Kitsune - Knowledge

1086: 1525: 1638: 40: 2246: 330: 100: 2368: 1840: 1886: 183: 1295:, literally means 'the state of being possessed by a fox'. The victim is usually said to be a young woman, whom the fox enters beneath her fingernails or through her breasts. In some cases, the victims' facial expressions are said to change in such a way that they resemble those of a fox. Japanese tradition holds that fox possession can cause illiterate victims to temporarily gain the ability to read. Though foxes in folklore can possess a person of their own will, 1942: 1240: 2340: 5598: 1929:, however, kitsune do not share human morality, and a kitsune who has adopted a house in this manner may, for example, bring its host money or items that it has stolen from the neighbors. Accordingly, common households thought to harbor kitsune are treated with suspicion. Oddly, samurai families were often reputed to share similar arrangements with kitsune, but these foxes were considered 1471:. These families are said to have been able to use their fox to gain fortune, but marriage into such a family was considered forbidden as it would enlarge the family. They are also said to be able to bring about illness and curse the possessions, crops, and livestock of ones that they hate, and as a result of being considered taboo by the other families, it has led to societal problems. 2354: 1321:

of its own. Prick it with a needle, and it glides instantly to another place. By no grasp can it be so tightly compressed by a strong hand that it will not slip from under the fingers. Possessed folk are also said to speak and write languages of which they were totally ignorant prior to possession. They eat only what foxes are believed to like –

1027:; in fact, some folktales say that a fox will only grow additional tails after it has lived 100 years. (In the wild, the typical lifespan of a real fox is one to three years, although individuals may live up to ten years in captivity.) One, five, seven, and nine tails are the most common numbers in folktales. These 1621:"Confound you!" snapped the fox. "Give me back my ball!" The man ignored its pleas till finally it said tearfully, "All right, you've got the ball, but you don't know how to keep it. It won't be any good to you. For me, it's a terrible loss. I tell you, if you don't give it back, I'll be your enemy forever. If you 1966:

Kitsune are commonly portrayed as lovers, usually in stories involving a young human male and a kitsune who takes the form of a human woman. The kitsune may be a seductress, but these stories are more often romantic in nature. Typically, the young man unknowingly marries the fox, who proves a devoted

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My father lived here before me, sir, and by now I have many children and grandchildren. They get into a lot of mischief, I'm afraid, and I'm always after them to stop, but they never listen. And now, sir, you're understandably fed up with us. I gather that you're going to kill us all. But I just want

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and drove him to suicide after a "humiliating and spurious" peace conference, after which Shingen forced marriage on Suwa Yorishige's beautiful 14-year-old daughter Lady Koi—Shingen's own niece. Shingen, Turnbull writes, "was so obsessed with the girl that his superstitious followers became alarmed

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Strange is the madness of those into whom demon foxes enter. Sometimes they run naked shouting through the streets. Sometimes they lie down and froth at the mouth, and yelp as a fox yelps. And on some part of the body of the possessed a moving lump appears under the skin, which seems to have a life

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The historical Abe no Seimei later developed a fictional reputation of being the scion of fox-kind, and his extraordinary powers became associated with that mixed bloodline. Seimei was purported to have been born a hybrid between the (non-historical) Abe no Yasuna, and a white fox rescued by him

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and the use of their magic a sign of prestige. Abandoned homes were common haunts for kitsune. One 12th-century story tells of a minister moving into an old mansion only to discover a family of foxes living there. They first try to scare him away, then claim that the house "has been ours for many

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Kitsune keep their promises and strive to repay any favor. Occasionally a kitsune attaches itself to a person or household, where they can cause all sorts of mischief. In one story from the 12th century, only the homeowner's threat to exterminate the foxes convinces them to behave. The kitsune

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deity of rice. This association has reinforced the fox's supernatural significance. Originally, kitsune were Inari's messengers, but the line between the two is now blurred so that Inari Ōkami may be depicted as a fox. Likewise, entire shrines are dedicated to kitsune, where devotees can leave

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retain—and have difficulty hiding—their tails when they take human form; looking for the tail, perhaps when the fox gets drunk or careless, is a common method of discerning the creature's true nature. A particularly devout individual may even be able to see through a fox's disguise merely by

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Tales distinguish kitsune gifts from kitsune payments. If a kitsune offers a payment or reward that includes money or material wealth, part or all of the sum will consist of old paper, leaves, twigs, stones, or similar valueless items under a magical illusion. True kitsune gifts are usually

1589:. Some stories identify them as magical jewels or pearls. When not in human form or possessing a human, a kitsune keeps the ball in its mouth or carries it on its tail. Jewels are a common symbol of Inari and representations of sacred Inari foxes without them are rare. 1170:('fox-faced') refers to human females who have a narrow face with close-set eyes, thin eyebrows, and high cheekbones. Traditionally, this facial structure is considered attractive, and some tales ascribe it to foxes in human form. Variants on the theme have the 2759:(Ōno-gun) lies in the north central part of the prefecture, whereas the actual setting of the tale occurs in Ibi District, at the southwest end of the prefecture, a completely different location. Hamel's book mistook "Ono (Ōno)" to be the man's name (surname). 2025:

construed to mean "wild fox". Although the husband and wife become separated (during the day), she fulfills the promises to come sleep with him every night, hence the Japanese name of the creature, meaning "come and sleep" or "come always", according to the

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wife. The man eventually discovers the fox's true nature, and the fox-wife is forced to leave him. In some cases, the husband wakes as if from a dream, filthy, disoriented, and far from home. He must then return to confront his abandoned family in shame.

575:, foxes have come to be regarded as sacred by the Japanese because they are the natural enemies of rats that eat up rice or burrow into rice paddies. Because fox urine has a rat-repelling effect, Japanese people placed a stone with fox urine on a 1387:

until the early 20th century. Possession was the explanation for the abnormal behavior displayed by the afflicted individuals. In the late 19th century, Shunichi Shimamura noted that physical diseases that caused fever were often considered

2282:, in reference to a folktale describing a wedding ceremony between the creatures being held during such conditions. The event is considered a good omen, but the kitsune will seek revenge on any uninvited guests, as is depicted in the 1990 2129:, which is no longer a fox-wife tale strictly speaking, since the man is a Buddhist monk, and though he and the bewitching fox-woman spend a night of sensuality together, he is not taking on a spouse, and he merely suffers humiliation. 1863:, greedy merchants, and boastful commoners, while the crueler ones abuse poor tradesmen and farmers or devout Buddhist monks. Their victims are usually men; women are possessed instead. For example, kitsune are thought to employ their 1681:

refer to the kitsune myth in their lyrics and include the use of fox masks, hand signs, and animation interludes during live shows. Western authors of fiction have also made use of the kitsune legends although not in extensive detail.

1789:. They possess the power to ward off evil, and they sometimes serve as guardian spirits. In addition to protecting Inari shrines, they are petitioned to intervene on behalf of the locals and particularly to aid against troublesome 1132:, an ability learned when it reaches a certain age—usually 100 years, although some tales say 50. As a common prerequisite for the transformation, the fox must place reeds, a leaf, or a skull over its head. Common forms assumed by 1201:

include possession, generating fire or lightning, willful manifestation in the dreams of others, flight, invisibility, and the creation of illusions so elaborate as to be almost indistinguishable from reality. Some tales speak of

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holds a portion of its magical power. Another tradition is that the pearl represents the kitsune's soul; the kitsune will die if separated from it for too long. Those who obtain the ball may be able to extract a promise from the

1871:. Another tactic is for the kitsune to confuse its target with illusions or visions. Other common goals of trickster kitsune include seduction, theft of food, humiliation of the prideful, or vengeance for a perceived slight. 1914:

you to know, sir, how sorry I am that this is our last night of life. Won't you pardon us, one more time? If we ever make trouble again, then of course you must act as you think best. But the young ones, sir – I'm

1882:, but the three hand positions signify a fox, a hunter, and a village headman. The headman beats the hunter, whom he outranks; the hunter beats the fox, whom he shoots; the fox beats the headman, whom he bewitches. 2052:

The fox-wife's descendants were also depicted as doing evil things by taking advantage of their power. According to the foregoing story, the fox-wife's child became the first ancestor of the surname Kitsune-no-atae

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they'll understand when I explain to them why you're so upset. We'll do everything we can to protect you from now on, if only you'll forgive us, and we'll be sure to let you know when anything good is going to

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named for Inari Ōkami that consists of rice-filled pouches of fried tofu. There is speculation among folklorists as to whether another Shinto fox deity existed in the past. Foxes have long been worshipped as

1419:. Those who suffer from the condition believe they are possessed by a fox. Symptoms include cravings for rice or sweet adzuki beans, listlessness, restlessness, and aversion to eye contact. This sense of 365:, possibly a sign of good omen. And in 659, a fox bit off the end of a creeping vine plant held by the laborer (shrine construction worker), interpreted as an inauspicious omen foreshadowing the death of 2012:

found and married a fox-wife, and bore a child by him. But the household dog born the same time as the baby always harassed the wife, until one day frightened her so much she transformed back into a

101: 468:("The Story of Lady Ren", c. 800), and the possibility has been suggested that this is a remake of the Chinese version. A composite fashioned from the confluence of Tang dynasty wonder tales ( 2519:

for renovating the hrine were that a fox had appeared in the Ou district, bitten off a piece of vine, and then disappeared.. a dog had bitten off the forearm.. and left it at Iuya Shrine"

2086:(c. 11–12th century), Book 16, tale number 17, concerning the marriage of a man named Kaya Yoshifuji, but the same narrative about this man and the fox had already been written down by 855: 2221: 317: 217:

has been labeled as a "witch animal" (presumably due to its "bewitching") by one scholar, who also qualifies the supernatural foxes as being "goblin foxes" or "fox spirits". The

2147:, to whom was attached a legend that he was born from a fox-woman (named Kuzunoha), and taken up in a number of works during the early modern period, commonly referred to as " 170:

has—they may have as many as nine—the older, wiser, and more powerful it is. Because of their potential power and influence, some people make sacrifices to them as to a deity.

458:, an anthology of Buddhist tales compiled around 822. The plotline involves a man who takes a wife, whose identity is later revealed to be a fox pretending to be a woman (cf. 5218: 2667:) referring to seductive fox spirits, though he altered the meaning somewhat. The original Chinese meaning refers specifically to foxes that transform into beautiful women. 2769: 3027: 1192:

can also be exposed while in human form by their fear and hatred of dogs, and some become so rattled by their presence that they revert to the form of a fox and flee.

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might be badly burned or beaten in hopes of driving out the fox spirits. The whole family of someone thought to be possessed might be ostracized by their community.

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with even greater powers, able to bend time and space, drive people mad, or take fantastic shapes such as an incredibly tall tree or a second moon in the sky. Other

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that gratefully assumed the shape of the widower's sister-in-law, Kuzunoha to become his wife, a piece of fantasy with the earliest known example being the

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Actually, the favorite food of the fox, used as bait for trapping or luring them, is purported to be the fried mouse/rat, according to the scenario in the

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and other works. A scholar has surmised that whether the food be fried rodent or fried bean curd, the association with fox can be traced to the document

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laborer from this Ou District who was holding the vine, which was a construction material for rebuilding the shrine, according to Ujitani's translation.

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years, and … we wish to register a vigorous protest." The man refuses, and the foxes resign themselves to moving to an abandoned lot nearby.

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were introduced into Japanese folklore through similar Chinese stories, but she maintains that some fox stories contain elements unique to Japan.

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include beautiful women, young girls, elderly men, and less often young boys. These shapes are not limited by the fox's own age or gender, and a

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tale gave rise to the ancestral line of the Kitsune-no-atae clan, and a woman of great strength named "Mino kitsune" belonged to that heritage.

2169:("Study of the Shrines of our Country", 1645) records the lore concerning a man from the Tarui clan, who wedded a fox and begot the historical 2419: 1748: 2539: 6187: 132:

employing this ability to trick others—as foxes in folklore often do—other stories portray them as faithful guardians, friends, and lovers.

7271: 1093: 2070:. Here, the woman nicknamed "Mino kitsune" (Mino fox), was tall and powerful and engaged in open banditry seizing goods from merchants. 1773:

which gives a list of votive offerings to be made to the Dakini-ten (associated with foxes), since the list includes something called

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A number of stories of this type tell of fox-wives bearing children. When such progeny are human, they possess special physical or

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they have the ability to shapeshift into human or other forms, and to trick or fool human beings. While some folktales speak of

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The great amount of faith given to foxes can be seen in how, as a result of the Inari belief where foxes were believed to be

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is used to reflect a state of knowledge or enlightenment, all long-lived foxes were believed to gain supernatural abilities.

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Other kitsune use their magic for the benefit of their companion or hosts as long as the humans treat them with respect. As

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gain the abilities to see and hear anything happening anywhere in the world. Other tales credit them with infinite wisdom (

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retain other foxy traits, such as a coating of fine hair, a fox-shaped shadow, or a reflection that shows its true form.

3922: 611: 452:) tale type (concerning a wife whose identity as fox is revealed after being frightened by the house pet dog) occurs in 5500: 5207: 4701: 4052: 2927: 2900: 2328:, Turnbull writes, "wise old heads nodded, remembering the unhappy circumstances of his birth and his magical mother". 1524: 1274:

seems to have become widespread in the fifteenth century, though it has already been attested during the Heian period.

1394:. The superstition has lost favor, but stories of fox possession still occur, such as allegations that members of the 5579: 5555: 5476: 5424: 5394: 5353: 5288: 5257: 4794: 3178: 2494:

ascribed supernatural abilities, though commonly referred to as the "badger" by Western orientalists, e.g. de Visser.

2175: 1046:). After reaching 1,000 years of age and gaining its ninth tail, a kitsune turns a white or golden color, becoming a 7843: 3505: 2066:, a story was told about a ruffian female descendant; the tale was also placed in the repertoire of the later work 1793:, those spirit foxes who do not serve Inari. Black foxes and nine-tailed foxes are likewise considered good omens. 2755:

in medieval geography. Although translated as "Ōno district", it probably should be clarified that the modern day

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The Chinese wife or concubine (Lady Ren or Lady Jen) also exposes her fox identity after being barked at by a dog,

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casts a fox's shadow even in human form. Kuzunoha is a popular figure in folklore and the subject of puppet and

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plays derived from folk tales feature them, as do contemporary works such as native animations, comic books and

7828: 4627: 2447: 1859:, with motives that vary from mischief to malevolence. Stories tell of kitsune playing tricks on overly proud 7226: 5810: 2781:

comes from Buddhist scripture, and in the original context referred to a different animal, perhaps a jackal.

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set up near a rice field. In this way, it is assumed that people in Japan acquired the culture of respecting

322: 5168: 1155: 405:) that may have up to nine tails. These fox spirits were adopted into Japanese culture through merchants as 5378: 4984: 3834: 3823: 2300: 2164: 1341:

He goes on to note that, once freed from the possession, the victim would never again be able to eat tofu,

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include in the 23 titles of the Otogi-zōshi "library" proper. It has also been noted that the context in

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developed in the 14th century, claiming that the vixen captivated the Emperor Konoe (reigned 1141–1155)

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to help them in exchange for its return. For example, a 12th-century tale describes a man using a fox's

1337:, etc. – and they eat a great deal, alleging that not they, but the possessing foxes, are hungry. 1021:

have as many as nine tails. Generally, a greater number of tails indicates an older and more powerful

633: 5828: 5602: 2728:Ōno no kōri means roughly "Ōno County", and now corresponds to the village of Ōno, now the town of 136: 31: 17: 5893: 5063:

The Fox's Craft in Japanese Religion and Folklore: Shapeshifters, Transformations, and Duplicities

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Inari Ōkami appears to a warrior accompanied by a kitsune. This portrayal shows the influence of

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are believed to possess superior intelligence, long life, and magical powers. They are a type of

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means 'come and sleep', while in a double-entendre, the phrase can also be parsed differently as

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There are families that tell of protective fox spirits, and in certain regions, possession by a

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Miraculous stories from the Japanese Buddhist tradition - the Nihon ryōiki of the monk Kyōkai

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meaning "spectre" or "goblin", and such capabilities were also ascribed to badgers (actually

6954: 4781: 3139: 2756: 329: 7858: 7833: 6363: 5545: 5348:. Translated by Kyoko Nakamura. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 103–104. 4988: 3880: 3827: 3082: 2245: 1426: 722: 559:(1999) notes that the idea of the fox as seductress and the connection of the fox myths to 8: 7651: 7370: 6664: 5492:

The Fox and the Jewel: Shared and Private Meanings in Contemporary Japanese Inari Worship

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The translator Aston's footnoted opinion that this was a good omen is endorsed by Smyers.

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because they were believed to be so small, or become so small as to fit inside a tube.

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Japanese Political Theatre in the 18th Century: Bunraku Puppet Plays in Social Context

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Embedded in Japanese folklore as they are, kitsune appear in numerous Japanese works.

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proved to be a disastrous leader and led the clan to their devastating defeat at the

2087: 1954: 1806:), the fox's power over evil is such that a mere statue of a fox can dispel the evil 1650: 1010: 94: 66: 54: 7863: 6354: 5774: 5574:. Translated by Burton Watson. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 14–15. 5523: 4023: 2836: 2639: 2268:

Other stories tell of kitsune marrying one another. Rain falling from a clear sky—a

1827:, goddesses conflated with Inari's female aspect. Dakiniten is depicted as a female 1481: 1266:. From a clinical standpoint, those possessed by a fox are thought to suffer from a 1222:, and feed on the life or spirit of human beings, generally through sexual contact. 678:

Many etymological suggestions have been made, though there is no general agreement:

500: 7350: 6754: 6536: 6518: 6133: 5989: 5864: 5720: 5486: 5106: 5081: 4077: 3884: 2616: 2359: 2321: 2261: 1812:, or energy, that flows from the northeast. Many Inari shrines, such as the famous 1416: 822: 556: 478: 398: 386: 7341: 6691: 5846: 2307:, relates the tale of the Takeda clan's involvement with a fox-woman. The warlord 629: 340:

The oldest relationship between the Japanese people and the fox dates back to the

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abilities that increase as they get older and wiser. According to folklore, the

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genre, and according to Nakata, it emphasizes human emotions like the Japanese

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was that any woman encountered alone, especially at dusk or night, could be a

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are particularly renowned for impersonating beautiful women. Common belief in

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Fox spirits are said to be particularly fond of a fried slice of tofu called

1395: 1263: 1129: 697: 582: 535: 496: 6864: 4934: 3249:, p. 34: "prototype of a recurring motif.. the theme of the 'fox wife' 3153:出雲国造に命ぜられて神の宮(意宇郡〔おうのこおり〕の熊野大社)を修造させられた。その時狐が、意宇郡の役夫の採ってきた葛(宮造りの用材)を噛み切って逃げた 7633: 7543: 7046: 6792: 6682: 6345: 6079: 5518: 4947:

A compilation of terms for sun showers from various cultures and languages.

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The Kaya Yoshifuji was later also included in the Buddhist historical text

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below). The tale bears close resemblance to the Tang dynasty Chinese story

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or spirit, and serve as its messengers. This role has reinforced the fox's

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The fox later saves his life by leading him past a band of armed robbers.

7496: 7478: 7451: 7442: 7314: 7091: 6936: 6783: 6637: 6417: 6266: 6124: 5935: 5675: 5383:"Chapter 3. A Courtly Mirror of Ashiya Dōman: Echoes of a shadowy domain" 4808: 4806: 2455: 2317: 1333: 1145: 1048: 1043: 592: 357:, compiled 720), the fox is mentioned twice, as omens. In the year 657 a 349: 240: 235: 122: 30:

This article is about the Japanese word for the fox. For other uses, see

7597: 7532: 7460: 7008: 6882: 6855: 6599: 6453: 5765: 5684: 5342:"Volume I, Tale 2. On Taking a Fox as a Wife and Bringing Forth a Child" 5197: 4970: 2426: 1239: 182: 120:-foxes (or perhaps the "fox spirits") can bewitch people, just like the 7782: 7642: 7505: 7433: 7424: 7296: 7253: 7190: 7181: 7136: 7082: 6891: 6810: 6736: 6718: 6655: 6527: 6500: 6320: 6284: 6088: 5855: 5568:, ed. (2013). "On Taking a Fox as a Wife and Producing a Child (1:2)". 5451: 5118: 2491: 2381: 2039: 1674: 1456: 1402: 1009:

is an invisible fox spirit that human beings can only perceive when it

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Nakamura, Miri (2014). "Kitsune". In Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.).

2793:, p. 89: "So every evening she stole back and slept in his arms". 534:) was really a nine-tailed fox that led to the destruction of the Yin/ 7732: 7660: 7552: 7217: 7199: 7172: 6900: 6646: 6610: 6372: 6302: 6293: 6115: 6025: 6016: 5953: 4573:, Old Japanese, pp. 42–43 vs. modern Japanese translation, pp. 43–45. 3751:

Shifting Shape, Shaping Text: Philosophy and Folklore in the Fox Koan

2642:(11–12th cent.) who mentioned two classical Chinese instances in his 2389: 2316:

and believed her to be an incarnation of the white fox-spirit of the

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of the word (when rendered into a Latin-alphabet transliteration) as

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represented a fox's yelp and came to be the general word for 'fox';

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Myōgoki (1268) suggests that it is so called because it is "always (

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or people possessed by them may feature round white balls known as

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necklace made by piercing the canine teeth and jawbone of the fox.

257: 245: 7750: 7714: 7705: 7127: 7064: 6275: 4598: 4596: 3675:(in Japanese). Tōkyōdō shuppan. pp. 137–138. NCID BN01703544. 2320:, who had bewitched him in order to gain revenge." When their son 2033:

Alternate versions of the fox-wife tale appeared later during the

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is now archaic; in modern Japanese, a fox's cry is transcribed as

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Nozaki also suggests that the word was originally onomatopoetic:

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Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697

1717:, which is accordingly found in the noodle-based dishes kitsune 1512:

can be seen as having developed in such a religious background.

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or lay monks training in the wild have the reputation of using

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On a Contest between Two Women of Extraordinary Strength (2:4)

4068:

Yonebayashi, T. (1964). "Kitsunetsuki (Possession by Foxes)".

609:

is unknown. The oldest known usage of the word is in the text

287:. In some cases, the fox or fox-spirit summoned is called the 7624: 7579: 7406: 7379: 7100: 7037: 6963: 6927: 6581: 5300:"Kitsune nyōbō kō: Nihon ryōiki jō-kan dai-ni-en wo megutte" 4875: 3129: 2854: 2384:, a general overview about this being in East Asian folklore 1817: 1730: 1625:

give it back though, I'll stick to you like a protector god."

1448: 906: 320:

A nine-tailed fox, from the Qing edition of the ancient text

289: 5149:

The Book of Yokai: Mysterious Creatures of Japanese Folklore

5095:"The Goblin Fox and Badger and Other Witch Animals of Japan" 4758: 4608: 3660: 3465: 3463: 3461: 7615: 7118: 5320:(1978). "Kitsune wo me to shite k wo umashimeshi en dai-2" 4217:

The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters

4174: 4172: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3204: 3113: 3111: 3071: 3069: 3056: 3054: 3052: 2893:

Kaizuka no jūkotsu no chishiki: hito to dōbutsu no kakawari

2311:, in 1544, defeated in battle a lesser local warlord named 2250: 1977:

As aforementioned, the earliest example of the "fox wife" (

1823:

Kitsune are connected to the Buddhist religion through the

1786: 1722: 1718: 1322: 525: 155: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4662: 4403: 3924:

The Catalpa Bow: A Study of Shamanistic Practices in Japan

1938:

intangibles, such as protection, knowledge, or long life.

1532:

on New Year's Night under the Enoki Tree near Ōji" in the

1356:

Attempting to rid someone of a fox spirit was done via an

959:; they are sometimes simply called Inari foxes in English. 618:

Other old sources include the aforementioned story in the

6981: 6873: 5419:

as supervising editor. Miyai shoten. pp. 52–53, 60.

5366:

Kitsuné — Japan's Fox of Mystery, Romance, and Humor

4746: 4475: 4196: 4157: 3458: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3034:. National Gallery of Victoria, Australia. Archived from 2212:

printed 1662, and later adapted into puppet plays (and

2139:

A well-known example of the fox woman motif involves the

1893: 1820:, feature such statues, sometimes large numbers of them. 1658: 1105: 109: 5270:(1992). "Dai-2 shō. Kitsune no Atai setsuwa (jō 2 kan)" 4823: 4821: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4511: 4169: 3576: 3574: 3521: 3422: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3256: 3108: 3066: 3049: 1301:

is often attributed to the malign intents of hereditary

4727: 4103: 4101: 4099: 3779: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3098: 3096: 1808: 866:('monster card') from the early 19th century depicts a 7757: 7748: 7739: 7730: 7721: 7712: 7703: 7694: 7685: 7676: 7667: 7658: 7649: 7640: 7631: 7622: 7613: 7604: 7595: 7586: 7577: 7568: 7559: 7550: 7541: 7530: 7521: 7512: 7503: 7494: 7485: 7476: 7467: 7458: 7449: 7440: 7431: 7422: 7413: 7404: 7395: 7386: 7377: 7368: 7357: 7348: 7339: 7330: 7321: 7312: 7303: 7294: 7285: 7269: 7260: 7251: 7242: 7233: 7224: 7215: 7206: 7197: 7188: 7179: 7170: 7161: 7152: 7143: 7134: 7125: 7116: 7107: 7098: 7089: 7080: 7071: 7062: 7053: 7044: 7035: 7024: 7015: 7006: 6997: 6988: 6979: 6970: 6961: 6952: 6943: 6934: 6925: 6916: 6907: 6898: 6889: 6880: 6871: 6862: 6853: 6844: 6835: 6826: 6817: 6808: 6799: 6790: 6781: 6772: 6763: 6752: 6743: 6734: 6725: 6716: 6707: 6698: 6689: 6680: 6671: 6662: 6653: 6644: 6635: 6626: 6617: 6608: 6597: 6588: 6579: 6570: 6561: 6552: 6543: 6534: 6525: 6516: 6507: 6498: 6487: 6478: 6469: 6460: 6451: 6442: 6433: 6424: 6415: 6406: 6397: 6388: 6379: 6370: 6361: 6352: 6343: 6327: 6318: 6309: 6300: 6291: 6282: 6273: 6264: 6255: 6246: 6237: 6228: 6219: 6210: 6201: 6185: 6176: 6167: 6158: 6149: 6140: 6131: 6122: 6113: 6104: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6068: 6059: 6050: 6041: 6032: 6023: 6014: 6005: 5996: 5987: 5978: 5969: 5960: 5951: 5942: 5933: 5909: 5900: 5891: 5871: 5862: 5853: 5844: 5835: 5826: 5817: 5808: 5799: 5790: 5781: 5772: 5763: 5754: 5745: 5736: 5727: 5718: 5709: 5700: 5691: 5682: 5673: 5664: 5655: 5571:

Record of Miraculous Events in Japan: The Nihon ryoiki

5471:. Berlin: Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–89. 4890: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4184: 3863: 3861: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3767: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3434: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3370: 3187: 2995: 2585: 1516: 1353:

or "red bean rice"), or other foods favored by foxes.

361:

or "white fox" was reported to have been witnessed in

5250:

Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre

5020:

Japanese Ghosts & Demons: Art of the Supernatural

4833: 4818: 4576: 4535: 4415: 4376: 3971: 3571: 3328: 3230: 3228: 2959: 2870: 2436: – Cycle of medieval, allegorical, Belgian fable 1262:) can be found in all lands of Japan, as part of its 5406:"Kyōgen 'Tsurigitsune' no enshutsu to inari shinkō" 5252:(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 38. 4674: 4650: 4523: 4393: 4391: 4352: 4096: 3983: 3959: 3656: 3654: 3624: 3488: 3093: 2949: 2947: 2335: 1195:

Other supernatural abilities commonly attributed to

4902: 4770: 3858: 3803: 3586: 3446: 3405: 3007: 1478:or its servant, they were employed in practices of 1003:Local traditions add further types. For example, a 5522: 5169:"Foxes in Japanese culture: beautiful or beastly?" 5038: 4451: 4262: 3345: 3268: 3225: 2983: 1990:) motif occurs in the short story included in the 571:According to Hiroshi Moriyama, a professor at the 4713: 4711: 4709: 4547: 4388: 4364: 4340: 3651: 3222:Cf. Nakamura's translation of the narrative. and 2944: 2895:貝塚の獣骨の知識―人と動物とのかかわり. pp. 127–128. Tokyo bijutsu. 2736:, or rather, the eastern portion of Ibi District. 2192:qualities that often pass to their own children. 2078:Another medieval "fox wife" tale is found in the 7810: 3844:(in Japanese). Tōkyōdō shuppan. pp. 97–98. 2407: 1831:wielding a sword and riding a flying white fox. 955:are benevolent, celestial foxes associated with 377:Folktales from China tell of fox spirits called 4789:. Nagoya daigaku shuppankai. pp. 288–299. 4013: 3732: 3730: 3728: 2887: 2885: 1062: 5467:. In Kornicki, P. F.; McMullen, I. J. (eds.). 5283:(in Japanese). Tokyo: Ōfūsha. pp. 46–61. 4706: 2748: 2462: 2453: 2424: 2420:Foxes in popular culture, films and literature 2079: 2055: 2018: 1983: 1766: 1642: 1612: 1606: 1599: 1593: 1582: 1558: 1547: 1537: 1507: 1501: 1495: 1487: 1479: 1466: 1454: 1446: 1438: 1420: 1406: 1389: 1374: 1365: 1342: 1296: 1290: 1282: 1245: 1209: 1203: 1196: 1187: 1180: 1171: 1165: 1159: 1149: 1139: 1133: 1123: 1111: 1103: 1097: 1072: 1054: 1035: 1022: 1016: 1004: 992: 970: 932: 917: 900: 890: 882: 876: 867: 859: 841: 835: 829: 816: 810: 793: 783: 782:(1932–1935) proposes that the word comes from 777: 765: 759: 753: 747: 741: 732: 726: 713: 707: 701: 689: 683: 670: 664: 651: 637: 604: 586: 524:) introduced the story that the queen-consort 513: 445: 413: 406: 301: 276: 225:or transforming its shape and appearance, and 165: 153: 140: 127: 79: 71: 48: 5624: 5469:Religion in Japan: Arrows to Heaven and Earth 5219:"Nihon ryōiki jō-kan dai-ni-en to Ninshiden" 5128:"The Fox and the Badger in Japanese Folklore" 4289: 4219:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 358–360. 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3641: 3639: 2661: 2605: 2579: 2528:Although Aston translated that the governor ( 2387: 1785:Inari's kitsune are white, a color of a good 1146:duplicate the appearance of a specific person 659:As aforementioned, the fox-wife narrative in 543: 529: 378: 5411:. In Koki kinen ronshū kankō iinkai (ed.). 5369:. Tokyo: The Hokuseidô Press. Archived from 5132:Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan 4260: 3725: 3485:. pp.80–84. Rural Culture Association Japan. 3085:London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner. 1924 . 2882: 2397: 2260:. The reverse side depicting the bride in a 2233:("A Courtly Mirror of Ashiya Dōman", 1734). 2121:genre under the broader definition, and the 1867:to lead travelers astray in the manner of a 260:to do the biddings of their masters, called 5461:"An early anthropologist? Ōe no Masafusa's 5377: 4957:Blust, Robert (1999). "The Fox's Wedding". 4884: 4409: 4067: 3949: 3947: 3883:(d. 1046), recording that the priestess of 3753:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 153. 3715: 3713: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3151:. Osaka: Sōgei shuppan. 1986. p. 196. 2681: 2151:" ("Shinoda Forest") material (cf. below). 1564: 1379:was described as a disease as early as the 976: 938: 628:(c. 934). These old sources are written in 419: 5631: 5617: 5316: 5125: 4932: 4845: 4764: 4752: 4668: 4570: 4566: 4319: 4119:(in Japanese). Kōbundō. pp. 250–251. 3679: 3661:Minzokugaku kenkyūsho 民俗学研究所, ed. (1951). 3636: 3534: 3428: 3302: 3262: 3147:(in Japanese). Vol. 2. Translated by 3060: 2876: 2745:The archaic place-name is read Ōno-no-kōri 2600:tale, in contrast to the fox wife tale in 2590:. This story of "Miss Ren" belongs in the 5036: 4851: 4776: 3736: 2910: 2908: 2638:The legend of Miss Ren known in Japan to 2117:) appeared, which may be included in the 999:tend to be mischievous or even malicious. 135:Foxes and humans lived close together in 5543: 5339: 5266: 5080: 5059: 4983: 4812: 4740: 4621: 4602: 4214: 4036: 3944: 3822: 3710: 3552: 3511: 3376: 3246: 3210: 3198: 2676:Also early versions of the bunraku play 2515:, p. 87: "The reasons given by the 2512: 2244: 2106:, p. 5 so it is in fact quite old. 1940: 1884: 1838: 1780: 1636: 1523: 1238: 1092:and its fox spirits help the blacksmith 1084: 916:There are two common classifications of 853: 328: 315: 293:. The familiar may also be known as the 38: 5436:"The Abominable Tachikawa Skull Ritual" 5433: 5086:Japan, Its History, Arts and Literature 5045:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. 4680: 3920: 3540: 3138: 2195:As aforementioned, the fox wife in the 1909:patriarch appears in the man's dreams: 1690:Kitsune are associated with Inari, the 1581:. Tales describe these as glowing with 1225: 650:phonological changes, this soon became 14: 7811: 5564: 5485: 5362: 5297: 5243: 5232: 5142: 5017: 4920: 4908: 4896: 4863: 4839: 4827: 4717: 4640: 4587: 4517: 4505: 4457: 4445: 4433: 4421: 4382: 4370: 4346: 4202: 4163: 4151: 4139: 4001: 3977: 3965: 3908: 3896: 3797: 3785: 3704: 3645: 3580: 3546: 3499: 3469: 3364: 3164: 3102: 2905: 5638: 5612: 5517: 5458: 5403: 5216: 5195: 5186: 5092: 4956: 4656: 4541: 4529: 4493: 4481: 4469: 4397: 4358: 4190: 4178: 4043:(10th ed.). Wadsworth. pp. 3989: 3953: 3867: 3773: 3748: 3719: 3692: 3630: 3597: 3565: 3452: 3440: 3416: 3399: 3351: 3117: 3075: 3025: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2938: 2790: 2563: 2103: 1243:A depiction of a kitsunetsuki in the 93: 5166: 5088:. Vol. 5. Boston: J. B. Millet. 4696:怪異・きつね百物語. pp. 1, 7, 12. Yuzankaku. 4553: 4107: 3339: 3274: 3234: 2840:(14th century), Book 29 supplement " 2614:"), which is classed in the earlier 2062:. However, in another tale from the 1685: 1500:practitioners and in the oracles of 1383:and remained a common diagnosis for 1214:have characteristics reminiscent of 372: 177: 145:have become closely associated with 5126:de Visser, Marinus Willem (1908a). 1961: 1432: 1077:, and then ascends to the heavens. 551: 538:, having seduced its last monarch, 333:The moon on Musashi Plain (fox) by 53:) scaring Prince Hanzoku; print by 24: 5191:. London: William Rider & Son. 5152:. University of California Press. 2183: 1892:, a legendary kitsune featured in 1851:features numerous kitsune statues. 1796:According to beliefs derived from 1270:or similar condition. The idea of 849: 25: 7875: 5590: 5547:Shinto Art: Ise and Izumo Shrines 5434:Sanford, James H. (Spring 1991). 5239:. Vol. 1. Makino shuppansha. 5105:. Nanzan University Press: 1–93. 3611:"Kitsune, Kumiho, Huli Jing, Fox" 2688:: "in the early bunraku version ( 1649:concepts from Buddhism. Print by 566: 459: 173: 5596: 4977: 4950: 4926: 4914: 4869: 4686: 4559: 4499: 4487: 4463: 4439: 4427: 2916:Hakkutsu sareta Nihon retto 2009 2847: 2828: 2812: 2796: 2784: 2762: 2739: 2722: 2366: 2352: 2338: 1515: 1425:is similar to but distinct from 1071:, the most powerful form of the 243:) and occasionally to cats (cf. 181: 27:Fox spirits in Japanese folklore 5167:Goff, Janet (April–June 1997). 4694:Kaii ・ kitsune hyaku monogatari 4313: 4283: 4254: 4233: 4208: 4145: 4133: 4061: 4030: 4007: 3995: 3914: 3902: 3890: 3873: 3791: 3742: 3698: 3603: 3483:「ごんぎつね」がいたころ――作品の背景となる農村空間と心象世界 3475: 3382: 3357: 3240: 3216: 3158: 3030:One hundred aspects of the moon 3019: 2699: 2670: 2649: 2632: 2623: 2569: 2556: 2549:, Izumo Province. And it was a 2522: 2506: 2497: 2441:The Sacred Book of the Werewolf 2414: – a Vietnamese fox spirit 2220:("The Shinoda Wife", 1678) and 1970: 1855:Kitsune are often presented as 1534:One Hundred Famous Views of Edo 632:, which clearly identifies the 573:Tokyo University of Agriculture 482:genre) has also been proposed. 164:significance. The more tails a 5495:. University of Hawaii Press. 5340:Nakamura, Kyoko, ed. (1997) . 5277:Nihon ryōiki setsuwa no kenkyū 5041:Handbook of Japanese Mythology 5010: 3141:Nihon shoki: zenyaku gendaibun 2971: 2932: 2484: 2448:The Sandman: The Dream Hunters 2073: 758:is a possessive particle, and 499:) also originates from China. 252:There are also legends of the 13: 1: 7824:Animals in Japanese mythology 5331:. Vol. 1. Translated by 4783:Mongatari bungei no hyōgenshi 4037:Haviland, William A. (2002). 2864: 2612:In Search of the Supernatural 1834: 1536:by Hiroshige. Each fox has a 802:referring to a servant of an 612:Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki 472:genre, as exemplified by the 323:Classic of Mountains and Seas 5217:Iguro, Kahoko (2005-01-07). 5199:Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan 4933:Vaux, Bert (December 1998). 4299:. Baen Books. pp. 91–. 4293:; Edghill, Rosemary (2001). 3315:. 日本古典文学全集 6. Translated by 2394: – a Chinese fox spirit 1632: 1314:Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan 895:is sometimes translated as ' 598: 495:in Japanese literature (cf. 476:) and earlier wonder tales ( 306:, lit. "tube fox, pipe fox") 7: 7758: 7749: 7740: 7731: 7722: 7713: 7704: 7695: 7686: 7677: 7668: 7659: 7650: 7641: 7632: 7623: 7614: 7605: 7596: 7587: 7578: 7569: 7560: 7551: 7542: 7531: 7522: 7513: 7504: 7495: 7486: 7477: 7468: 7459: 7450: 7441: 7432: 7423: 7414: 7405: 7396: 7387: 7378: 7369: 7358: 7349: 7340: 7331: 7322: 7313: 7304: 7295: 7286: 7270: 7261: 7252: 7243: 7234: 7225: 7216: 7207: 7198: 7189: 7180: 7171: 7162: 7153: 7144: 7135: 7126: 7117: 7108: 7099: 7090: 7081: 7072: 7063: 7054: 7045: 7036: 7025: 7016: 7007: 6998: 6989: 6980: 6971: 6962: 6953: 6944: 6935: 6926: 6917: 6908: 6899: 6890: 6881: 6872: 6863: 6854: 6845: 6836: 6827: 6818: 6809: 6800: 6791: 6782: 6773: 6764: 6753: 6744: 6735: 6726: 6717: 6708: 6699: 6690: 6681: 6672: 6663: 6654: 6645: 6636: 6627: 6618: 6609: 6598: 6589: 6580: 6571: 6562: 6553: 6544: 6535: 6526: 6517: 6508: 6499: 6488: 6479: 6470: 6461: 6452: 6443: 6434: 6425: 6416: 6407: 6398: 6389: 6380: 6371: 6362: 6353: 6344: 6328: 6319: 6310: 6301: 6292: 6283: 6274: 6265: 6256: 6247: 6238: 6229: 6220: 6211: 6202: 6186: 6177: 6168: 6159: 6150: 6141: 6132: 6123: 6114: 6105: 6096: 6087: 6078: 6069: 6060: 6051: 6042: 6033: 6024: 6015: 6006: 5997: 5988: 5979: 5970: 5961: 5952: 5943: 5934: 5910: 5901: 5892: 5872: 5863: 5854: 5845: 5836: 5827: 5818: 5809: 5800: 5791: 5782: 5773: 5764: 5755: 5746: 5737: 5728: 5719: 5710: 5701: 5692: 5683: 5674: 5665: 5656: 5544:Watanabe, Yasutada (1974). 5335:. Kodansha. pp. 42–47. 5326:Nihon ryōiki (zen yaku chū) 5246:"Ashiya Dōman ōuchi kagami" 5233:Kaneko, Junji, ed. (1975). 5037:Ashkenazy, Michael (2003). 4320:Highbridge, Dianne (1999). 4241:"Metal Hammer UK issue 273" 2920:Agency for Cultural Affairs 2705:"On the item of offerings: 2662: 2655:Masafusa borrowed the term 2586: 2463: 2454: 2425: 2404: – a Korean fox spirit 2398: 2388: 2331: 2109:Later the medieval novella 2098:entry for the 9th month of 2080: 1677:. Japanese metal idol band 1643: 1613: 1607: 1600: 1594: 1583: 1548: 1542:floating close to its face. 1538: 1517: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1488: 1480: 1467: 1455: 1447: 1439: 1421: 1407: 1390: 1375: 1366: 1343: 1312:describes the condition in 1297: 1291: 1258:Stories of fox possession ( 1246: 1210: 1204: 1197: 1188: 1181: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1150: 1140: 1134: 1124: 1112: 1104: 1098: 1073: 1063: 1023: 1017: 1005: 993: 918: 901: 891: 883: 877: 868: 860: 842: 836: 830: 817: 811: 794: 792:for the bark of a fox, and 784: 778: 766: 760: 754: 748: 742: 733: 727: 714: 708: 702: 690: 684: 671: 665: 652: 638: 605: 587: 544: 530: 407: 379: 166: 154: 141: 128: 72: 49: 10: 7880: 5413:伝承文化の展望 : 日本の民俗・古典・芸能 5312:(in Japanese) (27): 77–91. 5244:Leiter, Samuel L. (2014). 5060:Bathgate, Michael (2004). 5022:. New York: G. Braziller. 4296:Spirits White as Lightning 4243:. Metal Hammer. 2015-07-21 4114:Nihon mukashibanashi jiten 4082:10.1177/136346156400100206 3887:was purportedly possessed. 2853:"Kuzunoha" means "leaf of 1997:In this story, a man from 1874:A traditional game called 1702: 1592:One belief is that when a 821:signified an affectionate 746:(1777–1887) suggests that 311: 29: 7770: 5922: 5884: 5646: 5550:. Weatherhill/Heibonsha. 5228:(in Japanese) (76): 1–20. 4692:Yoshihiko Sasama. (1998) 3930:. Routledge. p. 52. 3481:Hiroshi Moriyama. (2007) 2822: 2806: 2749: 2606: 2580: 2223:Ashiya Dōman ōuchi kagami 2216:) bearing such titles as 2132:The story about the Lady 2056: 2019: 1984: 1767: 1559: 1506:; the customs related to 1398:cult had been possessed. 1283: 1055: 1036: 971: 933: 663:gives the folk etymology 528:(Japanese pronunciation: 514: 446: 439:The earliest "fox wife" ( 414: 402: 390: 302: 277: 264:or "fox-possessors". The 81: 80: 5412: 5407: 5363:Nozaki, Kiyoshi (1961). 5328: 5321: 5301: 5279: 5271: 5235: 5220: 5196:Hearn, Lafcadio (2005). 5018:Addiss, Stephen (1985). 4785: 4569:, translation, and also 4326:. New York: Soho Press. 4116: 4070:Transcultural Psychiatry 3921:Blacker, Carmen (1999). 3841: 3829: 3672: 3664: 3311: 3143: 2891:Kaneko, Hiromasa (1984) 2659:(Chinese pronunciation: 2477: 2210:Abe no Seimei monogatari 1080: 1064:'heavenly/celestial fox' 675:to mean 'always comes'. 32:Kitsune (disambiguation) 7844:Mythological tricksters 5463:A record of fox spirits 5381:; Iwai, Masami (2020). 5298:Nagata, Noriko (1980). 4885:Odanaka & Iwai 2020 4410:Odanaka & Iwai 2020 4323:In the Empire of Dreams 3165:Wallen, Martin (2006). 2914:Seino, Takayuki (2009) 2682:Odanaka & Iwai 2020 2564:§ Wives and lovers 2030:presented in the tale. 962:On the other hand, the 520:A record of fox spirits 221:exhibit the ability of 7360:Yashima no Hage-tanuki 4993:. Osprey. p. 12. 4108:Sato, Yoneshi (1977). 3749:Heine, Steven (1999). 3297:Nakano, Takeshi 中野猛. " 2918:発掘された日本列島2009. p. 27. 2680:("The Shinoda wife"). 2408: 2265: 1958: 1921: 1905: 1852: 1654: 1627: 1543: 1413:culture-bound syndrome 1339: 1255: 1119: 1040:, 'nine-tailed foxes') 873: 603:The full etymology of 337: 326: 62: 7829:Anthropomorphic foxes 5894:Konjaku Monogatarishū 5404:Ōmori, Keiko (2003). 5302:狐女房考—日本霊異記上巻第二縁をめぐって— 5202:. Project Gutenberg. 5187:Hamel, Frank (1915). 5144:Foster, Michael Dylan 5093:Casal, U. A. (1959). 4261:Johnson, Kij (2001). 4040:Cultural Anthropology 4016:"Ten Thousand Things" 4014:Miyake-Downey, Jean. 3026:Yoshitori, Tsukioka. 2280:the kitsune's wedding 2248: 2082:Konjaku monogatarishū 2049:of the 12th century. 1944: 1911: 1888: 1842: 1781:Inari foxes described 1640: 1619: 1527: 1318: 1242: 1226:Spiritual possession 1088: 857: 770:, the word for 'cat'. 740:Tanikawa Kotosuga in 737:, the word for 'dog'. 706:(1717) suggests that 332: 319: 95:[kʲi̥t͡sɨne̞] 42: 5926:in Japanese Folklore 5924:Legendary Creatures 5605:at Wikimedia Commons 5322:狐を妻（め）として子を生ましめし縁第二 4815:, pp. 65–66 and n33. 3881:Fujiwara no Sanesuke 3363:Takeshi Nakano apud 1427:clinical lycanthropy 646:. Following several 369:the following year. 5912:Uji Shūi Monogatari 5811:Taketori Monogatari 5459:Smits, Ivo (1996). 5440:Monumenta Nipponica 4935:"Sunshower summary" 4624:, pp. 104–105. 4484:, pp. 159–161. 4205:, pp. 109–124. 4166:, pp. 112–114. 3839:Minkan shinkō jiten 3472:, pp. 127–128. 3213:, pp. 103–104. 2719:供物之事赤飯・餅・一酒・真菓子・油物" 2711:(red rice), mochi, 2326:battle of Nagashino 2154:Edo Period scholar 1880:rock paper scissors 1762:Inari ichiryū daiji 1617:to secure a favor: 1598:changes shape, its 460:§ Nihon Ryōiki 7839:Mythological foxes 5529:. Pantheon Books. 5221:『日本霊異記』上巻第二縁と『任氏伝』 4181:, pp. 299–300 4154:, pp. 169–170 3707:, pp. 95, 206 3173:. pp. 69–70. 2941:title, pp. 12, 17. 2757:Ōno District, Gifu 2734:Ibi District, Gifu 2275:kitsune no yomeiri 2266: 2257:kitsune no yomeiri 2239:Kitsune no yomeiri 2102:8 (Oct./Nov. 896), 2094:and quoted in the 2068:Konjaku monogatari 1959: 1906: 1853: 1655: 1544: 1256: 1130:take on human form 1120: 874: 798:, which may be an 338: 327: 193:. You can help by 63: 7806: 7805: 7333:Danzaburou-danuki 5838:Tsuru no Ongaeshi 5802:Shita-kiri Suzume 5658:Awa Tanuki Gassen 5640:Japanese folklore 5601:Media related to 5536:978-0-394-75656-1 5487:Smyers, Karen Ann 5268:Maruyama, Akinori 5159:978-0-520-95912-5 5082:Brinkley, Francis 5073:978-0-415-96821-8 5052:978-1-57607-467-1 5029:978-0-8076-1126-5 5000:978-1-84176-250-0 4985:Turnbull, Stephen 4767:, pp. 22–23. 4385:, pp. 77, 81 4333:978-1-56947-146-3 4306:978-0-671-31853-6 4276:978-0-312-87559-6 4226:978-1-4724-0060-4 4193:, pp. 162–3. 4126:978-4-335-95002-5 4026:on April 6, 2008. 3937:978-1-873410-85-1 3851:978-4-490-10137-9 3835:Sakurai, Tokutarō 3800:, p. 26, 221 3788:, pp. 36–37. 3776:, pp. 156–7. 3760:978-0-8248-2150-0 3670:Minzokugaku jiten 3443:, pp. 83–84. 3342:, pp. 67–68. 3028:"from the series 3004:, pp. 24–25. 2968:, pp. 6, 14. 2531:Kuni no miyatsuko 2088:Miyoshi Kiyotsura 1955:Utagawa Kuniyoshi 1686:Servants of Inari 1651:Utagawa Kuniyoshi 1186:perceiving them. 1179:In some stories, 615:, dating to 794. 591:as messengers of 373:Chinese influence 211: 210: 67:Japanese folklore 55:Utagawa Kuniyoshi 16:(Redirected from 7871: 7763: 7754: 7745: 7736: 7727: 7718: 7709: 7700: 7691: 7682: 7673: 7664: 7655: 7646: 7637: 7628: 7619: 7610: 7601: 7592: 7583: 7574: 7565: 7556: 7547: 7536: 7527: 7518: 7509: 7500: 7491: 7482: 7473: 7464: 7455: 7446: 7437: 7428: 7419: 7410: 7401: 7392: 7383: 7374: 7363: 7354: 7351:Shibaemon-tanuki 7345: 7336: 7327: 7318: 7309: 7300: 7291: 7282: 7280: 7266: 7257: 7248: 7239: 7230: 7221: 7212: 7203: 7194: 7185: 7176: 7167: 7158: 7149: 7140: 7131: 7122: 7113: 7104: 7095: 7086: 7077: 7068: 7059: 7050: 7041: 7030: 7021: 7012: 7003: 6994: 6985: 6976: 6967: 6958: 6949: 6940: 6931: 6922: 6913: 6904: 6895: 6886: 6877: 6868: 6859: 6850: 6841: 6832: 6823: 6814: 6805: 6796: 6787: 6778: 6769: 6758: 6749: 6740: 6731: 6722: 6713: 6704: 6695: 6686: 6677: 6668: 6659: 6650: 6641: 6632: 6623: 6614: 6603: 6594: 6585: 6576: 6567: 6558: 6549: 6540: 6531: 6522: 6513: 6504: 6493: 6484: 6475: 6466: 6457: 6448: 6439: 6430: 6421: 6412: 6403: 6394: 6385: 6376: 6367: 6358: 6349: 6340: 6338: 6324: 6315: 6306: 6297: 6288: 6279: 6270: 6261: 6252: 6243: 6234: 6225: 6216: 6207: 6198: 6196: 6182: 6173: 6164: 6155: 6146: 6137: 6128: 6119: 6110: 6101: 6092: 6083: 6074: 6065: 6056: 6047: 6038: 6029: 6020: 6011: 6002: 5993: 5984: 5975: 5966: 5957: 5948: 5939: 5915: 5906: 5897: 5877: 5868: 5865:Yamata no Orochi 5859: 5850: 5841: 5832: 5823: 5814: 5805: 5796: 5793:Saru Kani Gassen 5787: 5778: 5769: 5760: 5751: 5742: 5733: 5724: 5721:Kachi-kachi Yama 5715: 5706: 5697: 5688: 5679: 5670: 5661: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5610: 5609: 5600: 5585: 5561: 5540: 5528: 5514: 5482: 5455: 5430: 5400: 5379:Odanaka, Akihiro 5374: 5359: 5336: 5313: 5307: 5294: 5263: 5240: 5229: 5213: 5192: 5183: 5173: 5163: 5139: 5122: 5099:Folklore Studies 5089: 5077: 5056: 5044: 5033: 5005: 5004: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4965:(4/6): 487–499. 4954: 4948: 4946: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4816: 4810: 4801: 4800: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4725: 4715: 4704: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4638: 4625: 4619: 4606: 4600: 4591: 4585: 4574: 4565:Japanese texts: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4520:, pp. 103–5 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4496:, pp. 122–4 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4472:, pp. 114–5 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4424:, pp. 82–85 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4291:Lackey, Mercedes 4287: 4281: 4280: 4268: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4105: 4094: 4093: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4022:. Archived from 4011: 4005: 4004:, pp. 214–5 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3942: 3941: 3929: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3885:Ise Grand Shrine 3877: 3871: 3865: 3856: 3855: 3820: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3723: 3717: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3677: 3676: 3658: 3649: 3648:, pp. 25–26 3643: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3584: 3578: 3569: 3563: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3519: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3486: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3403: 3397: 3389:Akinori Maruyama 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3326: 3320: 3295: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3223: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3185: 3184: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3149:Ujitani, Tsutomu 3136: 3127: 3115: 3106: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3081:. Translated by 3073: 3064: 3058: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2912: 2903: 2889: 2880: 2874: 2858: 2851: 2845: 2832: 2826: 2824: 2816: 2810: 2808: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2743: 2737: 2726: 2720: 2703: 2697: 2690:The Shinoda Wife 2674: 2668: 2665: 2653: 2647: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2609: 2608: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2573: 2567: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2526: 2520: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2495: 2488: 2468: 2459: 2430: 2413: 2403: 2393: 2376: 2371: 2370: 2362: 2360:Mythology portal 2357: 2356: 2355: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2322:Takeda Katsuyori 2301:Stephen Turnbull 2296:(Takeda Shingen) 2232: 2179: 2168: 2115:Kitsune no sōshi 2085: 2061: 2059: 2058: 2024: 2022: 2021: 2007: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1962:Wives and lovers 1953:plays. Print by 1900:plays. Print by 1869:will-o'-the-wisp 1772: 1770: 1769: 1759: 1648: 1616: 1610: 1603: 1597: 1588: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1551: 1541: 1520: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1485: 1470: 1465:are also called 1460: 1452: 1444: 1433:Familiar spirits 1424: 1417:Japanese culture 1410: 1393: 1378: 1369: 1346: 1300: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1249: 1213: 1207: 1200: 1191: 1184: 1175: 1169: 1163: 1153: 1143: 1137: 1127: 1117: 1109: 1101: 1096:forge the blade 1076: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1030:kyūbi no kitsune 1026: 1020: 1008: 998: 996: 990: 987: 984: 981: 978: 974: 973: 954: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 936: 935: 921: 904: 894: 888: 880: 871: 865: 845: 839: 833: 820: 814: 797: 787: 781: 769: 763: 757: 752:means 'yellow', 751: 745: 736: 730: 717: 712:means 'stench', 711: 705: 693: 687: 674: 668: 655: 645: 608: 590: 552:Buddhist context 547: 533: 523: 517: 516: 451: 449: 448: 435: 433: 430: 427: 424: 421: 417: 416: 410: 408:kyūbi no kitsune 404: 393:) also named as 392: 384: 307: 305: 304: 286: 280: 279: 206: 203: 185: 178: 169: 159: 144: 131: 107: 105: 104: 103: 97: 92: 88: 87: 85: 75: 52: 50:kyūbi no kitsune 21: 7879: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7802: 7766: 7760:Zashiki-warashi 7274: 7018:Rashōmon no oni 6364:Hitotsume-nyūdō 6332: 6190: 5925: 5918: 5880: 5748:Kobutori Jiisan 5694:Hanasaka Jiisan 5667:Bunbuku Chagama 5642: 5637: 5593: 5588: 5582: 5558: 5537: 5503: 5479: 5427: 5414: 5409: 5397: 5356: 5330: 5323: 5305: 5303: 5291: 5281: 5273: 5260: 5237: 5222: 5210: 5176:Japan Quarterly 5171: 5160: 5111:10.2307/1177429 5074: 5053: 5030: 5013: 5008: 5001: 4982: 4978: 4955: 4951: 4931: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4876: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4819: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4787: 4778:Takahashi, Tōru 4775: 4771: 4765:de Visser 1908a 4763: 4759: 4753:de Visser 1908a 4751: 4747: 4739: 4728: 4716: 4707: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4669:de Visser 1908a 4667: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4639: 4628: 4620: 4609: 4601: 4594: 4586: 4577: 4571:Nakata tr. 1978 4567:Nakata tr. 1975 4564: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4269:. Tom Doherty. 4259: 4255: 4246: 4244: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4118: 4106: 4097: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4035: 4031: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3945: 3938: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3859: 3852: 3843: 3831: 3828:"Kitsunetsuki" 3824:Miyamoto, Kesao 3821: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3726: 3718: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3680: 3674: 3666: 3663:"Kitsunetsuki" 3659: 3652: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3616: 3614: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3587: 3579: 3572: 3564: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3535:de Visser 1908a 3533: 3522: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3489: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3429:de Visser 1908a 3427: 3423: 3415: 3406: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3329: 3313: 3296: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3263:Nakata tr. 1978 3261: 3257: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3211:Nakamura (1997) 3209: 3205: 3197: 3188: 3181: 3163: 3159: 3145: 3137: 3130: 3116: 3109: 3101: 3094: 3074: 3067: 3061:de Visser 1908a 3059: 3050: 3041: 3039: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2980:, pp. 20ff 2976: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2913: 2906: 2890: 2883: 2877:de Visser 1908a 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2852: 2848: 2833: 2829: 2817: 2813: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2774: 2767: 2763: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2727: 2723: 2704: 2700: 2675: 2671: 2654: 2650: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2574: 2570: 2561: 2557: 2542: 2527: 2523: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2434:Reynard the Fox 2372: 2365: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2226: 2203:(Abe no Seimei) 2186: 2184:Ancestral lines 2173: 2162: 2149:Shinoda no mori 2076: 2053: 2035:Kamakura-period 2016: 2001: 1981: 1975: 1964: 1837: 1783: 1764: 1753: 1705: 1688: 1635: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1556: 1522: 1435: 1289:, also written 1280: 1228: 1083: 1067: 1052: 1033: 988: 985: 982: 979: 968: 950: 947: 944: 941: 930: 852: 850:Characteristics 774:Ōtsuki Fumihiko 743:Wakun no Shiori 642: 634:historical form 601: 569: 554: 511: 443: 431: 429:nine-tailed fox 428: 425: 422: 411: 395:nine-tailed fox 375: 314: 299: 274: 207: 201: 198: 191:needs expansion 176: 99: 98: 90: 77: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7877: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7854:Therianthropes 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7793:Shigeru Mizuki 7790: 7788:Lafcadio Hearn 7785: 7780: 7778:Kunio Yanagita 7774: 7772: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7755: 7746: 7742:Yume no seirei 7737: 7728: 7719: 7710: 7701: 7692: 7683: 7674: 7665: 7656: 7647: 7638: 7629: 7620: 7611: 7602: 7593: 7584: 7575: 7566: 7562:Tsurube-otoshi 7557: 7548: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7528: 7519: 7515:Koto-furunushi 7510: 7501: 7492: 7483: 7474: 7465: 7456: 7438: 7429: 7420: 7411: 7402: 7393: 7384: 7375: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7355: 7346: 7337: 7328: 7324:Tanuki-bayashi 7310: 7301: 7292: 7283: 7267: 7258: 7249: 7240: 7231: 7222: 7213: 7204: 7195: 7186: 7177: 7168: 7159: 7150: 7141: 7132: 7123: 7114: 7105: 7096: 7087: 7078: 7069: 7060: 7051: 7042: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7022: 7013: 7004: 6995: 6977: 6968: 6959: 6950: 6941: 6932: 6923: 6914: 6905: 6896: 6887: 6878: 6869: 6860: 6851: 6842: 6833: 6824: 6815: 6806: 6797: 6788: 6779: 6770: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6741: 6732: 6723: 6714: 6705: 6696: 6687: 6678: 6674:Kuchisake-onna 6669: 6660: 6651: 6642: 6633: 6624: 6615: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6586: 6577: 6568: 6559: 6550: 6541: 6532: 6523: 6514: 6505: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6485: 6467: 6458: 6449: 6440: 6431: 6422: 6413: 6404: 6395: 6386: 6377: 6368: 6359: 6355:Hitotsume-kozō 6350: 6341: 6325: 6316: 6307: 6298: 6289: 6280: 6271: 6262: 6253: 6249:Futakuchi-onna 6244: 6235: 6226: 6217: 6208: 6199: 6183: 6174: 6165: 6156: 6147: 6138: 6129: 6120: 6111: 6102: 6098:Ashinagatenaga 6093: 6084: 6075: 6066: 6057: 6048: 6039: 6030: 6021: 6012: 6003: 5994: 5985: 5976: 5967: 5958: 5949: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5907: 5898: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5874:Yotsuya Kaidan 5869: 5860: 5851: 5842: 5833: 5824: 5815: 5806: 5797: 5788: 5779: 5775:Nezumi no Sumō 5770: 5761: 5752: 5743: 5734: 5725: 5716: 5707: 5698: 5689: 5680: 5671: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5636: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5592: 5591:External links 5589: 5587: 5586: 5580: 5566:Watson, Burton 5562: 5556: 5541: 5535: 5525:Japanese Tales 5515: 5502:978-0824821029 5501: 5483: 5477: 5456: 5431: 5425: 5408:狂言「釣狐」の演出と稲荷信仰 5401: 5395: 5375: 5373:on 2016-03-05. 5360: 5354: 5337: 5314: 5295: 5289: 5264: 5258: 5241: 5230: 5226:Senshū kokubun 5214: 5209:978-1604247480 5208: 5193: 5184: 5164: 5158: 5140: 5123: 5090: 5078: 5072: 5057: 5051: 5034: 5028: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5006: 4999: 4990:Nagashino 1575 4976: 4949: 4925: 4913: 4901: 4899:, p. 180. 4889: 4874: 4868: 4866:, p. 294, n10. 4856: 4852:Ashkenazy 2003 4844: 4832: 4817: 4802: 4795: 4769: 4757: 4745: 4726: 4705: 4702:978-4639015444 4685: 4673: 4671:, p. 151. 4661: 4649: 4626: 4607: 4592: 4575: 4558: 4546: 4544:, p. 157. 4534: 4522: 4510: 4498: 4486: 4474: 4462: 4450: 4438: 4426: 4414: 4412:, p. 109. 4402: 4387: 4375: 4363: 4361:, p. 153. 4351: 4339: 4332: 4312: 4305: 4282: 4275: 4253: 4232: 4225: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4168: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4125: 4095: 4060: 4054:978-0155085503 4053: 4029: 4006: 3994: 3992:, p. 165. 3982: 3980:, p. 211. 3970: 3958: 3943: 3936: 3913: 3901: 3889: 3872: 3857: 3850: 3802: 3790: 3778: 3766: 3759: 3741: 3737:Ashkenazy 2003 3724: 3709: 3697: 3695:, p. xlix 3678: 3650: 3635: 3633:, p. 159. 3623: 3602: 3585: 3583:, p. 129. 3570: 3551: 3539: 3520: 3504: 3487: 3474: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3404: 3381: 3369: 3356: 3344: 3327: 3323:Reprinted 1995 3279: 3267: 3255: 3239: 3224: 3215: 3203: 3186: 3179: 3171:Reaktion Books 3157: 3128: 3107: 3092: 3065: 3048: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2982: 2970: 2958: 2943: 2931: 2928:978-4022505224 2904: 2901:978-4808702298 2881: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2846: 2837:Genkō Shakusho 2827: 2811: 2795: 2783: 2761: 2738: 2721: 2698: 2669: 2648: 2640:Ōe no Masafusa 2631: 2622: 2568: 2555: 2521: 2505: 2496: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2460: 2451: 2444: 2437: 2431: 2422: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2405: 2395: 2378: 2377: 2374:Animals portal 2363: 2349: 2333: 2330: 2313:Suwa Yorishige 2309:Takeda Shingen 2305:Nagashino 1575 2298: 2297: 2284:Akira Kurosawa 2254:depicting the 2243: 2242: 2205: 2204: 2185: 2182: 2171:Tarui Gen'emon 2160:Honchō jinjakō 2123:Kobata-gitsune 2075: 2072: 2028:folk etymology 1974: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1836: 1833: 1782: 1779: 1777:("oil stuff") 1704: 1701: 1687: 1684: 1634: 1631: 1624: 1546:Depictions of 1521: 1514: 1434: 1431: 1385:mental illness 1360:, often at an 1310:Lafcadio Hearn 1268:mental illness 1253:Okada Gyokuzan 1237: 1236: 1227: 1224: 1099:Kogitsune-maru 1082: 1079: 1001: 1000: 991:, also called 960: 851: 848: 827: 826: 807: 788:, which is an 771: 764:is related to 738: 731:is related to 695: 640: 625:Wamyō Ruijushō 622:(810–824) and 600: 597: 568: 567:Shinto origins 565: 553: 550: 501:Ōe no Masafusa 489:of the fox as 374: 371: 367:Empress Saimei 363:Iwami Province 313: 310: 256:being used as 209: 208: 202:September 2023 188: 186: 175: 174:General traits 172: 61:, 19th century 43:A nine-tailed 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7876: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7849:Shapeshifters 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7819:Kitsune (fox) 7817: 7816: 7814: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7488:Chōchin'obake 7484: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7470:Biwa-bokuboku 7466: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7361: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7342:Inugami Gyōbu 7338: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6746:Mikoshi-nyūdō 6742: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6170:Daidarabotchi 6166: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6035:Amazake-babaa 6031: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5945:Abura-sumashi 5941: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5921: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5847:Urashima Tarō 5843: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5820:Tamamo-no-Mae 5816: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5629: 5627: 5622: 5620: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5583: 5581:9780231535168 5577: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5557:9780834810181 5553: 5549: 5548: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5527: 5526: 5520: 5519:Tyler, Royall 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5478:9780521550284 5474: 5470: 5466: 5464: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5426:9784838230983 5422: 5418: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5396:9780429620003 5392: 5389:. Routledge. 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5361: 5357: 5355:9781136792601 5351: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5333:Nakata, Norio 5327: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5310:Kōnan kokubun 5304: 5296: 5292: 5290:9784273026165 5286: 5282: 5278: 5272:第二章狐の直説話（上2巻） 5269: 5265: 5261: 5259:9781442239111 5255: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5194: 5190: 5189:Human Animals 5185: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5066:. Routledge. 5065: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5043: 5042: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5015: 5002: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4923:, p. 132 4922: 4917: 4910: 4905: 4898: 4897:Foster (2015) 4893: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4872: 4865: 4864:Foster (2015) 4860: 4854:, p. 150 4853: 4848: 4842:, p. 77. 4841: 4836: 4830:, p. 77. 4829: 4824: 4822: 4814: 4813:Bathgate 2004 4809: 4807: 4798: 4796:9784930689740 4792: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4755:, p. 21. 4754: 4749: 4743:, p. 44. 4742: 4741:Bathgate 2004 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4665: 4659:, p. 89. 4658: 4653: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4623: 4622:Nakamura 1997 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4605:, p. 104, n3. 4604: 4603:Nakamura 1997 4599: 4597: 4590:, p. 78. 4589: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4555: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4532:, p. 90. 4531: 4526: 4519: 4514: 4508:, p. 195 4507: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4483: 4478: 4471: 4466: 4460:, pp. 98 4459: 4454: 4448:, p. 230 4447: 4442: 4436:, p. 137 4435: 4430: 4423: 4418: 4411: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4384: 4379: 4372: 4367: 4360: 4355: 4348: 4343: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4286: 4278: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4265:The Fox Woman 4257: 4242: 4236: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4180: 4175: 4173: 4165: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4142:, p. 183 4141: 4136: 4128: 4122: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4056: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4020:Kyoto Journal 4017: 4010: 4003: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3979: 3974: 3968:, p. 90. 3967: 3962: 3956:, p. 158 3955: 3950: 3948: 3939: 3933: 3926: 3925: 3917: 3911:, p. 216 3910: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3882: 3879:The diary of 3876: 3870:, p. 84. 3869: 3864: 3862: 3853: 3847: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3739:, p. 148 3738: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3722:, p. 155 3721: 3716: 3714: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3647: 3642: 3640: 3632: 3627: 3612: 3606: 3600:, p. 91. 3599: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3582: 3577: 3575: 3568:, p. 154 3567: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3548: 3543: 3537:, p. 20. 3536: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3512:Brinkley 1902 3508: 3502:, p. 72. 3501: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3484: 3478: 3471: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3455:, p. 83. 3454: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3431:, p. 32. 3430: 3425: 3419:, p. 80. 3418: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3401: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3379:, p. 52. 3378: 3377:Maruyama 1992 3373: 3366: 3360: 3353: 3348: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3324: 3319:. Shogakukan. 3318: 3317:Nakata, Norio 3314: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3277:, p. 68. 3276: 3271: 3265:, p. 46. 3264: 3259: 3252: 3251:kitsune nyōbo 3248: 3247:Bathgate 2004 3243: 3237:, p. 67. 3236: 3231: 3229: 3219: 3212: 3207: 3201:, p. 34. 3200: 3199:Bathgate 2004 3195: 3193: 3191: 3182: 3180:9781861892973 3176: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3133: 3126: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3105:, p. 76. 3104: 3099: 3097: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3072: 3070: 3063:, p. 12. 3062: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3038:on 2016-08-26 3037: 3033: 3031: 3022: 3016:, p. 25. 3015: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2992:, p. 24. 2991: 2986: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2940: 2935: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2909: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2886: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2856: 2850: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2820: 2815: 2804: 2799: 2792: 2787: 2778: 2773: 2772: 2765: 2758: 2742: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2702: 2695: 2694:Tsuri-Gitsune 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2666: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2626: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2588: 2577: 2572: 2565: 2559: 2552: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2536:Kumano Taisha 2533: 2532: 2525: 2518: 2514: 2513:Watanabe 1974 2509: 2500: 2493: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2472:Wild fox koan 2470: 2467: 2466: 2465:Tamamo-no-Mae 2461: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2350: 2347: 2336: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2156:Hayashi Razan 2152: 2150: 2146: 2145:Abe no Seimei 2142: 2137: 2135: 2134:Tamamo-no-Mae 2130: 2128: 2127:Kitsune zōshi 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2111:Kitsune zōshi 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2083: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2041: 2037:in the works 2036: 2031: 2029: 2015: 2011: 2010:Mino Province 2005: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1980: 1979:kitsune nyōbo 1973: 1968: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1890:Tamamo-no-Mae 1887: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1846: 1845:Fushimi Inari 1841: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1814:Fushimi Inari 1811: 1810: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1763: 1757: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1739: 1737: 1732: 1729:is a type of 1728: 1725:. Similarly, 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1700: 1698: 1693: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1614:hoshi no tama 1609: 1602: 1601:hoshi no tama 1596: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1555: 1554:hoshi no tama 1550: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1519: 1518:Hoshi no tama 1513: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1484: 1483: 1477: 1476:Inari no Kami 1472: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1450: 1443: 1442: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1396:Aum Shinrikyo 1392: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1351: 1345: 1338: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1303:fox employers 1299: 1293: 1292:kitsune-tsuki 1279: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264:folk religion 1261: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1247:Gyokuzan Gafu 1241: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1206: 1199: 1193: 1190: 1183: 1177: 1174: 1168: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1116: 1115: 1108: 1107: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1078: 1075: 1065: 1058: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1007: 995: 967: 966: 961: 958: 929: 925: 924: 923: 920: 914: 912: 908: 903: 898: 893: 887: 886: 879: 870: 864: 863: 856: 847: 844: 838: 832: 824: 819: 813: 808: 805: 801: 796: 791: 786: 780: 775: 772: 768: 762: 756: 750: 744: 739: 735: 729: 724: 721: 716: 710: 704: 699: 698:Arai Hakuseki 696: 692: 686: 681: 680: 679: 676: 673: 667: 662: 657: 654: 649: 644: 635: 631: 627: 626: 621: 616: 614: 613: 607: 596: 594: 589: 584: 583:Shinto shrine 580: 579: 574: 564: 562: 558: 549: 546: 541: 537: 536:Shang dynasty 532: 527: 521: 510: 506: 503:(d. 1111) in 502: 498: 497:Tamamo no Mae 494: 493: 488: 483: 481: 480: 475: 471: 467: 466: 461: 457: 456: 442: 441:kitsune nyōbo 437: 409: 400: 396: 388: 383: 382: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 351: 345: 343: 336: 331: 325: 324: 318: 309: 298: 297: 292: 291: 284: 273: 269: 268: 263: 262:kitsune-mochi 259: 255: 250: 248: 247: 242: 238: 237: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 205: 196: 192: 189:This section 187: 184: 180: 179: 171: 168: 163: 158: 157: 152: 148: 143: 138: 137:ancient Japan 133: 130: 125: 124: 119: 115: 112:that possess 111: 102: 96: 84: 76: 74: 68: 60: 56: 51: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7544:Tsurara-onna 7047:Onihitokuchi 7000:Kijo/Onibaba 6991:Ibaraki-dōji 6683:Kuda-gitsune 6590: 6346:Hito-gitsune 5703:Hyakki Yagyō 5570: 5546: 5524: 5491: 5468: 5462: 5443: 5439: 5417:Akira Fukuda 5386: 5371:the original 5365: 5345: 5325: 5309: 5276: 5249: 5225: 5198: 5188: 5179: 5175: 5148: 5135: 5131: 5102: 5098: 5085: 5062: 5040: 5019: 4989: 4979: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4916: 4904: 4892: 4871: 4859: 4847: 4835: 4782: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4724:", pp. 70–71 4693: 4688: 4681:Sanford 1991 4676: 4664: 4652: 4561: 4549: 4537: 4525: 4513: 4501: 4489: 4477: 4465: 4453: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4405: 4378: 4373:, p. 96 4366: 4354: 4349:, p. 76 4342: 4322: 4315: 4295: 4285: 4264: 4256: 4245:. Retrieved 4235: 4216: 4210: 4198: 4186: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4113: 4076:(2): 95–97. 4073: 4069: 4063: 4039: 4032: 4024:the original 4019: 4009: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3961: 3923: 3916: 3904: 3899:, p. 59 3892: 3875: 3838: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3750: 3744: 3700: 3669: 3626: 3615:. Retrieved 3613:. 2003-04-28 3605: 3542: 3507: 3482: 3477: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3384: 3372: 3367:, p. 84 3359: 3354:, p. 3. 3347: 3309:Nihon ryōiki 3308: 3298: 3270: 3258: 3250: 3242: 3218: 3206: 3166: 3160: 3152: 3140: 3122: 3086: 3083:Aston, W. G. 3077: 3040:. 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The word 593:Inari Okami 542:(Japanese: 350:Nihon Shoki 241:raccoon dog 7813:Categories 7783:Keigo Seki 7506:Kasa-obake 7434:Tsuchinoko 7425:Tsuchigumo 7297:Sunekosuri 7272:Shussebora 7191:Shidaidaka 7182:Shachihoko 7137:Rokurokubi 7083:Ootakemaru 6919:Nyūdō-bōzu 6892:Nurarihyon 6865:Noppera-bō 6737:Mikaribaba 6656:Koromodako 6528:Kasa-obake 6501:Kamaitachi 6321:Hiderigami 6285:Hanako-san 6161:Chimimōryō 6089:Aosaginohi 5856:Uriko-hime 5329:日本霊異記（全訳注） 5280:日本霊異記説話の研究 4657:Hamel 1915 4542:Hearn 2005 4530:Hamel 1915 4494:Tyler 1987 4482:Hearn 2005 4470:Tyler 1987 4398:Ōmori 2003 4359:Hearn 2005 4247:2015-08-14 4191:Hearn 2005 4179:Tyler 1987 3990:Hearn 2005 3954:Hearn 2005 3868:Smits 1996 3774:Hearn 2005 3720:Hearn 2005 3693:Tyler 1987 3631:Hearn 2005 3617:2006-12-14 3598:Hamel 1915 3566:Hearn 2005 3453:Smits 1996 3441:Smits 1996 3417:Smits 1996 3400:Iguro 2005 3352:Iguro 2005 3169:. London: 3118:Aston 1924 3042:2016-04-25 3014:Casal 1959 3002:Casal 1959 2990:Casal 1959 2978:Casal 1959 2966:Casal 1959 2954:Casal 1959 2939:Casal 1959 2865:References 2791:Hamel 1915 2715:, sweets, 2684:, p. 2602:Soushen ji 2492:racoon dog 2410:Hồ ly tinh 2382:Fox spirit 2143:-magician 2141:astrologer 2104:Iguro 2005 2092:Zenka hiki 2040:Mizukagami 1902:Yoshitoshi 1857:tricksters 1847:shrine in 1835:Tricksters 1816:shrine in 1574:star balls 1482:dakini-ten 1415:unique to 1403:psychiatry 1401:In modern 1373:In Japan, 1344:azukimeshi 1334:azukimeshi 948:good foxes 897:fox spirit 720:possessive 688:) yellow ( 648:diachronic 630:Man'yōgana 509:Kobi no ki 335:Yoshitoshi 114:paranormal 59:Edo period 45:fox spirit 7733:Yuki-onna 7661:Yamajijii 7553:Tsurubebi 7416:Tōfu-kozō 7218:Shinigami 7200:Shikigami 7173:Sazae-oni 6901:Nure-onna 6647:Korpokkur 6611:Kitsunebi 6373:Hone-onna 6303:Hashihime 6294:Harionago 6222:Funayūrei 6152:Binbōgami 6116:Azukiarai 6026:Amanozako 6017:Amanojaku 5954:Aka Manto 5730:Kasa Jizō 5648:Folktales 5511:231775156 5236:日本狐憑史資料集成 4959:Anthropos 4554:Goff 1997 4090:220489895 3830:狐憑きキツネツキ 3340:Goff 1997 3275:Goff 1997 3235:Goff 1997 2857:or vine". 2768:The term 2717:aburamono 2587:Ninshiden 2390:Huli jing 2270:sunshower 1865:kitsunebi 1825:Dakiniten 1803:feng shui 1791:nogitsune 1775:aburamono 1714:abura-age 1697:offerings 1679:Babymetal 1645:Dakiniten 1633:Portrayal 1585:kitsunebi 1539:kitsunebi 1530:Kitsunebi 1094:Munechika 1011:possesses 994:nogitsune 800:honorific 779:Daigenkai 599:Etymology 540:King Zhou 381:húli jīng 267:yamabushi 258:familiars 7724:Yosuzume 7679:Yamawaro 7670:Yama-uba 7652:Yamabiko 7607:Ushi-oni 7598:Umi zatō 7533:Ungaikyō 7524:Menreiki 7461:Bakezōri 7306:Takaonna 7227:Shiranui 7146:Samebito 7110:Otoroshi 7009:Kidōmaru 6910:Nurikabe 6883:Nuppeppō 6856:Noderabō 6829:Namahage 6802:Mononoke 6710:Kuzunoha 6665:Kotobuki 6600:Hakuzōsu 6564:Kijimuna 6555:Keukegen 6510:Kamikiri 6490:Nekomata 6481:Bakeneko 6454:Jorōgumo 6445:Jinmenju 6436:Janjanbi 6330:Hinezumi 6231:Furaribi 6188:Dorotabō 6179:Dodomeki 6107:Ayakashi 5972:Akashita 5784:Oto-hime 5766:Momotarō 5757:Kurozuka 5685:Hakuzōsu 5521:(1987). 5489:(1999). 5146:(2015). 5138:: 1–159. 5084:(1902). 4987:(2000). 4971:40465016 4939:Linguist 4887:, Ch. 3. 4786:物語文芸の表現史 4780:(1987). 3826:(1980). 3306:(1975). 3299:Kaisetsu 2842:Shūi shi 2819:Japanese 2803:Japanese 2427:Hakuzōsu 2332:See also 1947:Kuzunoha 1497:shugendō 1358:exorcism 1284:狐憑き, 狐付き 1216:vampires 723:particle 672:ki-tsune 666:kitsu-ne 561:Buddhism 246:bakeneko 231:bakemono 18:Kintsune 7634:Wanyūdō 7589:Umibōzu 7571:Ubagabi 7263:Shōkera 7236:Shirime 7209:Shikome 7056:Onikuma 6973:Ōmukade 6775:Mizuchi 6629:Komainu 6591:Kitsune 6546:Kawauso 6463:Jubokko 6427:Isonade 6409:Inugami 6382:Hyōsube 6312:Hibagon 6080:Aonyōbō 6062:Amikiri 6053:Ameonna 6008:Aoandon 5981:Akateko 5963:Akaname 5739:Kintarō 5603:Kitsune 5452:2385144 5119:1177429 4945:(1795). 4112:(ed.). 3837:(ed.). 3516:197–198 2708:sekihan 2617:Zhiguai 2593:chuanqi 1919:happen! 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