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assistance. In the spring of 1655 no silk junks arrived in Taiwan. Company officials suspected that this was caused by the Ming-Qing war but others felt it was a deliberate plan by Zheng to cause them harm. The company sent a junk to Penghu to see whether Zheng was preparing forces there but they found nothing. Defenses at Fort
Zeelandia were strengthened. According to European and Chinese traders, Zheng had 300,000 men and 3,000 junks. In 1655, the governor of Taiwan received a letter from Zheng insulting the Dutch, calling them "more like animals than Christians," and referring to the Chinese in Taiwan as his subjects. He commanded them to stop trading with the Spanish. Zheng sent a letter directly to the Chinese leaders in Taiwan, rather than Dutch authorities, stating that he would withhold his junks from trading in Taiwan if the Dutch would not guarantee his junks safety from Dutch depredations in Southeast Asia. To raise funds for his war effort, Zheng had increased foreign trade by sending junks to Japan, Tonkin, Cambodia, Palembang, and Malaka. Batavia was wary of this competition and wrote that this would "undermine our profits." Batavia sent a small fleet to Southeast Asian ports to intercept Zheng's junks. One junk was captured and its cargo of peppers confiscated but another junk managed to escape. The Dutch realized this would be received badly by Zheng and thus offered an alliance with the Manchus in Beijing, however nothing came of the negotiations.
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products to China to sell. The system of selling
Chinese merchants the right to trade in aboriginal villages fell apart as did many of the other revenue systems supporting the company's profits. On 9 July 1656, a junk flying Zheng's flag arrived at Fort Zeelandia. It carried an edict instructed to be handed over to the Chinese leaders of Taiwan. Zheng wrote that he was angry with the Dutch but since Chinese people lived in Taiwan, he would allow them to trade on the Chinese coast for 100 days so long as only Taiwanese products were sold. The Dutch confiscated the letter but the damage had been done. Chinese merchants who depended on trade of foreign wares began leaving with their families. Zheng made good on his edict and confiscated a Chinese junk from Tayouan trading pepper in Xiamen, causing Chinese merchants to abort their trade voyages. A Chinese official arrived in Tayouan carrying a document with Zheng's seal demanding to inspect all the junks in Tayouan and their cargoes. It referred to the Chinese in Taiwan as his subjects. Chinese merchants refused to buy the company's foreign wares and even sold their own foreign wares, causing prices to collapse. Soon, Tayouan was devoid of junks.
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sugarcane and deer skin, extracted from the aboriginals through a quota tribute system, which sold at a high price in Japan. Unlike the Dutch East India
Company, under which almost 90 percent of levies were related to commercial activities, there was greater emphasis on the rapid production of grains such as rice and yam to meet basic subsistence needs. Levies under Zheng governance were fixed and led to a decrease in commercial potential and lower incremental revenues. However the Zheng economy achieved greater economic diversification than the profit-driven Dutch colony and cultivated more types of grain, vegetables, fruits, and seafood. By the end of Zheng rule in 1683, the government was extracting an annual income of 4,033 kg of silver in Taiwan, more than a 30 percent increase from the 3,145.9 kg under the Dutch in 1655. Sugar exports reached 1,194,000 kg a year, exceeding the peak of 1,032,810 kg under the Dutch in 1658. Output of deerskin remained the same.
3333:'s succession was met with dissension in Taiwan, where the leaders made Zheng Miao, Zheng Chenggong's fifth son, the successor. With the support of Xiamen's commanders, Zheng Jing arrived in Taiwan in December 1662 and defeated his political enemies. The political infighting caused some followers to become disillusioned and defect to the Qing. From September 1661 to August 1662, some 290 officers, 4,334 soldiers, and 467 civilians left Zheng Taiwan. Three leading Zheng commanders contacted Qing authorities with the intention to defect but Zheng Jing imprisoned them. The defections continued and by 1663, some 3,985 officials and officers, 40,962 soldiers, 64,230 civilians, and 900 ships in Fujian had defected from Zheng held territory. To combat population decline, Zheng Jing also promoted migration to Taiwan. Between 1665 and 1669 a large number of Fujianese moved to Taiwan under Zheng rule. In a few years, some 9,000 Chinese were brought to Taiwan by Zheng Jing.
2957:
Chinese from Taiwan. They could not export their rice and sugar and their investments in fields and labor came to nothing. By the end of 1656, Chinese farmers were asking for relief from debts to the company and even requested help in the form of guaranteed prices for their goods. Many
Chinese could barely find food for themselves while students in mission schools ran short of Chinese paper. Some company officials believed the embargo was a prelude to an invasion while others thought it was to obtain favorable trading privileges with the company. The Chinese mostly thought it was due to Dutch depredations on Zheng's junks and that the embargo would not last much longer since it also hurt Zheng's profits. The Chinese sent presents and a letter to Zheng urging him to reopen trade to Taiwan but no reply was received. The Dutch also sent letters to Zheng through a Chinese intermediary named He Tingbin.
3240:(military farm) policy in which soldiers worked as farmers when not assigned to active duty in a guard battalion. No effort was spared to ensure the successful implementation of this policy to develop Taiwan into a self-sufficient island, and a series of land and taxation policies were established to encourage the expansion and cultivation of fertile lands for increased food production capabilities. Lands held by the Dutch were immediately reclaimed and ownership distributed amongst Zheng's trusted staff and relatives to be rented out to peasant farmers, whilst properly developing other farmlands in the south. To encourage expansion into new farmlands, a policy of varying taxation was implemented wherein fertile land newly claimed for the Zheng regime would be taxed at a much lower rate than those reclaimed from the Dutch, considered "official land".
3016:, and the company dispatched a fleet of 12 ships and 700 sailors to relieve the fort. The reinforcements met with bad weather and a shipwreck that had an entire crew captured by natives and sent to the Zheng camp. Fighting between the Dutch and Zheng ships lasted from July to October when the Dutch ultimately failed to relieve the siege after losing several ships. They retreated with two ships sunk, three smaller ships captured, and 130 casualties. In January 1662, a German sergeant named Hans Jurgen Radis defected and informed the Zheng forces of a weakness in the fort's defenses. On 12 January, Zheng's ships initiated a bombardment while the land forces prepared to assault. The Dutch surrendered.
3224:. This was not entirely unfounded. According to a 1665 inscription by the poet Wang Zhongxiao: "Once the Imperial Surname governed this land, the Chinese people came one after another. In Anping of Dongning, I only see and hear Chinese. The people here are people of the Middle Kingdom, and the soil is the soil of the Middle Kingdom." In later negotiations with the Qing, Zheng Jing described himself as the ruler of the Kingdom of Dongning. He boasted that he had nothing to envy about the Central Lands and that many barbarians paid obeisance to him. Zheng Jing agreed to relations with the Qing based on a model such as Korea, that was functionally independent, but the Qing refused his offer.
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of all affairs were given to Chen
Yonghua, the Advisory Staff Officers, and Feng Xifan, head of the Imperial Bodyguard. Zheng Jing's family members and officers remained at the top of the organizational hierarchy. They enacted programs of farm development, house and temple construction, and Confucian education. Aside from agricultural development, Zheng Jing advised commoners to replace their grass huts with houses made of wood and baked tiles. He ordered temples worshiping the Buddha and local Fujianese deities to be constructed. An Imperial Academy and Confucian Shrine were established in 1665 and 1666. A regular
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statement of the goals he intended to achieve for his organization. Dongdu, coined by his father, implied a new seat of Ming government, of making Taiwan "China," but still hinted at future efforts at restoration of the
Mainland. "Dongning" imparted the additional feeling of settled permanency, of creating a new "China" outside of a corrupted, "barbarianized" one, and involving a long-term commitment to Taiwan, rather than as the focal point of a broader movement. Moreover, the change signaled a desire to end hostilities with the Qing and arrive at some kind of political settlement.
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threatened to leave and become a monk, which annoyed
Chenggong. Chenggong eventually imprisoned Shi for criticizing his behavior, which Shi described as being no different than that of a pirate. A relative of Shi's falsified orders from Chenggong to take Shi out for interrogation and he seized the opportunity to escape. Shi tried to seek mediation with Chenggong but his efforts failed and instead Chenggong sent an assassin after him. The assassination attempt failed. Chenggong executed Shi's father and brother in 1651, resulting in Shi's defection to the Qing.
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3457:, Liu Jingzhong, defected to Zheng. After Geng and other rebels surrendered to the Qing in 1676 and 1677, the tide turned against the Zheng forces. Quanzhou was lost to the Qing on 12 March 1677 and then Zhangzhou and Haicheng on 5 April. Zheng forces counterattacked and retook Haicheng in August. Zheng naval forces blockaded Quanzhou and tried to retake the city in August 1678 but they were forced to retreat in October when Qing reinforcements arrived. Zheng forces suffered heavy casualties in a battle in January 1679.
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3220:, Zheng Jing disbanded the troops and turned them into military colonies. Shen and other literati abandoned Zheng Jing once they realized he lacked the ability to retake the mainland and was permanently settling in Taiwan. According to one of Shen's poems, he often looked to the west for good news from the mainland but had to flee north out of fear of alienation from the group. Zheng Jing justified the new direction by saying that in thirty years, Taiwan would be able to compete with the
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2932:. In the summer of 1658 he completed his preparations and set sail with his fleet but a storm turned him back. On July 7, 1659, Chenggong's fleet set sail again and his army encircled Nanjing on 24 August. Qing reinforcements arrived and broke Chenggong's army, forcing them to retreat to Xiamen with many of the veterans and thousands of soldiers killed or captured. In 1660 the Qing embarked on a coastal evacuation policy to starve Chenggong of his source of livelihood.
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3624:
by 200 Zheng ships. Following an exchange of gunfire, the Qing were forced to retreat with two Zheng naval commanders, Qiu Hui and Jiang Sheng, in pursuit. The Qing vanguard led by
Admiral Lan Li provided cover fire for a withdrawal. Shi was hit in the right eye and Lan was wounded in the stomach during the fighting. The Zheng side also suffered heavy losses, making Liu reluctant to pursue the disarrayed Qing forces. He reported a "great victory" back to Taiwan.
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2864:. After reconciling with the Ming government, Zhilong moved his headquarters from Taiwan to Fujian. Although he did not sever ties with the 30,000 Fujianese he had previously helped settle in Taiwan with Ming approval, his move eased the passage for Dutch domination over Taiwan. Zhilong then controlled a large portion of Fujian, managing trade and collecting taxes in both Xiamen and Taiwan. By 1640, Zhilong had become military commander of
3638:. The Zheng garrison fired at the Qing ships and then set sail from the harbor with about 100 ships to meet the Qing forces. Shi concentrated fire on one big enemy ship at a time until all of Zheng's battle ships were sunk by the end of 17 July. Liu escaped to Taiwan with dozens of small vessels. Approximately 12,000 Zheng men perished. The garrison commanders surrendered after hearing of Liu's escape. The Qing captured Penghu on 18 July.
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3348:) policy. After Zheng forces retreated completely from the coast of Fujian in 1669, the Qing started relaxing restrictions on maritime trade. Due to the sea ban policy, which saw the relocation of all southern coastal towns and ports that had been subject to Zheng raids, migration occurred from these areas to Taiwan. About 1,000 previous Ming government officials moved to Taiwan fleeing Qing persecution.
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until 1668 when their presence became untenable due to hostile natives and withdrew from Taiwan completely. The Zheng navy executed 34 Dutch sailors and drowned eight Dutch sailors after ambushing, looting and sinking the Dutch fluyt ship
Cuylenburg in 1672 off of northeastern Taiwan. Twenty one Dutch sailors escaped to Japan. The ship was going from Nagasaki to Batavia on a trade mission.
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estimated to be 30,000 at minimum. According to a 1668 memorial to the Qing court, Shi Lang claimed that there were 20,000 to 30,000 Han
Chinese in Taiwan under the Dutch. Zheng Chenggong brought with him another 30,000 soldiers and their families while Zheng Jing brought another 6,000 to 7,000 to Taiwan. Most of the soldiers became farmers. Half of them did not have wives or families.
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heads and wore their hair in the Manchu style. Zheng Jing declined and insisted on a relationship with the Qing similar to Korea. After the military conflict with Zheng during the Three Feudatories revolt, the Kangxi Emperor made clear that he considered all the southern Fujianese living in Taiwan to be Chinese, unlike the Koreans, and that they must shave their heads.
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court until 7 January 1663 and it took another four months for a reply. The Kangxi Emperor granted the Dutch permission to set up inland trading posts but declined the proposal for a joint expedition. The Dutch did however assist the Qing in naval combat against the Zheng fleet in October 1663, resulting in the capture of Zheng bases in Xiamen and
3522:
days later the winds reversed direction and forced him to return. Another failed attempt was made in June when they were met with a violent storm, sinking a few small ships, and damaging the masts of several other ships. Shi's flagship was blown to the coast of Guangdong on 30 June. In 1666, the Qing called off the expedition.
3036:), ending 38 years of Dutch colonial rule on Taiwan. Zheng did, however, detain some Dutch "women, children, and priests" as prisoners. On 9 February the remaining company personnel in Fort Zeelandia left Taiwan. Zheng then proceeded on a tour of inspection to "see with his own eyes the extent and condition of his new domain."
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customs, especially hair and clothing, to a "foreign" and peripheral island, while relegating physical "China" to abstract historical memory... Taiwan, then, did not merely serve as an economic base to prepare for an inevitable future restoration campaign, but the focus for development and settlement in its own right.
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On 26 August 1683, the 13-year old ruler Zheng Keshuang asked Zheng Dexiao to draft a petition of surrender. The first petition was rejected for its insistence on allowing Zheng Keshuang to stay in Taiwan. The second petition of surrender, bearing terms of unconditional surrender, arrived at Penghu on 5 September.
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serious danger. Shi detailed his plans to invade Taiwan with just 20,000 men and 170 battle ships. He required 10 new battle ships and 20 troop transports to be constructed. He argued that by securing Taiwan, the numerous garrisons along the coastline would be rendered unnecessary and reduce the defense spending.
3586:. Political turmoil, heavy taxes, an epidemic in the north, a large fire that caused the destruction of more than a thousand houses, and suspicion of collusion with the Qing caused more Zheng followers to defect to the Qing. Zheng's deputy Commander Liu Bingzhong surrendered with his ships and men from Penghu.
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establish relations with the Qing based on a model similar to a foreign country. However the Ming loyalist Zha Jizu noted in 1669 that Zheng Jing continued to use the defunct Ming dynasty's calendar. He never gave up on aspirations for power on the mainland and later attacked the Qing dynasty during the
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Despite vast political differences, scholars in mainland China and Taiwan position the two men (Zheng Chenggong and Zheng Jing) along a continuum ranging from loyalists of the ethnically Han Ming dynasty (1368–1662) determined to recover the mainland from the Manchu Qing (1644–1911) to founders of an
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Shi's fleet of 238 ships and over 21,000 men set sail on 8 July 1683. Liu Guoxuan, the commander of 30,000 men at Penghu, considered the movement a false alarm and believed Shi would turn back. The next day, Shi's fleet was sighted at small islands to the northwest of Penghu. The Qing forces were met
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Shi Lang was instructed to arrange the necessary ships, escorts, and provisions for a peace mission to Taiwan, but he did not believe Zheng Jing would accept the Qing's terms. He delivered a memorial to Beijing on 7 January 1668 and warned that if the Zhengs built up their strength, they would pose a
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signed a trade agreement with Zheng Taiwan. However trade with the British was limited because of the Zheng monopoly on sugar cane and deer hide as well as the inability of the British to match the price of East Asian goods for resale. Zheng trade was subject to the Qing sea ban policy throughout its
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Zheng Jing dutifully complied with the prescribed procedures for Ming officials by regularly presenting reports and paying tribute to the absent Ming emperor. Zheng Jing never relinquished the trappings of a Ming government such as the use of the Yongli calendar and drew on this claim for legitimacy.
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in a military expedition in 1646, but Longwu was captured and executed. The Qing offered several high-ranking Ming officials and military leaders positions in exchange for cessation of resistance activities. In November 1646, Zhilong declared his loyalty to the Qing and lived out the rest of his life
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Orders from the Kangxi Emperor to invade Taiwan reached Yao Qisheng and Shi Lang on 6 June 1682. The invasion fleet was met with unfavorable winds and was forced to turn back. Yao proposed a five-month postponement of the invasion to wait for favorable winds in November. Conflict between Yao and Shi
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as though he were still alive and paid homage to him on the Lunar New Year. This enabled him to enlist the support of Ming loyalists who helped him establish an administration in Taiwan. Civil officials were instated with statuses theoretically equal to their military counterparts. However oversight
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Dutch ships continued to come into conflict with Zheng forces in the 17th century and in 1663, the Dutch officially became allies of the Qing dynasty against the Zheng forces. The Dutch looted a Buddhist complex on the Zhoushan islands in 1665 and slaughtered its monks. The Dutch held out at Keelung
3075:
settlers there, which was also the reason he used for attacking Dutch Taiwan. Tensions eased after Zheng Chenggong died on 23 June, four months after the end of the siege of Fort Zeelandia. It is uncertain how he died and causes range from malaria to pneumonia to dysentery. One version of events say
3656:
General He You, the chief commander of northern Taiwan, contacted Shi Lang with the intention of surrendering. Dong Teng, the commander of a Zheng fleet, followed suit. After his defeat at Penghu, Liu Guoxuan favored surrendering and convinced the Zheng government to send a peace mission to Penghu.
3631:. On 16 July, a reinforcement of large ships arrived. Shi divided the main striking force into eight squadrons of seven ships with himself leading from the middle. Two flotillas of 50 small ships sailed in two different directions as a diversion. The remaining vessels served as rear reinforcements.
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The Fujian Naval Command was revived under Wang Zhiding on 9 January 1679 but Wang quit the job a few months later and admitted he was not suitable for the position. Wan Zhengse, who defected from the Zhengs in 1663, was appointed to replace Wang in May. Wan was opposed to an invasion of Taiwan and
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On 6 March 1680, the Qing fleet led by Admiral Wan Zhengse moved against Zheng naval forces near Quanzhou and defeated them on 20 March with assistance from land-based artillery. The sudden retreat of Zheng naval forces caused widespread panic on land and many Zheng commanders and soldiers defected
3401:
General Kong Yuanzhang, who had defected to the Qing, personally visited Zheng Jing in Taiwan in November 1667. He returned in December with nothing but reports of gracious treatment and gifts of precious items. In 1669 the Qing offered the Zhengs significant autonomy in Taiwan if they shaved their
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Qing-Dutch forces attempted to invade Taiwan twice in December 1664. On both occasions Admiral Shi Lang turned back his ships due to adverse weather. Shi Lang tried to attack Taiwan again in 1666 but turned back due to a storm. The Dutch continued to attack Zheng ships from time to time, disrupting
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urged the Qing court to take Xiamen, and made plans for an attack in October. The Dutch too had attacked Zheng ships in Xiamen but failed to take the town. In August the Dutch contacted Qing authorities in Fujian to propose a joint expedition against Zheng Taiwan. The message did not reach the Qing
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By 1666, grain harvests were able to keep soldiers and civilians well nourished while sugarcane plantations proved profitable. By the start of 1684, a year after the end of Zheng rule, areas under cultivation in Taiwan had reached 43,699.7 hectares, more than triple the figure of 12,500 hectares by
3232:
The most immediate problem facing Zheng forces after the successful invasion of Taiwan was a severe shortage of food. It is estimated that prior to the Zheng invasion, the population of Taiwan was no greater than 100,000. The initial Zheng army, their family, and retainers that settled in Taiwan is
3175:
and his rule in Taiwan has been described as an attempt to sinicize Taiwan and naturalize Han Chinese customs. He had a very rigid understanding of what was "Chinese" and "barbarian". He had a hatred of Manchus. In 1657 he had a Chinese Christian seized and threatened to execute him because he wore
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to name departments, since the latter is reserved for the central government, whereas Taiwan was to be a regional office of the rightful Ming rule of China. Chenggong renamed Fort Zeelandia to Anping and Provintia to Chikan. The town surrounding Chikan came to be known as Chengtian. On 29 May 1662,
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had expected Zheng to come to their aid. Some company officials believed that the rebellion had been incited by Zheng. A Jesuit priest told the Dutch that Zheng was looking at Taiwan as a new base of operations. In 1654, he sent a letter to Taiwan to have a Dutch surgeon sent to Xiamen for medical
3521:
Shi was not content with just the defeat of Zheng forces on the mainland. He proposed to the Qing court an invasion of Penghu and Taiwan. In November 1664, Shi's fleet set sail but was turned back by a storm. He tried again in May 1665 but there was too little wind to move the ships and then a few
3512:
The Qing established a naval force in Fujian in 1662 and appointed Shi Lang as the commander. Huang and Shi advocated for more aggressive action against the Zhengs besides just a coastal evacuation policy. On 15 May 1663, Shi attacked the Zheng fleet and succeeded in capturing 24 Zheng officers, 5
3303:
The Zheng merchant fleets continued to operate between Japan and Southeast Asian countries, reaping profits as a center of trade. Private traders paid Zheng authorities a gift, or tributary tax, for safe passage through the Taiwan Strait. Zheng Taiwan held a monopoly on certain commodities such as
2956:
The embargo imposed by Zheng hurt the company's profits by ending the import of gold, which was the main item used to exchange for company goods in India. Chinese merchants in aboriginal villages ran out of goods to trade for aboriginal products. Chinese farmers also suffered due to the exodus of
3660:
Shi Lang's party arrived in Taiwan on 5 October 1683 to supervise the surrender. No one was executed and the surrender went smoothly. Zheng Keshuang and other leaders shaved their heads in the Manchu style. Some Ming loyalists refused and chose death rather than to cut their hair but the majority
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The first major shift in direction was symbolic and seemingly harmless, involving a mere question of names. In 1664, soon after he and his soldiers fled back to Taiwan, Zheng (Jing) changed the official title of the island from Dongdu to Dongning, or "Eastern Pacification." The move was a subtle
3619:
On 18 November 1682, Shi Lang was authorized to assume the role of supreme commander while Yao was relegated to logistical matters. Supplies arrived for Shi's 21,000 troops, 70 large warships, 103 supply ships, and 65 double mast vessels in early December. Spy ships were sent to scout Penghu and
2952:
The Taiwanese trade slowed and for several months in late 1655 and early 1656 not a single Chinese vessel arrived in Tayouan. Even low-cost goods grew scarce and as demand for them rose, the value of aboriginal products fell. Chinese merchants in Taiwan suffered because they could not take their
3517:
on 19 September, but the Qing court decided to postpone the assault until Dutch naval reinforcements arrived. From 18 to 20 November, the Dutch fought sea battles against the Zheng while Shi took Xiamen. In 1664, Shi assembled a fleet of 240 ships, and in conjunction with 16,500 troops, chased
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and pacify Ming loyalists in Guangdong and Guangxi before returning to Fujian in 1655. Shi was assigned to an assault force on a Zheng stronghold at the suggestion of another commander, Huang Wu, who had also defected from the Zheng side. The successful attack saw the surrender of Chen Bin and
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in 1621 and became a soldier in the service of Zheng Zhilong at the age of 17. Shi served with distinction until he had a falling out with Zheng Chenggong. He quarreled with another commander, Chen Bin, and Chenggong took Chen's side. Shi also disagreed with Chenggong on strategic matters. Shi
3393:
After Zheng Jing's forces were ejected from the mainland, the Qing tried to win over Zheng through negotiation. In 1667 letters were sent to Zheng Taiwan to negotiate their surrender. Zheng Jing declined the offer. Zheng emphasized that Taiwan had never been part of China and that he wished to
15466:
The sources we have available and some newly discovered records reveal that Zheng Jing proved to be a highly capable leader in his own right who successfully met the challenge of survival on a new frontier and established the foundations for a new state on Taiwan... He tried to naturalize Han
3546:
After Kong Yuanzhang returned from his failed peace mission to Taiwan in 1667, he accused Shi of collusion with Zheng Jing. Shi was recalled from Fujian and his officers and soldiers were relocated to hinterland provinces. Some of them defected back to the Zhengs. The Fujian Naval Command was
3243:
According to Xing Hang, Zheng Jing dispatched teachers to various indigenous tribes to provide them with animals, tools, and know how on advanced and intensive farming techniques - severely punishing those that refused. Schools were set up to teach the aboriginal people the Chinese language.
3547:
abrogated and Shi was given a leisurely post as one of the emperor's six grand guardsmen. Shi was not the only one who proposed more aggressive action against Taiwan. On 14 August 1668, Zhejiang official Shi Weiqi recommended imposing an economic blockade on Taiwan, which the Qing rejected.
14690:, and had been kindly received by your Majesty there... To that purpose we have now sent out several ships, with cargoes in part from hence, cloths, stuffs, lead, and other commodities, and have appointed to be ladened at Bantam, calicoes and other Indian goods, severally for sale at your
2928:. The Qing deployed a large army to the area and Chenggong decided to take his chances by ferrying his army along the coast but a storm hindered his movements. The Qing launched a surprise attack on Xiamen, forcing him to return to protect it. From 1656 to 1658 he planned to take
3518:
remaining Zheng forces south. They failed to dislodge the last Zheng stronghold due to the departure of the Dutch fleet. However, after the defection of Zheng commander Zhou Quanbin, Zheng Jing decided to pull out from the remaining mainland stronghold in the spring of 1664.
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to Taiwan as its chief representative and John Dacus as his reputy. The commercial tie lasted until the fall of Taiwan in 1684... Ellis Crisp, who had commanded the first English fleet to visit Taiwan, reported that Zheng Jing had endeavored "to make Tywan a place of great
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of the Qing dynasty, who removed his name from the "sea banditry" category and labelled him a valiant loyalist to a deposed dynasty. Chinese nationalists in the 20th century invoked Zheng Chenggong for his patriotism and political loyalty against Qing and foreign influence.
2899:
in 1644 to rebels, Chenggong and his followers declared their loyalty to the Ming dynasty and he was bestowed the title Guoxingye, or Lord of the Imperial surname, pronounced "Kok seng ia" in southern Fujianese, from which Koxinga is derived. His father Zhilong aided the
3440:
on the mainland and recaptured Xiamen and used it as a trading center to fund his efforts to retake mainland China. He imported swords, gun barrels, knives, armours, lead and saltpeter, and other components for gunpowder. Zheng made an alliance with the rebel lord
3180:
was "a most miserable plight, alas, unseen since antiquity!" Zheng blamed the incompetence of the Ming loyalists on the mainland in resisting the Manchus. He referred to the Manchus in derogatory terms and accused them of perverse religious customs such as incest.
3024:, negotiated a treaty, where the Dutch surrendered the fortress and left all the goods and property of the Company behind. In return, most Dutch officials, soldiers and civilians were allowed to leave with their personal belongings and supplies and return to
3043:
tribes who were previously allied with the Dutch against the Chinese during the Guo Huaiyi rebellion in 1652 turned against the Dutch during the siege and defected to Zheng's Chinese forces. The aboriginals of Sincan defected to Zheng after he offered them
3048:. The Sincan aboriginals then proceeded to work for the Chinese and behead Dutch people in executions. The frontier aboriginals in the mountains and plains also surrendered and defected to the Chinese on 17 May 1661, celebrating their freedom from
3004:, exploded due to a cannon firing near its gunpowder supply. The remaining two ships consisted of a yacht and a lesser warship, which were unable to keep Zheng from controlling the waters around Taiwan. The landing forces defeated the Dutch.
2995:
the next day and on 30 March, a small garrison was left at Penghu while the main body of the fleet arrived at Tayouan on 2 April. Zheng's forces routed 240 Dutch soldiers at Baxemboy Island in the Bay of Taiwan. They landed at the bay of
3203:
After ten years of encouraging the multitudes to grow, after ten years of education and nourishment, and after ten years of letting them congregate and become numerous, in thirty years, can truly compete for tops with the Central
3248:, often at the expense of aboriginal tribes. Several rebellions flared up over the course of Zheng rule due to Han Chinese incursions on indigenous ways of life. In one pacification campaign, Liu Guoxuan, stationed in modern
96:
3562:
Admiral Shi's plan was to take Penghu first and then use it as a base to launch further operations. If the Zhengs did not surrender, Penghu would be used as a base for a Qing invasion into Taiwan. The Governor-general
3198:
schools for both the Chinese and indigenous populations were opened to break Dutch and indigenous influences. Chinese cultural hegemony was promoted in concert with territorial expansion to the south and east.
3011:
and bombarded the fort with 28 cannons. An assault on the fort failed and many of Zheng's best soldiers died, after which Zheng decided to starve out the defenders. On 28 May, news of the siege reached
3559:
recommended Shi Lang to be the coordinator of the invasion force. Shi was reappointed as the naval chief of Fujian on 10 September 1681. He assumed his duty in Xiamen on 15 November at the age of 61.
3264:
left the Saisiyat decimated and with much of their land under Zheng rule. The details of the conflicts remain uncertain however historians agree that the outcome was negative for the Saisiyat.
14643:(the second monarch of the kingdom), whom the Englishmen addressed as "King of Tywan," concluded a trade agreement, which went into effect in the following year. Thereafter, the company sent
16763:
The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions
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in November. The Zheng admiral Zhou Quanbin surrendered on 20 November. The remaining Zheng forces fled southward and completely evacuated from the mainland coast in the spring of 1664.
1022:
3664:
Zheng Keshuang was taken to Beijing, where he was ennobled by the Qing emperor as Duke of Hanjun (漢軍公); together with his family and leading officers, he was also inducted into the
3139:: civil service, revenue, rites, war, punishment, and public works. Great care was taken in the use of symbolism to appeal to Ming legitimacy, an example being the use of the term
17502:
3275:
for trade with the Europeans, and the cooperative unit machinery for mass refining of sugar. The island became more economically self-sufficient with Chen's introduction of mass
2799:, literally "Eastern Pacification"). This name change reflects Jing's intention to permanently settle his dominion in Taiwan rather than an unattainable hope of making Taiwan a
3067:, rejected the request and strengthened defenses in anticipation of an attack. The non-Christian Chinese population was dispersed. Zheng declared his intention to conquer the
3661:
accepted this change. The use of the Ming calendar, which the Zhengs had upheld for 38 years, was ended. A three-year tax exemption for all local inhabitants was proclaimed.
3571:
and Penghu at the same time. Shi thought the proposal was unrealistic and requested to be put in total control over the entire invasion force. Kangxi denied the request.
350:
18820:
2987:
A man working for the VOC named He Bin fled to Zheng Chenggong's base in Xiamen and provided him with a map of Taiwan. On 23 March 1661, Zheng's forces set sail from
3509:. He continued to participate in campaigns against the Zhengs. Shi passed on information such as Zheng internal conflict between Chenggong and his son onto Beijing.
3131:
Realizing that defeating the Qing would not happen in the short term, Zheng Chenggong began transforming Taiwan into a temporary but practical seat of power for the
14682:
The letter written from the Court to the King of Formosa, dated London, 6th September 1671, "May it please your Majesty, By advice from our agents and Council of
3135:
loyalist movement. Chenggong instituted a Ming-style administration that was the first Chinese government in Taiwan. This system of government was modeled on the
3176:
his hair in the Manchu style. Zheng and his ministers often held banquets reminiscing about the fall of the Ming dynasty. According to Zheng, the suicide of the
19190:
16261:
19324:
17568:
1015:
18803:
3267:
Chen Yonghua is credited with the introduction of new agricultural techniques such as water-storage for annual dry periods, the deliberate cultivation of
19319:
18840:
19314:
18567:
1008:
3477:
16848:
Wills, John E. Jr. (2006), "The Seventeenth-century Transformation: Taiwan under the Dutch and the Cheng Regime", in Rubinstein, Murray A. (ed.),
15737:
15345:
Wills, John E. Jr. (2006). "The Seventeenth-century Transformation: Taiwan under the Dutch and the Cheng Regime". In Rubinstein, Murray A. (ed.).
15126:
The last warrior: the life of Cheng Chʻeng-kung, the lord of the "Terrace Bay" : a study on the Tʻai-wan wai-chih by Chiang Jih-sheng (1704)
19309:
17773:
16982:
14644:
101:
The territories ever controlled by the maritime force of the Zheng dynasty depicting in red, its historical sphere of influence shown in peach
19047:
18449:
19259:
18198:
2515:. At its zenith, the kingdom's maritime power dominated varying extents of coastal regions of southeastern China and controlled the major
18699:
17302:
15848:
15498:
15307:
15269:
15102:
14669:
14626:
14585:
14471:
2574:
resistance against the invading Manchus. Until its annexation by the Qing dynasty in 1683, the kingdom was ruled by Koxinga's heirs, the
1528:
15063:
14288:
which was symbolic of Ming loyalism as Xiamen in southern Fujian was given the name “Ming Memorial Prefecture” (Simingzhou 思明州) in 1655.
17627:
17282:
14835:
14554:
3084:
and conceived a child with her. Zheng became a legendary figure in folk tales and his image as a Ming loyalist was honored even by the
2478:
2418:
73:
16553:
16222:
19294:
18852:
14349:"Historical and Legal Aspects of the International Status of Taiwan (Formosa)" by Ng Yuzin Chiautong, published August 28, 1971, WUFI
3280:
2920:
but then lost it. Further attacks further afield resulted in even less success. In 1650 he planned a major northward offensive from
17950:
17930:
166:
19304:
19274:
17955:
17573:
17407:
17183:
14994:
15454:
15091:. Vol. 10 of TANAP monographs on the history of the Asian-European interaction (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 222.
14508:
19264:
18998:
18905:
17230:
16507:
16484:
16461:
16438:
16415:
16392:
16369:
16346:
16323:
3672:(舍). The Qing sent the 17 Ming princes still living on Taiwan back to mainland China where they spent the rest of their lives.
2108:
1488:
19289:
18893:
18741:
18502:
18368:
17880:
17698:
17497:
16857:
16830:
16725:
16607:
16255:
14465:
3336:
The Qing dynasty enacted a sea-ban on coastal China to starve out the Zheng forces. In 1663, the writer Xia Lin who lived in
2408:
1253:
16584:
19299:
18943:
18798:
17990:
17708:
17632:
17277:
16909:
16530:
16300:
1981:
1971:
1385:
18613:
18507:
17785:
17585:
17580:
17461:
17439:
17372:
14317:《澎湖台灣紀略》"Chronicle of Penghu-Taiwan" edited after 1687 by Lín qiān-guāng (林謙光):「海逆鄭成功之敗遁於京口也,乘大霧,襲殺紅夷守者,而據其地。築城以守,偽號東寧國。」
3064:
2563:
2450:
1612:
1421:
18910:
17605:
17558:
16975:
16744:
16578:
15842:
15492:
15450:
15301:
15263:
15096:
14901:
14620:
14504:
3551:
was adamant that such an attempt would end in failure. Wan's lack of confidence upset the Kangxi Emperor. In 1681, the
1602:
18442:
17790:
17526:
17368:
17237:
16698:
16666:
16659:
Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island
16622:
Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island
16106:
15354:
14845:
14780:
14550:
14348:
2279:
3052:
under the Dutch rule by hunting down Dutch people and beheading them and trashing their Christian school textbooks.
19078:
17835:
17688:
17563:
17480:
17196:
16245:
14953:
14381:
2872:, and then went to school in Fujian, obtaining a county-level licentiate at the age of 15. Afterwards he left for
18633:
3437:
3421:
3411:
3395:
2033:
1521:
1436:
1248:
18542:
18593:
18218:
17541:
17412:
16796:
Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c. 1620–1720
15834:
Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c. 1620–1720
15540:
15205:
Blussé, Leonard (1 January 1989). "Pioneers or cattle for the slaughterhouse? A rejoinder to A.R.T. Kemasang".
15057:
14234:
2770:
2732:
2699:
2667:
2635:
2603:
2471:
2423:
1416:
809:
617:
417:
15293:
Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720
15255:
Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720
3244:
Extensive farming spread Han Chinese settlements to the southern tip of the island and as far north as modern
19125:
18847:
17940:
17825:
17758:
17610:
17363:
17220:
16968:
16684:
16654:
16616:
15447:
Between Trade and Legitimacy, Maritime and Continent: The Zheng Organization in Seventeenth-Century East Asia
14501:
Between Trade and Legitimacy, Maritime and Continent: The Zheng Organization in Seventeenth-Century East Asia
3340:
testified that the Zhengs were short on supplies and the people suffered tremendous hardship due to the Qing
2991:(Quemoy) with a large fleet of 400 ships carrying around 25,000 soldiers and sailors aboard. They arrived at
2445:
2371:
2306:
1478:
1304:
954:
823:
762:
631:
570:
431:
3492:
was the primary leader in advocating and organizing the Qing effort to conquer Zheng Taiwan. He was born in
3376:
until 1668, but they were unable to take back the island. Their position at sea was gradually taken over by
3108:
stands at the site of Fort Provintia, which became Koxinga's office after he took over the former Dutch post
19229:
19105:
18883:
18751:
18721:
18435:
17985:
17855:
17723:
3168:, the son of Chenggong. One prefecture and two counties (Tianxing and Wannian) were established in Taiwan.
2381:
1233:
1081:
1032:
16650:
19115:
19100:
18835:
18467:
17780:
17683:
17417:
17392:
17176:
16816:
2433:
2190:
1571:
18926:
18648:
18547:
18276:
18228:
17860:
17810:
17797:
17703:
17546:
17272:
15729:
14362:"Contradictory Contingencies: The Seventeenth-Century Zheng Family and Contested Cross-Strait Legacies"
3381:
3060:
3025:
2438:
1514:
1431:
1411:
1406:
1375:
1276:
18684:
19239:
19095:
18931:
18857:
18628:
18618:
18208:
18181:
18176:
17536:
17382:
17343:
16758:
2916:, which was named "Memorial Prefecture for the Ming" in 1654. In 1649, Chenggong gained control over
2566:
which aimed to reclaim mainland China from the Qing. Under Zheng rule, Taiwan underwent a process of
2551:
2464:
2401:
2366:
1939:
1635:
1545:
1223:
1074:
14686:, we understand that, upon your Majesty's Encouragement, they had made a Beginning of Trade in your
2145:
19269:
19254:
19249:
19244:
19234:
19158:
19037:
18936:
18623:
18537:
17944:
17870:
17693:
17620:
17402:
17397:
17348:
3681:
3000:. Three Dutch ships attacked the Chinese junks and destroyed several until their main warship, the
2941:
2135:
1784:
1483:
1150:
19120:
14911:
3461:
to the Qing. Xiamen was abandoned. On 10 April, Zheng Jing's war on the mainland came to a close.
19068:
18977:
18643:
18497:
18316:
18141:
17875:
17768:
17492:
17387:
17358:
17353:
16822:
14209:
3620:
returned safely. Two attempts to sail to Penghu in February 1683 failed due to a shift in winds.
3295:
3121:
3021:
3008:
2980:
2969:
2531:
2361:
1238:
234:
16737:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015
3982:
3646:
19279:
19005:
18953:
18761:
18653:
18203:
18166:
17972:
17751:
17653:
17648:
17514:
17262:
17169:
16947:
2413:
2391:
2376:
1862:
1581:
1426:
1355:
1206:
368:
24:
15832:
15480:
15291:
15253:
15086:
14963:
14661:
14608:
14577:
14449:
3530:
3299:
Bronze coin minted in Nagasaki for Koxinga's forces, inscribed Yong Li Tong Bao in seal script
2803:
in the East to receive Yongli Emperor, who was executed by the Qing forces two years earlier.
19284:
19110:
19088:
19073:
18714:
18694:
18572:
18532:
18522:
18361:
18326:
17840:
17746:
17741:
17718:
17519:
17377:
17297:
17292:
15047:
14328:
3191:
2386:
1803:
16693:, London, Edinburgh, New York: Marshall Brothers Ltd. reprinted by SMC Publishing Inc 1996,
14851:
14542:
14450:"Koxinga and his maritime regime in the popular historical writings of post-Cold War Taiwan"
19141:
18709:
18608:
18487:
18321:
18296:
18193:
17487:
17225:
16545:
16214:
3049:
3040:
2945:
2428:
1641:
1452:
1315:
1098:
16550:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
16527:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
16504:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
16481:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
16458:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
16435:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
16412:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
16389:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
16366:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
16343:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
16320:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
16297:
How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
3574:
In Taiwan, Zheng Jing's death resulted in a coup shortly afterward. His illegitimate son,
3428:
In 1670 and 1673, Zheng forces seized tributary vessels on their way to the mainland from
8:
18991:
18830:
18726:
18658:
18512:
18251:
18213:
18188:
18052:
18024:
17663:
17658:
17509:
17326:
17267:
17141:
16960:
16688:
3506:
3360:
3068:
1593:
1365:
1228:
1155:
1145:
307:
18562:
16600:
The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
18603:
18557:
18517:
18331:
18286:
18119:
18032:
17850:
17820:
17466:
17444:
15222:
14726:
14427:
14373:
4004:
3941:
3872:
3809:
3742:
3668:
military system. Junior members of the House of Zheng acquired the hereditary style of
3072:
2396:
1576:
1196:
1176:
1166:
1161:
1140:
18736:
14252:
3600:
2944:(VOC) during most of the 1640s and early 1650s. However some of the rebels during the
2790:
2752:
2685:
2653:
2621:
1186:
1120:
940:
916:
748:
724:
556:
532:
18815:
18552:
18492:
18415:
18398:
18336:
18266:
18243:
18146:
18124:
18114:
18087:
18082:
17911:
17865:
17802:
17763:
17733:
17596:
17449:
17242:
17209:
16934:
16853:
16826:
16766:
16754:
16740:
16721:
16694:
16672:
16662:
16626:
16603:
16574:
16251:
16102:
15838:
15536:
15488:
15440:
15350:
15297:
15259:
15187:
15092:
15053:
14841:
14776:
14616:
14494:
14461:
14199:
4010:
3947:
3878:
3815:
3748:
3257:
3177:
3076:
he died in a fit of madness when his officers refused his orders to execute his son,
3007:
On 4 April, Fort Provintia surrendered to the Zheng forces. On 7 April, Zheng's army
2800:
2512:
2324:
1892:
1872:
1647:
1462:
1457:
1285:
1135:
1130:
1125:
978:
786:
594:
141:
48:
16522:
16499:
16476:
16453:
16430:
16407:
16384:
16361:
16338:
16315:
15226:
15049:
Pentecost of the Hills in Taiwan: The Christian Faith Among the Original Inhabitants
3567:
disagreed with Shi's plan to take Penghu first and proposed a two pronged attack on
18984:
18793:
18756:
18746:
18731:
18704:
18689:
18527:
18341:
18261:
18057:
17980:
17935:
17922:
17830:
17815:
17553:
16869:
The Seventeenth-Century Transformation: Taiwan Under the Dutch and the Cheng Regime
16646:
15710:
15214:
14718:
14532:《清一統志臺灣府》:「本朝順治十八年,海寇鄭成功逐荷蘭夷據之,偽置承天府,名曰東都;設二縣,曰天興、萬年.其子鄭經(按府志,鄭經一名錦)改東都曰東寧省,升二縣為州。」
14419:
4054:
3595:
3493:
3352:
3195:
3017:
2965:
2896:
2695:
2595:
2575:
2003:
1561:
1553:
1243:
1211:
1201:
1115:
1110:
846:
654:
462:
247:
14987:
19175:
19027:
18970:
18888:
18663:
18638:
18391:
18311:
18306:
18301:
18281:
18233:
18171:
18129:
18092:
18077:
18067:
18062:
18042:
18007:
18002:
17678:
17615:
17252:
17114:
16897:
16811:
16774:
16704:
16568:
16112:
14998:
14204:
14194:
4016:
3953:
3884:
3821:
3754:
3261:
3249:
2892:
2865:
2857:
2810:(Taiwan), named after the King's residence at the city of "Tywan" in present-day
1335:
1258:
895:
703:
511:
185:
149:
145:
57:
20:
16292:
14458:
Sea Rovers, Silver, and Samurai: Maritime East Asia in Global History, 1550–1700
3445:
in Fujian, but they fell afoul of each other not long afterward. Zheng captured
2775:
2737:
19151:
19146:
19022:
18351:
18291:
18270:
18223:
18072:
18047:
17845:
17668:
17475:
17039:
17034:
17019:
16620:
16362:"Chapter 4: La Isla Hermosa: The Rise of the Spanish Colony in Northern Taiwan"
14706:
14407:
14186:
7622:
3989:
3650:
3628:
3575:
3442:
3186:
3136:
3085:
2717:
2543:
2504:
1905:
1822:
975:
881:
783:
689:
591:
497:
303:
209:
15218:
3117:
2868:. Chenggong spent the first seven years of his life in Japan with his mother,
2860:, known in Dutch sources as Koxinga, the son of former pirate turned general,
19223:
19205:
19192:
19032:
18825:
18768:
18403:
18356:
18256:
18134:
18107:
18102:
18097:
18037:
17997:
17531:
17287:
17247:
17147:
17131:
17090:
17064:
17003:
16922:
16630:
16288:
15191:
14453:
14172:
4135:
3665:
3552:
3377:
3217:
3132:
3105:
2880:
2861:
2547:
2535:
2500:
1695:
1662:
1504:
1325:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1057:
909:
717:
525:
355:
341:
119:
115:
17137:
17125:
18808:
18458:
17012:
16804:
China's Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century: Victory at Full Moon
16778:
16770:
16708:
15485:
China's Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century: Victory at Full Moon
14613:
China's Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century: Victory at Full Moon
7614:
3926:
3609:
3579:
3505:
execution of 500 Zheng captives. In 1658, Shi was made Deputy Commander of
3209:
2888:
2884:
2869:
2853:
2567:
2562:. The Zheng dynasty used the island of Taiwan as a military base for their
2559:
2539:
2270:
2246:
2233:
2220:
2164:
2123:
2061:
1775:
1765:
1742:
1086:
1069:
1052:
930:
853:
738:
661:
546:
469:
18867:
16570:
Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China's First Great Victory Over the West
14990:
Strait Talk: Avoiding a Nuclear War Between the U.S. and China over Taiwan
14837:
Island in the Stream : A Quick Case Study of Taiwan's Complex History
14659:
14575:
3716:
2831:
19063:
18598:
18012:
16116:
3669:
3564:
3194:
system was implemented for selecting talent to manage Taiwanese affairs.
3161:
2975:
2571:
2508:
2177:
2048:
1882:
1850:
1837:
1671:
968:
776:
584:
14377:
3627:
On 11 July, Shi regrouped his squadrons and requested reinforcements at
19042:
18898:
17713:
17043:
14988:"Koxinga-Dutch Treaty (1662)" Appendix 1 to Bullard, Monte R. (unpub.)
14730:
14640:
14431:
14361:
14333:
5747:
3857:
3583:
3556:
3501:
3330:
3317:
3165:
3125:
3077:
2901:
2843:
or "Kok seng ia" in southern Fujianese), "Lord of the Imperial Surname"
2762:
2721:
2520:
1929:
1718:
1091:
1000:
197:
18427:
14694:, with orders to take in exchange sugars,skins, and other commodities.
3101:
19083:
17119:
15175:
14305:
3919:
3850:
3789:
3450:
3312:
3272:
3268:
3221:
3172:
3081:
3033:
2921:
2523:, and its vast trade network stretched from Japan to Southeast Asia.
2516:
111:
14722:
14423:
3416:
18346:
17673:
17024:
3489:
3481:
3454:
3446:
3433:
3356:
3253:
2917:
867:
675:
483:
159:
17161:
15533:
Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier, 1600–1800
3283:
than by rock deposits which were found to be very rare in Taiwan.
4832:
3723:
3373:
3245:
3237:
3045:
3029:
3013:
2929:
2925:
2906:
2873:
2836:
2527:
2072:
1923:
1917:
937:
745:
553:
16676:
16640:
On the Origins and Transformation of Taiwanese National Identity
17192:
17028:
17008:
16904:
16892:
15088:
The Colonial 'civilizing Process' in Dutch Formosa: 1624 – 1662
15052:(illustrated ed.). Hope Publishing House. pp. 96–97.
14773:
Early Modern China and Northeast Asia Cross-Border Perspectives
14683:
14242:
3635:
3605:
3568:
3535:
3514:
3429:
3365:
3341:
3337:
3056:
2992:
2988:
2913:
2912:
Zheng Chenggong continued the resistance against the Qing from
2811:
2780:
2761:, literally "eastern capital"). In 1664, his son and successor
2742:
2707:
2675:
2643:
2611:
2555:
397:
393:
130:
16477:"Chapter 9: Lord and Vassal: Company Rule over the Aborigines"
983:
791:
599:
18948:
3260:
was gradually weakened. A series of major conflicts with the
959:
945:
767:
753:
575:
561:
16207:
3385:
existence, limiting trade with mainland China to smugglers.
18862:
14666:
Report relative to the trade with the East Indies and China
14582:
Report relative to the trade with the East Indies and China
3513:
ships, and killing over 200 enemies. Shi planned to attack
3276:
3236:
To address the food shortage, Zheng Chenggong instituted a
299:
16990:
16101:(2nd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 10.
15422:
15420:
15368:
15366:
14929:
14742:
14740:
14660:
The select committee of the house of Lords (5 June 1829),
14576:
The select committee of the house of Lords (5 June 1829),
14308::「會延平王成功薨,長子經嗣立,臺灣初稱東都,改明京以候桂王之蹕。已不克至,乃改東寧國,複築奉天城於對渡以居官。」
2578:, and the period of rule is sometimes referred to as the
17898:
16195:
16171:
16159:
15970:
15405:
14865:
14639:
On 10 September 1670 the British East India Company and
3329:
Following the death of Zheng Chenggong in 1662, his son
16454:"Chapter 8: "The Only Bees on Formosa That Give Honey""
16147:
16135:
16123:
16078:
16066:
16042:
16030:
16006:
15994:
15982:
15958:
15934:
15922:
15898:
15886:
15862:
15812:
15764:
15648:
15636:
15624:
15417:
15363:
15156:
15144:
15132:
15015:
14941:
14889:
14877:
14808:
14806:
14804:
14802:
14800:
14798:
14796:
14794:
14792:
14737:
3252:, killed several hundred Shalu tribes people in modern
16739:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.
15692:
15690:
15665:
15663:
15578:
15576:
15395:
15393:
15233:
15027:
15003:
14917:
14752:
3436:
and Fujian. In 1674, Zheng Jing took advantage of the
16718:
Pirate King: Coxinga and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty
15730:"Taiwan in Time: The ceremony that endured the times"
2814:. The period of rule is sometimes referred to as the
2507:
between 1661 and 1683. It is the first predominantly
900:
886:
872:
858:
708:
694:
680:
666:
516:
502:
488:
474:
16788:
Between Trade and Legitimacy, Maritime and Continent
16573:(illustrated ed.), Princeton University Press,
16183:
15530:
14969:
14789:
14162:
3164:: Tungning), which means "Eastern Pacification," by
2598:, the Kingdom of Tungning is sometimes known as the
2289:
2211:
2091:
2024:
1954:
1828:
16099:
Historical Dictionary of Taiwan (Republic of China)
16054:
16018:
15946:
15910:
15874:
15800:
15788:
15776:
15752:
15687:
15675:
15660:
15612:
15600:
15588:
15573:
15561:
15549:
15512:
15390:
15378:
14336::「錦(鄭經)與永華及洪旭引餘眾,載其孥盡入台灣。改東都為東寧國,置天興、萬年二州,仍以永華綜國政。」
3071:in retaliation for the Spanish mistreatment of the
2570:in an effort to consolidate the last stronghold of
921:
729:
537:
16243:
3405:
3380:. On 10 September 1670, a representative from the
16431:"Chapter 7: The Challenges of a Chinese Frontier"
19221:
14770:
14668:, The Bavarian State Library, pp. 392–396,
14584:, The Bavarian State Library, pp. 392–396,
14460:, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 335–352,
16877:Approaching Sovereignty over the Diaoyu Islands
16759:"Chapter IV: The Kingdom of Koxinga: 1662–1683"
16720:, United Kingdom: Muramasa Industries Limited,
15535:. Stanford University Press. pp. 469–470.
2727:Taiwan was initially referred to by Koxinga as
2548:the Ming remnants' rump state in southern China
2503:that ruled part of southwestern Taiwan and the
16293:"Chapter 1: Taiwan on the Eve of Colonization"
16237:
15478:
14606:
3148:Chikan was renamed to "Ming Eastern Capital" (
19325:States and territories disestablished in 1683
19048:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
18443:
17435:
17177:
16976:
14992:. Monterey Institute of International Studies
14709:(11 April 1945). "Formosa: Island Frontier".
14410:(11 April 1945). "Formosa: Island Frontier".
4034:
4026:
3995:
3963:
3932:
3902:
3894:
3863:
3831:
3800:
3772:
3764:
3733:
3616:led to Yao's removal from power in November.
2472:
1522:
1016:
828:
814:
636:
622:
436:
422:
37:
15702:
15340:
15338:
15336:
15334:
15332:
15330:
15328:
15326:
15324:
15207:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
14296:
14294:
3432:. In 1671, Zheng forces raided the coast of
15837:. Cambridge University Press. p. 154.
15296:. Cambridge University Press. p. 190.
15258:. Cambridge University Press. p. 154.
3351:From June to August 1663, Duke Huang Wu of
2935:
2499:by the English at the time, was a dynastic
19:"Tungning" redirects here. For the city in
19320:States and territories established in 1661
18450:
18436:
17184:
17170:
16983:
16969:
16734:
15411:
14871:
14833:
14775:. Cambridge University Press. p. 82.
14227:
14225:
2479:
2465:
1529:
1515:
1023:
1009:
95:
72:
16842:The Cambridge History of China 9 Volume 1
16839:
16408:"Chapter 6: The Birth of Co-colonization"
15976:
15481:"The Antagonism Across the Taiwan Strait"
15438:
15321:
14829:
14827:
14825:
14823:
14821:
14609:"The Antagonism Across the Taiwan Strait"
14492:
14326:"Biography of Zheng Chenggong", Vol. 11,
14291:
2852:The Kingdom of Tungning started out as a
83:Location of the Kingdom of Tungning, and
19315:17th-century disestablishments in Taiwan
16753:
16715:
16683:
16661:. London: Kegan Paul. pp. 412–459.
16615:
16566:
16543:
16520:
16497:
16474:
16451:
16428:
16405:
16382:
16359:
16336:
16313:
16287:
15150:
15123:
15084:
15033:
15021:
15009:
14975:
14959:
14947:
14923:
14907:
14895:
14883:
14812:
3645:
3599:
3529:
3476:
3415:
3311:
3294:
3256:, leaving only six alive. The competing
3116:
3100:
2974:
2964:
2830:
1030:
18457:
16597:
16385:"Chapter 5: The Fall of Spanish Taiwan"
16244:Jonathan Manthorpe (15 December 2008).
16090:
15239:
14935:
14222:
3484:(1621–1696) in an 18th-century painting
3112:
3055:In April 1662, Zheng sent a message to
2924:in conjunction with a Ming loyalist in
19222:
18999:Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty
16991:Places adjacent to Kingdom of Tungning
16810:
16645:
16523:"Chapter 11: The Fall of Dutch Taiwan"
16500:"Chapter 10: The Beginning of the End"
16096:
15727:
15204:
15138:
15045:
14818:
14746:
19310:17th-century establishments in Taiwan
18431:
17897:
17699:Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity
17434:
17321:
17207:
17165:
16964:
16866:
16847:
16637:
16316:"Chapter 2: A Scramble for Influence"
16250:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 108–.
16247:Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan
15740:from the original on 27 November 2020
15681:
15344:
14543:"Invitation from the "King of Tywan""
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4079:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
3388:
3279:drying by evaporation, creating much
2960:
2940:Zheng had cordial relations with the
1004:
17709:Special non-state-to-state relations
16998:
16874:
16801:
16793:
16785:
16201:
16189:
16177:
16165:
16153:
16141:
16129:
16084:
16072:
16060:
16048:
16036:
16024:
16012:
16000:
15988:
15964:
15952:
15940:
15928:
15916:
15904:
15892:
15880:
15868:
15830:
15818:
15806:
15794:
15782:
15770:
15758:
15708:
15696:
15669:
15654:
15642:
15630:
15618:
15606:
15594:
15582:
15567:
15555:
15518:
15426:
15399:
15384:
15372:
15289:
15251:
15174:
15162:
14758:
14705:
14629:from the original on 14 January 2023
14600:
14588:from the original on 14 January 2023
14569:
14535:
14447:
14406:
14359:
3634:The battle took place in the bay of
3467:
3324:
19260:Former countries in Chinese history
17191:
14366:American Journal of Chinese Studies
3453:in 1674. In 1675, the commander of
3398:, taking settlements on the coast.
3065:Governor-General of the Philippines
398:People's Republic of China (Xiamen)
13:
16765:. London and New York: Macmillan.
15451:University of California, Berkeley
15105:from the original on 10 April 2023
15066:from the original on 10 April 2023
14505:University of California, Berkeley
14438:
14339:
4048:
3287:the end of the Dutch era in 1660.
3171:Zheng Jing was a devout anti-Qing
2876:to study at the Imperial Academy.
14:
19336:
16885:
14840:(4th ed.). Taipei: SMC Pub.
14672:from the original on 11 July 2021
14551:National Museum of Taiwan History
14384:from the original on 11 July 2021
4042:19 March 1681 – 5 September 1683
19295:1680s disestablishments in China
18409:
18397:
18386:
18385:
17628:List of administrative divisions
17136:
17102:
17081:
17073:
17052:
16903:
16891:
16852:, M.E. Sharpe, pp. 84–106,
16651:"Arrival and Victory of Koxinga"
16264:from the original on 22 May 2021
16225:from the original on 22 May 2021
15728:Cheung, Han (22 November 2020).
15349:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 84–106.
14557:from the original on 9 July 2021
14179:
14165:
3981:
3918:
3849:
3788:
3715:
3589:
2847:
1560:
1498:
1295:
804:Zheng period of the Ming dynasty
373:
348:
334:
18634:Japanese missions to Ming China
18410:
16587:from the original on 2023-04-10
16556:from the original on 2018-04-02
16533:from the original on 2021-04-19
16510:from the original on 2022-09-29
16487:from the original on 2022-09-28
16464:from the original on 2022-09-29
16441:from the original on 2022-09-29
16418:from the original on 2022-08-09
16395:from the original on 2022-09-29
16372:from the original on 2016-03-03
16349:from the original on 2022-09-28
16326:from the original on 2022-09-27
16303:from the original on 2021-02-24
15851:from the original on 2023-04-10
15824:
15721:
15524:
15501:from the original on 2022-10-11
15472:
15457:from the original on 2022-02-12
15432:
15310:from the original on 2023-04-10
15283:
15272:from the original on 2023-04-10
15245:
15198:
15168:
15117:
15078:
15039:
14981:
14764:
14699:
14653:
14526:
14511:from the original on 2022-02-23
14486:
14474:from the original on 2023-01-15
14257:
3525:
3464:Zheng Jing died in early 1681.
3438:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
3422:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
3412:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
3406:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
3396:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
2795:
2757:
2690:
2658:
2626:
1249:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
984:
960:
946:
922:
792:
768:
754:
730:
600:
576:
562:
538:
84:
78:
19305:1683 disestablishments in Asia
19275:Former monarchies of East Asia
18508:Campaign against the Uriankhai
17069:Fujian Province (Qing dynasty)
16602:, Princeton University Press,
15487:, Springer, pp. 114–115,
15128:. O. Harrassowitz. p. 97.
14400:
14353:
14320:
14311:
14282:
14247:
14238:
4035:
3971:17 March 1681 – 19 March 1681
3964:
3910:November 1662 – 17 March 1681
3227:
3096:
2785:
2774:
2747:
2736:
2712:
2703:
2680:
2671:
2648:
2639:
2616:
2607:
2419:Science and technology history
901:
887:
873:
859:
829:
815:
709:
695:
681:
667:
637:
623:
517:
503:
489:
475:
437:
423:
1:
19265:Former countries in East Asia
18568:Campaigns against the Mongols
17322:
17221:Timeline of Taiwanese history
17103:
17053:
16552:, Columbia University Press,
16529:, Columbia University Press,
16506:, Columbia University Press,
16483:, Columbia University Press,
16460:, Columbia University Press,
16437:, Columbia University Press,
16414:, Columbia University Press,
16391:, Columbia University Press,
16368:, Columbia University Press,
16345:, Columbia University Press,
16322:, Columbia University Press,
16299:, Columbia University Press,
16215:"Min Hakka Language Archives"
15531:John Robert Shepherd (1993).
15184:The General History of Taiwan
14834:Lin, A.; Keating, J. (2008).
14270:
3839:23 June 1662 – November 1662
3582:with the support of minister
3320:(1642–1681), possibly 17th c.
3307:
3080:, who had an affair with his
2835:Mid-17th century portrait of
2826:
2594:In reference to its reigning
2538:. Zheng hoped to restore the
1789:
1748:
1724:
1701:
1677:
1618:
16:Taiwanese Kingdom (1661–1683)
19290:1661 establishments in China
19106:Covered jar with carp design
18722:Transition from Ming to Qing
17986:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
17724:Taiwan independence movement
17082:
17074:
14275:
4027:
3996:
3987:
3975:
3933:
3924:
3914:
3903:
3895:
3864:
3855:
3843:
3832:
3801:
3794:
3784:
3780:14 June 1661 – 23 June 1662
3773:
3765:
3734:
3721:
3709:
3641:
3152:). Later "Eastern Capital" (
2806:In Britain, it was known as
38:
7:
19300:1661 establishments in Asia
19101:Ming presentation porcelain
18700:Japanese invasions of Korea
17881:Water supply and sanitation
17208:
16817:The Search for Modern China
16716:Clements, Jonathan (2004),
16339:"Chapter 3: Pax Hollandica"
16219:Min Hakka Language Archives
15442:The Zheng "state" on Taiwan
15124:Foccardi, Gabriele (1986).
14496:The Zheng "state" on Taiwan
14395:independent maritime state.
14158:
3500:Shi was assigned to follow
3472:
2526:The kingdom was founded by
10:
19341:
18963:Compilations and Documents
18594:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
18199:Inventions and discoveries
17704:Political status of Taiwan
17273:Taiwan under Japanese rule
16280:
4052:
3679:
3593:
3409:
3382:British East India Company
3124:built during the reign of
3061:Sabiniano Manrique de Lara
3059:demanding annual tribute.
2821:
394:Republic of China (Taiwan)
118:) owing allegiance to the
18:
19167:
19134:
19096:Chinese lacquerware table
19056:
19015:
18962:
18919:
18876:
18858:Embroidered Uniform Guard
18786:
18672:
18619:Prince of Anhua rebellion
18581:
18475:
18466:
18381:
18242:
18159:
18023:
17971:
17964:
17921:
17893:
17732:
17641:
17594:
17459:
17430:
17336:
17317:
17216:
17203:
16996:
16943:
16932:
16918:
16840:Twitchett, Denis (2002),
15219:10.1163/22134379-90003260
15046:Covell, Ralph R. (1998).
14771:Evelyn S. Rawski (2015).
14615:, Springer, p. 116,
14008:
14006:
14004:
13998:
13996:
13994:
13982:
13978:
13976:
13974:
13972:
13970:
13968:
13966:
13906:
13904:
13568:
13566:
13556:
13554:
13426:
13424:
13360:
13358:
13356:
13352:
13350:
13346:
13052:
13050:
13048:
13042:
13040:
13038:
13030:
13028:
13026:
13018:
13016:
13014:
13006:
13004:
13002:
12996:
12994:
12992:
12986:
12984:
12982:
12976:
12974:
12972:
12960:
12958:
12946:
12944:
12920:
12916:
12914:
12912:
12906:
12904:
12902:
12890:
12886:
12884:
12882:
12870:
12866:
12864:
12862:
12818:
12816:
12800:
12796:
12794:
12792:
12788:
12780:
12776:
12774:
12772:
12770:
12768:
12766:
12764:
12758:
12756:
12754:
12726:
12718:
12716:
12704:
12702:
12638:
12636:
12634:
12632:
12630:
12628:
12620:
12618:
12586:
12584:
12568:
12566:
12550:
12548:
12500:
12498:
12474:
12472:
12448:
12446:
12414:
12412:
12410:
12406:
12404:
12402:
12400:
12398:
12392:
12390:
12086:
12084:
12082:
12080:
12078:
12076:
12074:
12068:
12066:
12064:
12062:
12060:
12058:
12056:
12048:
12046:
12044:
12042:
12040:
12038:
12036:
12034:
12032:
12030:
12028:
12020:
12018:
11986:
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11978:
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11972:
11970:
11968:
11966:
11964:
11962:
11960:
11958:
11956:
11954:
11934:
11932:
11900:
11898:
11874:
11870:
11868:
11866:
11864:
11862:
11860:
11858:
11856:
11854:
11852:
11850:
11846:
11822:
11820:
11812:
11810:
11794:
11792:
11784:
11782:
11501:
11499:
11497:
11491:
11489:
11487:
11479:
11477:
11475:
11469:
11467:
11465:
11459:
11457:
11455:
11447:
11445:
11443:
11431:
11429:
11405:
11401:
11399:
11397:
11393:
11385:
11381:
11379:
11377:
11341:
11339:
11323:
11319:
11317:
11315:
11313:
11311:
11309:
11307:
11301:
11299:
11297:
11253:
11251:
11235:
11233:
11225:
11223:
11215:
11213:
11197:
11193:
11191:
11189:
11161:
11159:
10917:
10915:
10913:
10905:
10903:
10901:
10893:
10891:
10889:
10881:
10879:
10877:
10871:
10869:
10867:
10861:
10859:
10857:
10851:
10849:
10847:
10845:
10843:
10841:
10839:
10831:
10829:
10827:
10821:
10819:
10817:
10811:
10809:
10807:
10795:
10793:
10769:
10767:
10759:
10755:
10753:
10751:
10739:
10737:
10705:
10703:
10695:
10691:
10689:
10687:
10675:
10673:
10665:
10661:
10659:
10657:
10621:
10617:
10615:
10613:
10611:
10609:
10607:
10605:
10601:
10593:
10591:
10583:
10579:
10577:
10575:
10573:
10571:
10569:
10567:
10561:
10559:
10557:
10537:
10533:
10531:
10529:
10527:
10525:
10523:
10521:
10515:
10513:
10511:
10262:
10260:
10258:
10252:
10250:
10248:
10242:
10240:
10238:
10232:
10230:
10228:
10222:
10220:
10218:
10212:
10210:
10208:
10202:
10200:
10198:
10192:
10190:
10188:
10182:
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10178:
10172:
10170:
10168:
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10114:
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10090:
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10062:
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10004:
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9940:
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9934:
9932:
9928:
9888:
9886:
9870:
9868:
9860:
9858:
9856:
9852:
9850:
9848:
9846:
9844:
9842:
9840:
9838:
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9834:
9830:
9828:
9824:
9822:
9820:
9818:
9816:
9814:
9812:
9810:
9808:
9806:
9804:
9802:
9800:
9798:
9796:
9794:
9792:
9790:
9784:
9782:
9780:
9778:
9776:
9774:
9772:
9770:
9768:
9766:
9764:
9537:
9535:
9457:
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9453:
9447:
9445:
9443:
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9423:
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9409:
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9399:
9397:
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9393:
9391:
9389:
9387:
9381:
9379:
9377:
9375:
9373:
9371:
9369:
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9357:
9351:
9349:
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9343:
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9335:
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9325:
9317:
9315:
9305:
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9301:
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6905:
6893:
6891:
6867:
6865:
6793:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6769:
6767:
6729:
6727:
6717:
6713:
6711:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6661:
6659:
6578:
6576:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6496:
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6492:
6490:
6488:
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6484:
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6468:
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6454:
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6450:
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6436:
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6426:
6424:
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6416:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6402:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6372:
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6368:
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6360:
6358:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6328:
6326:
6254:
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6234:
6230:
6228:
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6224:
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6212:
6210:
6208:
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6188:
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6124:
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6042:
6040:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5661:
5659:
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5655:
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5627:
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5609:
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5531:
5529:
5527:
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5523:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5457:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5403:
5401:
5329:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5295:
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5287:
5285:
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5277:
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5269:
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5225:
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5211:
5209:
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5139:
5137:
5133:
4808:
4806:
4804:
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4788:
4786:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4770:
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4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
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4752:
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4734:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
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4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4622:
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4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4596:
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4592:
4590:
4588:
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4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4574:
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4570:
4568:
4566:
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4562:
4560:
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4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4174:
4172:
4099:
4097:
3694:
3675:
3192:civil service examination
3009:surrounded Fort Zeelandia
2856:loyalist movement led by
2694:), named after Koxinga's
2532:seizing control of Taiwan
2293:
2215:
2095:
2028:
1958:
1832:
1224:Manchuria under Ming rule
1042:
995:
974:
967:
953:
936:
929:
915:
908:
894:
880:
866:
852:
845:
840:
836:
822:
808:
803:
782:
775:
761:
744:
737:
723:
716:
702:
696:Cheng⁴-shih⁴ Wang²-chʻao²
688:
674:
660:
653:
648:
644:
630:
616:
611:
590:
583:
569:
552:
545:
531:
524:
510:
496:
482:
468:
461:
456:
452:
444:
430:
416:
412:
407:
389:
313:
294:
290:
280:
270:
266:
261:
257:
244:
231:
227:
219:
215:
203:
191:
179:
175:
165:
155:
137:
125:
106:
94:
71:
66:
32:
19159:Great Ming Treasure Note
19038:Ming Ancestors Mausoleum
18821:Administrative divisions
18624:Prince of Ning rebellion
17694:One Country on Each Side
17606:Administrative divisions
16802:Wong, Young-tsu (2017),
16638:Chang, Mau-kuei (2003),
16567:Andrade, Tonio (2011a),
16544:Andrade, Tonio (2008l),
16521:Andrade, Tonio (2008k),
16498:Andrade, Tonio (2008j),
16475:Andrade, Tonio (2008i),
16452:Andrade, Tonio (2008h),
16429:Andrade, Tonio (2008g),
16406:Andrade, Tonio (2008f),
16383:Andrade, Tonio (2008e),
16360:Andrade, Tonio (2008d),
16337:Andrade, Tonio (2008c),
16314:Andrade, Tonio (2008b),
16097:Copper, John F. (2000).
15412:Lin & Keating (2008)
15179:
14215:
3682:List of rulers of Taiwan
3290:
3185:He treated the deceased
2942:Dutch East India Company
2936:Trade war with the Dutch
2698:of "Prince of Yanping" (
2589:
2530:(Zheng Chenggong) after
888:Ming² Chêng⁴ Shih²-chʻi²
810:Traditional Chinese
618:Traditional Chinese
418:Traditional Chinese
18978:The Hundred-word Eulogy
18644:Great Rites Controversy
18498:Ming conquest of Yunnan
17876:Uniform Invoice lottery
17791:State-owned enterprises
17564:Office of the President
16867:Wills, John E. (2015),
16823:W.W. Norton and Company
16735:Clodfelter, M. (2017).
16598:Andrade, Tonio (2016),
15709:Wang, Hsing'an (2009).
15479:Young-tsu Wong (2017),
15085:Hsin-Hui, Chiu (2008).
14607:Young-tsu Wong (2017),
14210:Taiwan under Dutch rule
3578:, murdered his brother
3122:Tainan Confucian Temple
2970:Siege of Fort Zeelandia
2879:On mainland China, the
2716:) that bestowed by the
2552:progressively conquered
824:Simplified Chinese
632:Simplified Chinese
432:Simplified Chinese
19206:23.10444°N 120.20806°E
19016:Palaces and Mausoleums
19006:Ming Veritable Records
18654:Luso-Chinese agreement
17836:Semiconductor industry
17654:Cross-Strait relations
17611:Special municipalities
17263:Taiwan under Qing rule
16948:Taiwan under Qing rule
16685:Campbell, Rev. William
16625:. London: Kegan Paul.
15715:Encyclopedia of Taiwan
3653:
3612:
3539:
3485:
3425:
3321:
3300:
3216:According to the poet
3214:
3128:
3109:
2984:
2972:
2905:under house arrest in
2844:
2564:Ming loyalist movement
1386:Republic of China rule
1239:2nd invasion of Joseon
1234:1st invasion of Joseon
369:Taiwan under Qing rule
25:Dongning, Heilongjiang
19111:Yongning Temple Stele
18848:Imperial Commissioner
18573:Reign of Ren and Xuan
18533:Ming treasure voyages
18523:Dao Ganmeng rebellion
17719:Taiwanese nationalism
17238:Early Chinese contact
16850:Taiwan: A New History
15347:Taiwan: A New History
14456:; Hang, Xing (eds.),
14329:Draft History of Qing
3649:
3603:
3533:
3480:
3419:
3315:
3298:
3201:
3120:
3104:
2978:
2968:
2887:forces broke through
2834:
2284:(mainland, 1912–1949)
248:Surrender to the Qing
138:Common languages
18710:Sino-Dutch conflicts
18609:Rebellion of Cao Qin
18538:Ming–Turpan conflict
18488:Red Turban Rebellion
17231:archaeological sites
16938:Kingdom of Tungning
16912:at Wikimedia Commons
16900:at Wikimedia Commons
15186:] (in Chinese).
14448:Kang, Peter (2016),
3952:Chhang Khiet-chong (
3901:Prince Wen of Chao (
3372:trade, and occupied
3113:Permanent settlement
3050:compulsory education
3041:Taiwanese aboriginal
2946:Guo Huaiyi rebellion
1489:Archaeological sites
1034:Ming−Qing transition
731:Chhàng—sṳ Vòng-chhèu
710:Jhèng-shìh Wáng-cháo
448:Eastern Pacification
129:Anping (present-day
19230:Kingdom of Tungning
19211:23.10444; 120.20806
19202: /
19057:Society and Culture
18992:Yongle Encyclopedia
18831:Imperial Clan Court
18774:Kingdom of Tungning
18727:Jurchen unification
18659:Jiajing wokou raids
18548:Battle of Palembang
18513:Battle of Buir Lake
18369:Tourist attractions
17826:Maritime industries
17759:Automotive industry
17664:Chinese nationalism
17659:Chinese unification
17503:Additional Articles
17268:Republic of Formosa
17258:Kingdom of Tungning
17142:Spanish East Indies
16910:Kingdom of Tungning
16812:Spence, Jonathan D.
16794:Hang, Xing (2015),
16786:Hang, Xing (2010),
16690:Sketches of Formosa
16221:. Academic Sinica.
15831:Hang, Xing (2016).
15734:www.taipeitimes.com
15290:Hang, Xing (2016).
15252:Hang, Xing (2016).
14360:Hang, Xing (2016).
4842:Tagawa Shichizaemon
4025:Prince of Yanping (
4015:Chhang Khiet-sóng (
3893:Prince of Yanping (
3771:Prince Wu of Chao (
3763:Prince of Yanping (
3281:higher quality salt
2983:to the Zheng forces
2893:rapidly overwhelmed
2493:Kingdom of Tungning
1366:Republic of Formosa
1346:Kingdom of Tungning
1229:Jurchen unification
34:Kingdom of Tungning
18906:Military conquests
18752:Peasant rebellions
18629:Capture of Malacca
18604:Defense of Beijing
18518:Lin Kuan rebellion
18033:Formosan languages
17856:Telecommunications
17689:North–South divide
17633:Metropolitan areas
17120:Guangdong Province
16875:Wong, Tin (2022),
16755:Davidson, James W.
16204:, p. 181–182.
16180:, p. 170–171.
16168:, p. 169–170.
16156:, p. 168–169.
16144:, p. 165–166.
16132:, p. 162–163.
16087:, p. 166–167.
16075:, p. 160–161.
16051:, p. 155–158.
16039:, p. 152–153.
16015:, p. 150–151.
16003:, p. 148–150.
15991:, p. 147–148.
15967:, p. 144–147.
15943:, p. 124–125.
15931:, p. 118–122.
15907:, p. 139–140.
15895:, p. 138–139.
15871:, p. 113–114.
15821:, p. 111–113.
15773:, p. 160–161.
15657:, p. 195–196.
15645:, p. 244–245.
15633:, p. 240–242.
15439:Xing Hang (2010).
15429:, p. 199–200.
15375:, p. 105–106.
15165:, p. 106–107.
14997:2007-07-14 at the
14938:, p. 216–219.
14711:Far Eastern Survey
14662:"Tywan on Formosa"
14578:"Tywan on Formosa"
14493:Xing Hang (2010).
14412:Far Eastern Survey
3753:Chhang Sṳ̀n-kûng (
3654:
3613:
3540:
3486:
3426:
3389:Peace negotiations
3322:
3301:
3129:
3110:
2985:
2973:
2961:Conquest of Taiwan
2845:
2632:Zheng clan Kingdom
2299:
2109:Five Dynasties and
2101:
2036:Southern dynasties
1964:
1863:Chu–Han Contention
1855:(206 BCE – 220 CE)
1082:Peasant rebellions
923:Mìn Chhàng sṳ̀-khì
902:Míng Jhèng shíh-ci
19185:
19184:
18894:Gunpowder weapons
18853:Grand coordinator
18816:Grand Secretariat
18782:
18781:
18676:(1572–1683)
18585:(1435–1572)
18553:Battle of Kherlen
18503:Ming–Mong Mao War
18493:Wu Mian rebellion
18479:(1368–1435)
18425:
18424:
18377:
18376:
18155:
18154:
18125:Taiwanese Hokkien
17889:
17888:
17684:Foreign relations
17597:Regions of Taiwan
17581:Political parties
17569:Secretary-General
17426:
17425:
17373:Protected species
17313:
17312:
17283:Retreat to Taiwan
17278:Republic of China
17243:Kingdom of Middag
17159:
17158:
17154:
17153:
17025:Zhejiang Province
16959:
16958:
16944:Succeeded by
16935:History of Taiwan
16908:Media related to
16896:Media related to
16859:978-0-7656-1495-7
16832:978-0-393-97351-8
16727:978-0-7509-3269-1
16655:Campbell, William
16647:Coyett, Frederick
16617:Campbell, William
16609:978-0-691-13597-7
16257:978-0-230-61424-6
15141:, pp. 51–57.
14872:Clodfelter (2017)
14761:, p. 42, 53.
14749:, pp. 46–49.
14467:978-0-8248-5276-4
14200:Kingdom of Middag
14150:
14149:
4164:Prince of Yanping
4046:
4045:
3741:Zhèng Chénggōng (
3728:(Zheng Chenggong)
3468:End of Zheng rule
3325:Retreat to Taiwan
3258:Kingdom of Middag
3178:Chongzhen Emperor
3156:) was renamed to
2801:temporary capital
2627:Tēⁿ – sī Ông-tiâu
2617:Zhèngshì Wángcháo
2513:Taiwanese history
2489:
2488:
2446:Transport history
2372:Education history
2344:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2325:Republic of China
2307:People's Republic
2280:Republic of China
2259:
2258:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2088:
2087:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2015:
1952:
1951:
1785:Spring and Autumn
1648:Liao civilization
1539:
1538:
1505:Taiwan portal
1463:Kingdom of Middag
1394:
1393:
1268:
1267:
999:
998:
991:
990:
847:Standard Mandarin
799:
798:
793:Dâng—sê Uòng-dièu
668:Zhèngshì Wángcháo
655:Standard Mandarin
607:
606:
463:Standard Mandarin
403:
402:
385:
384:
381:
380:
361:
360:
205:• 1681–1683
193:• 1662–1681
181:• 1661–1662
167:Prince of Yanping
19332:
19240:House of Koxinga
19217:
19216:
19214:
19213:
19212:
19207:
19203:
19200:
19199:
19198:
19195:
18985:Huang-Ming Zuxun
18757:Jiashen Incident
18747:She-An Rebellion
18732:Seven Grievances
18705:Donglin movement
18690:Bozhou rebellion
18677:
18586:
18563:Lam Sơn uprising
18543:Ming–Đại Ngu War
18528:Jingnan campaign
18480:
18473:
18472:
18452:
18445:
18438:
18429:
18428:
18413:
18412:
18401:
18389:
18388:
18277:Cultural history
18229:Waste management
17981:Taiwanese people
17969:
17968:
17923:National symbols
17902:National Symbols
17895:
17894:
17811:Economic history
17806:
17798:Defense industry
17642:Political issues
17547:Military history
17432:
17431:
17319:
17318:
17205:
17204:
17186:
17179:
17172:
17163:
17162:
17140:
17106:
17105:
17085:
17084:
17077:
17076:
17056:
17055:
16999:
16985:
16978:
16971:
16962:
16961:
16954:
16929:
16919:Preceded by
16916:
16915:
16907:
16895:
16880:
16871:
16863:
16844:
16836:
16819:(Second Edition)
16807:
16798:
16790:
16782:
16750:
16731:
16712:
16680:
16642:
16634:
16612:
16594:
16593:
16592:
16563:
16562:
16561:
16540:
16539:
16538:
16517:
16516:
16515:
16494:
16493:
16492:
16471:
16470:
16469:
16448:
16447:
16446:
16425:
16424:
16423:
16402:
16401:
16400:
16379:
16378:
16377:
16356:
16355:
16354:
16333:
16332:
16331:
16310:
16309:
16308:
16274:
16273:
16271:
16269:
16241:
16235:
16234:
16232:
16230:
16211:
16205:
16199:
16193:
16187:
16181:
16175:
16169:
16163:
16157:
16151:
16145:
16139:
16133:
16127:
16121:
16120:
16094:
16088:
16082:
16076:
16070:
16064:
16058:
16052:
16046:
16040:
16034:
16028:
16022:
16016:
16010:
16004:
15998:
15992:
15986:
15980:
15974:
15968:
15962:
15956:
15950:
15944:
15938:
15932:
15926:
15920:
15914:
15908:
15902:
15896:
15890:
15884:
15878:
15872:
15866:
15860:
15859:
15857:
15856:
15828:
15822:
15816:
15810:
15804:
15798:
15792:
15786:
15780:
15774:
15768:
15762:
15756:
15750:
15749:
15747:
15745:
15736:. Taipei Times.
15725:
15719:
15718:
15706:
15700:
15694:
15685:
15679:
15673:
15667:
15658:
15652:
15646:
15640:
15634:
15628:
15622:
15616:
15610:
15604:
15598:
15592:
15586:
15580:
15571:
15565:
15559:
15553:
15547:
15546:
15528:
15522:
15516:
15510:
15509:
15507:
15506:
15476:
15470:
15469:
15463:
15462:
15436:
15430:
15424:
15415:
15409:
15403:
15397:
15388:
15382:
15376:
15370:
15361:
15360:
15342:
15319:
15318:
15316:
15315:
15287:
15281:
15280:
15278:
15277:
15249:
15243:
15237:
15231:
15230:
15202:
15196:
15195:
15172:
15166:
15160:
15154:
15148:
15142:
15136:
15130:
15129:
15121:
15115:
15114:
15112:
15110:
15082:
15076:
15075:
15073:
15071:
15043:
15037:
15031:
15025:
15019:
15013:
15007:
15001:
14985:
14979:
14973:
14967:
14957:
14951:
14945:
14939:
14933:
14927:
14921:
14915:
14905:
14899:
14893:
14887:
14881:
14875:
14869:
14863:
14862:
14860:
14859:
14850:. Archived from
14831:
14816:
14810:
14787:
14786:
14768:
14762:
14756:
14750:
14744:
14735:
14734:
14703:
14697:
14696:
14679:
14677:
14657:
14651:
14650:
14636:
14634:
14604:
14598:
14597:
14595:
14593:
14573:
14567:
14566:
14564:
14562:
14539:
14533:
14530:
14524:
14523:
14517:
14516:
14490:
14484:
14482:
14480:
14479:
14445:
14436:
14435:
14404:
14398:
14397:
14391:
14389:
14357:
14351:
14346:
14337:
14324:
14318:
14315:
14309:
14298:
14289:
14286:
14264:
14259:
14249:
14240:
14229:
14189:
14184:
14183:
14182:
14175:
14170:
14169:
14168:
4059:
4058:
4055:House of Koxinga
4038:
4037:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4003:Zhèng Kèshuǎng (
4000:
3999:
3998:
3985:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3946:Tēⁿ Khek-chong (
3937:
3936:
3935:
3922:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3853:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3792:
3776:
3775:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3719:
3699:
3686:
3685:
3596:Battle of Penghu
3494:Jinjiang, Fujian
3420:Map showing the
3212:
3196:Chinese language
3018:Frederick Coyett
2895:the Ming. After
2797:
2787:
2778:
2759:
2749:
2740:
2714:
2705:
2696:hereditary title
2692:
2691:Iân-pêng Ông-kok
2682:
2673:
2660:
2659:Tēⁿ – sī Ông-kok
2650:
2649:Zhèngshì Wángguó
2641:
2628:
2618:
2609:
2596:house of Koxinga
2576:House of Koxinga
2495:, also known as
2481:
2474:
2467:
2409:Military history
2367:Economic history
2355:Related articles
2332:
2314:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2252:
2239:
2226:
2213:
2212:
2196:
2183:
2170:
2151:
2141:
2129:
2116:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2077:
2067:
2054:
2041:
2026:
2025:
2009:
2004:Sixteen Kingdoms
1987:
1977:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1911:
1898:
1888:
1878:
1877:(202 BCE – 9 CE)
1868:
1856:
1843:
1830:
1829:
1808:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1781:
1771:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1564:
1554:History of China
1541:
1540:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1312:
1311:
1299:
1289:
1271:
1270:
1244:Seven Grievances
1099:She–An Rebellion
1037:
1035:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1002:
1001:
987:
986:
963:
962:
949:
948:
925:
924:
904:
903:
890:
889:
876:
875:
862:
861:
860:Míng Zhèng shíqī
838:
837:
832:
831:
818:
817:
795:
794:
771:
770:
769:Tēnn—sī Ông-tiâu
757:
756:
755:Tēⁿ--sī Ông-tiâu
733:
732:
712:
711:
698:
697:
684:
683:
670:
669:
646:
645:
640:
639:
626:
625:
603:
602:
579:
578:
565:
564:
541:
540:
520:
519:
506:
505:
492:
491:
478:
477:
454:
453:
440:
439:
426:
425:
405:
404:
377:
376:
365:
364:
352:
351:
338:
337:
331:
330:
315:
314:
253:5 September 1683
99:
88:
87:
82:
81:
76:
61:
41:
40:
30:
29:
19340:
19339:
19335:
19334:
19333:
19331:
19330:
19329:
19270:Former kingdoms
19255:1680s in Taiwan
19250:1670s in Taiwan
19245:1660s in Taiwan
19235:Hokkien royalty
19220:
19219:
19210:
19208:
19204:
19201:
19196:
19193:
19191:
19189:
19188:
19186:
19181:
19176:History of Ming
19163:
19130:
19052:
19028:Chaotian Palace
19011:
18971:History of Yuan
18958:
18915:
18872:
18778:
18678:
18675:
18668:
18664:Single whip law
18639:Ningbo incident
18614:Miao rebellions
18587:
18584:
18577:
18481:
18478:
18462:
18456:
18426:
18421:
18373:
18238:
18209:Public holidays
18182:Sex trafficking
18177:Organized crime
18151:
18019:
17960:
17917:
17916:
17885:
17804:
17728:
17679:De-Sinicization
17637:
17599:
17590:
17537:Law enforcement
17469:
17464:
17455:
17454:
17422:
17369:Endemic species
17332:
17331:
17309:
17303:Mandarin policy
17253:Spanish Formosa
17212:
17199:
17190:
17160:
17155:
17135:
17123:
17118:
17115:South China Sea
17094:
17086:
17068:
17038:
17027:(Qing dynasty)/
17023:
17009:Fujian Province
17007:
16992:
16989:
16955:
16952:
16951:
16940:
16937:
16930:
16927:
16926:
16888:
16883:
16860:
16833:
16747:
16728:
16701:
16669:
16610:
16590:
16588:
16581:
16559:
16557:
16536:
16534:
16513:
16511:
16490:
16488:
16467:
16465:
16444:
16442:
16421:
16419:
16398:
16396:
16375:
16373:
16352:
16350:
16329:
16327:
16306:
16304:
16283:
16278:
16277:
16267:
16265:
16258:
16242:
16238:
16228:
16226:
16213:
16212:
16208:
16200:
16196:
16188:
16184:
16176:
16172:
16164:
16160:
16152:
16148:
16140:
16136:
16128:
16124:
16109:
16095:
16091:
16083:
16079:
16071:
16067:
16059:
16055:
16047:
16043:
16035:
16031:
16023:
16019:
16011:
16007:
15999:
15995:
15987:
15983:
15975:
15971:
15963:
15959:
15951:
15947:
15939:
15935:
15927:
15923:
15915:
15911:
15903:
15899:
15891:
15887:
15879:
15875:
15867:
15863:
15854:
15852:
15845:
15829:
15825:
15817:
15813:
15805:
15801:
15793:
15789:
15781:
15777:
15769:
15765:
15757:
15753:
15743:
15741:
15726:
15722:
15707:
15703:
15695:
15688:
15680:
15676:
15668:
15661:
15653:
15649:
15641:
15637:
15629:
15625:
15617:
15613:
15605:
15601:
15593:
15589:
15581:
15574:
15566:
15562:
15554:
15550:
15543:
15529:
15525:
15517:
15513:
15504:
15502:
15495:
15477:
15473:
15460:
15458:
15453:. p. 195.
15437:
15433:
15425:
15418:
15410:
15406:
15398:
15391:
15383:
15379:
15371:
15364:
15357:
15343:
15322:
15313:
15311:
15304:
15288:
15284:
15275:
15273:
15266:
15250:
15246:
15238:
15234:
15203:
15199:
15181:
15173:
15169:
15161:
15157:
15151:Clements (2004)
15149:
15145:
15137:
15133:
15122:
15118:
15108:
15106:
15099:
15083:
15079:
15069:
15067:
15060:
15044:
15040:
15034:Davidson (1903)
15032:
15028:
15020:
15016:
15010:Davidson (1903)
15008:
15004:
14999:Wayback Machine
14986:
14982:
14976:Andrade (2008k)
14974:
14970:
14960:Andrade (2011a)
14958:
14954:
14946:
14942:
14934:
14930:
14924:Davidson (1903)
14922:
14918:
14908:Campbell (1903)
14906:
14902:
14894:
14890:
14884:Campbell (1903)
14882:
14878:
14870:
14866:
14857:
14855:
14848:
14832:
14819:
14811:
14790:
14783:
14769:
14765:
14757:
14753:
14745:
14738:
14723:10.2307/3023088
14707:Kerr, George H.
14704:
14700:
14675:
14673:
14658:
14654:
14632:
14630:
14623:
14605:
14601:
14591:
14589:
14574:
14570:
14560:
14558:
14541:
14540:
14536:
14531:
14527:
14514:
14512:
14507:. p. 209.
14491:
14487:
14477:
14475:
14468:
14446:
14439:
14424:10.2307/3023088
14408:Kerr, George H.
14405:
14401:
14387:
14385:
14358:
14354:
14347:
14340:
14325:
14321:
14316:
14312:
14299:
14292:
14287:
14283:
14278:
14273:
14268:
14267:
14263:
14230:
14223:
14218:
14205:Spanish Formosa
14195:Pedro Yan Shiqi
14185:
14180:
14178:
14171:
14166:
14164:
14161:
14155:
14152:
11576:Zheng Chenggang
11571:Zheng Cheng'yao
11553:Zheng Chengzong
10351:Zheng Xiansheng
7751:Zheng Bingcheng
4835:
4833:Zheng Chenggong
4057:
4051:
4049:Reigning family
4032:
4020:
4014:
4009:Tēⁿ Khek-sóng (
4008:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3993:
3962:Prince Regent (
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3930:
3900:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3861:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3798:
3770:
3758:
3752:
3747:Tēⁿ Sêng-kong (
3746:
3740:
3739:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3697:
3696:
3684:
3678:
3644:
3598:
3592:
3528:
3475:
3470:
3414:
3408:
3391:
3327:
3310:
3293:
3262:Saisiyat people
3250:Changhua County
3230:
3213:
3208:
3150:Dongdu Mingjing
3115:
3099:
2963:
2938:
2866:Fujian Province
2858:Zheng Chenggong
2850:
2829:
2824:
2816:Koxinga dynasty
2713:Yánpíng jùnwáng
2681:Yánpíng Wángguó
2664:Yanping Kingdom
2592:
2580:Koxinga dynasty
2485:
2456:
2455:
2451:Women's history
2357:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2288:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2154:
2149:
2139:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2075:
2065:
2057:
2052:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1985:
1975:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1826:
1825:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1779:
1769:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1709: 1046 BCE
1708:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1685: 1600 BCE
1684:
1680:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1654:
1653:
1626: 2000 BCE
1625:
1621:
1616:
1608:
1597:
1596:
1535:
1499:
1497:
1336:Spanish Formosa
1287:
1280:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1259:Great Clearance
1160:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1029:
985:Mìng Dâng sì-gĭ
961:Bîng Tēnn sî-kî
896:Tongyong Pinyin
704:Tongyong Pinyin
512:Tongyong Pinyin
445:Literal meaning
396:
374:
349:
335:
283:
273:
250:
237:
206:
194:
186:Zheng Chenggong
182:
150:Siraya language
102:
90:
85:
79:
62:
52:
43:
42:
35:
28:
21:Northeast China
17:
12:
11:
5:
19338:
19328:
19327:
19322:
19317:
19312:
19307:
19302:
19297:
19292:
19287:
19282:
19277:
19272:
19267:
19262:
19257:
19252:
19247:
19242:
19237:
19232:
19183:
19182:
19180:
19179:
19171:
19169:
19165:
19164:
19162:
19161:
19156:
19155:
19154:
19152:Yongle Tongbao
19149:
19147:Hongwu Tongbao
19138:
19136:
19132:
19131:
19129:
19128:
19123:
19118:
19113:
19108:
19103:
19098:
19093:
19092:
19091:
19086:
19081:
19071:
19066:
19060:
19058:
19054:
19053:
19051:
19050:
19045:
19040:
19035:
19030:
19025:
19023:Forbidden City
19019:
19017:
19013:
19012:
19010:
19009:
19002:
18995:
18988:
18981:
18974:
18966:
18964:
18960:
18959:
18957:
18956:
18951:
18946:
18941:
18940:
18939:
18934:
18923:
18921:
18917:
18916:
18914:
18913:
18911:Nine Garrisons
18908:
18903:
18902:
18901:
18891:
18886:
18880:
18878:
18874:
18873:
18871:
18870:
18865:
18860:
18855:
18850:
18845:
18844:
18843:
18833:
18828:
18823:
18818:
18813:
18812:
18811:
18806:
18801:
18790:
18788:
18784:
18783:
18780:
18779:
18777:
18776:
18771:
18766:
18765:
18764:
18759:
18754:
18749:
18744:
18739:
18734:
18729:
18719:
18718:
18717:
18707:
18702:
18697:
18695:Ordos campaign
18692:
18687:
18681:
18679:
18674:
18670:
18669:
18667:
18666:
18661:
18656:
18651:
18646:
18641:
18636:
18631:
18626:
18621:
18616:
18611:
18606:
18601:
18596:
18590:
18588:
18583:
18579:
18578:
18576:
18575:
18570:
18565:
18560:
18558:Ming–Kotte War
18555:
18550:
18545:
18540:
18535:
18530:
18525:
18520:
18515:
18510:
18505:
18500:
18495:
18490:
18484:
18482:
18477:
18470:
18464:
18463:
18455:
18454:
18447:
18440:
18432:
18423:
18422:
18420:
18419:
18407:
18395:
18382:
18379:
18378:
18375:
18374:
18372:
18371:
18366:
18365:
18364:
18354:
18352:Taiwanese wave
18349:
18344:
18339:
18334:
18329:
18324:
18319:
18314:
18309:
18304:
18299:
18294:
18292:Glove puppetry
18289:
18284:
18279:
18274:
18264:
18259:
18254:
18248:
18246:
18240:
18239:
18237:
18236:
18231:
18226:
18224:Taiwan studies
18221:
18216:
18211:
18206:
18201:
18196:
18191:
18186:
18185:
18184:
18179:
18169:
18163:
18161:
18157:
18156:
18153:
18152:
18150:
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11060:Zheng Wenzhong
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11055:Zheng Wenguang
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7720:Zheng Kezhuang
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5308:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4023:
3990:Zheng Keshuang
3986:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3960:
3940:Zhèng Kèzāng (
3923:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3891:
3854:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3828:
3793:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3761:
3720:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3693:
3690:
3680:Main article:
3677:
3674:
3651:Zheng Keshuang
3643:
3640:
3594:Main article:
3591:
3588:
3576:Zheng Keshuang
3527:
3524:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3443:Geng Jingzhong
3410:Main article:
3407:
3404:
3390:
3387:
3355:and commander
3326:
3323:
3309:
3306:
3292:
3289:
3229:
3226:
3222:Central Plains
3206:
3187:Yongli Emperor
3137:Six Ministries
3114:
3111:
3098:
3095:
3086:Kangxi Emperor
3063:, the Spanish
3022:Dutch governor
2981:Fort Zeelandia
2962:
2959:
2937:
2934:
2902:Longwu Emperor
2849:
2846:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2718:Yongli emperor
2591:
2588:
2544:Mainland China
2505:Penghu islands
2501:maritime state
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Jewish history
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2313:(1949–present)
2302:
2300:
2294:
2287:
2286:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2227:
2216:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2184:
2174:
2171:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2131:
2130:
2118:
2117:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2056:
2055:
2043:
2042:
2029:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1934:
1933:
1913:
1912:
1906:Three Kingdoms
1900:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1858:
1857:
1845:
1844:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:Warring States
1801:
1797: 476 BCE
1772:
1770:(1046–771 BCE)
1761:
1760:
1756: 256 BCE
1737:
1736:
1714:
1713:
1690:
1689:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1631:
1630:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1582:Historiography
1579:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:Historiography
1419:
1414:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1005:
997:
996:
993:
992:
989:
988:
981:
972:
971:
965:
964:
957:
951:
950:
947:Bêng Tēⁿ sî-kî
943:
934:
933:
927:
926:
919:
913:
912:
906:
905:
898:
892:
891:
884:
878:
877:
874:ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄓㄥˋ ㄕˊ ㄑㄧ
870:
864:
863:
856:
850:
849:
843:
842:
841:Transcriptions
834:
833:
826:
820:
819:
812:
806:
805:
801:
800:
797:
796:
789:
780:
779:
773:
772:
765:
759:
758:
751:
742:
741:
735:
734:
727:
721:
720:
714:
713:
706:
700:
699:
692:
686:
685:
682:ㄓㄥˋ ㄕˋ ㄨㄤˊ ㄔㄠˊ
678:
672:
671:
664:
658:
657:
651:
650:
649:Transcriptions
642:
641:
634:
628:
627:
620:
614:
613:
609:
608:
605:
604:
597:
588:
587:
581:
580:
573:
567:
566:
559:
550:
549:
543:
542:
535:
529:
528:
522:
521:
514:
508:
507:
500:
494:
493:
486:
480:
479:
472:
466:
465:
459:
458:
457:Transcriptions
450:
449:
446:
442:
441:
434:
428:
427:
420:
414:
413:
410:
409:
401:
400:
391:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
371:
362:
359:
358:
353:
345:
344:
339:
327:
326:
321:
311:
310:
304:Spanish dollar
296:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
278:
277:
274:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
259:
258:
255:
254:
251:
245:
242:
241:
238:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
213:
212:
210:Zheng Keshuang
207:
204:
201:
200:
195:
192:
189:
188:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
139:
135:
134:
127:
123:
122:
108:
104:
103:
100:
92:
91:
77:
69:
68:
64:
63:
36:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19337:
19326:
19323:
19321:
19318:
19316:
19313:
19311:
19308:
19306:
19303:
19301:
19298:
19296:
19293:
19291:
19288:
19286:
19283:
19281:
19280:Southern Ming
19278:
19276:
19273:
19271:
19268:
19266:
19263:
19261:
19258:
19256:
19253:
19251:
19248:
19246:
19243:
19241:
19238:
19236:
19233:
19231:
19228:
19227:
19225:
19218:
19215:
19178:
19177:
19173:
19172:
19170:
19166:
19160:
19157:
19153:
19150:
19148:
19145:
19144:
19143:
19140:
19139:
19137:
19133:
19127:
19124:
19122:
19119:
19117:
19114:
19112:
19109:
19107:
19104:
19102:
19099:
19097:
19094:
19090:
19087:
19085:
19082:
19080:
19077:
19076:
19075:
19072:
19070:
19067:
19065:
19062:
19061:
19059:
19055:
19049:
19046:
19044:
19041:
19039:
19036:
19034:
19033:Ming Xiaoling
19031:
19029:
19026:
19024:
19021:
19020:
19018:
19014:
19008:
19007:
19003:
19001:
19000:
18996:
18994:
18993:
18989:
18987:
18986:
18982:
18980:
18979:
18975:
18973:
18972:
18968:
18967:
18965:
18961:
18955:
18952:
18950:
18947:
18945:
18942:
18938:
18935:
18933:
18930:
18929:
18928:
18925:
18924:
18922:
18918:
18912:
18909:
18907:
18904:
18900:
18897:
18896:
18895:
18892:
18890:
18887:
18885:
18882:
18881:
18879:
18875:
18869:
18866:
18864:
18861:
18859:
18856:
18854:
18851:
18849:
18846:
18842:
18841:Vassal prince
18839:
18838:
18837:
18834:
18832:
18829:
18827:
18826:Eastern Depot
18824:
18822:
18819:
18817:
18814:
18810:
18807:
18805:
18802:
18800:
18797:
18796:
18795:
18792:
18791:
18789:
18785:
18775:
18772:
18770:
18769:Southern Ming
18767:
18763:
18760:
18758:
18755:
18753:
18750:
18748:
18745:
18743:
18740:
18738:
18735:
18733:
18730:
18728:
18725:
18724:
18723:
18720:
18716:
18713:
18712:
18711:
18708:
18706:
18703:
18701:
18698:
18696:
18693:
18691:
18688:
18686:
18683:
18682:
18680:
18671:
18665:
18662:
18660:
18657:
18655:
18652:
18650:
18647:
18645:
18642:
18640:
18637:
18635:
18632:
18630:
18627:
18625:
18622:
18620:
18617:
18615:
18612:
18610:
18607:
18605:
18602:
18600:
18597:
18595:
18592:
18591:
18589:
18580:
18574:
18571:
18569:
18566:
18564:
18561:
18559:
18556:
18554:
18551:
18549:
18546:
18544:
18541:
18539:
18536:
18534:
18531:
18529:
18526:
18524:
18521:
18519:
18516:
18514:
18511:
18509:
18506:
18504:
18501:
18499:
18496:
18494:
18491:
18489:
18486:
18485:
18483:
18474:
18471:
18469:
18465:
18460:
18453:
18448:
18446:
18441:
18439:
18434:
18433:
18430:
18418:
18417:
18408:
18406:
18405:
18400:
18396:
18394:
18393:
18384:
18383:
18380:
18370:
18367:
18363:
18360:
18359:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18333:
18330:
18328:
18325:
18323:
18320:
18318:
18317:Night markets
18315:
18313:
18310:
18308:
18305:
18303:
18300:
18298:
18295:
18293:
18290:
18288:
18285:
18283:
18280:
18278:
18275:
18272:
18268:
18265:
18263:
18260:
18258:
18255:
18253:
18250:
18249:
18247:
18245:
18241:
18235:
18232:
18230:
18227:
18225:
18222:
18220:
18217:
18215:
18212:
18210:
18207:
18205:
18202:
18200:
18197:
18195:
18192:
18190:
18187:
18183:
18180:
18178:
18175:
18174:
18173:
18170:
18168:
18165:
18164:
18162:
18158:
18148:
18145:
18143:
18142:Sign Language
18140:
18136:
18135:Matsu dialect
18133:
18131:
18128:
18126:
18123:
18121:
18118:
18117:
18116:
18113:
18109:
18106:
18104:
18101:
18099:
18096:
18094:
18091:
18089:
18086:
18084:
18081:
18079:
18076:
18074:
18071:
18069:
18066:
18064:
18061:
18059:
18056:
18054:
18051:
18049:
18046:
18044:
18041:
18039:
18036:
18035:
18034:
18031:
18030:
18028:
18026:
18022:
18014:
18011:
18009:
18006:
18004:
18001:
18000:
17999:
17996:
17992:
17991:Ethnic groups
17989:
17988:
17987:
17984:
17982:
17979:
17978:
17976:
17974:
17970:
17967:
17963:
17957:
17954:
17952:
17949:
17946:
17942:
17939:
17937:
17934:
17932:
17929:
17928:
17926:
17924:
17920:
17913:
17910:
17907:
17904:
17901:
17900:
17896:
17892:
17882:
17879:
17877:
17874:
17872:
17869:
17867:
17864:
17862:
17859:
17857:
17854:
17852:
17849:
17847:
17844:
17842:
17839:
17837:
17834:
17832:
17829:
17827:
17824:
17822:
17819:
17817:
17814:
17812:
17809:
17807:
17801:
17799:
17796:
17792:
17789:
17787:
17784:
17783:
17782:
17779:
17775:
17772:
17770:
17769:List of banks
17767:
17766:
17765:
17762:
17760:
17757:
17753:
17750:
17748:
17745:
17744:
17743:
17740:
17739:
17737:
17735:
17731:
17725:
17722:
17720:
17717:
17715:
17712:
17710:
17707:
17705:
17702:
17700:
17697:
17695:
17692:
17690:
17687:
17685:
17682:
17680:
17677:
17675:
17672:
17670:
17667:
17665:
17662:
17660:
17657:
17655:
17652:
17650:
17647:
17646:
17644:
17640:
17634:
17631:
17629:
17626:
17622:
17619:
17617:
17614:
17612:
17609:
17608:
17607:
17604:
17603:
17601:
17598:
17593:
17587:
17584:
17582:
17579:
17575:
17572:
17570:
17567:
17565:
17562:
17561:
17560:
17557:
17555:
17552:
17548:
17545:
17544:
17543:
17540:
17538:
17535:
17533:
17530:
17528:
17525:
17521:
17518:
17517:
17516:
17513:
17511:
17508:
17504:
17501:
17500:
17499:
17496:
17494:
17493:Civil defense
17491:
17489:
17486:
17482:
17479:
17478:
17477:
17474:
17473:
17471:
17468:
17463:
17458:
17451:
17448:
17446:
17443:
17441:
17438:
17437:
17433:
17429:
17419:
17416:
17414:
17411:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17391:
17389:
17386:
17384:
17381:
17379:
17376:
17374:
17370:
17367:
17365:
17362:
17360:
17359:Deforestation
17357:
17355:
17352:
17350:
17347:
17345:
17342:
17341:
17339:
17335:
17328:
17325:
17324:
17320:
17316:
17304:
17301:
17299:
17296:
17294:
17291:
17289:
17288:Guanbi policy
17286:
17284:
17281:
17280:
17279:
17276:
17274:
17271:
17269:
17266:
17264:
17261:
17259:
17256:
17254:
17251:
17249:
17248:Dutch Formosa
17246:
17244:
17241:
17239:
17236:
17232:
17229:
17228:
17227:
17224:
17222:
17219:
17218:
17215:
17211:
17206:
17202:
17198:
17194:
17187:
17182:
17180:
17175:
17173:
17168:
17167:
17164:
17150:
17149:
17148:Pacific Ocean
17145:
17143:
17139:
17134:
17133:
17132:Bashi Channel
17129:
17127:
17121:
17117:
17116:
17112:
17111:
17108:
17101:
17099:
17098:
17093:
17092:
17091:Pacific Ocean
17088:
17080:
17071:
17067:
17066:
17065:Taiwan Strait
17062:
17061:
17058:
17051:
17049:
17048:
17045:
17041:
17037:
17036:
17032:
17030:
17026:
17022:
17021:
17017:
17014:
17010:
17006:
17005:
17004:Taiwan Strait
17001:
17000:
16995:
16986:
16981:
16979:
16974:
16972:
16967:
16966:
16963:
16950:
16949:
16939:
16936:
16925:
16924:
16923:Dutch Formosa
16917:
16911:
16906:
16902:
16899:
16894:
16890:
16889:
16878:
16873:
16870:
16865:
16861:
16855:
16851:
16846:
16843:
16838:
16834:
16828:
16824:
16820:
16818:
16813:
16809:
16805:
16800:
16797:
16792:
16789:
16784:
16780:
16776:
16772:
16768:
16764:
16760:
16756:
16752:
16748:
16742:
16738:
16733:
16729:
16723:
16719:
16714:
16710:
16706:
16702:
16700:957-638-377-3
16696:
16692:
16691:
16686:
16682:
16678:
16674:
16670:
16668:9789576380839
16664:
16660:
16656:
16652:
16648:
16644:
16641:
16636:
16632:
16628:
16624:
16623:
16618:
16614:
16611:
16605:
16601:
16596:
16586:
16582:
16576:
16572:
16571:
16565:
16555:
16551:
16547:
16542:
16532:
16528:
16524:
16519:
16509:
16505:
16501:
16496:
16486:
16482:
16478:
16473:
16463:
16459:
16455:
16450:
16440:
16436:
16432:
16427:
16417:
16413:
16409:
16404:
16394:
16390:
16386:
16381:
16371:
16367:
16363:
16358:
16348:
16344:
16340:
16335:
16325:
16321:
16317:
16312:
16302:
16298:
16294:
16290:
16286:
16285:
16263:
16259:
16253:
16249:
16248:
16240:
16224:
16220:
16216:
16210:
16203:
16198:
16191:
16186:
16179:
16174:
16167:
16162:
16155:
16150:
16143:
16138:
16131:
16126:
16118:
16114:
16110:
16108:9780810836655
16104:
16100:
16093:
16086:
16081:
16074:
16069:
16062:
16057:
16050:
16045:
16038:
16033:
16026:
16021:
16014:
16009:
16002:
15997:
15990:
15985:
15978:
15973:
15966:
15961:
15954:
15949:
15942:
15937:
15930:
15925:
15918:
15913:
15906:
15901:
15894:
15889:
15882:
15877:
15870:
15865:
15850:
15846:
15840:
15836:
15835:
15827:
15820:
15815:
15808:
15803:
15796:
15791:
15784:
15779:
15772:
15767:
15760:
15755:
15739:
15735:
15731:
15724:
15716:
15712:
15705:
15698:
15693:
15691:
15684:, p. 99.
15683:
15678:
15671:
15666:
15664:
15656:
15651:
15644:
15639:
15632:
15627:
15620:
15615:
15608:
15603:
15596:
15591:
15584:
15579:
15577:
15569:
15564:
15557:
15552:
15544:
15538:
15534:
15527:
15520:
15515:
15500:
15496:
15490:
15486:
15482:
15475:
15468:
15456:
15452:
15448:
15444:
15443:
15435:
15428:
15423:
15421:
15414:, p. 13.
15413:
15408:
15401:
15396:
15394:
15386:
15381:
15374:
15369:
15367:
15358:
15356:9780765614957
15352:
15348:
15341:
15339:
15337:
15335:
15333:
15331:
15329:
15327:
15325:
15309:
15305:
15299:
15295:
15294:
15286:
15271:
15267:
15261:
15257:
15256:
15248:
15241:
15236:
15228:
15224:
15220:
15216:
15212:
15208:
15201:
15193:
15189:
15185:
15177:
15171:
15164:
15159:
15152:
15147:
15140:
15139:Spence (1999)
15135:
15127:
15120:
15104:
15100:
15094:
15090:
15089:
15081:
15065:
15061:
15055:
15051:
15050:
15042:
15036:, p. 50.
15035:
15030:
15023:
15022:Andrade 2011a
15018:
15012:, p. 49.
15011:
15006:
15000:
14996:
14993:
14991:
14984:
14977:
14972:
14965:
14961:
14956:
14949:
14948:Andrade 2011a
14944:
14937:
14932:
14926:, p. 38.
14925:
14920:
14913:
14909:
14904:
14897:
14896:Andrade 2011a
14892:
14885:
14880:
14874:, p. 63.
14873:
14868:
14854:on 2016-08-17
14853:
14849:
14847:9789576387050
14843:
14839:
14838:
14830:
14828:
14826:
14824:
14822:
14814:
14813:Andrade 2008j
14809:
14807:
14805:
14803:
14801:
14799:
14797:
14795:
14793:
14784:
14782:9781107093089
14778:
14774:
14767:
14760:
14755:
14748:
14747:Spence (1999)
14743:
14741:
14732:
14728:
14724:
14720:
14716:
14712:
14708:
14702:
14695:
14693:
14692:City of Tywan
14689:
14688:City of Tywan
14685:
14671:
14667:
14663:
14656:
14649:
14646:
14642:
14628:
14624:
14618:
14614:
14610:
14603:
14587:
14583:
14579:
14572:
14556:
14552:
14548:
14544:
14538:
14529:
14522:
14510:
14506:
14502:
14498:
14497:
14489:
14473:
14469:
14463:
14459:
14455:
14451:
14444:
14442:
14433:
14429:
14425:
14421:
14417:
14413:
14409:
14403:
14396:
14383:
14379:
14375:
14371:
14367:
14363:
14356:
14350:
14345:
14343:
14335:
14331:
14330:
14323:
14314:
14307:
14303:
14297:
14295:
14285:
14281:
14260:
14258:Tang-lêng kok
14254:
14250:
14244:
14236:
14233:
14232:
14228:
14226:
14221:
14211:
14208:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14196:
14193:
14192:
14188:
14177:
14174:
14173:Taiwan portal
14163:
14156:
14153:
14147:
14079:Zheng Jichang
14013:
14010:
14002:
14000:
13992:
13990:
13989:
13980:
13964:
13962:
13837:
13835:
13573:
13570:
13564:
13563:
13354:
13348:
13279:
13277:
13057:
13054:
13046:
13044:
13036:
13034:
13032:
13024:
13022:
13020:
13012:
13010:
13008:
13000:
12998:
12990:
12988:
12980:
12978:
12970:
12968:
12966:
12964:
12962:
12956:
12954:
12953:
12918:
12910:
12908:
12900:
12898:
12888:
12880:
12878:
12868:
12860:
12858:
12798:
12790:
12778:
12762:
12760:
12752:
12750:
12724:
12722:
12720:
12714:
12712:
12643:
12640:
12627:
12408:
12396:
12394:
12331:
12329:
12091:
12088:
12072:
12070:
12054:
12052:
12050:
12026:
12025:
11984:
11952:
11950:
11872:
11848:
11731:
11729:
11581:Zheng Chengxu
11506:
11503:
11495:
11493:
11485:
11483:
11481:
11473:
11471:
11463:
11461:
11453:
11451:
11449:
11441:
11439:
11438:
11403:
11395:
11383:
11375:
11373:
11321:
11305:
11303:
11295:
11293:
11195:
11187:
11185:
11132:
11130:
11099:Zheng Wenlian
11089:Zheng Wenquan
11050:Zheng Wenfang
11001:Zheng Bangrui
10996:Zheng Bangxun
10922:
10919:
10911:
10909:
10907:
10899:
10897:
10895:
10887:
10885:
10883:
10875:
10873:
10865:
10863:
10855:
10853:
10837:
10835:
10833:
10825:
10823:
10815:
10813:
10805:
10803:
10802:
10757:
10749:
10747:
10693:
10685:
10683:
10663:
10655:
10653:
10619:
10603:
10581:
10565:
10563:
10555:
10553:
10535:
10519:
10517:
10509:
10507:
10488:
10486:
10267:
10264:
10256:
10254:
10246:
10244:
10236:
10234:
10226:
10224:
10216:
10214:
10206:
10204:
10196:
10194:
10186:
10184:
10176:
10174:
10166:
10164:
10142:
10140:
10102:
10100:
10075:
10066:
10042:
10030:
10006:
9994:
9986:
9954:
9930:
9854:
9832:
9826:
9788:
9786:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9625:Zheng Anxiang
9462:
9459:
9451:
9449:
9441:
9439:
9431:
9429:
9421:
9419:
9417:
9385:
9383:
9367:
9365:
9363:
9361:
9355:
9353:
9323:
9321:
9319:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9307:
9299:
9297:
9281:
9279:
9271:
9269:
9263:
9261:
9259:
9253:
9251:
9249:
9247:
9239:
9237:
9236:
9229:
9213:
9211:
9195:
9193:
9125:
9075:
9073:
9067:
9011:
8981:
8979:
8975:
8969:
8967:
8957:
8901:
8885:
8883:
8875:
8873:
8867:
8865:
8861:
8855:
8853:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8835:
8813:
8811:
8809:
8785:
8783:
8773:
8765:
8763:
8755:
8753:
8745:
8743:
8737:
8735:
8734:
8511:
8489:
8487:
8465:
8441:
8439:
8431:
8429:
8409:
8401:
8399:
8391:
8389:
8381:
8379:
8373:
8371:
8358:
8355:
8349:
8347:
8339:
8337:
8305:
8303:
8295:
8293:
8277:
8275:
8266:
8123:
8117:
8115:
8107:
8105:
8073:
8071:
8063:
8061:
8045:
8043:
8035:
8033:
7894:
7892:
7756:Zheng Bingxun
7715:Zheng Kechong
7705:Zheng Kezhang
7625:
7624:
7616:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7579:
7577:
7573:
7571:
7569:
7567:
7543:
7541:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7521:
7519:
7511:
7509:
7501:
7499:
7491:
7489:
7481:
7479:
7471:
7469:
7461:
7459:
7451:
7449:
7448:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7427:
7425:
7419:
7267:
7263:
7261:
7227:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7205:
7123:
7075:
7073:
7065:
7063:
7052:
7049:
7043:
7041:
7033:
7031:
7021:
7013:
7011:
7003:
7001:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6985:
6983:
6975:
6973:
6965:
6963:
6946:
6929:
6923:
6921:
6913:
6911:
6903:
6901:
6791:
6783:
6781:
6773:
6771:
6765:
6763:
6715:
6709:
6707:
6699:
6697:
6689:
6687:
6671:
6669:
6589:
6588:
6557:
6554:
6540:
6538:
6530:
6528:
6520:
6518:
6510:
6508:
6498:
6458:
6456:
6440:
6438:
6430:
6428:
6420:
6418:
6409:
6400:
6386:
6384:
6376:
6374:
6366:
6364:
6356:
6354:
6346:
6344:
6232:
6192:
6190:
6174:
6172:
6164:
6162:
6154:
6152:
6144:
6142:
6021:
6019:
6014:Zheng Zuanwei
5750:
5749:
5728:
5725:
5717:
5715:
5707:
5705:
5697:
5695:
5687:
5685:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5665:
5663:
5615:
5613:
5597:
5595:
5587:
5585:
5577:
5575:
5567:
5565:
5557:
5555:
5547:
5545:
5465:
5464:
5455:
5423:
5421:
5413:
5411:
5327:
5135:
5114:
5112:
4837:
4834:
4813:
4810:
4802:
4800:
4792:
4790:
4782:
4780:
4532:
4530:
4522:
4520:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4496:
4216:
4214:
4206:
4204:
4185:
4183:
4166:
4165:
4144:
4142:
4137:
4136:Zheng Zhilong
4109:
4107:
4060:
4056:
4041:
4033:Duke Hanjun (
4024:
4018:
4012:
4006:
3992:
3991:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3860:
3859:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3797:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3730:
3725:
3718:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3698:(Birth–Death)
3691:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:Eight Banners
3662:
3658:
3652:
3648:
3639:
3637:
3632:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3590:Qing invasion
3587:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3553:Neo-Confucian
3548:
3544:
3537:
3532:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3378:Great Britain
3375:
3369:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3319:
3314:
3305:
3297:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:Shen Guangwen
3211:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3133:Southern Ming
3127:
3123:
3119:
3107:
3106:Chihkan Tower
3103:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3028:(present-day
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2979:Surrender of
2977:
2971:
2967:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2862:Zheng Zhilong
2859:
2855:
2848:Ming-Qing war
2842:
2838:
2833:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2600:Zheng dynasty
2597:
2587:
2585:
2584:Zheng dynasty
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:Naval history
2412:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2397:Music history
2395:
2393:
2392:Media history
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:Legal history
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2331:1949–present)
2327:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2146:Southern Song
2143:
2138:
2137:
2136:Northern Song
2133:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1867:(206–202 BCE)
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1842:(221–207 BCE)
1840:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1807:(475–221 BCE)
1805:
1802:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:(771–256 BCE)
1778:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1376:Japanese rule
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1326:Dutch Formosa
1324:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:Chronological
1303:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:Southern Ming
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1003:
994:
982:
980:
977:
973:
970:
966:
958:
956:
952:
944:
942:
939:
935:
932:
928:
920:
918:
914:
911:
907:
899:
897:
893:
885:
883:
879:
871:
869:
865:
857:
855:
851:
848:
844:
839:
835:
827:
825:
821:
813:
811:
807:
802:
790:
788:
785:
781:
778:
774:
766:
764:
760:
752:
750:
747:
743:
740:
736:
728:
726:
722:
719:
715:
707:
705:
701:
693:
691:
687:
679:
677:
673:
665:
663:
659:
656:
652:
647:
643:
635:
633:
629:
621:
619:
615:
612:Zheng dynasty
610:
598:
596:
593:
589:
586:
582:
574:
572:
568:
560:
558:
555:
551:
548:
544:
536:
534:
530:
527:
523:
515:
513:
509:
501:
499:
495:
487:
485:
481:
473:
471:
467:
464:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
435:
433:
429:
421:
419:
415:
411:
406:
399:
395:
392:
390:Today part of
388:
372:
370:
367:
366:
363:
357:
356:Southern Ming
354:
347:
346:
343:
342:Dutch Formosa
340:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
312:
309:
306:) and copper
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
279:
275:
269:
265:
260:
256:
252:
249:
243:
239:
236:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
208:
202:
199:
196:
190:
187:
184:
178:
174:
170:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
151:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
120:Southern Ming
117:
113:
109:
105:
98:
93:
75:
70:
65:
59:
55:
54:Tûng-nèn Koet
50:
46:
45:Tang-lêng Kok
31:
26:
22:
19285:Qing dynasty
19187:
19174:
19168:Other topics
19079:Four Masters
19004:
18997:
18990:
18983:
18976:
18969:
18809:House of Zhu
18773:
18762:Shanhai Pass
18742:Great Plague
18685:Jianzhou war
18459:Ming dynasty
18414:
18402:
18390:
18219:Superlatives
18204:Prostitution
18167:Architecture
17973:Demographics
17774:Central bank
17752:Floriculture
17649:Conscription
17527:Intelligence
17515:Human rights
17498:Constitution
17413:Superlatives
17408:Scenic areas
17293:White Terror
17257:
17146:
17130:
17113:
17089:
17078:
17063:
17033:
17018:
17013:Qing dynasty
17002:
16946:
16933:
16921:
16876:
16868:
16849:
16841:
16815:
16803:
16795:
16787:
16762:
16736:
16717:
16689:
16658:
16639:
16621:
16599:
16589:, retrieved
16569:
16558:, retrieved
16549:
16546:"Conclusion"
16535:, retrieved
16526:
16512:, retrieved
16503:
16489:, retrieved
16480:
16466:, retrieved
16457:
16443:, retrieved
16434:
16420:, retrieved
16411:
16397:, retrieved
16388:
16374:, retrieved
16365:
16351:, retrieved
16342:
16328:, retrieved
16319:
16305:, retrieved
16296:
16266:. Retrieved
16246:
16239:
16227:. Retrieved
16218:
16209:
16197:
16185:
16173:
16161:
16149:
16137:
16125:
16098:
16092:
16080:
16068:
16056:
16044:
16032:
16020:
16008:
15996:
15984:
15972:
15960:
15948:
15936:
15924:
15912:
15900:
15888:
15876:
15864:
15853:. Retrieved
15833:
15826:
15814:
15802:
15790:
15778:
15766:
15754:
15742:. Retrieved
15733:
15723:
15714:
15704:
15677:
15650:
15638:
15626:
15614:
15602:
15590:
15563:
15551:
15532:
15526:
15514:
15503:, retrieved
15484:
15474:
15465:
15459:. Retrieved
15446:
15441:
15434:
15407:
15380:
15346:
15312:. Retrieved
15292:
15285:
15274:. Retrieved
15254:
15247:
15240:Andrade 2016
15235:
15210:
15206:
15200:
15183:
15170:
15158:
15146:
15134:
15125:
15119:
15107:. Retrieved
15087:
15080:
15068:. Retrieved
15048:
15041:
15029:
15017:
15005:
14989:
14983:
14971:
14955:
14943:
14936:Andrade 2016
14931:
14919:
14903:
14891:
14879:
14867:
14856:. Retrieved
14852:the original
14836:
14772:
14766:
14754:
14714:
14710:
14701:
14691:
14687:
14681:
14674:, retrieved
14665:
14655:
14645:Simon Delboe
14638:
14631:, retrieved
14612:
14602:
14590:, retrieved
14581:
14571:
14559:. Retrieved
14546:
14537:
14528:
14519:
14513:. Retrieved
14500:
14495:
14488:
14483:pp. 347–348.
14476:, retrieved
14457:
14418:(7): 80–85.
14415:
14411:
14402:
14393:
14386:. Retrieved
14369:
14365:
14355:
14327:
14322:
14313:
14301:
14284:
14256:
14248:Dōngníng Guó
14246:
14154:
14151:
11532:Zheng Jizong
11125:Zheng Wenhan
11104:Zheng Wenmin
11094:Zheng Wen'wu
11035:Zheng Wenkui
10330:Zheng Xianji
10293:Zheng Shijun
9643:Zheng Anrong
9620:Zheng Anqing
9484:Zheng Andian
9474:Zheng Ankang
7725:Zheng Bingmo
7655:Zheng Keqiao
7621:
7615:Zheng Kezang
6586:
6585:
6009:Zheng Zuanwu
5746:
4831:
4163:
4162:
3988:
3976:
3927:Zheng Kezang
3925:
3883:Chhang Kîn (
3871:Zhèng Jīng (
3856:
3844:
3820:Chhang Sip (
3795:
3722:
3710:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3633:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:Qing dynasty
3580:Zheng Kezang
3573:
3561:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3526:Preparations
3520:
3511:
3499:
3487:
3463:
3459:
3427:
3400:
3392:
3370:
3350:
3345:
3335:
3328:
3316:Portrait of
3302:
3285:
3266:
3242:
3235:
3231:
3215:
3210:Chen Yonghua
3202:
3183:
3170:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3091:
3054:
3038:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2986:
2955:
2951:
2939:
2911:
2897:Beijing fell
2891:in 1644 and
2889:Shanhai Pass
2885:Qing dynasty
2878:
2870:Tagawa Matsu
2854:Ming dynasty
2851:
2840:
2815:
2807:
2805:
2794:
2784:
2766:
2756:
2746:
2728:
2726:
2711:
2689:
2679:
2663:
2657:
2647:
2631:
2625:
2615:
2599:
2593:
2583:
2579:
2568:sinicization
2560:Qing dynasty
2540:Ming dynasty
2525:
2519:across both
2496:
2492:
2490:
2387:LGBT history
2323:
2305:
2278:
2245:
2232:
2219:
2189:
2176:
2163:
2144:
2134:
2122:
2111:Ten Kingdoms
2107:
2060:
2047:
2034:Northern and
2032:
2002:
1980:
1970:
1938:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:(220–280 CE)
1904:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1861:
1849:
1836:
1776:Eastern Zhou
1774:
1766:Western Zhou
1764:
1741:
1717:
1694:
1670:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1611:
1601:
1390:1945–present
1345:
1254:Great Plague
1207:Shanhai Pass
1062:
1047:Belligerents
931:Southern Min
854:Hanyu Pinyin
739:Southern Min
662:Hanyu Pinyin
547:Southern Min
470:Hanyu Pinyin
324:Succeeded by
323:
318:
282:• 1683
272:• 1664
240:14 June 1661
53:
44:
19209: /
19197:120°12′29″E
19121:Tai history
18804:Family tree
18715:Liaoluo Bay
18649:Renyin plot
18599:Tumu Crisis
18362:tea culture
18327:Photography
18013:Waishengren
17747:Aquaculture
17742:Agriculture
17520:LGBT rights
17378:Hot springs
17364:Earthquakes
17298:Martial law
16229:23 November
15744:26 November
15109:10 December
15070:10 December
14962:, pp.
14547:nmth.gov.tw
14372:: 173–182.
11040:Zheng Wenbi
10950:Zheng Chang
10441:Zheng Sheng
9672:Zheng Anhua
9630:Zheng Anguo
7887:Zheng Zhong
7730:Zheng Kegui
7710:Zheng Kepei
7684:Zheng Ketan
7635:Zheng Kejun
7630:Zheng Kexue
4021:(1670–1707)
3958:(1662–1681)
3889:(1642–1681)
3830:Protector (
3759:(1624–1662)
3565:Yao Qisheng
3424:(1673–1681)
3228:Agriculture
3162:Wades Giles
3143:instead of
3097:Development
3069:Philippines
2765:renamed it
2572:Han Chinese
2434:Discoveries
2429:Cartography
2424:Archaeology
2362:Art history
2251:(1644–1912)
2238:(1368–1644)
2225:(1271–1368)
2195:(1115–1234)
2182:(1038–1227)
2178:Western Xia
2150:(1127–1279)
1982:Eastern Jin
1972:Western Jin
1897:(25–220 CE)
1893:Eastern Han
1873:Western Han
1752: 1046
1732: 1046
1728: 1250
1705: 1600
1681: 2070
1622: 8500
1603:Paleolithic
1594:Prehistoric
1417:Educational
1286:History of
969:Eastern Min
917:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
777:Eastern Min
725:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
585:Eastern Min
533:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
504:Tung¹-ning²
319:Preceded by
235:Established
89:settlements
19224:Categories
19194:23°06′16″N
19089:Zhe School
19043:Ming tombs
18927:Inner Asia
18899:Shenjiying
18889:Great Wall
18787:Government
18322:Philosophy
18297:Literature
18194:Healthcare
18053:Kanakanavu
17805:(currency)
17714:Two Chinas
17586:Propaganda
17554:Parliament
17488:Censorship
17462:Government
17440:Government
17226:Prehistory
16941:1661–1683
16879:, Springer
16806:, Springer
16591:2022-10-10
16560:2022-10-11
16537:2022-10-11
16514:2022-10-11
16491:2022-10-11
16468:2022-10-11
16445:2022-10-11
16422:2022-10-11
16399:2022-10-11
16376:2022-10-11
16353:2022-10-11
16330:2022-10-11
16307:2022-10-11
16268:1 November
15855:2019-05-26
15711:"Quataong"
15682:Wills 2015
15542:0804720665
15505:2023-04-10
15461:2022-02-12
15449:(Thesis).
15314:2019-05-26
15276:2019-05-26
15213:(2): 357.
15176:Lian, Heng
15059:0932727905
14910:, p.
14858:2016-10-06
14641:Zheng Jing
14515:2022-02-23
14503:(Thesis).
14478:2023-04-10
14334:Zhao Erxun
14271:References
14253:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
11659:Shuangding
10981:Zheng Song
10471:Zheng Dian
10451:Zheng Guan
10436:Zheng Xing
10426:Zheng Ming
10421:Zheng Weng
10411:Zheng Xian
10369:Zheng Beng
9591:Zheng Anxi
9513:Zheng Ande
9479:Zheng Anji
9469:Zheng Anlu
9464:Zheng Anfu
7761:Zheng Kexi
7650:Zheng Keqi
7645:Zheng Kemu
7640:Zheng Keba
5989:Zheng Shou
5984:Zheng Gang
5847:Zheng Kuan
5832:Zheng Ming
5827:Zheng Cong
5748:Zheng Jing
4053:See also:
3877:Tēⁿ Keng (
3858:Zheng Jing
3808:Zhèng Xí (
3584:Feng Xifan
3557:Li Guangdi
3502:Geng Jimao
3331:Zheng Jing
3318:Zheng Jing
3308:Zheng Jing
3166:Zheng Jing
3126:Zheng Jing
3078:Zheng Jing
2827:Background
2791:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
2763:Zheng Jing
2753:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
2722:South Ming
2686:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
2654:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
2622:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
2536:Dutch rule
2521:China Seas
2509:ethnic Han
2439:Inventions
2169:(916–1125)
2140:(960–1127)
2128:(960–1279)
1795: – c.
1793: 770
1754: – c.
1730: – c.
1719:Late Shang
1707: – c.
1683: – c.
1624: – c.
1437:Television
1316:Prehistory
882:Wade–Giles
690:Wade–Giles
498:Wade–Giles
262:Population
198:Zheng Jing
156:Government
19084:Wu School
19069:Musicians
18932:Manchuria
18920:Frontiers
18252:Animation
18214:Squatting
18189:Education
18025:Languages
17781:Companies
17559:President
17510:Elections
17418:Volcanoes
17393:Mountains
17337:Overviews
17327:Geography
16953:1683–1895
16928:1624–1662
16649:(1903) .
16631:644323041
16291:(2008a),
16202:Wong 2017
16190:Wong 2017
16178:Wong 2017
16166:Wong 2017
16154:Wong 2017
16142:Wong 2017
16130:Wong 2017
16085:Wong 2017
16073:Wong 2017
16061:Wong 2017
16049:Wong 2017
16037:Wong 2017
16025:Wong 2017
16013:Wong 2017
16001:Wong 2017
15989:Wong 2017
15965:Wong 2017
15953:Wong 2017
15941:Wong 2017
15929:Wong 2017
15917:Wong 2017
15905:Wong 2017
15893:Wong 2017
15881:Wong 2017
15869:Wong 2017
15819:Wong 2017
15807:Wong 2017
15795:Wong 2017
15783:Wong 2017
15771:Hang 2015
15759:Wong 2017
15697:Hang 2015
15670:Hang 2010
15655:Hang 2010
15643:Hang 2010
15631:Hang 2010
15619:Hang 2010
15607:Hang 2010
15595:Hang 2015
15583:Wong 2017
15568:Hang 2010
15556:Hang 2010
15519:Hang 2010
15427:Hang 2010
15400:Hang 2010
15385:Hang 2015
15373:Wong 2017
15192:123362609
15178:(1920).
15163:Wong 2017
14759:Wong 2017
14717:(7): 81.
14306:Zha Jizuo
14276:Citations
13184:Xingsheng
11646:Qingxiang
10968:Zheng Gui
10955:Zheng Jin
10945:Zheng Min
10940:Zheng Bin
10476:Zheng Lin
10456:Zheng Pin
10446:Zheng Jia
10431:Zheng Rui
10416:Zheng Pin
9745:Changling
9544:Zheng Yan
7877:Zheng Kun
7859:Zheng Bao
7838:Zheng Wen
6004:Zheng Yan
5994:Zheng Wei
5910:Zheng Rou
5865:Zheng Wen
5842:Zheng Zhi
5837:Zheng Rui
5097:Zheng Yin
4836:(KOXINGA)
3814:Tēⁿ Sip (
3642:Surrender
3451:Zhangzhou
3273:cash crop
3269:sugarcane
3173:Confucian
3082:wet nurse
3034:Indonesia
2922:Guangdong
2841:Guoxingye
2796:Tang-lêng
2517:sea lanes
2511:state in
2115:(907–979)
2076:(690–705)
2066:(618–907)
2053:(581–618)
2040:(420–589)
2008:(304–439)
1986:(317–420)
1976:(266–316)
1944:(266–420)
1887:(9–23 CE)
1613:Neolithic
1577:Dynasties
1453:Kaohsiung
1380:1895–1945
1360:1683–1895
1356:Qing rule
1350:1662–1683
1340:1626–1642
1330:1624–1662
1156:Guangning
1151:Zhenjiang
1146:Shen-Liao
1075:Later Jin
601:Dŭng-nìng
577:Tong-lîng
563:Tong-lêng
308:cash coin
112:princedom
67:1661–1683
19135:Currency
19074:Painting
18884:Military
18877:Military
18392:Category
18347:T-Beauty
18332:Religion
18287:Gambling
18120:Mandarin
18088:Sakizaya
18083:Saisiyat
17945:proposed
17851:Taxation
17821:Forestry
17674:Dang Guo
17616:Counties
17542:Military
17467:politics
17445:Politics
17197:articles
17126:Đại Việt
17079:Tungning
16814:(1999),
16779:6931635M
16757:(1903).
16709:7051071M
16687:(1915),
16677:04007338
16619:(1903).
16585:archived
16554:archived
16531:archived
16508:archived
16485:archived
16462:archived
16439:archived
16416:archived
16393:archived
16370:archived
16347:archived
16324:archived
16301:archived
16262:Archived
16223:Archived
15849:Archived
15738:Archived
15499:archived
15455:Archived
15308:Archived
15270:Archived
15227:57527820
15103:Archived
15064:Archived
14995:Archived
14676:10 April
14670:archived
14633:10 April
14627:archived
14592:10 April
14586:archived
14555:Archived
14509:Archived
14472:archived
14382:Archived
14378:44289147
14159:See also
13644:Zheng Ze
13639:Zheng Yi
12269:Chang'en
12164:Rongshan
10991:Zheng Ji
10986:Zheng Bo
10481:Zheng Qi
10466:Zheng Tu
10461:Zheng Qi
10406:Zheng Ai
10356:Zheng Fu
9750:Qingling
9740:Yongling
9735:Shunling
9554:Zheng Qi
9549:Zheng Yi
7882:Zheng Ji
7872:Zheng Yu
5999:Zheng Fu
5915:Zheng Fa
5852:Zheng Yu
5107:Zheng Mo
5102:Zheng Xi
5092:Zheng En
4847:Zheng Du
4102:Adoption
4005:Mandarin
3942:Mandarin
3873:Mandarin
3826:(1625–?)
3810:Mandarin
3796:Zheng Xi
3743:Mandarin
3702:Title(s)
3692:Portrait
3555:scholar
3490:Shi Lang
3488:Admiral
3482:Shi Lang
3473:Shi Lang
3455:Chaozhou
3447:Quanzhou
3434:Zhejiang
3357:Shi Lang
3353:Haicheng
3254:Taichung
3207:—
3158:Dongning
2918:Quanzhou
2786:Dōngníng
2767:Tungning
2402:Timeline
2329:(Taiwan,
2309:of China
1823:Imperial
1572:Timeline
1546:a series
1544:Part of
1479:Timeline
1432:Military
1412:Economic
1407:Cultural
1277:a series
1275:Part of
1197:Song-Jin
1177:Dalinghe
1167:Ning-Jin
1162:Ningyuan
1063:Tungning
868:Bopomofo
676:Bopomofo
539:Tûng-nèn
518:Dongníng
490:ㄉㄨㄥ ㄋㄧㄥˊ
484:Bopomofo
476:Dōngníng
408:Tungning
295:Currency
160:Monarchy
19142:Coinage
19116:Economy
18944:Vietnam
18836:Princes
18794:Emperor
18582:Middle
18468:History
18416:Outline
18337:Smoking
18267:Cuisine
18244:Culture
18160:Society
18147:Braille
18115:Sinitic
18058:Kavalan
17912:Culture
17908:Society
17866:Tourism
17861:Textile
17803:Dollar
17786:Largest
17764:Banking
17734:Economy
17481:Premier
17476:Cabinet
17450:Economy
17383:Islands
17354:Climate
17344:Beaches
17210:History
16898:Koxinga
16821:, USA:
16771:1887893
16657:(ed.).
16281:Sources
14964:221–222
14731:3023088
14648:trade".
14432:3023088
14235:Chinese
14142:Shuwang
14132:Shuzeng
13705:Chongxu
13272:Runquan
13251:Yuliang
13246:Yusheng
13226:Yucheng
12324:Songtai
12227:Songhai
12141:Ruishan
11693:Qingmao
11641:Qing'yu
9730:Bailing
9701:Xialing
4011:Hokkien
3948:Hokkien
3879:Hokkien
3816:Hokkien
3749:Hokkien
3724:Koxinga
3604:Map of
3534:Map of
3374:Keelung
3342:sea ban
3246:Hsinchu
3238:tuntian
3073:Chinese
3046:amnesty
3030:Jakarta
3026:Batavia
3014:Jakarta
2998:Luermen
2930:Nanjing
2926:Guangxi
2907:Beijing
2874:Nanjing
2837:Koxinga
2822:History
2771:Chinese
2758:Tang-to
2733:Chinese
2720:of the
2700:Chinese
2668:Chinese
2636:Chinese
2604:Chinese
2582:or the
2554:by the
2546:, when
2528:Koxinga
2073:Wu Zhou
1663:Ancient
1642:Yangtze
1399:Topical
1320:to 1624
1218:Related
1202:Beijing
1136:Xicheng
1131:Tieling
1126:Kaiyuan
1105:Battles
938:Hokkien
746:Hokkien
554:Hokkien
298:Silver
286:200,000
276:140,000
246:•
233:•
220:History
142:Hokkien
126:Capital
86:
80:
49:Hokkien
19064:Poetry
18954:Yunnan
18476:Early
18461:topics
18404:Portal
18342:Sports
18262:Cinema
18093:Seediq
18078:Saaroa
18068:Puyuma
18063:Paiwan
18043:Atayal
18008:Hakkas
18003:Hoklos
17965:People
17951:Flower
17936:Emblem
17931:Anthem
17905:People
17831:Mining
17816:Energy
17621:Cities
17403:Rivers
17349:Cities
17195:
17193:Taiwan
17029:Joseon
16856:
16829:
16777:
16769:
16743:
16724:
16707:
16697:
16675:
16665:
16629:
16606:
16577:
16254:
16117:39088M
16115:
16105:
15841:
15539:
15491:
15353:
15300:
15262:
15225:
15190:
15095:
15056:
14844:
14779:
14729:
14684:Bantam
14619:
14561:9 July
14464:
14430:
14388:9 July
14376:
14300:《東山國語》
14255::
14245::
14243:pinyin
14237::
14137:Shuyue
13830:Erkang
13231:Yushan
13171:Enlian
13146:Enrong
13125:Yuchen
13115:Yufang
12282:Shi'en
12256:Deshou
12159:Deshan
12146:Tushan
11724:Qingxi
11703:Shanpu
11698:Yingpu
11688:Qingpu
11636:Qingfu
11631:Qinglu
3705:Reign
3676:Rulers
3636:Magong
3629:Bazhao
3606:Penghu
3569:Tamsui
3538:, 1752
3536:Penghu
3515:Xiamen
3507:Tongan
3430:Ryukyu
3366:Kinmen
3361:Tongan
3346:haijin
3338:Xiamen
3204:Plain.
3154:Dongdu
3057:Manila
3020:, the
3002:Hector
2993:Penghu
2989:Kinmen
2914:Xiamen
2881:Manchu
2812:Tainan
2793::
2783::
2781:pinyin
2773::
2755::
2748:Dōngdū
2745::
2743:pinyin
2735::
2729:Tungtu
2710::
2708:pinyin
2702::
2688::
2678::
2676:pinyin
2670::
2656::
2646::
2644:pinyin
2638::
2624::
2614::
2612:pinyin
2606::
2556:Manchu
2271:Modern
1927:, and
1645:, and
1636:Yellow
1548:on the
1484:Rulers
1458:Taipei
1288:Taiwan
1279:on the
1212:Penghu
1187:Lüshun
1182:Wuqiao
1141:Chahar
1116:Qinghe
1111:Fushun
976:Fuzhou
955:Tâi-lô
784:Fuzhou
763:Tâi-lô
592:Fuzhou
571:Tâi-lô
223:
171:
131:Tainan
107:Status
23:, see
19126:Islam
18949:Wokou
18937:Tibet
18868:Fotou
18737:Sarhū
18673:Late
18312:Opera
18307:Music
18302:Media
18282:Drama
18234:Women
18172:Crime
18130:Hakka
18073:Rukai
18048:Bunun
17956:Seals
17388:Lakes
17044:Japan
16653:. In
15223:S2CID
15182:[
14727:JSTOR
14452:, in
14428:JSTOR
14374:JSTOR
14216:Notes
13241:Yuhai
13221:Yulin
13166:Enbao
13161:Enhou
13120:Yuhai
12295:Fu'en
12185:Deyin
11594:Liubu
4017:Hakka
3954:Hakka
3885:Hakka
3822:Hakka
3755:Hakka
3291:Trade
3271:as a
2883:-led
2808:Tywan
2662:) or
2590:Names
2558:-led
2534:from
2497:Tywan
1696:Shang
1471:Lists
1445:Local
1121:Sarhū
910:Hakka
718:Hakka
526:Hakka
146:Hakka
58:Hakka
18863:Tusi
18799:List
18271:wine
18108:Yami
18103:Tsou
18098:Thao
18038:Amis
17998:Hans
17941:Flag
17465:and
16854:ISBN
16827:ISBN
16767:OCLC
16741:ISBN
16722:ISBN
16695:ISBN
16673:LCCN
16663:ISBN
16627:OCLC
16604:ISBN
16575:ISBN
16270:2020
16252:ISBN
16231:2018
16103:ISBN
15839:ISBN
15746:2020
15537:ISBN
15489:ISBN
15351:ISBN
15298:ISBN
15260:ISBN
15188:OCLC
15180:臺灣通史
15111:2014
15093:ISBN
15072:2014
15054:ISBN
14842:ISBN
14777:ISBN
14678:2023
14635:2023
14617:ISBN
14594:2023
14563:2021
14462:ISBN
14390:2021
13236:Yufu
13156:Enlu
13151:Enfu
12206:Deyu
6587:Niru
3934:鄭克𡒉
3695:Name
3449:and
3277:salt
3141:guan
3039:The
2704:延平郡王
2672:延平王國
2640:鄭氏王國
2608:鄭氏王朝
2550:was
2491:The
2247:Qing
2234:Ming
2221:Yuan
2165:Liao
2124:Song
2062:Tang
1743:Zhou
1734:BCE)
1427:LGBT
1370:1895
1192:Amur
1172:Jisi
1087:Shun
1070:Qing
1053:Ming
830:明郑时期
816:明鄭時期
638:郑氏王朝
624:鄭氏王朝
300:tael
18357:Tea
18257:Art
17532:Law
15215:doi
15211:145
14912:482
14719:doi
14420:doi
14332:by
14304:by
14239:東寧國
4036:漢軍公
4028:延平王
3997:鄭克塽
3904:潮文王
3896:延平王
3774:潮武王
3766:延平王
3735:鄭成功
3689:No.
3670:Sia
3359:of
2630:),
2542:in
2191:Jin
2049:Sui
1940:Jin
1924:Shu
1918:Wei
1883:Xin
1851:Han
1838:Qin
1672:Xia
979:BUC
941:POJ
787:BUC
749:POJ
595:BUC
557:POJ
116:郡王國
39:東寧國
19226::
17371:/
16825:,
16775:OL
16773:.
16761:.
16705:OL
16703:,
16671:.
16583:,
16548:,
16525:,
16502:,
16479:,
16456:,
16433:,
16410:,
16387:,
16364:,
16341:,
16318:,
16295:,
16260:.
16217:.
16113:OL
16111:.
15847:.
15732:.
15713:.
15689:^
15662:^
15575:^
15497:,
15483:,
15464:.
15445:.
15419:^
15392:^
15365:^
15323:^
15306:.
15268:.
15221:.
15209:.
15101:.
15062:.
14820:^
14791:^
14739:^
14725:.
14715:14
14713:.
14680:,
14664:,
14637:,
14625:,
14611:,
14580:,
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14518:.
14499:.
14470:,
14440:^
14426:.
14416:14
14414:.
14392:.
14380:.
14370:23
14368:.
14364:.
14341:^
14293:^
14251:;
14241:;
14224:^
4039:)
3968:)
3965:監國
3907:)
3865:鄭經
3836:)
3833:護理
3802:鄭襲
3777:)
3608:,
3145:bu
3032:,
2909:.
2818:.
2789:;
2779:;
2776:東寧
2751:;
2741:;
2738:東都
2724:.
2706:;
2684:;
2674:;
2652:;
2642:;
2620:;
2610:;
2586:.
1930:Wu
1921:,
1790:c.
1749:c.
1725:c.
1702:c.
1678:c.
1639:,
1619:c.
1092:Xi
438:东宁
424:東寧
148:,
144:,
110:A
18451:e
18444:t
18437:v
18273:)
18269:(
17947:)
17943:(
17185:e
17178:t
17171:v
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17042:/
17015:)
17011:(
16984:e
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16970:v
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15217::
15194:.
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14815:.
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14733:.
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3956:)
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3887:)
3881:)
3875:)
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3824:)
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3745:)
3711:1
3344:(
3160:(
2839:(
2769:(
2731:(
2666:(
2634:(
2602:(
2480:e
2473:t
2466:v
1799:)
1788:(
1758:)
1747:(
1723:(
1711:)
1700:(
1687:)
1676:(
1628:)
1617:(
1530:e
1523:t
1516:v
1024:e
1017:t
1010:v
302:(
133:)
114:(
60:)
56:(
51:)
47:(
27:.
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