3009:
3071:
3126:
2614:
2799:
2866:
2634:
2767:
2783:
179:
141:
2546:
2974:
2530:
2942:
2687:
2578:
804:
5152:
2711:
2731:
2749:
6526:
4987:
4957:
2818:
2650:
2514:
1534:
2846:
2212:
2954:
134:
2666:
5096:
4931:
5085:
2906:
4917:
2599:
790:
223:
899:
874:
3173:
1479:, who reigned in the island from the 9th or 10th century until the beginning of the 11th century, can be considered real kings of all Sardinia (Κύριε βοήθε ιοῦ δού λού σου Tουρκοτουρίου ἅρχωντοσ Σαρδινίας καί τής δού ληςσου Γετιτ), even though nominal vassals of the Byzantine emperors. Of these sovereigns, only two names are known: Turcoturiu and Salusiu (Tουρκοτουριου βασιλικου προτοσπαθαριου και Σαλουσιου των ευγενεστατων άρχωντων), who probably ruled in the 10th century. The Archons still wrote in Greek or Latin, but one of the oldest documents left of the
2562:
1661:
5075:
762:
4967:
4907:
5127:
5106:
960:
776:
860:
4887:
4877:
5064:
4847:
4977:
4947:
4867:
2496:
166:
2222:
4480:
4857:
5054:
4897:
3911:"Antiquitas nostra primum Calarense iudicatum, quod tunc erat caput tocius Sardinie, armis subiugavit, et regem Sardinie Musaitum nomine civitati Ianue captum adduxerunt, quem per episcopum qui tunc Ianue erat, aule sacri palatii in Alamanniam mandaverunt, intimantes regnum illius nuper esse additum ditioni Romani imperii." – Oberti Cancellarii, Annales p 71, Georg Heinrich (a cura di) MGH, Scriptores, Hannoverae, 1863, XVIII, pp. 56–96
4541:
818:
846:
832:
5117:
2080:
5041:
2997:
913:
5138:
1972:
3070:
3848:
cepit civitatem edificare ibi atque homines Sardos vivos in cruce murare. Et tunc Pisani et
Ianuenses illuc venere, et ille propter pavorem eorum fugit in Africam. Pisani vero et Ianuenses reversi sunt Turrim, in quo insurrexerunt Ianuenses in Pisanos, et Pisani vicerunt illos et eiecerunt eos de Sardinea."
2341:
voted in referendums to join the
Kingdom of Sardinia. This alarmed Napoleon III, who feared a strong Savoyard state on his south-eastern border and he insisted that if the Kingdom of Sardinia were to keep the new acquisitions they would have to cede Savoy and Nice to France. This was done through the
1719:
waged war on Aragon. The Crown of Aragon did not reduce the last of the judicates (indigenous kingdoms of
Sardinia) until 1420. The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica retained its separate character as part of the Crown of Aragon and was not merely incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon. At the time of
4025:
Barisone Doria: "La senyoria no la tenim ne havem haùda ne del rey ne da regina, e no som tenguts a rey ne a regina axi com eren los dits harons de
Sicilia, abans de la dita senyoria e domini obtenim per Madonna Elionor, nostra muller, che és jutgessa d'Arborea e filla e succehidora per son pare per
1211:, since the island of Sardinia had always been of secondary importance to the monarchy. Under Savoyard rule, the kingdom's government, ruling class, cultural models and center of population were entirely situated in the mainland. Therefore, while the capital of the island of Sardinia and the seat of
2194:
issued by
Charles Albert; as a result, the kingdom's fundamental institutions were deeply transformed, assuming the shape of a constitutional and centralized monarchy on the French model; under the same pressure, Charles Albert declared war on Austria. After initial success, the war took a turn for
3920:
Crónica del califa 'Abd ar-Rahmân III an-Nâsir entre los años 912–942,(al-Muqtabis V), édicion. a cura de P. CHALMETA – F. CORRIENTE, Madrid, 1979, p. 365 "Tuesday, August 24th 942 (A.D.), a messenger of the Lord of the island of
Sardinia appeared at the gate of al-Nasir ... asking for a treaty of
3847:
B. Maragonis, Annales pisani a. 1004–1175, ed. K. Pertz, in MGH, Scriptores, 19, Hannoverae, 1861/1963, pp. 236–2 and Gli
Annales Pisani di Bernardo Maragone, a cura di M. L. Gentile, in Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, n.e., VI/2, Bologna 1930, pp. 4–7. "1017. Fuit Mugietus reversus in Sardineam, et
2408:
of all other
Apennine states, plus Sicily, to the Kingdom of Sardinia. The institutions and laws of the kingdom were quickly extended to all of Italy, abolishing the administrations of the other regions. Piedmont became the most dominant and wealthiest region in Italy and the capital of Piedmont,
1529:
of Genoa and Pisa, that through alliances with the "judges" (the local rulers), secured their political and economic zones of influence. While Genoa was mostly, but not always, in the north and west regions of
Sardinia, that is, in the Judicates of Gallura and Logudoro; Pisa was mostly, but not
2392:, to France. He also failed to fulfill the promises that had gained him popular and military support by the Sicilians: that the new nation would be a republic, not a kingdom, and that the Sicilians would see great economic gains after unification. The former did not come to pass until 1946.
4026:
lo jutgat d'Arborea, la qual Casa d'Arborea ha D anys que ha hauda senyioria en la present illa" "We had our lordship not from any king or queen and have not to be loyal to any king or queen as sicilian Barons, because we had our lordship from
Madonna Elionor, our wife, who is Lady Judge (
2613:
1633:(pro-imperial) city of Pisa and the Holy Roman Empire itself. Furthermore, Sardinia was then under the control of the very Catholic kings of Aragon, and the last result of rapprochement of the island to Rome. The Sardinian church had never been under the control of the
1381:("transfer of rule") and continued to organize itself along the ancient Roman and Byzantine model. The island was not the personal property of the ruler and of his family, as was then the dominant practice in western Europe, but rather a separate entity and during the
1875:, started the conquest of the remaining Sardinian territories, which formed the Kingdom of Sardinia. In 1368 an Arborean offensive succeeded in nearly driving the Aragonese from the island, reducing the "Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica" to just the port cities of
1552:. The first could not reunify the island under his rule, despite years of war against the other Sardinian judges, and he finally concluded a peace treaty with them in 1172. The second did not have the opportunity. Invested with the title from his father,
2254:
and associated islands, the Kingdom of Sardinia was troubled with political instability under alternating governments. After a short and disastrous renewal of the war with Austria in 1849, Charles Albert abdicated on 23 March 1849 in favour of his son
3694:
3008:
1871:, the only Sardinian state that remained independent of foreign domination, proved far more difficult to subdue. Threatened by the Aragonese claims of suzerainty and consolidation of the rest of the island, in 1353 Arborea, under the leadership of
1452:, Rome made many efforts to restore Latinity to the Sardinian church, politics and society, and to finally reunify the island under one Catholic ruler, as it had been for all of southern Italy, when the Byzantines had been driven away by Catholic
2941:
2905:
3921:
peace and friendship. With him were the merchants, people Malfat, known in al-Andalus as from Amalfi, with the whole range of their precious goods, ingots of pure silver, brocades etc. ... transactions which drew gain and great benefits"
2316:
to Napoleon, who in turn then ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Sardinia to avoid "embarrassing" the defeated Austrians. Cavour angrily resigned from office when it became clear that Victor Emmanuel would accept this arrangement.
1396:
from north Africa (recently conquered by Arab armies) harassed the population of the coastal cities. Information about the Sardinian political situation in the following centuries is scarce. Due to Saracen attacks, in the 9th century
4034:) of Arborea, daughter and successor of her father of the Judicate of Arborea, and this House of Arborea has reigned for five hundreds years in this island." – Archivo de la Corona d'Aragon. Colleccion de documentos inéditos. XLVIII
4069:
G. Seche, L'incoronazione di Barisone "Re di Sardegna" in due fonti contemporanee: gli Annales genovesi e gli Annales pisani, in Rivista dell'Istituto di storia dell'Europa mediterranea, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, n°4,
1372:. It remained a Byzantine province until the Arab conquest of Sicily in the 9th century. After that, communications with Constantinople became very difficult, and powerful families of the island assumed control of the land.
3882:
C. Zedda-R. Pinna, La nascita dei giudicati, proposta per lo scioglimento di un enigma storiografico, su Archivio Storico Giuridico Sardo di Sassari, vol. n°12, 2007, Dipartimento di Scienze Giuridiche dell'Università di
1563:, who started to conquer it in 1324, gained full control in 1410, and directly ruled it until 1460. In that year it was incorporated into a sort of confederation of states, each with its own institutions, called the
1530:
always, in the south and east, in the Judicates of Cagliari and Arborea. That was the cause of conflicts leading to a long war between the Judges, who regarded themselves as kings fighting against rebellious nobles.
2123:(1800), the French regained control. The island of Sardinia stayed out of the reach of the French for the rest of the war and was, for the first time in centuries governed directly by its king instead of a viceroy.
3125:
3892:
F. Pinna, Le testimonianze archeologiche relative ai rapporti tra gli Arabi e la Sardegna nel medioevo, in Rivista dell'Istituto di storia dell'Europa mediterranea, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, n°4,
2953:
2973:
3514:
In 1848, the Statute or constitution issued by King Carlo Alberto for the kingdom of Sardinia (better known as Piedmont, from its capital in Turin) proclaimed "the only State religion" the Roman Catholic
2513:
2817:
2865:
1567:, and united only in the person of the king. The Crown of Aragon was made by a council of representatives of the various states and grew in importance for the main purpose of separating the legacy of
2798:
1602:
over the oppositions of the Sicilians. The two islands proposed for this new kingdom were occupied by other states and fiefs at the time. In Sardinia, three of the four states that had succeeded
3632:
2633:
2177:
and returned the lands and power to the nobility and the Church. This reactionary policy went as far as discouraging the use of roads built by the French. These changes typified Sardinia.
1894:. After the sale of the remaining territories for 100,000 gold florins to the Judicate of Arborea in 1420, the "Kingdom of Sardinia" extended throughout the island, except for the city of
1556:
in 1239, he was soon recalled by his parent and appointed Imperial Vicar for Italy. He died in 1272 without direct recognized heirs after a detention of 23 years in a prison in Bologna.
2034:
of 17 February 1720. Because the Kingdom of Sardinia had existed since the 14th century, the exchange allowed Victor Amadeus to retain the title of king in spite of the loss of Sicily.
2190:
under liberal pressure. In the same year the island of Sardinia, a Piedmontese dependency for more than a century, lost its own residual autonomy to the mainland through the so-called
4443:
Zedda Corrado – Pinna Raimondo, La nascita dei Giudicati. Proposta per lo scioglimento di un enigma storiografico, in Archivio Storico Giuridico di Sassari, seconda serie, n° 12, 2007
2119:
to abdicate and leave for the island of Sardinia. The provisionary government voted to unite Piedmont with France. In 1799 the Austro-Russians briefly occupied the city, but with the
4088:
Geronimo Zurita, Los cinco libros postreros de la segunda parte de los Anales de la Corona d'Aragon, Oficino de Domingo de Portonaris y Ursono, Zaragoza, 1629, libro XVII, pp. 75–76
2385:
in the central peninsula. Cavour was satisfied with the unification, while Garibaldi, who was too revolutionary for the king and his prime minister, wanted to conquer Rome as well.
4388:
Gallinari Luciano, Il Giudicato di Cagliari tra XI e XIII secolo. Proposte di interpretazioni istituzionali, in Rivista dell'Istituto di Storia dell'Europa Mediterranea, n°5, 2010
222:
1890:
again swept most of the island into Arborean rule. This situation lasted until 1409 when the army of the Judicate of Arborea suffered a heavy defeat by the Aragonese army in the
2417:
throughout the peninsula, especially in southern Italy, and on the island of Sicily, because of the perceived unfair treatment of the south by the Piedmontese ruling class. The
5023:
5183:
4818:
1766:
Corsica, which had never been conquered, was dropped from the formal title and Sardinia passed with the Crown of Aragon to a united Spain. The defeat of the local kingdoms,
2037:
Victor Amadeus initially resisted the exchange, and until 1723 continued to style himself King of Sicily rather than King of Sardinia. The state took the official title of
1167:
united it with their historical possessions on the Italian mainland, and the kingdom came to be progressively identified with the mainland states, which included, besides
6786:
2766:
2030:, Duke of Savoy and King of Sicily, had to agree to yield Sicily to the Austrian Habsburgs and receive Sardinia in exchange. The exchange was formally ratified in the
5120:
2782:
1910:
in 1448. The subduing of Sardinia having taken a century, Corsica, which had never been wrested from the Genoese, was dropped from the formal title of the kingdom.
4044:
1778:, as well as the discovery of the Americas, provoked an unstoppable decline of the Kingdom of Sardinia. A short period of uprisings occurred under the local noble
3659:
178:
7097:
2710:
2309:, both French victories, Napoleon thought the war too costly to continue and made a separate peace behind Cavour's back in which only Lombardy would be ceded.
4670:
1735:, king of Sicily and heir to Aragon, bought the remaining territories for 100,000 gold florins of the Judicate of Arborea in the 1420 from the last judge,
7092:
1787:
5016:
453:
1456:. Even the title of "Judge" was a Byzantine reminder of the Greek church and state, in times of harsh relations between eastern and western churches (
5176:
4811:
1844:
and asserted his papally-approved title. In 1347, Aragon made war on landlords of the Doria House and the Malaspina House, who were citizens of the
1942:. From the 1570s onward a series of towers, known today as the Spanish Towers, were built around the island's coast to guard against pirate raids.
1786:, who defended his territories against Viceroy Nicolò Carroz and managed to defeat the viceroy's army in the 1470s, but was later crushed at the
17:
4305:
Schena, Olivetta. "The role played by towns in parliamentary commissions in the kingdom of Sardinia in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries."
3172:
2947:
The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1368 to 1388 and 1392 to 1409, after the wars with Arborea, consisted of only the cities of Cagliari and Alghero.
2686:
5009:
4424:
Motzo Bachisio Raimondo, Studi sui bizantini in Sardegna e sull'agiografia sarda, Deputazione di Storia Patria della Sardegna, Cagliari, 1987
2845:
1037:
1183:, over both of which the Savoyards had been exercising their control since the 13th century and 1388, respectively. The formal name of this
7077:
5169:
4804:
3812:
1926:
governing the island on the king's behalf. This arrangement continued after the personal union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon to form
4079:
Dino Punchu (a cura di), I Libri Iurium della Repubblica de Genova, Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Roma, 1996, n°390, p. 334
2730:
2279:
1886:
A peace treaty returned the Aragonese their previous possessions in 1388, but tensions continued and, in 1382, the Arborean army led by
1692:, promising him papal support should he wish to conquer Pisan Sardinia in exchange for Sicily. In 1323 James II formed an alliance with
3590:
1413:
and numerous other coastal centres suffered the same fate. There is a record of another massive Saracen sea attack in 1015–16 from the
6577:
2649:
2598:
1634:
530:
4198:
7087:
4437:
Paulis Giulio, Lingua e cultura nella Sardegna bizantina: testimonianze linguistiche dell'influsso greco, Sassari, L'Asfodelo, 1983
2748:
2665:
2545:
2529:
6995:
6664:
6525:
5534:
4665:
4446:
2426:
1249:(1814–15), which restructured Europe after Napoleon's defeat, returned to Savoy its mainland possessions and augmented them with
1318:(1870). On 17 March 1861, to more accurately reflect its new geographic, cultural and political extent, the Kingdom of Sardinia
7082:
6451:
2577:
1285:, the various Savoyard states were unified under one legal system with their capital in Turin, and granted a constitution, the
4168:
3403:
4617:
4353:
AAVV. (a cura di F. Manconi), La società sarda in età spagnola, Cagliari, Consiglio Regionale della Sardegna, 2 voll., 1992-3
4279:
4137:
3777:
3706:
3671:
3608:
3538:
3507:
3473:
498:
4990:
1724:
granted an autonomous legislature to the kingdom and its legal traditions. The kingdom was governed in the king's name by a
7112:
6659:
5836:
5554:
4653:
2401:
1319:
1245:, the king of Sardinia temporarily resided on the island for the first time in Sardinia's history under Savoyard rule. The
661:
3930:
Constantini Porphyrogeneti De caerimoniis aulae Byzantinae, in Patrologia cursus completus. Series Graeca CXII, Paris 1857
7072:
7000:
6959:
6480:
6349:
6092:
6040:
5057:
3209:
1962:
1951:
1811:
1650:
1188:
1058:
37:
33:
3695:"The Crown of Aragon and the Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae in the Fourteenth Century: Comparing Institutional Identities"
6974:
6964:
6639:
6231:
5902:
4468:
330:(already officially used in the mainland since the 16th century via the Rivoli Edict; introduced to Sardinia in 1760),
1688:
of the papacy. Then, ignoring the indigenous states which already existed, the Pope offered his newly created fief to
1629:
There were other reasons beside this papal decision: it was the final successful result of the long fight against the
7127:
6969:
6674:
6644:
6599:
6343:
5951:
4432:
4416:
4396:
4361:
4322:
4260:
4231:
4213:
1559:
The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica (later, just the "Kingdom of Sardinia" from 1460) was a state whose king was the
1303:
1030:
879:
228:
6472:
5192:
2061:
1553:
1091:
from the late 13th until the mid-19th century ; officialy 1297 to 1768 for the corsican part of this kingdom.
140:
6534:
6495:
6361:
4702:
4288:
Romani, Roberto. "The Reason of the Elites: Constitutional Moderatism in the Kingdom of Sardinia, 1849–1861." in
3148:
3088:
3026:
2298:
2116:
2112:
6933:
6842:
6741:
6689:
6337:
6241:
6185:
5343:
4712:
4612:
4406:
4377:
4193:
Antonicelli, Aldo. "From Galleys to Square Riggers: The modernization of the navy of the Kingdom of Sardinia."
3370:
2414:
2215:
2000:
1803:
1461:
1121:
484:
442:
5151:
4356:
Blasco Ferrer Eduardo, Crestomazia Sarda dei primi secoli, collana Officina Linguistica, Ilisso, Nuoro, 2003,
3317:. Carlodelfino Editore. pp. 32, 49). However, every king of Sardinia continued to retain the nominal title of
1375:
Facing Arab attempts to sack and conquer, while having almost no outside help, Sardinia used the principle of
6587:
6226:
6160:
5959:
5691:
5614:
5465:
4860:
4589:
4508:
2448:
2263:
2154:
2023:
1980:
1966:
1538:
986:
147:
3305:, in that it was originally meant to also include the neighbouring island of Corsica, until its status as a
7102:
7067:
6857:
6552:
4920:
4900:
4890:
4584:
4577:
4498:
3194:
3189:
2495:
2347:
2312:
Due to the Austrian government's refusal to cede any lands to the Kingdom of Sardinia, they agreed to cede
1923:
1351:
1023:
601:
411:
2357:
started his campaign to conquer the southern Apennines in the name of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He quickly
1606:
rule in the 9th century had passed through marriage and partition under the direct or indirect control of
7036:
6614:
6490:
6355:
6307:
5998:
5485:
4880:
4567:
4295:
Romani, Roberto. "Reluctant Revolutionaries: Moderate Liberalism in the Kingdom of Sardinia, 1849–1859."
4000:
3106:
3061:
2362:
2256:
2225:
1807:
1465:
1426:
1418:
1386:
1133:
1006:
339:
3727:
Christopher Storrs, "Savoyard Diplomacy in the Eighteenth Century (1684–1798)", in Daniela Frigo (ed.),
2561:
2076:
and claimed it as part of Sardinia. Since then the archipelago has been a part of the Sardinian region.
1533:
6943:
6694:
6649:
6515:
6444:
6301:
6295:
6246:
6236:
5666:
5651:
5514:
4986:
4960:
4956:
4910:
4870:
4850:
4528:
3204:
3163:
3039:
2467:
in the four cantons, or adding a blue border, or using a blue flag with the Savoy cross in one canton.
2358:
2031:
1160:
614:
211:
3799:
2455:
became the flag of a naval power. This posed the problem that the same flag was already in use by the
2211:
7122:
7117:
7107:
6928:
6654:
6413:
5696:
3793:
3333:
2200:
2158:
1488:
1136:, the last competing claim to the island was bought out. After the union of the crowns of Aragon and
1922:
Sardinia continued to be governed as a semi-independent kingdom, retaining its own parliament and a
6562:
6319:
5671:
5524:
5460:
5109:
1298:
in 1853, the Savoyards had built the kingdom into a strong power. There followed the annexation of
959:
36:. For the Savoyard phase of the kingdom, also known as Sardinia-Piedmont or Piedmont Sardinia, see
4476:
1979:
The Spanish domination of Sardinia ended at the beginning of the 18th century, as a result of the
6907:
6897:
6629:
6407:
6082:
5974:
5936:
5431:
5361:
4369:
1736:
1673:
1599:
1595:
399:
6634:
3823:
1696:
and, following a military campaign which lasted a year or so, occupied the Pisan territories of
6938:
6505:
6367:
6313:
6261:
6251:
6087:
6030:
5701:
4461:
3310:
3112:
3043:
2519:
Imperial Eagle of Roman Holy Emperor Charles V with the four Moors of the Kingdom of Sardinia (
2478:, surmounted by the Savoyard shield, as his flag. This flag would later become the flag of the
2343:
2170:
2147:
2108:
1872:
1783:
1568:
1545:
1457:
1266:
640:
575:
5084:
4382:
Coroneo Roberto, Arte in Sardegna dal IV alla metà dell'XI secolo, edizioni AV, Cagliari, 2011
3767:
3474:"Limba Sarda 2.0S'italianu in Sardigna? Impostu a òbligu de lege cun Boginu – Limba Sarda 2.0"
3437:
The phonology of Campidanian Sardinian : a unitary account of a self-organizing structure
1364:. The Romans ruled the island until the middle of the 5th century when it was occupied by the
133:
6979:
6751:
6582:
6437:
6331:
6175:
6127:
6113:
5941:
5681:
5594:
5544:
5223:
5206:
5130:
4950:
4660:
4622:
4607:
3952:
Roberto Coroneo, Arte in Sardegna dal IV alla metà dell'XI secolo, edizioni AV, Cagliari 2011
3729:
Politics and Diplomacy in Early Modern Italy: The Structure of Diplomatic Practice, 1450–1800
3461:
Settecento sardo e cultura europea: Lumi, società, istituzioni nella crisi dell'Antico Regime
2980:
2388:
Garibaldi was disappointed in this development, as well as in the loss of his home province,
2100:
2065:
1572:
5095:
1544:
Later, the title of King of Sardinia was granted by the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire to
6731:
6460:
6379:
6256:
6195:
6180:
6103:
6067:
6023:
6013:
5791:
5763:
5569:
5413:
5311:
5255:
4599:
4562:
4557:
4518:
4129:
The Changing Faces of Federalism: Institutional Reconfiguration in Europe From East to West
3858:
3275:
2928:
2717:
2290:
2050:
1518:
1506:
1480:
1449:
1357:
991:
981:
976:
906:
396:
335:
4930:
4366:
Boscolo Alberto, La Sardegna bizantina e alto giudicale, Edizioni Della TorreCagliari 1978
3313:, who dropped the last original bit mentioning Corsica in 1479 (Francesco Cesare, Casula.
8:
7026:
7021:
7016:
6812:
6619:
6572:
6557:
6542:
6401:
6132:
6035:
6018:
6008:
5863:
5786:
5609:
5604:
5539:
5439:
5349:
5088:
4980:
4735:
4638:
4549:
4523:
3975:
2960:
2932:
2306:
2267:
2237:
2187:
2166:
2143:
2069:
2012:
2008:
1868:
1857:
1829:
1732:
1716:
1526:
1514:
1510:
1347:
1242:
1238:
of 1847, when all the kingdom's governmental institutions would be centralized in Turin.
1212:
967:
795:
767:
4916:
1521:, perfectly organized as was the previous realm, but was now under the influence of the
1241:
When the mainland domains of the House of Savoy were occupied and eventually annexed by
6877:
6867:
6796:
6761:
6604:
6325:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6190:
6155:
6150:
6108:
6072:
5931:
5826:
5748:
5721:
5661:
5564:
5549:
5387:
5367:
4750:
4745:
4730:
4725:
4503:
4244:
4031:
3264:
2354:
2251:
2229:
2135:
2004:
1739:, and the "Kingdom of Sardinia" extended throughout the island, except for the city of
1721:
1693:
1689:
1677:
1669:
1660:
1583:
1579:
1495:
1430:
1377:
1282:
1246:
1192:
1117:
1001:
430:
305:
100:
6822:
6429:
1641:, but during the Byzantine period became influenced by Byzantine liturgy and culture.
1445:
also requested aid from the two maritime republics in the struggle against the Arabs.
7041:
7031:
6852:
6832:
6684:
6170:
6165:
6098:
6057:
6051:
5892:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5599:
5579:
5529:
5519:
5500:
5074:
4787:
4769:
4762:
4648:
4513:
4454:
4428:
4412:
4402:
4392:
4373:
4357:
4318:
4275:
4256:
4227:
4209:
4133:
3773:
3702:
3667:
3604:
3534:
3503:
3306:
2964:
2302:
2182:
2127:
2126:
In 1814, the Crown of Savoy enlarged its territories with the addition of the former
2120:
2073:
2046:
2027:
2016:
1984:
1891:
1887:
1845:
1549:
1492:
1438:
1331:
1287:
1254:
1148:
1095:
837:
809:
717:
588:
389:
357:
309:
5001:
4401:
Manconi Francesco, Una piccola provincia di un grande impero, CUEC, Cagliari, 2012,
4160:
3395:
2095:
In 1792, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the other states of the Savoy Crown joined the
6862:
6776:
6771:
6756:
6736:
6710:
6624:
6609:
6387:
5969:
5964:
5887:
5821:
5816:
5686:
5656:
5624:
5480:
5425:
5404:
5382:
5161:
4831:
4796:
4757:
4720:
4680:
4643:
4236:
3596:
3138:
2479:
2475:
2456:
2438:
2196:
1833:
1767:
1603:
1587:
1434:
1382:
1369:
1274:
1152:
1137:
892:
781:
562:
514:
376:
343:
327:
317:
313:
114:
86:
72:
4966:
4906:
4391:
Manconi Francesco, La Sardegna al tempo degli Asburgo, Il Maestrale, Nuoro, 2010,
6902:
6872:
6791:
6679:
5910:
5878:
5873:
5853:
5716:
5676:
5646:
5629:
5589:
5574:
5559:
5490:
5475:
5392:
5372:
5245:
5126:
5105:
4341:
4333:
4127:
4110:
3528:
2916:
2286:
2174:
2096:
1935:
1919:
1794:
and a series of plagues (in 1582, 1652 and 1655) further worsened the situation.
1779:
1564:
1184:
1088:
1076:
996:
865:
711:
331:
255:
244:
5768:
4675:
2153:
In the reaction after Napoleon, the country was ruled by conservative monarchs:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6837:
6827:
6669:
6510:
6484:
6393:
6289:
6283:
5883:
5858:
5731:
5726:
5711:
5706:
5641:
5636:
5619:
5584:
5377:
5355:
5299:
5238:
5141:
5099:
5078:
5067:
5036:
3701:, CARMEN Monographs and Studies, Amsterdam University Press, pp. 329–346,
3199:
3035:
2471:
2444:
2418:
2275:
2191:
2162:
2084:
2054:
1996:
1988:
1939:
1931:
1907:
1752:
1560:
1499:
1278:
1250:
1235:
1227:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1141:
1084:
1080:
851:
823:
729:
648:
627:
362:
334:(officially used in the mainland since the 16th century via the Rivoli Edict),
262:
248:
199:
58:
4876:
2409:
Turin, remained the Italian capital until 1865, when the capital was moved to
1790:
in 1478, ending any further revolts in the island. The unceasing attacks from
7061:
6781:
6766:
6746:
6715:
6567:
6077:
5915:
5419:
5293:
5265:
5063:
4846:
3600:
2828:
2483:
2452:
2346:, which also called for referendums to confirm the annexation. Subsequently,
2180:
The Kingdom of Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. A constitution, the
1791:
1525:, which claimed sovereignty over the entire island, and in particular of the
1442:
1393:
1334:
of the Kingdom of Italy, which in turn is the predecessor of the present-day
1156:
4976:
4946:
4866:
4385:
Coroneo Roberto, Scultura mediobizantina in Sardegna, Nuoro, Poliedro, 2000,
3741:
3561:
1975:
19th-century coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sardinia under the Savoy dynasty
1368:, who had also settled in north Africa. In 534 AD it was reconquered by the
6923:
6817:
6594:
6500:
5450:
5305:
5285:
5032:
3245:
when the kingdom was still considered to include Corsica. In Italian it is
3157:
3097:
3052:
2832:
2460:
2294:
2165:(1831–49), who fought at the head of a contingent of his own troops at the
2131:
2111:, giving the French army free passage through Piedmont. On 6 December 1798
1638:
1410:
1361:
1315:
1307:
723:
545:
472:
4886:
4411:
Mastino Attilio, Storia della Sardegna Antica, Il Maestrale, Nuoro, 2005,
2996:
1234:
seat of power. This situation would be conferred official status with the
6847:
6003:
5868:
2502:
2271:
2247:
1895:
1774:, the firm Aragonese (later Spanish) rule, the introduction of a sterile
1740:
1295:
1262:
549:
541:
524:
508:
4300:
3658:
Schena, Olivetta (2012), Gamberini, Andrea; Lazzarini, Isabella (eds.),
2350:
showed over 99.5% majorities in both areas in favour of joining France.
165:
7046:
4774:
4427:
Ortu Gian Giacomo, La Sardegna dei Giudici, Il Maestrale, Nuoro, 2005,
3500:
Religious intolerance and discrimination in selected European countries
2405:
2221:
1630:
705:
2897:
6547:
5270:
4970:
4690:
4440:
Spanu Luigi, Cagliari nel seicento, Edizioni Castello, Cagliari, 1999
3902:
Archeological museum of Cagliari, from Santa Sofia church in Villasor
2365:, which was the largest of the states in the region, stretching from
1775:
1414:
227:
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1859 including conquest of Lombardy;
4856:
3362:
2285:
In 1859, France sided with the Kingdom of Sardinia in a war against
2266:
was installed and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the engine driving
1820:" could be said to have started as a questionable and extraordinary
5988:
5470:
5275:
5218:
5053:
4896:
4695:
4685:
4484:
4479:
4113:
A Monograph on Plebiscites, with a Collection of Official Documents
2988:
2959:
The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1410 to 1420, after the defeat of the
2924:
2912:
2619:
Royal Standard of the Savoyard kings of Sardinia of Savoy dynasty (
2410:
2326:
2313:
2142:
to its borders after it had been annexed by France in 1792. By the
2104:
1876:
1849:
1837:
1771:
1697:
1637:; it was an autonomous province loyal to Rome and belonging to the
1406:
1402:
1323:
1299:
1219:
1176:
1103:
279:
4540:
2459:. Because of this, the Savoyards modified their flag for use as a
2079:
5250:
5211:
5116:
4827:
4099:
The Outline of History, Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind
3116:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2338:
2243:
1880:
1861:
1853:
1841:
1725:
1705:
1701:
1619:
1505:
The realm was divided into four small kingdoms, the Judicates of
1453:
1398:
1365:
1270:
1099:
371:
347:
32:
For the kingdom as part of the Aragonese and Spanish crowns, see
5040:
4340:
old interpretations but useful on details; vol 1 goes to 1859];
4272:
Cavour and the Economic Modernization of the Kingdom of Sardinia
3699:
Identity in the Middle Ages: Approaches from Southwestern Europe
2206:
1836:, James II seized the Pisan territories in the former states of
5758:
5137:
4372:, La storia di Sardegna, Carlo Delfino Editore, Sassari, 1994,
3439:, Roberto Bolognesi, The Hague : Holland Academic Graphics
2482:, and the tricolor without the Savoyard escutcheon remains the
2370:
2334:
1992:
1971:
1615:
1591:
1537:
The flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia at the funeral ceremony of
1522:
1472:
1425:). The Saracen attempt to invade the island was stopped by the
1311:
1258:
1107:
944:
939:
2297:
did not keep his promises to Cavour to fight until all of the
2173:
on the Spanish throne. Victor Emmanuel I disbanded the entire
5736:
5260:
5233:
3810:
3427:, vol. 3, a cura di Giorgia Ingrassia e Eduardo Blasco Ferrer
2920:
2422:
2382:
2330:
2146:, the Kingdom of Sardinia extended its protectorate over the
2139:
2090:
2042:
1927:
1611:
1335:
1223:
934:
644:
286:
171:
4045:"Storia di Sardegna, Pisa e Genova in guerra per il dominio"
3463:; Antonello Mattone, Piero Sanna; FrancoAngeli Storia; p. 18
1828:
existence began in 1324 when, called by their allies of the
5228:
2464:
2432:
2400:
On 17 March 1861, law no. 4671 of the Sardinian Parliament
2389:
1685:
1607:
1327:
194:
159:
Bottom: Flag 1816–1848 during the Union with Piedmont-Savoy
4421:
Meloni Piero, La Sardegna Romana, Chiarella, Sassari, 1980
1883:
and incorporating everything else into their own kingdom.
1590:. This was an inducement to join in the effort to restore
1330:. The Savoy-led Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was thus the
4163:
Flags of the World: Kingdom of Sardinia – Part 1 (Italy).
3666:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 50–68,
3398:
Flags of the World: Kingdom of Sardinia – Part 2 (Italy).
1622:
since conquering the island nearly two centuries before (
1655:
6459:
3804:
1852:
state in north-western Sardinia, including the city of
4331:
4126:
Ortino, Sergio; Zagar, Mitja; Mastny, Vojtech (2005).
2085:
fusion of all its provinces into a single jurisdiction
1147:
In 1720, the island and its kingdom were ceded by the
5031:
3633:"Cession à la France de la souveraineté sur la Corse"
3178:
maximum expansion of the Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1860
1120:
in 1297. Beginning in 1324, James and his successors
5191:
4826:
3941:
Scultura mediobizantina in Sardegna, Nuoro, Poliedro
3765:
2301:
had been conquered. Following the bloody battles of
2083:
A map of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1856, after the
1106:, sovereignty over both of which was claimed by the
150:
during the Aragonese and Spanish periods, and again
3365:
Bandiere degli Stati preunitari italiani: Sardegna.
2898:
Territorial evolution of Sardinia from 1324 to 1720
1848:, which controlled most of the lands of the former
2421:ruled Italy until 1946, when Italy was declared a
1956:
1934:. During this time the island became a target for
4125:
4111:Wambaugh, Sarah & Scott, James Brown (1920),
3693:Cioppi, Alessandra (2021), Sabaté, Flocel (ed.),
3589:"Cavour and the achievement of unity (1852–61)".
3269:
2451:in 1713 and the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1723, the
2429:. The result was 54.3% in favor of the Republic.
1938:, due to the frequent wars between Spain and the
1797:
1356:In 238 BC Sardinia became, along with Corsica, a
7059:
3859:"Sardegna Cultura – Periodi storici – Giudicale"
2989:Territorial evolution of Italy from 1796 to 1860
2019:, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan.
1644:
1471:Before the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica, the
1322:, and its capital was eventually moved first to
1175:, dynastic possessions like the Principality of
323:During the Savoyard period as a composite State:
6377:
4315:War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy, 1690–1720
4206:Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento, 1790–1870
4097:Wells, H.G., Raymond Postgate, and G.P. Wells.
3772:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 644.
3530:An Introduction to Ancient and Modern Geography
3258:
2979:The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1448 to 1720; the
2395:
1578:The idea of the kingdom was created in 1297 by
92:
3390:
3388:
1987:of 1713, Spain's European empire was divided:
1273:and adjacent areas to the newly created Swiss
7098:States and territories disestablished in 1861
6445:
5177:
5017:
4812:
4462:
3246:
2320:
2207:Savoyard struggle for the Italian unification
2195:the worse and Charles Albert was defeated by
1664:The Kingdom of Sardinia in a 16th-century map
1116:("kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica"), to King
1031:
106:
78:
64:
5580:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
4132:. Manchester University Press. p. 183.
3592:LItaly in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790–1
3252:
3233:The name of the state was originally Latin:
2875:) and Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Italy (
1405:, after more than 1800 years of occupation;
4241:Victor Emanuel, Cavour and the Risorgimento
4115:, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 599
4101:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956. p. 753
3731:(Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 210.
3385:
3318:
3300:
3240:
3234:
2282:, and France, and fighting against Russia.
2270:. The Kingdom of Sardinia took part in the
2107:and forced to conclude the disadvantageous
1140:, Sardinia became a part of the burgeoning
1111:
50:
7093:States and territories established in 1324
6452:
6438:
5184:
5170:
5024:
5010:
4819:
4805:
4469:
4455:
4224:The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire
3742:"Sardinia-Piedmont, Kingdom of, 1848-1849"
3562:"Sardinia-Piedmont, Kingdom of, 1848-1849"
3357:
3355:
2134:against France. This was confirmed by the
2091:Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna
1230:since the mid 16th century, which was the
1189:States of His Majesty the King of Sardinia
1098:and initially consisted of the islands of
1038:
1024:
221:
27:State in Southern Europe from 1324 to 1861
6578:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
2623:) and State Flag of the Savoyard States (
2039:Kingdom of Sardinia, Cyprus and Jerusalem
1635:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
1594:, then under the rule of James's brother
4269:
3811:Aldo Sandulli; Giulio Vesperini (2011).
3526:
3520:
2433:Flags, royal standards and coats of arms
2220:
2210:
2078:
1970:
1864:, and added them to its direct domains.
1659:
1532:
1320:changed its name to the Kingdom of Italy
6996:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy
6665:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861
5535:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
4307:Parliaments, Estates and Representation
4203:
3820:Rivista trimestrale di diritto pubblico
3813:"L'organizzazione dello Stato unitario"
3497:
3352:
3215:
2804:War Ensign of the Kingdom of Sardinia (
1582:, as a hypothetical entity created for
1155:claimants to the Spanish throne to the
14:
7060:
4312:
4250:
4119:
4001:"GIUDICATI in "Enciclopedia Italiana""
3976:"Sardinia - Vandal and Byzantine rule"
3692:
3657:
3584:
3582:
3274:
3111:After the annexation of Lombardy, the
1429:with the support of the fleets of the
302:During the Iberian period in Sardinia:
6433:
5165:
5005:
4800:
4450:
4171:from the original on 23 December 2017
3769:Concise Encyclopeida Of World History
3660:"The kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica"
3533:. Cummings and Hilliard. p. 98.
3406:from the original on 25 February 2017
3263:
2831:with the coat of arms of Savoy as an
2474:of Savoy adopted the "revolutionary"
1656:Foundation of the Kingdom of Sardinia
1283:one between Great Britain and Ireland
6960:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)
6660:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
4274:. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.
4253:The Red Shirt and the Cross of Savoy
3309:land was eventually acknowledged by
2463:in various ways, adding the letters
2053:, although both had long been under
1491:in 1070, was already written in the
1389:, as it had been since Roman times.
1110:, which granted them as a fief, the
662:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
7078:Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire
7001:National Unity and Armed Forces Day
3822:(in Italian): 47–49. Archived from
3734:
3595:. Routledge. 1983. pp. 53–78.
3579:
3554:
3502:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 166.
3315:Italia, il grande inganno 1861–2011
2604:Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia in
1913:
24:
6975:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)
6965:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)
6640:Second Italian War of Independence
4671:Archaeological and artistic sights
4335:The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1
3759:
3630:
2348:somewhat controversial referendums
2262:In 1852, a liberal ministry under
2130:, now a duchy, and it served as a
1945:
1906:), which had been stolen from the
25:
7139:
6970:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)
6675:Third Italian War of Independence
6645:United Provinces of Central Italy
6600:First Italian War of Independence
6344:United Provinces of Central Italy
4290:Sensibilities of the Risorgimento
3963:Storia Linguistica Della Sardegna
3299:The Kingdom was initially called
3115:, the Emilian Duchies and Pope's
1222:, it was the Piedmontese city of
880:United Provinces of Central Italy
6524:
5193:List of historic states of Italy
5150:
5136:
5125:
5115:
5104:
5094:
5083:
5073:
5062:
5052:
5039:
4985:
4975:
4965:
4955:
4945:
4929:
4915:
4905:
4895:
4885:
4875:
4865:
4855:
4845:
4539:
4478:
3373:from the original on 31 May 2019
3171:
3124:
3069:
3007:
2995:
2972:
2952:
2940:
2904:
2864:
2844:
2816:
2797:
2781:
2765:
2747:
2729:
2709:
2685:
2664:
2648:
2632:
2612:
2597:
2576:
2560:
2544:
2528:
2512:
2494:
1708:, claiming the territory as the
1370:Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire
1341:
1122:conquered the island of Sardinia
1094:The kingdom was a member of the
958:
911:
897:
872:
858:
844:
830:
816:
802:
788:
774:
760:
177:
164:
139:
132:
7088:1861 disestablishments in Italy
6326:Provisional Government of Milan
4332:Thayer, William Roscoe (1911).
4292:(Brill, 2018) pp. 192–244.
4255:. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co.
4251:Martin, George Whitney (1969).
4187:
4153:
4104:
4091:
4082:
4073:
4063:
4037:
4019:
3993:
3968:
3961:Ferrer, Eduardo Blasco (1984).
3955:
3946:
3933:
3924:
3914:
3905:
3896:
3886:
3876:
3851:
3841:
3786:
3721:
3686:
3651:
3624:
3491:
3227:
3210:Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720)
2402:proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy
2138:, which returned the region of
1963:Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720)
1957:Exchange of Sardinia for Sicily
1952:Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)
1818:Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica
1812:Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)
1710:Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica
1651:Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)
215:"The Sardinian national anthem"
38:Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)
34:Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)
18:Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica
6934:Francis II of the Two Sicilies
6742:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
6690:Italian entry into World War I
5525:City of Fiume and its District
4613:List of presidents of Sardinia
4342:volume 2 online covers 1859–62
4317:. Cambridge University Press.
4051:(in Italian). 10 November 2017
3794:"Sardinia, Historical Kingdom"
3466:
3454:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3326:
3293:
2772:Merchant Flag and War Ensign (
2381:on Sicily. He then marched to
2216:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
1832:in the course of war with the
1804:Aragonese conquest of Sardinia
1798:Aragonese conquest of Sardinia
1614:in the 40 years preceding the
1462:Siege of Constantinople (1204)
1132:authority. In 1420, after the
13:
1:
7083:1324 establishments in Europe
6787:Annibale Santore di Santarosa
5960:County of Apulia and Calabria
5466:Campagna e Marittima Province
4347:
3766:Carlos Ramirez-Faria (2007).
3664:The Italian Renaissance State
2927:, which included the defunct
2788:Civil Flag and Civil Ensign (
2696:
2625:late 16th – late 18th century
2264:Count Camillo Benso di Cavour
2188:the year of revolutions, 1848
2045:still claimed the thrones of
2024:War of the Quadruple Alliance
1981:War of the Spanish Succession
1967:Kingdom of Sicily under Savoy
1645:Aragonese and Spanish kingdom
1618:treaty. Genoa had also ruled
1586:under a secret clause in the
1489:Torchitorio I de Lacon-Gunale
151:
6858:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi
6553:Revolutions during the 1820s
4313:Storrs, Christopher (1999).
3302:Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae
3242:Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae
3220:
3195:List of viceroys of Sardinia
3190:List of monarchs of Sardinia
2396:Towards the Kingdom of Italy
2169:, which set the reactionary
2103:, but was beaten in 1796 by
1720:his struggles with Arborea,
1682:Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae
1352:List of monarchs of Sardinia
1113:regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae
7:
7113:Former monarchies of Europe
7037:Revisionism of Risorgimento
6615:Sicilian revolution of 1848
6496:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
6491:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
6362:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
6356:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
6308:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
5486:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
4270:Murtaugh, Frank M. (1991).
4226:, The Belknap Press, 2009,
3265:[ˈrenːuðɛzaɾˈdiɲːa]
3183:
3107:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
3062:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2911:The political situation in
2671:State flag and war ensign (
2639:State Flag and War Ensign (
2363:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2299:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
2232:in Teano (26 October 1860).
1751:) that was stolen from the
1575:when they married in 1469.
1466:Recapture of Constantinople
10:
7144:
7073:Former countries in Europe
6944:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
6650:Expedition of the Thousand
6516:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
6302:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
6296:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
5697:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
5667:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
5652:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
3164:Expedition of the Thousand
2436:
2321:Garibaldi and the Thousand
2235:
2115:occupied Turin and forced
1960:
1949:
1801:
1672:, intervening between the
1648:
1401:was abandoned in favor of
1392:Starting from 705 to 706,
1345:
1054:, also referred to as the
31:
7009:
6988:
6952:
6929:Franz Joseph I of Austria
6916:
6806:Literature and philosophy
6805:
6724:
6703:
6655:Dictatorship of Garibaldi
6533:
6522:
6471:
6414:Free Territory of Trieste
6274:
6204:
6143:
6126:
6050:
5987:
5950:
5932:Principality of Benevento
5924:
5901:
5846:
5835:
5777:
5747:
5499:
5449:
5403:
5334:
5321:
5284:
5199:
5148:
5048:
4938:
4927:
4838:
4785:
4711:
4631:
4598:
4548:
4537:
4491:
3425:Storia della lingua sarda
3276:[ˈrɛɲətsarˈdəɲːa]
3081: Kingdom of Sardinia
3019: Kingdom of Sardinia
2983:was conquered in 1767–69.
2823:Civil and merchant flag (
2201:Battle of Custozza (1848)
1680:, established on paper a
1475:(ἄρχοντες) or, in Latin,
1277:. In 1847–48, through an
987:Phoenician–Punic Sardinia
927:
739:
698:
694:
684:
680:
675:
671:
658:
637:
624:
611:
598:
585:
572:
559:
555:
537:
521:
505:
494:
490:
478:
466:
462:
452:
448:
436:
426:• 1324–1327 (first)
424:
420:
410:
382:
370:
353:
297:
272:
236:
220:
206:
190:
175:Aragonese-Spanish periods
128:
123:
45:
7128:Spanish Empire in Europe
6320:Italian United Provinces
5672:Principality of Piombino
5461:Patrimony of Saint Peter
5110:Principality of Piedmont
4939:Americas and East Indies
4492:Administrative divisions
3601:10.4324/9781315836836-12
3527:Cummings, Jacob (1821).
3498:Seiwert, Hubert (2011).
3286:
3149:Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia
3089:Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia
3027:Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia
2855:) and Kingdom of Italy (
480:• 1860–1861 (last)
438:• 1849–1861 (last)
6908:Francesco Saverio Salfi
6898:Gian Domenico Romagnosi
6408:Italian Social Republic
6083:Principality of Taranto
5975:Principality of Taranto
5937:Principality of Salerno
5692:Bishopric of Tarantasia
5515:Bishopric of Bressanone
5432:Duchy of the Pentapolis
5121:Principality of Oneglia
4370:Casula Francesco Cesare
4204:Hearder, Harry (1986).
3980:Encyclopedia Britannica
3800:Encyclopædia Britannica
3449:S'italianu in Sardìnnia
3270:
3205:S'hymnu sardu nationale
2892:
2643:): Civil Flag "crowned"
2226:King Victor Emmanuel II
1856:and the semiautonomous
1808:Sardinian–Aragonese war
1737:William III of Narbonne
1704:along with the city of
1596:Frederick III of Sicily
1134:Sardinian–Aragonese war
400:constitutional monarchy
243:Associate state of the
212:S'hymnu sardu nationale
6939:Klemens von Metternich
6506:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
6461:Unification of Italy (
6314:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
6088:Terra Sancti Benedicti
5992:(from the 9th century)
5702:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4703:National football team
4197:102.2 (2016): 153–173
3863:www.sardegnacultura.it
3319:
3311:Ferdinand II of Aragon
3301:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3113:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2233:
2218:
2148:Principality of Monaco
2109:Treaty of Paris (1796)
2087:
1976:
1665:
1569:Ferdinand II of Aragon
1546:Barisone II of Arborea
1541:
1458:Massacre of the Latins
1304:central Italian states
1267:Treaty of Turin (1816)
1193:was and is referred to
1112:
290:(1720–1798, 1814–1861)
283:(1324–1720, 1798–1814)
261:Sovereign State under
251:(1324–1708, 1717–1720)
107:
93:
79:
65:
51:
6980:Tricolour Flag Museum
6752:Federico Confalonieri
6583:Republic of San Marco
6332:Republic of San Marco
6114:Crown Colony of Malta
5942:Principality of Capua
5682:Marquisate of Saluzzo
5545:County of Santa Fiora
5207:Etruscan civilization
5131:Marquisate of Saluzzo
4661:Sa die de sa Sardigna
4608:Elections in Sardinia
4309:39.3 (2019): 304–315.
3268:, and in Piedmontese
2981:Maddalena archipelago
2449:the Kingdom of Sicily
2415:many revolts exploded
2242:Like all the various
2224:
2214:
2101:French First Republic
2082:
2066:Maddalena archipelago
1974:
1898:(at that time called
1802:Further information:
1792:north African pirates
1755:in 1448, and renamed
1743:(at that time called
1663:
1573:Isabella I of Castile
1536:
1207:, or erroneously the
298:Common languages
6635:Plombières Agreement
6128:French Revolutionary
6068:State of the Presidi
5792:Republic of Florence
5764:Domini di Terraferma
5414:Exarchate of Ravenna
5312:Western Roman Empire
5256:Nuragic civilization
4563:Sardinia and Corsica
4195:The Mariner's Mirror
3451:, Amos Cardia, Iskra
3336:Storia dello stemma.
3323:("King of Corsica").
3254:Royaume de Sardaigne
3216:Notes and references
2929:Judicate of Cagliari
2915:after 1324 when the
2718:Royal Sardinian Navy
2655:State and war flag (
2291:Austro-Sardinian War
2062:Charles Emmanuel III
1784:marquess of Oristano
1554:Emperor Frederick II
1481:Judicate of Cagliari
1387:monarchical republic
1069:Sardegna and Corsica
992:Sardinia and Corsica
982:Nuragic civilization
977:Pre-Nuragic Sardinia
907:Second French Empire
615:Became part of Savoy
576:Actual establishment
468:• 1848 (first)
7103:History of Sardinia
7068:Kingdom of Sardinia
7027:Italian nationalism
7022:Italian irredentism
7017:Altare della Patria
6813:Giovanni Arrivabene
6620:Ten Days of Brescia
6573:Revolutions of 1848
6558:Revolutions of 1830
6543:Rimini Proclamation
6481:Kingdom of Sardinia
6402:Free State of Fiume
6350:Kingdom of Sardinia
6093:Neapolitan Republic
6041:Kingdom of Sardinia
6036:Republic of Sassari
5864:Catepanate of Italy
5787:Republic of Cospaia
5610:Duchy of Montferrat
5605:March of Montferrat
5540:County of Guastalla
5440:Exarchate of Africa
5089:Duchy of Montferrat
5058:Kingdom of Sardinia
4666:Tourist attractions
4208:. London: Longman.
3965:, p. 65, De Gruyter
3796:. 20 December 2023.
3139:Kingdom of Sardinia
2507:(union with Aragon)
2404:, so ratifying the
2373:on the mainland to
2268:Italian unification
2238:Italian unification
2167:Battle of Trocadero
2144:Treaty of Stupinigi
2117:Charles Emmanuel IV
2070:Strait of Bonifacio
2032:Treaty of The Hague
2013:Spanish Netherlands
2009:Archduke of Austria
1869:Judicate of Arborea
1830:Judicate of Arborea
1824:state in 1297, its
1733:Alfonso V of Aragon
1348:History of Sardinia
1294:By the time of the
1209:Kingdom of Piedmont
1052:Kingdom of Sardinia
1012:Kingdom of Sardinia
1007:Sardinian Judicates
968:History of Sardinia
796:Republic of Sassari
768:Judicate of Arborea
531:Chamber of Deputies
157:–1720 (longest use)
47:Kingdom of Sardinia
6878:Alessandro Manzoni
6868:Francesco Lomonaco
6797:Victor Emmanuel II
6762:Giuseppe Garibaldi
6605:Five Days of Milan
6473:Pre-unitary states
6232:Lucca and Piombino
6109:Malta Protectorate
6073:Duke of San Donato
5827:Republic of Ancona
5749:Republic of Venice
5662:Duchy of Mirandola
5550:Duchy of Guastalla
5388:Duchy of Tridentum
5368:Duchy of Benevento
5335:Barbarian kingdoms
4297:Historical Journal
4243:(Oxford UP, 1971)
3829:on 2 November 2018
2810:aspect ratio 31:76
2716:War Ensign of the
2355:Giuseppe Garibaldi
2274:, allied with the
2257:Victor Emmanuel II
2252:Apennine peninsula
2234:
2219:
2136:Congress of Vienna
2088:
2041:, as the House of
2005:Holy Roman Emperor
1977:
1722:Peter IV of Aragon
1694:Hugh II of Arborea
1690:James II of Aragon
1670:Pope Boniface VIII
1666:
1604:Byzantine imperial
1584:James II of Aragon
1580:Pope Boniface VIII
1542:
1498:, albeit with the
1496:Sardinian language
1431:maritime republics
1378:translatio imperii
1247:Congress of Vienna
1118:James II of Aragon
1002:Byzantine Sardinia
602:Spanish reconquest
443:Victor Emmanuel II
7055:
7054:
7042:Southern question
6853:Vincenzo Gioberti
6833:Felice Cavallotti
6732:Massimo d'Azeglio
6685:Law of Guarantees
6427:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6270:
6269:
6237:Massa and Carrara
6122:
6121:
6099:Hospitaller Malta
6058:Kingdom of Naples
6052:Kingdom of Sicily
5983:
5982:
5893:Duchy of Sorrento
5812:Republic of Genoa
5807:Republic of Siena
5802:Republic of Massa
5797:Republic of Lucca
5530:County of Gorizia
5520:Corsican Republic
5501:Holy Roman Empire
5159:
5158:
4999:
4998:
4794:
4793:
4618:Political parties
4281:978-0-8153-0671-9
4237:Mack Smith, Denis
4139:978-0-7190-6996-3
4049:La Nuova Sardegna
3779:978-81-269-0775-5
3708:978-1-64189-259-9
3673:978-0-511-84569-7
3610:978-1-315-83683-6
3540:978-1-341-37795-2
3509:978-3-643-99894-1
3260:Rennu de Sardigna
3248:Regno di Sardegna
2965:Battle of Sanluri
2961:Arborean Judicate
2470:Eventually, King
2325:On 5 March 1860,
2186:, was enacted in
2183:Statuto Albertino
2155:Victor Emmanuel I
2128:Republic of Genoa
2121:Battle of Marengo
2074:Republic of Genoa
2028:Victor Amadeus II
2017:Kingdom of Naples
1995:and parts of the
1985:Treaty of Utrecht
1892:Battle of Sanluri
1888:Brancaleone Doria
1846:Republic of Genoa
1788:Battle of Macomer
1757:Castillo Aragonés
1550:Enzio of Sardinia
1419:Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī
1332:legal predecessor
1288:Statuto Albertino
1281:analogous to the
1255:Republic of Genoa
1253:, taken from the
1243:Napoleonic France
1226:, the capital of
1205:Piedmont–Sardinia
1161:Victor Amadeus II
1096:Council of Aragon
1073:Piedmont–Sardinia
1048:
1047:
953:
952:
923:
922:
919:
918:
885:
884:
838:Republic of Genoa
810:Holy Roman Empire
718:Piedmontese scudo
563:Papal investiture
390:Absolute monarchy
366:
358:Roman Catholicism
108:Regno di Sardegna
94:Rennu de Sardigna
66:Regne de Sardenya
16:(Redirected from
7135:
7123:Christian states
7118:Island countries
7108:Former countries
6863:Giacomo Leopardi
6843:Giuseppe Ferrari
6777:Bettino Ricasoli
6772:Giuseppe Mazzini
6757:Francesco Crispi
6737:Agostino Bertani
6711:Cockade of Italy
6695:Impresa di Fiume
6625:Belfiore martyrs
6610:Sortie on Mestre
6528:
6454:
6447:
6440:
6431:
6430:
6388:Kingdom of Italy
6375:
6374:
6141:
6140:
5970:County of Sicily
5965:County of Aversa
5888:Byzantine Sicily
5874:Theme of Lucania
5844:
5843:
5822:Republic of Pisa
5817:Republic of Noli
5687:Duchy of Spoleto
5657:Duchy of Merania
5555:Kingdom of Italy
5481:Duchy of Ferrara
5426:Duchy of Perugia
5405:Byzantine Empire
5383:Duchy of Spoleto
5350:Ostrogothic rule
5332:
5331:
5200:Pre-Roman period
5186:
5179:
5172:
5163:
5162:
5154:
5140:
5129:
5119:
5108:
5098:
5087:
5077:
5066:
5056:
5043:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5003:
5002:
4989:
4979:
4969:
4959:
4949:
4933:
4919:
4909:
4899:
4889:
4879:
4869:
4859:
4849:
4832:Spanish monarchy
4821:
4814:
4807:
4798:
4797:
4742:Corso-Sardinian
4543:
4483:
4482:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4448:
4447:
4339:
4328:
4285:
4266:
4222:Luttwak Edward,
4219:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4123:
4117:
4108:
4102:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4041:
4035:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3972:
3966:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3944:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3855:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3817:
3808:
3802:
3797:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3738:
3732:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3304:
3297:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3271:Regn ëd Sardëgna
3267:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3236:Regnum Sardiniae
3231:
3175:
3155:
3146:
3135:
3128:
3104:
3095:
3086:
3080:
3073:
3059:
3050:
3033:
3024:
3018:
3011:
2999:
2976:
2956:
2944:
2908:
2868:
2848:
2820:
2801:
2785:
2769:
2751:
2733:
2713:
2701:
2698:
2689:
2668:
2652:
2636:
2616:
2601:
2580:
2564:
2548:
2532:
2516:
2498:
2480:Kingdom of Italy
2476:Italian tricolor
2457:Knights of Malta
2439:Flag of Sardinia
2197:Marshal Radetzky
2011:), received the
1932:Habsburg dynasty
1914:Spanish Sardinia
1834:Republic of Pisa
1761:Aragonese Castle
1684:that would be a
1588:Treaty of Anagni
1383:Byzantine Empire
1336:Italian Republic
1314:(1866), and the
1275:Canton of Geneva
1261:'s accession to
1215:had always been
1124:and established
1115:
1040:
1033:
1026:
962:
955:
954:
915:
914:
901:
900:
893:Kingdom of Italy
889:
888:
876:
875:
862:
861:
848:
847:
834:
833:
820:
819:
806:
805:
792:
791:
782:Republic of Pisa
778:
777:
764:
763:
757:
756:
741:
740:
515:Subalpine Senate
360:
225:
183:Savoyard Periods
181:
168:
156:
153:
143:
136:
118:
110:
104:
96:
90:
82:
80:Reino de Cerdeña
76:
68:
62:
54:
43:
42:
21:
7143:
7142:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7132:
7058:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7005:
6984:
6948:
6912:
6903:Antonio Rosmini
6873:Goffredo Mameli
6823:Giosuè Carducci
6801:
6792:Ruggero Settimo
6720:
6699:
6680:Capture of Rome
6529:
6520:
6467:
6458:
6428:
6419:
6373:
6276:
6275:Post-Napoleonic
6266:
6200:
6136:
6130:
6118:
6060:
6056:
6055:(1130–1816) and
6054:
6046:
5991:
5979:
5946:
5920:
5911:Emirate of Bari
5897:
5884:Theme of Sicily
5879:Duchy of Naples
5854:Duchy of Amalfi
5839:
5831:
5779:
5778:Other Republics
5773:
5751:
5743:
5737:County of Tenda
5717:County of Savoy
5677:Duchy of Reggio
5647:Duchy of Mantua
5575:March of Friuli
5507:
5505:
5503:
5495:
5491:Duchy of Urbino
5476:Duchy of Castro
5453:
5445:
5399:
5393:Duchy of Tuscia
5373:Duchy of Friuli
5336:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5296:(753 BC–509 BC)
5280:
5195:
5190:
5160:
5155:
5146:
5133:
5112:
5091:
5070:
5044:
5030:
5000:
4995:
4991:Río de la Plata
4934:
4925:
4834:
4825:
4795:
4790:
4781:
4707:
4627:
4594:
4544:
4535:
4487:
4477:
4475:
4350:
4325:
4299:(2012): 45–73.
4282:
4263:
4216:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4124:
4120:
4109:
4105:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4024:
4020:
4010:
4008:
4005:www.treccani.it
3999:
3998:
3994:
3984:
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3974:
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3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
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3910:
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3901:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
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3846:
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3815:
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3740:
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3691:
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3615:
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3611:
3588:
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3580:
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3568:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3525:
3521:
3510:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3478:Limba Sarda 2.0
3472:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3257:, in Sardinian
3232:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3186:
3179:
3176:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3100:
3093:
3091:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3055:
3048:
3046:
3031:
3029:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3003:
3000:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2968:
2957:
2948:
2945:
2936:
2923:territories of
2909:
2900:
2895:
2880:
2869:
2860:
2849:
2840:Royal Standards
2835:
2827:), the Italian
2821:
2812:
2802:
2793:
2786:
2777:
2770:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2725:
2714:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2676:
2669:
2660:
2653:
2644:
2637:
2628:
2617:
2608:
2602:
2588:
2581:
2572:
2565:
2556:
2549:
2540:
2533:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2499:
2441:
2435:
2398:
2344:Treaty of Turin
2323:
2240:
2209:
2097:First Coalition
2093:
1969:
1961:Main articles:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:Savoyard period
1936:Barbary pirates
1920:Crown of Aragon
1916:
1814:
1800:
1780:Leonardo Alagon
1674:Houses of Anjou
1658:
1653:
1647:
1600:Angevin dynasty
1565:Crown of Aragon
1483:(the so-called
1417:, commanded by
1354:
1346:Main articles:
1344:
1185:composite state
1089:Southern Europe
1077:composite state
1044:
997:Vandal Sardinia
949:
912:
898:
873:
866:Crown of Aragon
859:
845:
831:
817:
803:
789:
775:
761:
735:
712:Sardinian scudo
687:
664:
651:
630:
617:
604:
591:
589:Became Habsburg
578:
565:
527:
511:
481:
469:
439:
427:
406:
402:
392:
325:
321:
304:
293:
289:
282:
268:
245:Crown of Aragon
232:
216:
214:
198:(Motto for the
197:
186:
185:
184:
182:
174:
169:
161:
160:
158:
154:
144:
137:
119:
112:
105:
98:
91:
84:
77:
70:
63:
56:
52:Regnum Sardiniæ
48:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7141:
7131:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7013:
7011:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7003:
6998:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6893:Carlo Pisacane
6890:
6888:Silvio Pellico
6885:
6883:Ippolito Nievo
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6838:Vincenzo Cuoco
6835:
6830:
6828:Carlo Cattaneo
6825:
6820:
6815:
6809:
6807:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6670:Roman Question
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6588:Roman Republic
6585:
6580:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6539:
6537:
6531:
6530:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6511:Duchy of Parma
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6485:House of Savoy
6477:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6457:
6456:
6449:
6442:
6434:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6394:Italian Empire
6384:
6382:
6372:
6371:
6365:
6359:
6353:
6347:
6341:
6338:Roman Republic
6335:
6329:
6323:
6317:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6293:
6290:Duchy of Lucca
6287:
6284:Duchy of Genoa
6280:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6147:
6145:
6138:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6064:
6062:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
5995:
5993:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5956:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5859:Duchy of Gaeta
5856:
5850:
5848:
5841:
5837:Southern Italy
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5783:
5781:
5780:(c. 1000–1797)
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5732:County of Nice
5729:
5727:Duchy of Aosta
5724:
5719:
5714:
5707:Savoyard state
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5642:Duchy of Milan
5639:
5637:Duchy of Ivrea
5634:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5455:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5410:
5408:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5378:Duchy of Ivrea
5375:
5370:
5359:
5353:
5347:
5344:Odoacer's rule
5340:
5338:
5329:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5309:
5308:(27 BC–395 AD)
5303:
5302:(509 BC–27 BC)
5300:Roman Republic
5297:
5290:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5239:Cisalpine Gaul
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5189:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5166:
5157:
5156:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5142:County of Nice
5134:
5123:
5113:
5102:
5100:Duchy of Genoa
5092:
5081:
5079:Duchy of Aosta
5071:
5068:Duchy of Savoy
5060:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5037:House of Savoy
5029:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5006:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4983:
4973:
4963:
4953:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4913:
4903:
4893:
4883:
4873:
4863:
4853:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4824:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4801:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4529:South Sardinia
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4474:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4409:
4399:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4367:
4364:
4354:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4329:
4323:
4310:
4303:
4293:
4286:
4280:
4267:
4261:
4248:
4234:
4220:
4214:
4201:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4152:
4138:
4118:
4103:
4090:
4081:
4072:
4062:
4036:
4018:
3992:
3967:
3954:
3945:
3932:
3923:
3913:
3904:
3895:
3885:
3875:
3850:
3840:
3803:
3785:
3778:
3758:
3733:
3720:
3707:
3685:
3672:
3650:
3637:FranceArchives
3631:Lucien, Bély.
3623:
3609:
3578:
3553:
3539:
3519:
3508:
3490:
3465:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3384:
3351:
3325:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:Spanish Empire
3197:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3170:
3168:
3152:
3143:
3132:
3130:
3123:
3121:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3068:
3066:
3056:
3047:
3034: Duchies
3030:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2958:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2939:
2937:
2919:conquered the
2910:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2871:Crown Prince (
2870:
2863:
2861:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2803:
2796:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2753:
2746:
2744:
2735:
2728:
2726:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2691:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2618:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2472:Charles Albert
2445:Duchy of Savoy
2437:Main article:
2434:
2431:
2419:House of Savoy
2397:
2394:
2322:
2319:
2276:Ottoman Empire
2236:Main article:
2208:
2205:
2192:Perfect fusion
2163:Charles Albert
2161:(1821–31) and
2092:
2089:
2060:In 1767–1769,
1997:Duchy of Milan
1958:
1955:
1950:Main article:
1947:
1944:
1940:Ottoman Empire
1915:
1912:
1904:Castelgenovese
1816:Although the "
1799:
1796:
1749:Castelgenovese
1657:
1654:
1649:Main article:
1646:
1643:
1561:King of Aragon
1527:Italian states
1500:Greek alphabet
1421:(Latinized as
1343:
1340:
1236:Perfect Fusion
1181:County of Nice
1142:Spanish Empire
1083:period, was a
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
971:
970:
964:
963:
951:
950:
948:
947:
942:
937:
931:
929:
925:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
909:
903:
902:
895:
886:
883:
882:
877:
869:
868:
863:
855:
854:
852:Duchy of Genoa
849:
841:
840:
835:
827:
826:
824:Duchy of Savoy
821:
813:
812:
807:
799:
798:
793:
785:
784:
779:
771:
770:
765:
753:
752:
747:
737:
736:
734:
733:
730:Sardinian lira
727:
721:
715:
709:
702:
700:
696:
695:
692:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
673:
672:
669:
668:
665:
659:
656:
655:
652:
638:
635:
634:
631:
628:Perfect fusion
625:
622:
621:
618:
612:
609:
608:
605:
599:
596:
595:
592:
586:
583:
582:
579:
573:
570:
569:
566:
560:
557:
556:
553:
552:
539:
538:Historical era
535:
534:
528:
522:
519:
518:
512:
506:
503:
502:
496:
492:
491:
488:
487:
482:
479:
476:
475:
470:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
454:Prime Minister
450:
449:
446:
445:
440:
437:
434:
433:
428:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
408:
407:
405:
404:
394:
386:
384:
380:
379:
374:
368:
367:
355:
351:
350:
299:
295:
294:
292:
291:
284:
276:
274:
270:
269:
267:
266:
259:
252:
249:Spanish Empire
240:
238:
234:
233:
231:in light green
226:
218:
217:
204:
203:
200:House of Savoy
188:
187:
176:
170:
163:
162:
145:
138:
131:
130:
129:
126:
125:
121:
120:
49:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7140:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7063:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7008:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6989:National days
6987:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6804:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6782:Aurelio Saffi
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6767:Daniele Manin
6765:
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6760:
6758:
6755:
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6747:Celso Ceretti
6745:
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6716:Flag of Italy
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6589:
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6584:
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6574:
6571:
6569:
6568:Neo-Guelphism
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
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6541:
6540:
6538:
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6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6078:Duchy of Sora
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6059:
6053:
6049:
6042:
6039:
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6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
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5949:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5916:Muslim Sicily
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5880:
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5776:
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5757:
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5746:
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5433:
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5420:Duchy of Rome
5418:
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5412:
5411:
5409:
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5394:
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5310:
5307:
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5294:Roman Kingdom
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5274:
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5269:
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5266:Magna Graecia
5264:
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4433:9788889801024
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4320:
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2736:Merchant Flag
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2692:Merchant Flag
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2490:Coats of arms
2489:
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2484:flag of Italy
2481:
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2453:flag of Savoy
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2175:Code Napoléon
2172:
2171:Ferdinand VII
2168:
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2160:
2159:Charles Felix
2156:
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2141:
2137:
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2052:
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2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
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1911:
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1609:
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1597:
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1574:
1571:from that of
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
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1528:
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1497:
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1490:
1487:), issued by
1486:
1485:Carta Volgare
1482:
1478:
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1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
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1443:Benedict VIII
1440:
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1432:
1428:
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1395:
1390:
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1380:
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1367:
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1342:Early history
1339:
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1157:Duke of Savoy
1154:
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689:
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679:
674:
670:
667:17 March 1861
666:
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629:
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526:
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516:
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493:
489:
486:
485:Camillo Benso
483:
477:
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465:
461:
457:
455:
451:
447:
444:
441:
435:
432:
429:
423:
419:
415:
413:
409:
401:
398:
397:Parliamentary
395:
391:
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109:
102:
95:
88:
81:
74:
67:
60:
53:
44:
39:
35:
30:
19:
6924:Pope Pius IX
6818:Cesare Balbo
6725:Main leaders
6595:Quadrilatero
6501:Papal States
6463:Risorgimento
6462:
6390:(1861–1946)
6368:Papal States
6196:Transpadania
5769:Stato da Màr
5451:Papal States
5362:Lombard rule
5326:Early Modern
5314:(395–476 AD)
5306:Roman Empire
5286:Ancient Rome
4572:
4334:
4314:
4306:
4296:
4289:
4271:
4252:
4240:
4223:
4205:
4194:
4188:Bibliography
4173:. Retrieved
4162:
4155:
4143:. Retrieved
4128:
4121:
4112:
4106:
4098:
4093:
4084:
4075:
4065:
4053:. Retrieved
4048:
4039:
4027:
4021:
4009:. Retrieved
4007:(in Italian)
4004:
3995:
3983:. Retrieved
3979:
3970:
3962:
3957:
3948:
3940:
3939:R. Coroneo,
3935:
3926:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3888:
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3862:
3853:
3843:
3831:. Retrieved
3824:the original
3819:
3806:
3788:
3768:
3761:
3749:. Retrieved
3746:www.ohio.edu
3745:
3736:
3728:
3723:
3712:, retrieved
3698:
3688:
3677:, retrieved
3663:
3653:
3641:. Retrieved
3636:
3626:
3614:. Retrieved
3591:
3569:. Retrieved
3566:www.ohio.edu
3565:
3556:
3544:. Retrieved
3529:
3522:
3513:
3499:
3493:
3481:. Retrieved
3477:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3408:. Retrieved
3397:
3375:. Retrieved
3364:
3342:. Retrieved
3340:(in Italian)
3335:
3328:
3320:Rex Corsicae
3314:
3295:
3251:, in French
3229:
3158:Papal States
3137:
3098:Papal States
3053:Papal States
2885:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2872:
2856:
2852:
2833:inescutcheon
2824:
2809:
2805:
2789:
2773:
2757:
2739:
2721:
2695:
2672:
2656:
2640:
2624:
2620:
2605:
2584:
2568:
2552:
2536:
2521:16th century
2520:
2501:
2469:
2461:naval ensign
2442:
2399:
2387:
2352:
2324:
2311:
2295:Napoleon III
2284:
2261:
2241:
2181:
2179:
2152:
2132:buffer state
2125:
2099:against the
2094:
2064:annexed the
2059:
2038:
2036:
2021:
1978:
1917:
1903:
1899:
1885:
1866:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1730:
1714:
1709:
1681:
1667:
1639:Latin Church
1628:
1623:
1577:
1558:
1543:
1504:
1484:
1476:
1470:
1450:Great Schism
1447:
1422:
1411:Porto Torres
1391:
1376:
1374:
1362:Roman Empire
1355:
1326:and then to
1316:Papal States
1308:Two Sicilies
1302:(1859), the
1293:
1286:
1279:act of Union
1269:transferred
1257:. Following
1240:
1231:
1216:
1213:its viceroys
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1146:
1129:
1125:
1093:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1011:
750:Succeeded by
749:
744:
724:French franc
686:• 1821
546:Early modern
473:Cesare Balbo
322:
301:
229:client state
207:
192:Motto:
191:
172:Coat of arms
29:
6848:Ugo Foscolo
6630:Crimean War
6563:Young Italy
6416:(1947–1954)
6410:(1943–1945)
6404:(1920–1924)
6396:(1882–1960)
6380:unification
6370:(1814–1870)
6364:(1815–1866)
6358:(1816–1861)
6352:(1814–1860)
6346:(1859–1860)
6340:(1849–1850)
6334:(1848–1849)
6316:(1815–1859)
6310:(1814–1859)
6304:(1814–1859)
6298:(1814–1829)
6292:(1815–1847)
6286:(1815–1848)
6176:Parthenopea
6137:(1792–1815)
6095:(1647–1648)
6061:(1282–1816)
6043:(1324–1861)
6004:Agugliastra
5869:Longobardia
5506:independent
5356:Vandal rule
4961:New Granada
4736:Campidanese
4623:Nationalism
4558:Nuragic era
3639:(in French)
3483:28 November
2700: 1799
2681:Other Flags
2593:State Flags
2503:Middle Ages
2406:annexations
2333:, Tuscany,
2272:Crimean War
2248:city-states
2157:(1802–21),
2022:During the
1900:Casteldoria
1896:Castelsardo
1873:Marianus IV
1745:Casteldoria
1741:Castelsardo
1296:Crimean War
1263:Switzerland
1079:during the
745:Preceded by
550:Late modern
542:Middle Ages
533:(from 1848)
525:Lower house
517:(from 1848)
509:Upper house
501:(from 1848)
495:Legislature
403:(1849–1861)
393:(1324–1849)
336:Piedmontese
265:(1720–1861)
258:(1708–1717)
155: 1324
7062:Categories
7047:Third Rome
6247:Pontecorvo
6205:Monarchies
6191:Subalpinia
6156:Cispadania
6151:Cisalpinia
6133:Napoleonic
5840:(774–1139)
5752:(697–1797)
5454:(754–1870)
5416:(584–751)
5364:(568–774)
4788:Categories
4775:Tabarchino
4731:Logudorese
4681:Sardinians
4407:8884677882
4378:8871380843
4348:In Italian
3751:19 January
3679:19 January
3616:19 January
3571:19 January
3344:31 January
3162:After the
2886:References
2754:War Ensign
2427:referendum
2001:Charles VI
1930:under the
1918:Under the
1631:Ghibelline
1448:After the
1195:as either
1191:", and it
1056:Kingdom of
706:Cagliarese
676:Population
499:Parliament
383:Government
372:Demonym(s)
7032:Redshirts
6917:Opponents
6548:Carbonari
6222:Guastalla
6212:Benevento
6144:Republics
5999:Judicates
5847:Byzantine
5504:and other
5442:(585–698)
5434:(554–752)
5428:(554–752)
5422:(533–751)
5407:(584–751)
5358:(435–534)
5352:(493–553)
5346:(476–493)
5337:(476–774)
5271:Iapygians
4971:New Spain
4951:Columbian
4861:Catalonia
4763:Algherese
4751:Sassarese
4746:Gallurese
4726:Sardinian
4713:Languages
4691:Corsicans
4568:Judicates
4504:Provinces
4032:Sardinian
4028:Juighissa
3714:29 August
3643:29 August
3221:Footnotes
2917:Aragonese
2877:1861–1880
2873:1848–1861
2857:1861–1880
2853:1848–1861
2829:tricolore
2825:1851–1861
2806:1816–1848
2790:1816–1848
2774:1814–1816
2758:1802–1814
2740:1802–1814
2722:1785–1802
2673:1851–1861
2657:1848–1851
2641:1816–1848
2621:1720-1848
2585:1848–1861
2569:1831–1848
2553:1815–1831
2537:1720–1815
2447:acquired
2443:When the
2353:In 1860,
2307:Solferino
2230:Garibaldi
2072:from the
2051:Jerusalem
1991:received
1983:. By the
1776:feudalism
1731:In 1420,
1715:In 1353,
1668:In 1297,
1626:. 1133).
1598:, to the
1539:Charles V
1468:, 1261).
1427:Judicates
1415:Balearics
1187:was the "
1165:Savoyards
732:(1816–61)
726:(1800–14)
720:(to 1816)
714:(to 1816)
708:(to 1813)
690:3,974,500
377:Sardinian
354:Religion
306:Sardinian
124:1297—1861
101:Sardinian
6535:Timeline
6181:Piedmont
6031:Oristano
6024:Logudoro
6014:Cagliari
5989:Sardinia
5722:Piedmont
5471:Holy See
5322:Medieval
5276:Picentes
5219:Samnites
4921:Valencia
4901:Sardinia
4891:Portugal
4828:Viceroys
4770:Ligurian
4696:Italians
4686:Catalans
4600:Politics
4585:Monarchs
4578:Viceroys
4519:Oristano
4509:Cagliari
4499:Communes
4485:Sardinia
4169:Archived
4055:2 August
4011:2 August
3985:2 August
3868:2 August
3833:19 March
3404:Archived
3371:Archived
3184:See also
2925:Sardinia
2913:Sardinia
2423:republic
2411:Florence
2327:Piacenza
2314:Lombardy
2105:Napoleon
1999:, while
1877:Cagliari
1858:Republic
1850:Logudoro
1838:Cagliari
1826:de facto
1772:signorie
1768:communes
1698:Cagliari
1519:Logudoro
1507:Cagliari
1460:, 1182,
1403:Oristano
1394:Saracens
1358:province
1324:Florence
1310:(1860),
1306:and the
1300:Lombardy
1232:de facto
1220:Cagliari
1201:Piedmont
1197:Sardinia
1179:and the
1177:Piedmont
1149:Habsburg
1126:de facto
1104:Sardinia
1081:Savoyard
1064:Piedmont
1060:Sardinia
699:Currency
431:James II
363:official
340:Ligurian
310:Corsican
280:Cagliari
254:Part of
247:and the
6953:Museums
6704:Symbols
6262:Corsica
6252:Tuscany
6217:Etruria
6166:Liguria
6019:Gallura
6009:Arborea
5925:Lombard
5625:Tuscany
5615:Trieste
5251:Ligures
5212:Etruria
5035:of the
4881:Navarre
4830:of the
4758:Catalan
4721:Italian
4639:Cuisine
4632:Culture
4573:Kingdom
4550:History
4524:Sassari
4145:3 March
3883:Sassari
3307:Genoese
3117:Romagna
3044:Tuscany
2967:(1409).
2963:in the
2933:Gallura
2379:Palermo
2375:Messina
2367:Abruzzo
2359:toppled
2339:Romagna
2303:Magenta
2287:Austria
2280:Britain
2250:on the
2244:duchies
2199:at the
2113:Joubert
2068:in the
2055:Ottoman
1924:Viceroy
1881:Alghero
1862:Sassari
1854:Alghero
1842:Gallura
1822:de jure
1726:viceroy
1717:Arborea
1706:Sassari
1702:Gallura
1620:Corsica
1515:Gallura
1511:Arborea
1493:Romance
1477:judices
1473:Archons
1454:Normans
1441:. Pope
1407:Caralis
1399:Tharros
1366:Vandals
1360:of the
1312:Venetia
1271:Carouge
1251:Liguria
1217:de jure
1153:Bourbon
1138:Castile
1130:de jure
1100:Corsica
1085:country
660:•
639:•
626:•
613:•
600:•
587:•
574:•
561:•
523:•
507:•
348:Arpitan
344:Occitan
328:Italian
318:Spanish
314:Catalan
273:Capital
256:Austria
208:Anthem:
115:Italian
87:Spanish
73:Catalan
6328:(1848)
6322:(1831)
6277:states
6242:Naples
5952:Norman
5759:Dogado
5630:Verona
5595:Mantua
5590:Istria
5570:Finale
5560:Ancona
5508:states
5328:states
5246:Veneti
5224:Latins
5033:States
4911:Sicily
4871:Naples
4851:Aragon
4839:Europe
4676:People
4654:Anthem
4590:Mining
4431:
4415:
4405:
4395:
4376:
4360:
4321:
4301:online
4278:
4259:
4245:online
4230:
4212:
4199:online
4175:31 May
4136:
3943:, 2000
3776:
3705:
3670:
3607:
3546:11 May
3537:
3506:
3410:31 May
3377:31 May
3156:
3154:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3134:
3131:1861:
3105:
3103:
3096:
3094:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3076:1860:
3060:
3058:
3051:
3049:
3040:Modena
3032:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3014:1859:
2413:. But
2371:Naples
2337:, and
2335:Modena
2289:, the
2228:meets
2057:rule.
2047:Cyprus
2015:, the
1993:Sicily
1810:, and
1678:Aragon
1616:Anagni
1592:Sicily
1523:papacy
1423:Museto
1265:, the
1259:Geneva
1163:. The
1128:their
1108:papacy
945:Monaco
940:France
458:
416:
332:French
237:Status
210:
111:
97:
83:
69:
55:
7010:Other
6378:Post-
6227:Italy
6171:Lucca
6161:Italy
5712:Savoy
5620:Turin
5600:Milan
5585:Ivrea
5261:Umbri
5234:Celts
4649:Music
4514:Nuoro
3827:(PDF)
3816:(PDF)
3287:Notes
3239:, or
3036:Parma
2921:Pisan
2702:–1802
2383:Gaeta
2331:Parma
2140:Savoy
2043:Savoy
2003:(the
1989:Savoy
1928:Spain
1908:Doria
1753:Doria
1612:Genoa
1439:Genoa
1228:Savoy
1224:Turin
1173:Aosta
1169:Savoy
1075:as a
935:Italy
645:Savoy
326:Also
287:Turin
263:Savoy
146:Top:
59:Latin
6257:Elba
6186:Rome
6135:eras
6131:and
6104:Gozo
5903:Arab
5886:and
5565:Ceva
5229:Osci
4981:Peru
4644:Flag
4429:ISBN
4413:ISBN
4403:ISBN
4393:ISBN
4374:ISBN
4358:ISBN
4319:ISBN
4276:ISBN
4257:ISBN
4228:ISBN
4210:ISBN
4177:2019
4147:2014
4134:ISBN
4070:2010
4057:2021
4013:2021
3987:2021
3893:2010
3870:2021
3835:2013
3774:ISBN
3753:2023
3716:2024
3703:ISBN
3681:2023
3668:ISBN
3645:2024
3618:2023
3605:ISBN
3573:2023
3548:2022
3535:ISBN
3515:one.
3504:ISBN
3485:2015
3412:2019
3379:2019
3346:2023
3002:1796
2931:and
2893:Maps
2606:1568
2465:FERT
2390:Nice
2377:and
2369:and
2361:the
2305:and
2246:and
2049:and
2007:and
1965:and
1879:and
1867:The
1840:and
1770:and
1700:and
1686:fief
1676:and
1610:and
1608:Pisa
1548:and
1517:and
1437:and
1435:Pisa
1385:, a
1350:and
1328:Rome
1171:and
1151:and
1102:and
1050:The
654:1860
649:Nice
647:and
641:Loss
633:1848
620:1720
607:1717
594:1708
581:1324
568:1297
412:King
346:and
316:and
195:FERT
148:Flag
5324:and
4030:in
3597:doi
2425:by
1902:or
1860:of
1763:).
1747:or
1433:of
1087:in
1071:or
643:of
7064::
4239:.
4167:.
4047:.
4003:.
3978:.
3861:.
3818:.
3798:,
3744:.
3697:,
3662:,
3635:.
3603:.
3581:^
3564:.
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3387:^
3369:.
3354:^
2889::
2808:)
2697:c.
2486:.
2329:,
2293:.
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2259:.
2203:.
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2026:,
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1782:,
1728:.
1712:.
1513:,
1509:,
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1409:,
1338:.
1291:.
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1159:,
1144:.
1067:,
548:,
544:,
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338:,
312:,
308:,
152:c.
6487:)
6483:(
6465:)
6453:e
6446:t
6439:v
5185:e
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4247:.
4218:.
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3279:.
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2935:.
2879:)
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2776:)
2760:)
2756:(
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2738:(
2724:)
2720:(
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2694:(
2675:)
2659:)
2627:)
2587:)
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