:

The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History

5698: 4609: 4113: 3963: 2110:. The last king of Nanzhao established Buddhism as the official state religion. In the 2050: 944: 5620: 5460: 5432: 5228: 5193: 5117: 5098: 5079: 5051: 5029: 5002: 4984: 4947: 4928: 4889: 4863: 4836: 4808: 4780: 4741: 4688: 4665: 4646: 4616: 4592: 4581: 4553: 4470: 4428: 4239: 4099: 3949: 3660: 3221: 3217:

Religious and Ethnic Revival in a Chinese Minority: The Bai People of Southwest China

3164: 3022: 2966: 2939: 2915: 2907: 1823: 1751:, the Yi people claim direct descent from Xinuluo, the founder of Mengshe (Nanzhao). 1345: 856:ໜານເຈົ້າ, ນ່ານເຈົ້າ, ນ່ານເຈົ່າ, ໜອງແສ (/nǎːn.tɕâw, nāːn.tɕâw, nāːn.tɕāw, nɔ̌ːŋ.sɛ̌ː/) 397: 366: 4757:

The Kingdoms of Nanzhong China's Southwest Border Region Prior to the Eighth Century

4407:

Thant Myint-U, Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia, Part 3

4202: 3876: 2156:, which has survived to this day at Jianchuan and neighboring areas. The worship of 5693: 5409: 4502: 4210: 2165: 1811: 1351: 1239: 1119:. The historiography of the origins of Nanzhao people has attracted much interest. 1072: 735: 691: 386: 236: 119: 49: 1776: 1513:

Niu Cong, military governor of Chengdu, in response to the Nanzhao invasion of 873

5639: 5543: 5537: 5455: 5308: 5048:

Language policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and practice since 1949

4922: 4170: 1984: 1953: 1874: 1709: 1599:), Zheng Maisi, murdered the royal family and usurped the throne, renaming it to 1530: 1359: 1315: 1283: 1279: 5510: 5176: 5163: 5150: 4662:

The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium

4377:

Megan Bryson, "Baijie and the Bai: Gender and Ethnic Religion in Dali, Yunnan",

3983: 1541:. This effectively ended Nanzhao's expansionist campaigns. Shilong died in 877. 5572: 5530: 5516: 5470: 5354: 4877: 3503: 2180:

Gallery of Nanzhao rulers from the Kingdom of Dali Buddhist Volume of Paintings

1632: 1499:

Nanzhao invaded again in 874 and reached within 70 km of Chengdu, seizing

1467: 1258: 1247: 1153: 1064: 948: 889: 881: 712: 477: 469: 408: 300: 62: 4506: 795: 5667: 5566: 5384: 4680: 4420: 4093: 3943: 2169: 2161: 2146: 2107: 2072: 2063: 1936:

Almost nothing is known about pre-Buddhist religion in Nanzhao. According to

1913: 1890: 1843: 1447: 1443: 1399: 1141: 1137: 871: 863: 816: 344: 247: 214: 205: 5177:"Chapter 5: Sinicization and Indigenization: The Emergence of the Yunnanese" 987: 5588: 5364: 5359: 4542:

The Great Kingdom of Eternal Peace: Buddhist Kingship in Tenth-Century Dali

4533:

Goddess on the Frontier: Religion, Ethnicity, and Gender in Southwest China

2103: 1961: 1937: 1878: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1701: 1697: 1690: 1616: 1251: 1210: 1149: 1076: 952: 849: 698: 592: 473: 194: 4765:

The Lancang Guard and the Construction of Ming society in northwest Yunnan

5523: 5389: 5369: 5151:"Chapter 3: Military Campaigns against Yunnan: A Cross-Regional Analysis" 2173: 1831: 1654: 1612: 1422:

and all other armies of the Tang empire were called and concentrating at

1415: 1298: 1145: 1091: 936: 183: 150: 5321: 5190:

Bóyángbǎn Tōngjiàn jìshìběnmò 28 dìèrcìhuànguánshídài 柏楊版通鑑記事本末28第二次宦官時代

2102:. The Nanzhao king Quanfengyou commissioned Chinese architects from the 2075:, and became an "enlightened God." He established an altar to propagate 1677:

A poem written in Square Bai script on the Shanhua tablet (山花碑), 15th c.

5548: 5447: 5399: 5374: 5326: 5316: 4569:

Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire: A Documentary History

2935:

Mystifying China's Southwest Ethnic Borderlands: Harmonious Heterotopia

1956:

were offered to the Benzhu lords around a metal pillar with the aid of

1941: 1835: 1725: 1581: 1525: 1503:, however they ultimately retreated, being unable to take the capital. 1423: 1311: 1202: 1133: 1108: 1096: 1063:(then known as the "Black Man"), but that the elite spoke a variant of 1052: 1010: 992: 1002: 5610: 5483: 5379: 4215: 2153: 2091: 2080: 1992: 1988: 1945: 1839: 1721: 1686: 1673: 1661: 1600: 1589: 1537:, in 877 by a local military force organized by the Yang family from 1395: 1243: 1100: 1060: 964: 578: 458: 291: 280: 5017:

The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 3, Sui and T'ang China, 589–906

3657:

Stories from an Ancient Land: Perspectives on Wa History and Culture

1920: 93: 5478: 5394: 4738:

Amid the Clouds and Mist China's Colonization of Guizhou, 1200–1700

2134: 2130: 2099: 2095: 1810:

Carving of Yimouxun (r. 779-808) from the Shizhongshan Grottoes in

1439: 1419: 1407: 1383: 1364: 1294: 1112: 487: 322: 225: 4607:

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006).

1595:

In 902, the dynasty came to a bloody end when the chief minister (

835: 5295: 2503: 2157: 2067: 1980: 1925: 1894: 1882: 1585: 1534: 1471: 1372: 1290: 1275: 1262: 1235: 1209:

739, (the site of modern-day Taihe village, a few miles south of

1198: 1194: 1160: 1083: 1015: 629: 625: 565: 375: 5495: 5254: 4552:. Translated by Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 2058:

Buddhism practiced in Nanzhao and the Dali Kingdom was known as

1414:

for the protectorate was established in Haimen (near modern-day

5559: 5489: 5285: 4235:

Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia

3021:. Indiana University: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 195. 2076: 2059: 1996: 1957: 1949: 1729: 1720:

The ethnicity of Nanzhao's ruling elite is not clear. Both the

1551: 1538: 1427: 1376: 1099:. The Black Mywa (Wuman), considered to be predecessors of the 1056: 996: 956: 355: 271: 260: 161: 110: 5067:

Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War

2133:

or esoteric Buddhism. Acharya itself means guru or teacher in

1394:(according to some historians, the Puzi were ancestors of the 761: 5505: 3459: 1886: 1827: 1368: 960: 617: 333: 5225:

The Nan-chao Kingdom and T'ang China's Southwestern Frontier

4396:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

3505:

The role of Nanzhao history in the formation of Bai identity

3375: 2038:

The Yi worshiped and deified their ancestors similar to the

1908: 1257:

Geluofeng accepted a Tibetan title and acted as part of the

1111:

was a major component and later moved south into modern-day

2958: 2172:

in what is today Myanmar, as well as Tibet and Bengal (see

2168:. Nanzhao likely had strong religious connections with the 1426:

for reconquering Annan. A supply fleet of 1,000 ships from

1319: 1116: 621: 4720:

History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824

1639:. Bare-footed warriors, possibly the Luojuzi on the right. 4944:

Bóyángbǎn Zīzhìtōngjiàn 54 huánghòu shīzōng 柏楊版資治通鑑54皇后失蹤

4914:

The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A study of T'ang Exotics

4805:

The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb

3285: 3258: 1075:. Scriptures unearthed from Nanzhao were written in the 4493:

Blackmore, M. (1960). "The Rise of Nan-Chao in Yunnan".

3693: 3691: 3678: 3676: 3638: 3636: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3594: 3592: 3523: 3483: 3471: 3338: 3336: 3135: 3133: 3064: 3062: 2027:

only perform some exorcism to cure diseases. Generally,

1354:. Relations with the Tang broke down after the death of 943:) was a dynastic kingdom that flourished in what is now 4310: 4308: 3763: 3761: 3567: 3565: 3552: 3550: 3447: 3423: 3365: 3363: 3321: 3297: 3246: 3234: 2991: 2989: 1774:

in the Tang period. The name Bo was first cited in the

4094:

Ann Heirman, Carmen Meinert, Christoph Anderl (2018).

4005: 3995: 3993: 3944:

Ann Heirman, Carmen Meinert, Christoph Anderl (2018).

3577: 3275: 3273: 1881:(Burmese people), who originally lived in present-day 951:

during the 8th and 9th centuries, during the mid/late

5097:. University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies. 4773:

Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present

4175: 4017: 3833: 3773: 3703: 3688: 3673: 3633: 3616: 3589: 3399: 3333: 3130: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3018:

Exploring nationalisms of China: themes and conflicts

2023:

can perform rituals linked to death. For most cases,

1442:, a general who had made his reputation fighting the 1187: 1165: 717: 703: 4611:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

4338: 4305: 4126: 4048: 3857: 3845: 3758: 3604: 3562: 3547: 3360: 2986: 1350:

In 846, Nanzhao raided the southern Tang circuit of

5244:"Theravada Buddhism and Shan/Thai/Dai/Laos Regions" 4729:

Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492

4606: 4350: 4096:

Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia

4036: 3990: 3946:

Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia

3925: 3821: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3746: 3715: 3535: 3435: 3411: 3387: 3348: 3309: 3270: 423:

Nanzhao and contemporary Asian polities, circa 800.

5116:. United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc. 4608: 4580: 3042: 1794:using Chinese characters was mentioned during the 1584:rebellion. By the end of 880 the rebels had taken 5133:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan 2035:can be of both aristocratic and humble families. 5665: 5050:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 278–287. 4826:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 4454:The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China 3014: 800: 784: 5616:Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas 4835:, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 4687:(3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. 2015:are more revered and can read Yi scripts while 1518: 1438:The Tang launched a counterattack in 864 under 991:The Nanzhao Dragon on Nanzhao Folklore Island, 4548:Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). 4368:India China Encyclopedia Vol. 1 (2014), p. 151 4302:India China Encyclopedia Vol. 1 (2014), p. 256 3911: 1780:(c. 241 and 238 BC) and appeared again in the 1737:after 740, to have been a Yi-dominated polity. 5270: 4833:The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South 4283:. Federal Ministry of Education and Research. 4152: 1916:, built by King Quan Fengyou (劝丰佑) of Nanzhao 1454:According to G. Evans in his final monograph 673: 659: 5192:. Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī. 5135:. Institute for Asian and African Studies 7. 4946:. Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī. 4118:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3968:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1637:Kingdom of Dali Buddhist Volume of Paintings 4260:"Perspectives on the Yi of Southwest China" 3919:"Perspectives on the Yi of Southwest China" 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 2019:cannot. Both can perform rituals, but only 920: 5277: 5263: 5076:Chinese History: A New Manual, 4th edition 4851:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang 4824:The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire 4793: 4645:. Warfare and History. London: Routledge. 4583:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 4271: 4269: 4028:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHarrell1995 ( 3144:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHarrell1995 ( 3000:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHarrell2001 ( 2342: 2031:can only be from humble civil birth while 1696:Extant sources from Nanzhao and the later 821: 5164:"Chapter 4: Rule Based on Native Customs" 5073: 5014: 4927:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4492: 4275: 4214: 4200: 4186:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSkutch2005 ( 3381: 3342: 3327: 3303: 3291: 3264: 3252: 2007:as the teacher. A lesser priest known as 1668: 854: 4848: 4483: 4451: 3733: 3654: 3429: 3163:. American Academic Press. p. 187. 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3088: 3068: 2049: 1944:practiced an indigenous religion called 1919: 1907: 1805: 1680: 1672: 1626: 1615:seized power in 937 and established the 1567: 1228: 1038: 1026: 1009: 1001: 986: 55: 5114:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China 4969: 4911: 4876: 4830: 4821: 4770: 4726: 4712:Ways of Being Ethnic in Southwest China 4550:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 4460: 4419: 4266: 4207:European Bulletin of Himalayan Research 4078: 4060: 4023: 4011: 3682: 3583: 3213: 3158: 3139: 2995: 14: 5666: 5023: 4996: 4978: 4972:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 4920: 4796:The Chinese, their history and culture 4754: 4735: 4717: 4709: 4701: 4629: 4566: 4547: 4539: 4530: 4522: 4513: 4442: 4344: 4314: 4228: 4226: 4201:Berounsky, Daniel (15 December 2020). 4181: 4132: 3999: 3931: 3863: 3851: 3767: 3709: 3697: 3642: 3627: 3610: 3598: 3571: 3556: 3511:(Master of Arts). University of Oregon 3489: 3477: 3465: 3405: 3369: 3176: 2164:is very different from other forms of 2152:The area had a strong connection with 1379:island and was replaced by Wang Kuan. 1086:people came to power in Yunnan during 289: 278: 269: 170: 159: 148: 137: 126: 99: 5258: 5174: 5161: 5148: 5111: 5092: 4960: 4857: 4802: 4762: 4659: 4638: 4575: 4356: 4194: 4069: 4054: 4042: 3984:"Between Winds and Clouds: Chapter 5" 3393: 3354: 3191: 3109: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2722: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2680: 2654: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2467: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2436: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 1732:claim descent from Nanzhao's rulers. 1433: 406: 353: 342: 331: 298: 258: 245: 234: 223: 212: 203: 192: 181: 117: 108: 90: 5646: 5241: 5206: 5187: 5064: 5041: 4941: 4902: 4704:The History of the History of the Yi 4679: 4252: 3839: 3827: 3815: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3752: 3721: 3541: 3529: 3501: 3453: 3441: 3417: 3315: 3279: 3240: 3103:"Nanzhao 南詔 (www.chinaknowledge.de)" 3053: 2959:Joe Cummings, Robert Storey (1991). 2931: 2925: 2906:, p. 63. Stanford University Press. 1801: 1749:Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County 1335: 1268: 967:. The kingdom was officially called 395: 373: 364: 309: 5689:Former countries in Chinese history 5139: 4882:Science & Civilisation in China 4722:. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 4516:An Historical Atlas of Central Asia 4223: 2085:The Rites of the Great Consecration 2079:doctrines in Changdong Mountain of 1689:, made of leather, wood, and hide, 1660:Sources that believe Nanzhao was a 1461: 1282:in the 820s, finally defeating the 384: 320: 27:Kingdom in southern China (738–902) 24: 5216: 5130: 4983:, University of California Press, 4794:Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964). 4740:. Harvard University Asia Center. 4495:Journal of Southeast Asian History 1991:. The religion is named after the 1657:, to receive a Chinese education. 1572:Shunhuazhen (r. 897-902) from the 1043:Luoshengyan (r. 674-712) from the 963:, with its capitals in modern-day 25: 5710: 5284: 4916:. University of California Press. 4642:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900 4484:Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987). 4463:The Woman Who Discovered Printing 3159:Zhou, Zhenhe; You, Rujie (2017). 955:. It was centered on present-day 5645: 5634: 5633: 4634:. Otto Harrassowitz · Wiesbaden. 3214:Yongjia, Liang (6 August 2018). 2330: 2318: 2306: 2294: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2246: 2234: 2222: 2210: 2198: 2186: 597: 583: 558: 430: 92: 85: 4831:Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967), 4567:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005). 4413: 4401: 4384: 4371: 4362: 4320: 4296: 4287: 4138: 4087: 3976: 3937: 3897: 3883: 3869: 3727: 3648: 3495: 3207: 3185: 3152: 2938:. Lexington Books. p. 43. 2129:Azhali is considered a sect of 1342:Tang-Nanzhao conflicts in Annan 1088:Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign 436:Kingdom of Nanzhao as of 879 AD 5438:Yunnan Agricultural University 5227:, Cambridge University Press, 5001:, Cambridge University Press, 4961:Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012). 4888:. Cambridge University Press. 4807:. Cambridge University Press. 4461:Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008). 4427:. Princeton University Press. 4330:. City of Dali. Archived from 4328:"Nanzhao State and Dali State" 4238:. Abc-Clio. 10 February 2014. 4163:The Benzhu religion of the Bai 3659:. Berghahn Books. p. 11. 3074: 3008: 2952: 2896: 1783:Records of the Grand Historian 1556:Chancellor of the Tang dynasty 1418:). Ten thousand soldiers from 1289:In 829, Wang Cuodian attacked 1188: 1166: 1031:Xinuluo (r. 649-674) from the 912: 801: 762: 718: 704: 674: 660: 13: 1: 5242:Chan, Maung (28 March 2005). 5112:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). 5093:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000). 5069:. University of Hawaii Press. 5019:. Cambridge University Press. 4979:Taylor, Keith Weller (1983), 4905:Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang 4488:. Princeton University Press. 2890: 1715: 1647: 1164:the territory. The remaining 5183:. Columbia University Press. 5170:. Columbia University Press. 5157:. Columbia University Press. 5074:Wilkinson, Endymion (2015). 5015:Twitchett, Denis C. (1979). 4858:Moore, Elizabeth H. (2007). 4853:. Columbia University Press. 4660:Graff, David Andrew (2016). 4615:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 3161:Chinese Dialects and Culture 1931: 1519:End of territorial expansion 7: 5501:Crossing-the-bridge noodles 5046:. In Zhou, Minglang (ed.). 5024:Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012), 4999:A History of the Vietnamese 4912:Schafer, Edward H. (1985). 4860:Early Landscapes of Myanmar 4822:Luttwak, Edward N. (2009). 4798:. Vol. 1–2. Macmillan. 4535:, Stanford University Press 3740:Journal of the Siam Society 3201:Journal of the Siam Society 2045: 1903: 1889:. The Bamar would form the 1873:Nanzhao's invasions of the 1622: 1126: 836: 10: 5715: 4965:. Oxford University Press. 4589:Cambridge University Press 4392:Dahei tianshen daochang yi 3877:"罗苴子是什么意思_罗苴子的解释_汉语词典_词典网" 3502:Yang, Yuqing (June 2008). 2090:In 851, an inscription in 1975: 1563: 1339: 1055:(then known as the "White 1022: 982: 29: 5684:Former monarchies of Asia 5629: 5598: 5469: 5446: 5423: 5335: 5307: 5293: 5044:"Language policy for Bai" 4630:Golden, Peter B. (1992). 4507:10.1017/S0217781100000132 4452:Barfield, Thomas (1989). 4169:November 3, 2013, at the 3948:. BRILL. pp. 87–88. 3905:"The Bai ethnic minority" 3736:The Tai Original Diaspora 3655:Fiskesjö, Magnus (2021). 3015:C. X. George Wei (2002). 2853: 2851: 2802: 2800: 2751: 2749: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2631: 2629: 2596: 2594: 2563: 2561: 2528: 2526: 2488: 2486: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2389: 2387: 1456:The Tai Original Diaspora 975:(大禮) from 859 to 877 and 971:(大蒙) from 738 to 859 AD, 898: 888: 880: 870: 862: 855: 848: 843: 829: 822: 815: 810: 794: 778: 773: 755: 750: 746: 740: 734: 729: 711: 697: 690: 685: 681: 667: 653: 648: 644: 639: 613: 537: 533: 523: 513: 509: 501: 493: 483: 465: 449: 441: 429: 80: 75: 56: 41: 5223:Backus, Charles (1981), 5026:East Asia: A New History 4981:The Birth of the Vietnam 4862:. Bangkok: River Books. 4849:Millward, James (2009). 4803:Lorge, Peter A. (2008). 4736:Herman, John E. (2007). 4639:Graff, David A. (2002). 2139:Mongol conquest of China 1952:suggest that animal and 1868: 1611:(大義寧, 929–937). Finally 655:Traditional Chinese 32:Nanzhao (disambiguation) 5140:Xue, Zongzheng (1992). 5131:Xu, Elina-Qian (2005). 5065:Wang, Zhenping (2013). 4924:The ʿAbbāsid Revolution 4903:Rong, Xinjiang (2013). 4777:Oxford University Press 4710:Harrel, Stevan (1995), 4702:Harrel, Stevan (1995), 4577:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 3468:, pp. 95, 104–105. 2343:Family tree of monarchs 2289:Quanli(sheng) r.816-823 2277:Quanlongcheng r.809-816 2229:Piluoge r.(728-)738-748 2143:Ming conquest of Yunnan 1006:Nanzhao Folklore Island 979:(大封民) from 877 to 902. 669:Simplified Chinese 5350:Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau 4970:Skutsch, Carl (2005), 4921:Shaban, M. A. (1979). 4763:Huang, Caiwen (2020), 4727:Haywood, John (1998). 4718:Harvey, G. E. (1925). 4540:Bryson, Megan (2019), 4531:Bryson, Megan (2016), 4523:Bryson, Megan (2013), 4278:"Out of the mountains" 2878:b.877-d.902; r.897-902 2776:b.844-d.877; r.859-877 2718:b.802-d.823; r.816-823 2711:b.798-d.816; r.809-816 2648:b.778-d.809; r.808-809 2613:b.754-d.808; r.779-808 2545:b.712-d.779; r.748-779 2463:b.673-d.728; r.712-728 2406:b.634-d.712; r.674-712 2371:b.617-d.674; r.649-674 2127: 2055: 1928: 1917: 1877:brought with them the 1866: 1854: 1814: 1763: 1745: 1693: 1678: 1669:Language and ethnicity 1640: 1577: 1561: 1516: 1497: 1330: 1226: 1184: 1048: 1036: 1019: 1018:, 9th century, Nanzhao 1007: 999: 785: 5679:902 disestablishments 5415:Pudacuo National Park 4997:Taylor, K.W. (2013), 4771:Kiernan, Ben (2019). 4755:Herman, John (2009), 4731:. Barnes & Noble. 4514:Bregel, Yuri (2003). 4467:Yale University Press 4443:Asimov, M.S. (1998). 4098:. BRILL. p. 87. 3192:Baker, Chris (2002). 2932:Yang, Yuqing (2017). 2337:Shunhuazhen r.897-902 2301:Quanfengyou r.823-859 2116: 2053: 2040:Chinese folk religion 1923: 1911: 1855: 1819: 1809: 1753: 1734: 1684: 1676: 1630: 1571: 1543: 1505: 1476: 1307: 1229:Territorial expansion 1215: 1173: 1042: 1030: 1013: 1005: 990: 876:လၢၼ်ႉၸဝ်ႈ (lâan tsāw) 466:Common languages 457:(both in present-day 455:Yangjumie (after 779) 5207:Yule, Henry (1915). 4942:Sima, Guang (2015). 4447:. UNESCO Publishing. 4334:on 3 September 2006. 3532:, pp. 117, 119. 3181:. Shanghai: 上海人民出版社. 2904:Tibetan Civilization 2902:Stein, R. A. (1972) 2217:Shengluopi r.712-728 2094:dedicated images to 1402:, possibly from the 30:For other uses, see 5606:Old Town of Lijiang 5599:Visitor attractions 5175:Yang, Bin (2008c). 5162:Yang, Bin (2008b). 5149:Yang, Bin (2008a). 5042:Wang, Feng (2004). 3456:, pp. 117–118. 3384:, pp. 444–445. 2716:Quanli(sheng) 勸利(晟) 2265:Xungequan r.808-809 2241:Geluofeng r.748-779 1412:government-in-exile 890:Nuosu (Northern Yi) 882:Nuosu (Northern Yi) 515:• Established 63:Nuosu / Northern Yi 5674:738 establishments 5211:. Hakluyt Society. 5188:Yuan, Shu (2001). 4886:The Gunpowder Epic 4525:Baijie and the Bai 4456:. Basil Blackwell. 4398:35, 2012, pp. 3-69 4381:72, 2013, pp. 3-31 4276:Zhen Wang (2018). 3243:, p. 101-102. 2350:Family of Nanzhao 2325:Longshun r.878-897 2253:Yimouxun r.779-808 2205:Luosheng r.674-712 2112:Nanzhao Tushu juan 2056: 1929: 1924:Modern symbol for 1918: 1815: 1694: 1679: 1641: 1578: 1434:Tang counterattack 1049: 1037: 1020: 1008: 1000: 945:southwestern China 525:• Overthrown 453:Taihe (before 779) 18:Kingdom of Nanzhao 5661: 5660: 5621:South China Karst 5554:Steam pot chicken 5461:Eighteen Oddities 5433:Yunnan University 5234:978-0-521-22733-9 5057:978-1-4020-8038-8 4953:978-957-32-0876-1 4884:. Vol. V:7: 4869:978-974-9863-31-2 4814:978-0-521-60954-8 4747:978-0-674-02591-2 4694:978-1-4067-3503-1 4671:978-0-415-46034-7 4559:978-0-8248-0368-1 4476:978-0-300-12728-7 4465:. Great Britain: 4434:978-0-691-13597-7 3734:G. Evans (2014). 3666:978-1-789-20888-7 3492:, p. 33, 35. 3480:, p. 33, 36. 3194:"From Yue To Tai" 3177:周振鹤; 游汝杰 (1986). 3126:. 19 August 2018. 2888: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2709:Quanlongcheng 勸隆晟 2313:Shilong r.859-877 2193:Xinuluo r.649-674 1802:Forced migrations 1346:Siege of Songping 1336:Invasion of Annan 1278:, conquering the 1269:Attack on Sichuan 902: 901: 769: 768: 725: 724: 692:Standard Mandarin 635: 634: 609: 608: 605: 604: 571: 570: 368:ABBASID CALIPHATE 16:(Redirected from 5706: 5649: 5648: 5637: 5636: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5238: 5212: 5203: 5184: 5171: 5158: 5145: 5136: 5127: 5108: 5089: 5070: 5061: 5038: 5020: 5011: 4993: 4975: 4966: 4957: 4938: 4917: 4908: 4899: 4873: 4854: 4845: 4827: 4818: 4799: 4790: 4767: 4759: 4751: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4706: 4698: 4675: 4656: 4635: 4626: 4614: 4602: 4586: 4572: 4563: 4544: 4536: 4527: 4519: 4510: 4489: 4480: 4457: 4448: 4438: 4408: 4405: 4399: 4388: 4382: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4303: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4263: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4230: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216:10.4000/ebhr.249 4198: 4192: 4191: 4179: 4173: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4117: 4109: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3967: 3959: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3842:, p. 134-5. 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3782:, p. 127-8. 3777: 3771: 3765: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3686: 3680: 3671: 3670: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3631: 3625: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3560: 3554: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3510: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3198: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3175:Translated from 3174: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3120: 3107: 3106: 3099: 3086: 3085: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3057: 3051: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3012: 3006: 3005: 2993: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2962:China, Volume 10 2956: 2950: 2949: 2929: 2923: 2900: 2827:d.897; r.878-897 2725:d.859; r.823-859 2356: 2355: 2347: 2346: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2286: 2274: 2262: 2250: 2238: 2226: 2214: 2202: 2190: 2166:Chinese Buddhism 2154:Tantric Buddhism 2125: 2011:is elected, but 1954:human sacrifices 1864: 1852: 1812:Jianchuan County 1761: 1743: 1559: 1514: 1495: 1462:Siege of Chengdu 1404:Indian continent 1356:Emperor Xuanzong 1328: 1224: 1191: 1190: 1182: 1169: 1168: 1109:Tai ethnic group 1073:Loloish language 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 914: 894:ꂷꏂꌅ (ma'shy'nzy) 858: 857: 839: 825: 824: 806: 805: 790: 765: 764: 748: 747: 742: 721: 720: 707: 706: 683: 682: 677: 676: 663: 662: 637: 636: 601: 600: 587: 586: 575: 574: 562: 561: 555: 554: 539: 538: 434: 415: 413: 404: 402: 393: 391: 382: 380: 371: 369: 362: 360: 351: 349: 340: 338: 329: 327: 318: 316: 307: 305: 296: 294: 287: 285: 276: 274: 267: 265: 256: 254: 243: 241: 232: 230: 221: 219: 210: 208: 201: 199: 190: 188: 179: 177: 168: 166: 157: 155: 146: 144: 135: 133: 124: 122: 121:UYGHUR KHAGANATE 115: 113: 106: 104: 97: 96: 89: 70: 66: 59: 58: 53: 39: 38: 21: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5625: 5594: 5465: 5442: 5419: 5331: 5303: 5289: 5283: 5235: 5222: 5219: 5217:Further reading 5200: 5124: 5105: 5086: 5058: 5036: 5028:, AuthorHouse, 5009: 4991: 4954: 4935: 4896: 4878:Needham, Joseph 4870: 4843: 4815: 4787: 4748: 4695: 4672: 4653: 4623: 4599: 4560: 4477: 4435: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4389: 4385: 4379:Asian Ethnology 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4274: 4267: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4232: 4231: 4224: 4209:(55): 102–106. 4199: 4195: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4171:Wayback Machine 4157: 4153: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4066:Moore 2007: 236 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3991: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3689: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3634: 3626: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3563: 3555: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3294:, p. 53-4. 3290: 3286: 3278: 3271: 3267:, p. 52-3. 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3212: 3208: 3196: 3190: 3186: 3171: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3138: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3110: 3101: 3100: 3089: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3060: 3056:, pp. 280. 3052: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2930: 2926: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2877: 2876:Shunhuazhen 舜化貞 2826: 2775: 2724: 2723:Quanfengyou 勸豐祐 2717: 2710: 2647: 2612: 2544: 2510:r.(728-)738-748 2509: 2507: 2469: 2462: 2405: 2370: 2368: 2345: 2338: 2335: 2326: 2323: 2314: 2311: 2302: 2299: 2290: 2287: 2278: 2275: 2266: 2263: 2254: 2251: 2242: 2239: 2230: 2227: 2218: 2215: 2206: 2203: 2194: 2191: 2182: 2126: 2123: 2048: 1985:ethnic religion 1978: 1966:Nanzhao tuzhuan 1934: 1906: 1875:Pyu city-states 1871: 1865: 1862: 1853: 1850: 1804: 1762: 1759: 1744: 1741: 1718: 1671: 1650: 1625: 1588:and seized the 1574:Nanzhao Tuzhuan 1566: 1560: 1550: 1533:region, modern 1521: 1515: 1512: 1496: 1493: 1485: 1480: 1464: 1436: 1430:was organized. 1348: 1340:Main articles: 1338: 1329: 1326: 1316:Pyu city-states 1284:Tagaung Kingdom 1280:Pyu city-states 1271: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1183: 1180: 1148:to ask for the 1129: 1045:Nanzhao Tuzhuan 1033:Nanzhao Tuzhuan 1025: 985: 932: 929: 926: 923: 915:, also spelled 803: 787: 774:Vietnamese name 628: 624: 620: 598: 584: 559: 526: 516: 476: 472: 456: 454: 437: 425: 424: 420: 419: 418: 417: 416: 411: 409: 407: 405: 400: 398: 396: 394: 389: 387: 385: 383: 378: 376: 374: 372: 367: 365: 363: 356: 354: 352: 345: 343: 341: 334: 332: 330: 323: 321: 319: 314:Paleo-Siberians 312: 310: 308: 301: 299: 297: 292: 290: 288: 283: 281: 279: 277: 272: 270: 268: 261: 259: 257: 251: 248: 246: 244: 237: 235: 233: 226: 224: 222: 215: 213: 211: 206: 204: 202: 197: 195: 193: 191: 186: 184: 182: 180: 175: 173: 171: 169: 164: 162: 160: 158: 153: 151: 149: 147: 142: 140: 138: 136: 131: 129: 127: 125: 120: 118: 116: 111: 109: 107: 102: 100: 98: 91: 71: 68: 67: 60: 54: 47: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5712: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5643: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5573:Sichuan pepper 5570: 5563: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5517:Jidou liangfen 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5486: 5484:Pineapple rice 5481: 5475: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5452: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5429: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5355:Diqing Plateau 5352: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5313: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5282: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5239: 5233: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5204: 5198: 5185: 5172: 5159: 5146: 5142:Turkic peoples 5137: 5128: 5123:978-0810860537 5122: 5109: 5103: 5090: 5084: 5071: 5062: 5056: 5039: 5035:978-1477265161 5034: 5021: 5012: 5007: 4994: 4989: 4976: 4967: 4958: 4952: 4939: 4933: 4918: 4909: 4900: 4894: 4874: 4868: 4855: 4846: 4841: 4828: 4819: 4813: 4800: 4791: 4785: 4768: 4760: 4752: 4746: 4733: 4724: 4715: 4707: 4699: 4693: 4677: 4670: 4657: 4651: 4636: 4627: 4621: 4604: 4597: 4573: 4564: 4558: 4545: 4537: 4528: 4520: 4511: 4490: 4481: 4475: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4433: 4421:Andrade, Tonio 4415: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4400: 4383: 4370: 4361: 4349: 4337: 4319: 4304: 4295: 4286: 4265: 4251: 4244: 4222: 4193: 4184:, p. 350. 4174: 4159:Cultural China 4151: 4137: 4125: 4104: 4086: 4077: 4075:Harvey 1925: 3 4068: 4059: 4057:, p. 105. 4047: 4035: 4016: 4014:, p. 350. 4004: 3989: 3975: 3954: 3936: 3924: 3910: 3896: 3882: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3830:, p. 136. 3820: 3818:, p. 132. 3808: 3806:, p. 131. 3796: 3794:, p. 129. 3784: 3772: 3757: 3755:, p. 126. 3745: 3726: 3724:, p. 124. 3714: 3712:, p. 247. 3702: 3700:, p. 246. 3687: 3672: 3665: 3647: 3645:, p. 244. 3632: 3630:, p. 243. 3615: 3603: 3601:, p. 183. 3588: 3586:, p. 118. 3576: 3561: 3546: 3544:, p. 120. 3534: 3522: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3444:, p. 116. 3434: 3432:, p. 157. 3422: 3420:, p. 137. 3410: 3408:, p. 283. 3398: 3386: 3382:Twitchett 1979 3374: 3359: 3347: 3343:Blackmore 1960 3332: 3328:Blackmore 1960 3320: 3318:, p. 103. 3308: 3304:Blackmore 1960 3296: 3292:Blackmore 1960 3284: 3282:, p. 102. 3269: 3265:Blackmore 1960 3257: 3253:Blackmore 1960 3245: 3233: 3226: 3206: 3184: 3169: 3151: 3129: 3108: 3087: 3073: 3058: 3041: 3027: 3007: 2985: 2971: 2951: 2944: 2924: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2543:Geluofeng 閣羅鳳 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2461:Shengluopi 盛邏皮 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2372: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2352: 2351: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2121: 2047: 2044: 1977: 1974: 1933: 1930: 1905: 1902: 1870: 1867: 1860: 1848: 1834:栗些, Xifan 西番, 1803: 1800: 1760:Stevan Harrell 1757: 1742:Stevan Harrell 1739: 1717: 1714: 1685:Armour of the 1670: 1667: 1649: 1646: 1633:Zhang Shengwen 1624: 1621: 1565: 1562: 1548: 1520: 1517: 1510: 1491: 1468:Tibetan Empire 1463: 1460: 1435: 1432: 1337: 1334: 1324: 1318:, present-day 1270: 1267: 1259:Tibetan Empire 1248:Yanyuan County 1230: 1227: 1220: 1178: 1154:Tibetan Empire 1128: 1125: 1071:), a Northern 1024: 1021: 984: 981: 949:Southeast Asia 900: 899: 896: 895: 892: 886: 885: 878: 877: 874: 868: 867: 860: 859: 852: 846: 845: 841: 840: 833: 827: 826: 819: 813: 812: 808: 807: 798: 792: 791: 782: 776: 775: 771: 770: 767: 766: 759: 753: 752: 751:Transcriptions 744: 743: 738: 732: 731: 727: 726: 723: 722: 715: 709: 708: 701: 695: 694: 688: 687: 686:Transcriptions 679: 678: 671: 665: 664: 657: 651: 650: 646: 645: 642: 641: 633: 632: 615: 611: 610: 607: 606: 603: 602: 595: 589: 588: 581: 572: 569: 568: 563: 551: 550: 545: 535: 534: 531: 530: 527: 524: 521: 520: 517: 514: 511: 510: 507: 506: 503: 499: 498: 495: 491: 490: 485: 481: 480: 478:Middle Chinese 467: 463: 462: 451: 447: 446: 443: 439: 438: 435: 427: 426: 422: 421: 84: 83: 82: 81: 78: 77: 73: 72: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5711: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5654: 5653: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5632: 5631: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5611:Dali Old Town 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5385:Yangzong Lake 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5280: 5275: 5273: 5268: 5266: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5220: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5199:957-32-4273-7 5195: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5085:9780674088467 5081: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5037: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5010: 5008:9780520074170 5004: 5000: 4995: 4992: 4990:9780520074170 4986: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4934:0-521-29534-3 4930: 4926: 4925: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4895:0-521-30358-3 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4844: 4842:9780520011458 4838: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4786:9780190053796 4782: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4766: 4761: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4713: 4708: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4667: 4664:. Routledge. 4663: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4622:0-618-13384-4 4618: 4613: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4598:0-521-66991-X 4594: 4590: 4587:. Cambridge: 4585: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4404: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4380: 4374: 4365: 4359:, p. 55. 4358: 4353: 4347:, p. 35. 4346: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4317:, p. 32. 4316: 4311: 4309: 4299: 4290: 4279: 4272: 4270: 4261: 4255: 4247: 4245:9781610690188 4241: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4227: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4189: 4183: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4147: 4141: 4135:, p. 31. 4134: 4129: 4121: 4115: 4107: 4105:9789004366152 4101: 4097: 4090: 4084:Hall 1960: 11 4081: 4072: 4063: 4056: 4051: 4045:, p. 94. 4044: 4039: 4031: 4026:, p. 87. 4025: 4020: 4013: 4008: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3985: 3979: 3971: 3965: 3957: 3955:9789004366152 3951: 3947: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3920: 3914: 3906: 3900: 3892: 3886: 3878: 3872: 3866:, p. 37. 3865: 3860: 3854:, p. 94. 3853: 3848: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3824: 3817: 3812: 3805: 3800: 3793: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3770:, p. 37. 3769: 3764: 3762: 3754: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3685:, p. 68. 3684: 3679: 3677: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3639: 3637: 3629: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3613:, p. 42. 3612: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3593: 3585: 3580: 3574:, p. 36. 3573: 3568: 3566: 3559:, p. 35. 3558: 3553: 3551: 3543: 3538: 3531: 3526: 3507: 3506: 3498: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3450: 3443: 3438: 3431: 3430:Beckwith 1987 3426: 3419: 3414: 3407: 3402: 3396:, p. 20. 3395: 3390: 3383: 3378: 3372:, p. 30. 3371: 3366: 3364: 3357:, p. 57. 3356: 3351: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3330:, p. 57. 3329: 3324: 3317: 3312: 3306:, p. 56. 3305: 3300: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3276: 3274: 3266: 3261: 3255:, p. 50. 3254: 3249: 3242: 3237: 3229: 3227:9780429944031 3223: 3220:. Routledge. 3219: 3218: 3210: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3180: 3172: 3170:9781631818844 3166: 3162: 3155: 3147: 3142:, p. 89. 3141: 3136: 3134: 3125: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3104: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3083: 3077: 3071:, p. 65. 3070: 3069:Beckwith 1987 3065: 3063: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3030: 3028:0-313-31512-4 3024: 3020: 3019: 3011: 3003: 2998:, p. 84. 2997: 2992: 2990: 2974: 2972:0-86442-123-0 2968: 2964: 2963: 2955: 2947: 2945:9781498502986 2941: 2937: 2936: 2928: 2921: 2920:0-8047-0901-7 2917: 2913: 2912:0-8047-0806-1 2909: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2881: 2858: 2856: 2832: 2830: 2807: 2805: 2781: 2779: 2756: 2754: 2730: 2728: 2707: 2704: 2696: 2694: 2686: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2668: 2666: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2646:Xungequan 尋閣勸 2636: 2634: 2618: 2616: 2601: 2599: 2583: 2581: 2578:Fengjiayi 鳳迦異 2568: 2566: 2550: 2548: 2533: 2531: 2515: 2513: 2505: 2493: 2491: 2475: 2473: 2451: 2448: 2440: 2439: 2432: 2424: 2411: 2409: 2394: 2392: 2376: 2374: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2333: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2309: 2304: 2297: 2292: 2285: 2280: 2273: 2268: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2232: 2225: 2220: 2213: 2208: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2183: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2170:Pagan Kingdom 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2147:Zhu Yuanzhang 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2108:Three Pagodas 2106:to build the 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2066:. In 839, an 2065: 2061: 2052: 2043: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1940:sources, the 1939: 1927: 1922: 1915: 1914:Three Pagodas 1910: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1891:Pagan Kingdom 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1859: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1778: 1777:Lüshi Chunqiu 1773: 1769: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1713: 1711: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1675: 1666: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1645: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1570: 1557: 1553: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1494:Wang Zhenping 1490: 1486: 1481: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400:Buddhist monk 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1347: 1343: 1333: 1327:Wang Zhenping 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1177: 1172: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1138:Cang Mountain 1135: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1067:(also called 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1046: 1041: 1034: 1029: 1017: 1012: 1004: 998: 994: 989: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 947:and northern 946: 942: 938: 930:Southern Zhao 918: 910: 906: 897: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 853: 851: 847: 842: 838: 834: 832: 828: 820: 818: 814: 809: 799: 797: 793: 789: 783: 781: 777: 772: 760: 758: 754: 749: 745: 739: 737: 733: 728: 716: 714: 710: 702: 700: 696: 693: 689: 684: 680: 672: 670: 666: 658: 656: 652: 647: 643: 638: 631: 627: 623: 619: 616: 614:Today part of 612: 596: 594: 591: 590: 582: 580: 577: 576: 573: 567: 564: 557: 556: 553: 552: 549: 546: 544: 541: 540: 536: 532: 528: 522: 518: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 489: 486: 482: 479: 475: 471: 468: 464: 460: 452: 448: 444: 440: 433: 428: 414: 403: 392: 381: 370: 361: 359: 350: 348: 339: 337: 328: 326: 317: 315: 306: 304: 295: 286: 275: 266: 264: 255: 253: 242: 240: 231: 229: 220: 218: 209: 200: 189: 178: 167: 156: 145: 134: 123: 114: 105: 95: 88: 79: 74: 64: 51: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5650: 5638: 5587: 5578:Shiping tofu 5565: 5558: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5488: 5365:Dianchi Lake 5360:Honghe River 5247: 5224: 5208: 5189: 5180: 5167: 5154: 5144:. 中国社会科学出版社. 5141: 5132: 5113: 5094: 5075: 5066: 5047: 5025: 5016: 4998: 4980: 4971: 4962: 4943: 4923: 4913: 4904: 4885: 4881: 4859: 4850: 4832: 4823: 4804: 4795: 4772: 4764: 4756: 4737: 4728: 4719: 4711: 4703: 4684: 4681:Hall, D.G.E. 4661: 4641: 4631: 4610: 4603:(paperback). 4582: 4568: 4549: 4541: 4532: 4524: 4515: 4501:(2): 47–61. 4498: 4494: 4485: 4462: 4453: 4444: 4424: 4414:Bibliography 4403: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4378: 4373: 4364: 4352: 4340: 4332:the original 4322: 4298: 4289: 4254: 4234: 4206: 4196: 4177: 4158: 4154: 4140: 4128: 4095: 4089: 4080: 4071: 4062: 4050: 4038: 4024:Harrell 1995 4019: 4012:Skutsch 2005 4007: 4002:, p. 6. 3978: 3945: 3939: 3934:, p. 7. 3927: 3913: 3899: 3885: 3871: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3748: 3739: 3729: 3717: 3705: 3683:Schafer 1967 3656: 3650: 3606: 3584:Kiernan 2019 3579: 3537: 3525: 3513:. 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Retrieved 2961: 2954: 2934: 2927: 2903: 2898: 2611:Yimouxun 異牟尋 2151: 2128: 2124:Jianxiong Ma 2117: 2111: 2104:Tang dynasty 2089: 2084: 2057: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1979: 1970:Qiang people 1965: 1962:Dali Kingdom 1938:Yuan dynasty 1935: 1899: 1893:in medieval 1879:Bamar people 1872: 1863:Huang Caiwen 1856: 1851:Huang Caiwen 1820: 1816: 1796:Ming dynasty 1788:Yuan dynasty 1781: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1754: 1746: 1735: 1719: 1706: 1702:Bai language 1698:Dali Kingdom 1695: 1691:Qing dynasty 1659: 1651: 1642: 1636: 1617:Dali Kingdom 1596: 1594: 1579: 1573: 1544: 1522: 1506: 1498: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1437: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1349: 1331: 1314:(one of the 1308: 1288: 1272: 1256: 1252:Dali kingdom 1232: 1216: 1207: 1185: 1181:M. Blackmore 1174: 1159: 1150:Tang dynasty 1130: 1121: 1104: 1081: 1077:Bai language 1068: 1050: 1044: 1032: 976: 972: 968: 953:Tang dynasty 940: 916: 904: 903: 730:Tibetan name 699:Hanyu Pinyin 649:Chinese name 593:Dali Kingdom 548:Succeeded by 547: 542: 357: 346: 335: 324: 313: 302: 262: 249: 238: 227: 216: 172: 36: 5583:Xuanwei ham 5405:Pearl River 5390:Yilong Lake 5370:Fuxian Lake 4974:, Routledge 4345:Bryson 2016 4315:Bryson 2016 4182:Skutch 2005 4133:Bryson 2016 4000:Bryson 2013 3932:Bryson 2013 3864:Bryson 2016 3852:Bryson 2019 3768:Herman 2007 3710:Taylor 1983 3698:Taylor 1983 3643:Taylor 1983 3628:Taylor 1983 3611:Taylor 2013 3599:Walker 2012 3572:Herman 2007 3557:Herman 2007 3490:Herman 2007 3478:Herman 2007 3466:Coedès 1968 3406:Herman 2009 3370:Herman 2007 2825:Longshun 隆舜 2404:Luosheng 邏盛 2367:Xinuluo 細奴邏 2174:Pala Empire 1766:pronounced 1631:Section of 1613:Duan Siping 1299:Du Yuanying 1092:Sui dynasty 1059:") and the 937:Yi language 543:Preceded by 5668:Categories 5400:Yuan River 5375:Erhai Lake 5248:Boxun News 5104:0892641371 4652:0415239559 4357:Huang 2020 4055:Huang 2020 4043:Huang 2020 3515:30 January 3394:Huang 2020 3355:Huang 2020 2891:References 2774:Shilong 世隆 2508:b.697-d748 1942:Bai people 1792:Bai script 1728:in modern 1726:Bai people 1716:Bai and Yi 1648:Government 1605:Datianxing 1582:Huang Chao 1526:Dadu River 1424:Halong Bay 1203:Changjiang 1186:Two other 1134:Erhai Lake 1053:Bai people 1014:Figure of 993:Erhai Lake 786:Nam Chiếu 780:Vietnamese 713:Wade–Giles 494:Government 132:PRATIHARAS 5699:Vajrayana 5589:Zhe'ergen 5549:Pu'er tea 5544:Mushrooms 5425:Education 5410:Red River 5380:Lugu Lake 5337:Geography 4114:cite book 3964:cite book 3840:Wang 2013 3828:Wang 2013 3816:Wang 2013 3804:Wang 2013 3792:Wang 2013 3780:Wang 2013 3753:Wang 2013 3742:(Report). 3722:Wang 2013 3542:Wang 2013 3530:Wang 2013 3454:Wang 2013 3442:Wang 2013 3418:Wang 2013 3316:Wang 2013 3280:Wang 2013 3241:Wang 2013 3054:Wang 2004 2914:(cloth); 2369:Duluo 獨羅 2092:Jianchuan 2081:Tengchong 1999:known as 1989:Yi people 1946:Benzhuism 1932:Benzhuism 1830:man 摩些蠻, 1722:Yi people 1710:Yongchang 1687:Yi people 1601:Dachanghe 1590:Tong Pass 1501:Qiongzhou 1396:Wa people 1197:based in 1101:Yi people 1061:Yi people 977:Dafengmin 965:Dali City 811:Thai name 763:ljang yul 579:Dachanghe 484:Religion 459:Dali City 388:BYZANTINE 379:KHAGANATE 293:SRIVIJAYA 5640:Category 5479:Barbeque 5395:Xi River 5322:Politics 4907:. 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Brill. 4423:(2016). 4167:Archived 3203:: 17–19. 2468:Yangé 炎閣 2162:Mahākāla 2135:Sanskrit 2131:Tantrism 2122:— 2100:Amitabha 2096:Maitreya 2046:Buddhism 1904:Religion 1861:— 1849:— 1758:— 1740:— 1655:Chang'an 1623:Military 1609:Dayining 1549:— 1511:— 1492:— 1446:and the 1440:Gao Pian 1420:Shandong 1408:Haiphong 1392:Wangjuzi 1384:Songping 1373:Yongzhou 1365:Songping 1325:— 1295:governor 1286:in 832. 1223:An Zixiu 1221:— 1179:— 1146:Chang'an 1127:Founding 1113:Thailand 941:Mashynzy 844:Lao name 823:น่านเจ้า 719:Nan-chao 497:Monarchy 488:Buddhism 325:Samoyeds 228:Jurchens 141:RASHTRA- 130:GURJARA- 69:Mashynzy 5694:Nanzhao 5652:Commons 5538:Mi xian 5511:Hot pot 5471:Cuisine 5448:Culture 5327:Economy 5317:History 5309:General 5300:capital 5296:Kunming 3179:方言与中国文化 2504:Piluoge 2158:Guanyin 2077:tantric 2068:acharya 1997:priests 1987:of the 1983:is the 1981:Bimoism 1976:Bimoism 1926:Bimoism 1895:Myanmar 1883:Qinghai 1842:羅羅 and 1586:Luoyang 1564:Decline 1535:Guizhou 1448:Tanguts 1416:Hạ Long 1312:Biaoguo 1291:Chengdu 1276:Myanmar 1263:Kunming 1240:Xiaguan 1236:Sichuan 1199:Chengdu 1195:Sichuan 1161:Piluoge 1084:Cuanman 1023:Origins 1016:Guanyin 983:History 939:: ꂷꏂꌅ, 924: 917:Nanchao 909:Chinese 905:Nanzhao 837:Nanchao 796:Chữ Hán 741:འཇང་ཡུལ 736:Tibetan 705:Nánzhào 640:Nanzhao 630:Vietnam 626:Myanmar 566:Cuanman 502:History 450:Capital 445:Kingdom 410:TIBETAN 358:Shatuos 347:Tanguts 303:Kyrgyzs 217:Khitans 198:DYNASTY 76:738–902 50:Chinese 43:Nanzhao 5567:Rushan 5560:Rubing 5531:Mi gan 5490:Erkuai 5345:Cities 5288:topics 5286:Yunnan 5231: 5196: 5120: 5101: 5082: 5054: 5032: 5005: 4987: 4950: 4931: 4892: 4866: 4839: 4811: 4783: 4744: 4691: 4668: 4649: 4619: 4595: 4556: 4473: 4431: 4242: 4102: 3952: 3663: 3224: 3167: 3034:15 May 3025: 2978:15 May 2969: 2942: 2918: 2910: 2073:Heqing 2064:Heqing 2060:Azhali 1993:Shaman 1964:. 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