Kirchenkampf - Knowledge

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hour, then Faulhaber told him that the Nazi government had been waging war on the church for three years – 600 religious teachers had lost their jobs in Bavaria alone – and the number was set to rise to 1700 and the government had instituted laws the church could not accept – like the sterilization of criminals and the handicapped. While the Catholic Church respected the notion of authority, nevertheless, "when your officials or your laws offend Church dogma or the laws of morality, and in so doing offend our conscience, then we must be able to articulate this as responsible defenders of moral laws". Hitler told Faulhaber that the radical Nazis could not be contained until there was peace with the church and that either the Nazis and the church would fight Bolshevism together, or there would be war against the church. Kershaw cites the meeting as an example of Hitler's ability to "pull the wool over the eyes even of hardened critics" for "Faulhaber – a man of sharp acumen, who had often courageously criticized the Nazi attacks on the Catholic Church – went away convinced that Hitler was deeply religious".

258: 1034:, to be read from all pulpits on 6 July: "Again and again have the bishops brought their justified claims and complaints before the proper authorities... Through this pastoral declaration the Bishops want you to see the real situation of the church". The bishops wrote that the church faced "restrictions and limitations put on the teaching of their religion and on church life" and of great obstacles in the fields of Catholic education, freedom of service and religious festivals, the practice of charity by religious orders and the role of preaching morals. Catholic presses had been silenced and kindergartens closed and religious instruction in schools nearly stamped out: 529: 483: 156: 1077: 518: 652:

Nazi conspiracy "to abolish all existing religions -- Catholic, Protestant, Mohammedan, Hindu, Buddhist, and Jewish alike" and impose a nazified international church established that the creator of the thirty-point program for the future of the German churches was Fritz Bildt, a fanatical Nazi and known troublemaker, rather than Alfred Rosenberg, who in 1937 tried to proclaim the program in the Garrison Church in Stettin shortly before the divine service began, he was forcibly removed from the pulpit and fined RMKS 500, having admitted to being the sole author and distributor of the program.

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churches in Germany "is frequently restricted or oppressed", while in the conquered territories (and even in the Old Reich), churches had been "closed by force and even used for profane purposes". The freedom of speech of clergymen had been suppressed and priests were being "watched constantly" and punished for fulfilling "priestly duties" and incarcerated in Concentration camps without legal process. Religious orders had been expelled from schools, and their properties seized, while seminaries had been confiscated "to deprive the Catholic priesthood of successors".

866:(SS) organization to be that of "acting as the vanguard in overcoming Christianity and restoring a 'Germanic' way of living" in order to prepare for the coming conflict between "humans and subhumans": Longerich wrote that, while the Nazi movement as a whole launched itself against Jews and Communists, "by linking de-Christianization with re-Germanization, Himmler had provided the SS with a goal and purpose all of its own." He set about making his SS the focus of a "cult of the Teutons". 703:, Pope Pius XI said that the Holy See had signed the Concordat "In spite of many serious misgivings" and in the hope it might "safeguard the liberty of the church in her mission of salvation in Germany". The treaty consisted of 34 articles and a supplementary protocol. Article 1 guaranteed "freedom of profession and public practice of the Catholic religion" and acknowledged the right of the church to regulate its own affairs. Within three months of the signing of the document, Cardinal 920:) encyclical. The Pope asserted the inviolability of human rights and expressed deep concern at the Nazi regime's flouting of the 1933 Concordat, the Anti-Christian nature of its ideology and its attacks on Christian values. It accused the government of sowing the "tares of suspicion, discord, hatred, calumny, of secret and open fundamental hostility to Christ and His Church" and Pius noted on the horizon the "threatening storm clouds" of religious wars of extermination over Germany. 1027:, he assisted with the drafting of the 1937 papal encyclical. His three powerful sermons of July and August 1941 earned him the nickname of the "Lion of Munster". The sermons were printed and distributed illegally. He denounced the lawlessness of the Gestapo, the confiscations of church properties and the cruel program of Nazi euthanasia. He attacked the Gestapo for seizing church properties and converting them to their own purposes – including use as cinemas and brothels. 750: 570:..." but that "Neither the Catholic Church nor the Evangelical Church, however, as institutions, felt it possible to take up an attitude of open opposition to the regime". In the Nazi police state, the ability of the church and its members to oppose Nazi policy was severely restricted. In 1935, when Protestant pastors read a protest statement from the pulpits of Confessing churches, the Nazi authorities briefly arrested over 700 pastors and the Gestapo confiscated copies of 1296: 881: 1011:("On the Limitations of the Authority of the State"), issued 20 October 1939, was the first papal encyclical issued by Pope Pius XII, and established some of the themes of his papacy. During the drafting of the letter, the Second World War commenced with the Nazi/Soviet invasion of Catholic Poland. Couched in diplomatic language, Pius endorses Catholic resistance, and states his disapproval of the war, racism, anti-semitism, the Nazi/Soviet 995: 1268: 602:, the Nazi Minister for Propaganda, was among the more anti-clerical Nazi activists. Goebbels helped stage the "immorality trials" against the clergy in 1936 and 1937, as the war progressed, on the "Church Problem", he wrote "after the war it has to be generally solved... There is, namely, an insoluble opposition between the Christian and a heroic-German world view". Worried about the dissention caused by the Kirchenkampf, Hitler told 730:, "was hardly put to paper before it was being broken by the Nazi Government". On 25 July, the Nazis promulgated their sterilization law, an offensive policy in the eyes of the Catholic Church. Five days later, moves began to dissolve the Catholic Youth League. Clergy, nuns and lay leaders began to be targeted, leading to thousands of arrests over the ensuing years, often on trumped up charges of currency smuggling or "immorality". 1282: 621:"deputy" Führer in April 1941. He was a leading advocate of the Kirchenkampf. Bormann was a rigid guardian of Nazi orthodoxy and saw Christianity and Nazism as "'incompatible,' primarily because the essential elements of Christianity were 'taken over from Judaism.'" He said publicly in 1941 that "National Socialism and Christianity are irreconcilable". Bormann's view of Christianity was epitomized in a confidential memo to 792:, derided the neo-pagan theories of Rosenberg as perhaps no more than "an occasion for laughter in the educated world", but warned that "his immense importance lies in the acceptance of his basic notions as the authentic philosophy of National Socialism and in his almost unlimited power in the field of German education. Herr Rosenberg must be taken seriously if the German situation is to be understood." 641:

future of the German churches. Among its articles: (1) the National Reich Church of Germany was to claim exclusive control over all churches in the Reich; (5) "the strange and foreign Christian faiths imported into Germany in the ill-omened year 800" were to be exterminated; (7) priests/pastors were to be replaced with National Reich Orators; (13) publication of the Bible was to cease; (14)

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Nazis in those areas. Kershaw noted that in early 1937, Hitler again told his inner circle that he "did not want a 'Church struggle" at this juncture", he expected "the great world struggle in a few years' time". Nevertheless, Hitler's impatience with the churches "prompted frequent outbursts of hostility. In early 1937 he was declaring that 'Christianity was ripe for destruction' (

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become even larger. The development and maintenance of the Christian life has been rendered difficult. All that remains of the once great Catholic press in Germany are a few Parish magazines. The threat of a national religion is looming increasingly over all religious life. This national religion is based solely on the Fuhrer's will".

847:, the Security Police, and the SD were responsible for suppressing internal and external enemies of the Nazi state. Among those enemies were "political churches" – such as Lutheran and Catholic clergy who opposed the Hitler regime. Such dissidents were arrested and sent to concentration camps. According to Himmler biographer 803:. Pope Pius XI issued a message to the youth of Germany on 2 April 1934, noting propaganda and pressure being exerted to point German youth "away from Christ and back to paganism". The Pope again condemned the new paganism to 5,000 German pilgrims in Rome in May and in other addresses later that year. 1048:

The following year, on 22 March 1942, the German bishops issued a pastoral letter on "The Struggle against Christianity and the Church": The letter launched a defence of human rights and the rule of law and accused the Reich Government of "unjust oppression and hated struggle against Christianity and

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complained that anti-church songs were chanted by Hitler Youth and "anti-Christian slogans were chanted from trucks, which bore on their sides scurrilous cartoons of priests and nuns" while Catholic Youth organizations were "accused of the palpable absurdity of communist plotting". On 12 May, members

177:, in order to achieve this, the Nazis believed they would have to replace class, religious and regional allegiances by a "massively enhanced national self-awareness to mobilize the German people psychologically for the coming struggle and to boost their morale during the inevitable war". According to 1189:

At the end of 1935, the Nazis arrested 700 Confessing Church pastors. When in May 1936, the Confessing Church sent Hitler a memorandum courteously objecting to the "anti-Christian" tendencies of his regime, condemning anti-Semitism and asking for an end to interference in church affairs. Paul Berben

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By 1934, the Confessing Church had declared itself the legitimate Protestant Church of Germany. Despite his closeness to Hitler, Müller had failed to unite Protestantism behind the Nazi Party. In response to the regime's attempt to establish a state church, in March 1935, the Confessing Church Synod

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On 26 July 1941, Bishop August Graf von Galen wrote to the government to complain "The Secret Police has continued to rob the property of highly respected German men and women merely because they belonged to Catholic orders". Often Galen directly protested to Hitler over violations of the Concordat.

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After initially offering support to the Anschluss, Austria's Innitzer became a critic of the Nazis and was subject to violent intimidation from them. With power secured in Austria, the Nazis repeated their attacks on Cardinal Innitzer in October, when a Nazi mob ransacked his residence, after he had

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wrote that the German people were not greatly aroused by the Nazi attacks on the churches. The great majority were not moved to face death or imprisonment for the sake of freedom of worship, being too impressed by Hitler's early foreign policy successes and the restoration of the German economy. Few

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playing their own game, or emanating sometimes from radical activists at a local level". As time went on, anti-clericalism and anti-church sentiment among grass roots party activists "simply couldn't be eradicated" and they could "draw on the verbal violence of party leaders towards the churches for

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Hitler biographer Ian Kershaw wrote that, while many ordinary people were apathetic, after years of warning from Catholic clergy, Germany's Catholic population greeted the Nazi takeover with uncertainty, while among German Protestants, there was more optimism that the Nazi takeover would bring about

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We demand juridical proof of all sentences and release of all fellow citizens who have been deprived of their liberty without proof ... We the German bishops shall not cease to protest against the killing of innocent persons. Nobody's life is safe unless the Commandment, "Thous shalt not kill"

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The Nazis eventually gave up their attempt to co-opt Christianity, and made little pretence at concealing their contempt for Christian beliefs, ethics and morality. Unable to comprehend that some Germans genuinely wanted to combine commitment to Christianity and Nazism, some members of the SS even

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We see our nation threatened with mortal danger; the danger lies in a new religion. The Church has been ordered by its Master to see that Christ is honoured by our nation in a manner befitting the Judge of the world. The Church knows that it will be called to account if the German nation turns its

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In 1933, the "German Christians" wanted Nazi doctrines on race and leadership to be applied to a Reich Church but had only around 3,000 of Germany's 17,000 pastors. In July, church leaders submitted a constitution for a Reich Church, which the Reichstag approved. The Church Federation proposed the

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Goebbels noted the mood of Hitler in his diary on 25 October 1936: "Trials against the Catholic Church temporarily stopped. Possibly wants peace, at least temporarily. Now a battle with Bolshevism. Wants to speak with Faulhaber". On 4 November 1936, Hitler met Faulhaber. Hitler spoke for the first

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to the position of Minister for Church Affairs. A relative moderate, Kerrl initially had some success in this regard, but amid continuing protests by the Confessing Church against Nazi policies, he accused churchmen of failing to appreciate the Nazi doctrine of "Race, blood and soil" and gave the

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The letter outlined serial breaches of the 1933 Concordat, reiterated complaints of the suffocation of Catholic schooling, presses and hospitals and said that the "Catholic faith has been restricted to such a degree that it has disappeared almost entirely from public life" and even worship within

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In March 1941, Vatican Radio decried the wartime position of the Catholic Church in Germany: "The religious situation in Germany is pathetic. All young men that feel their vocation is to take Holy Orders must forego this desire. The number of monasteries and convents which have been dissolved has

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It quickly became clear that intended to imprison the Catholics, as it were, in their own churches. They could celebrate mass and retain their rituals as much as they liked, but they could have nothing at all to do with German society otherwise. Catholic schools and newspapers were closed, and a

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was to be placed on altars "to the German nation and therefore to God the most sacred book"; (30) the Christian cross to be removed from all churches and replaced with the swastika. Albeit an investigation led by the Gestapo in 1941 in response to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's accusation of a

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policy of forced coordination encountered such forceful opposition from the churches, Hitler decided to postpone the struggle until after the war. During the war, Rosenberg, the party's official ideologist outlined the future envisioned for religion in Germany, with a thirty-point program for the

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in the summer of 1935 he sought "peace with the Churches" – "at least for a period of time". As with the "Jewish problem", the radicals nonetheless pushed the church struggle forward, especially in Catholic areas, so that by the winter of 1935–1936 there was growing dissatisfaction with the

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Hitler himself possessed radical instincts in relation to the continuing conflict with the Catholic and Protestant churches in Germany. Though he occasionally spoke of wanting to delay the Church struggle and was prepared to restrain his anti-clericalism out of political considerations, his "own

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accused clergy and nuns of sexual perversion. The "morality trials" of Catholic clergy and nuns began in the summer of 1935 and the "threat of criminal prosecution on charges designed by the Propaganda Ministry as a goad to drive the clergy to accept the subversion of Christian teachings in the

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reported on 15 October that Hitler Youth and the SA had gathered at Innitzer's cathedral during a service Catholic Youth and started "counter-shouts and whistlings: 'Down with Innitzer! Our faith is Germany'". The mob later gathered at the cardinal's residence and the following day stoned the

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The Nazis responded with, an intensification of the Church Struggle, beginning around April. Goebbels noted heightened verbal attacks on the clergy from Hitler in his diary and wrote that Hitler had approved the start of trumped up "immorality trials" against clergy and anti-church propaganda

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We live in an era of the ultimate conflict with Christianity. It is part of the mission of the SS to give the German people in the next half century the non-Christian ideological foundations on which to lead and shape their lives. This task does not consist solely in overcoming an ideological

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conception of God and religion. Though he retained some regard for the organizational power of Catholicism, he had nothing but utter contempt for its teachings, which he said, if taken to their conclusion, "would mean the systematic cultivation of the human failure". However, important German

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treaty with the Vatican, which prohibited clergy from participating in politics. Kershaw wrote that the Vatican was anxious to reach agreement with the new government, despite "continuing molestation of Catholic clergy, and other outrages committed by Nazi radicals against the Church and its

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paused to reflect "that under the leadership of Rosenberg, Bormann and Himmler, who were backed by Hitler, the Nazi regime intended to destroy Christianity in Germany, if it could, and substitute the old paganism of the early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists."

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Leading Nazis varied in the importance they attached to the Church Struggle. Kershaw wrote that, to the new Nazi government, Race policy and the 'Church Struggle' were among the most important ideological spheres: "In both areas, the party had no difficulty in mobilizing its activists, whose

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For years a war has raged in our Fatherland against Christianity and the Church, and has never been conducted with such bitterness. Repeatedly the German bishops have asked the Reich Government to discontinue this fatal struggle; but unfortunately our appeals and our endeavours were without

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In his Christmas Eve 1937 address, Pope Pius XI told the College of Cardinals, that despite what "some people" had been saying, "In Germany, in fact, there is religious persecution ... indeed rarely has there been a persecution so grave, so terrible, so painful, so sad in its deep

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conflicted with traditional Christian beliefs in various respects – Nazis criticized Christian notions of "meekness and guilt" on the basis that they "repressed the violent instincts necessary to prevent inferior races from dominating Aryans". Aggressive anti-church radicals like

502:, Hitler promised the Reichstag on 23 March 1933, that he would not interfere with the rights of the churches. However, with power secured in Germany, Hitler quickly broke this promise. He divided the Lutheran Church (Germany's main Protestant denomination) and instigated a brutal 928:. According to Gill, "Hitler was beside himself with rage. Twelve presses were seized, and hundreds of people sent either to prison or the camps." This despite Article 4 of the Concordat giving a guarantee of freedom of correspondence between the Vatican and the German clergy. 1208:, another leading spokesman for the Confessing Church, was from the outset a critic of the Hitler regime's racism and became active in the German resistance – calling for Christians to speak out against Nazi atrocities. Arrested in 1943, he was implicated in the 1944 1201:

The Confessing Church was banned on 1 July 1937. Niemöller was arrested by the Gestapo and sent to the concentration camps. He remained mainly at Dachau until the fall of the regime. Theological universities were closed, and other pastors and theologians arrested.

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is observed ... We the bishops, in the name of the Catholic people ... demand the return of all unlawfully confiscated and in some cases sequestered property ... for what happens today to church property may tomorrow happen to any lawful property.

1219:. The Bruderhof refused to pledge allegiance to the Fuhrer, and refused to join the army. The community was raided and placed under surveillance in 1933, and then raided again in 1937 and shut down. Members were given 24 hours to leave the country. 711:

and the mistreatment of Catholics for their political beliefs. According to Paul O'Shea, Hitler had a "blatant disregard" for the Concordat, and its signing was to him merely a first step in the "gradual suppression of the Catholic Church in Germany".

590:, an "outspoken pagan", held among offices the title of "the Fuehrer's Delegate for the Entire Intellectual and Philosophical Education and Instruction for the National Socialist Party". He also saw Nazism and Christianity as incompatible. In his 1127:, a Nazi and former naval chaplain, to serve as Reich Bishop. The Nazis terrorized supporters of Bodelschwingh, and dissolved various church organizations, ensuring the election of Muller as Reich Bishop. But Müller's heretical views against 536:, a neo-pagan, and the official Nazi philosopher, Catholicism was one of Nazism's chief enemies. He planned the "extermination of the foreign Christian faiths imported into Germany", and for the Bible and Christian cross to be replaced with 233:

conservative elements, such as the officer corps, opposed Nazi attacks on the churches and, in office, Hitler restrained his own anticlerical instincts out of political considerations, as well as the anticlericalism of his underlinings.

524:, Deputy Nazi Party leader (after Hitler) from April 1941, was the most hardcore Anti-Christian radical in the NSDAP, and saw Nazism and Christianity as incompatible. He had a particular loathing for the Semitic origins of Christianity. 1190:

wrote, "A Church envoy was sent to Hitler to protest against the persecutions, the concentration camps, and the activities of the Gestapo, and to demand freedom of speech, particularly in the press." The Nazi Minister of the Interior,

707:, head of the German Catholic Bishops Conference, was writing in a pastoral letter of "grievous and gnawing anxiety" with regard to the government's actions towards Catholic organizations, charitable institutions, youth groups, press, 237:

a strengthened Germany might bring with it "inner, moral revitalisation". However, within a short period, the Nazi government's tensions with the Christian Churches was to become a source of dissatisfaction in more religious circles.

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Bullock wrote that the churches and the army were the only two institutions to retain some independence in Nazi Germany and "among the most courageous demonstrations of opposition during the war were the sermons preached by the

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The Vatican had the text smuggled into Germany and printed and distributed in secret. Written in German, not the usual Latin, it was read from the pulpits of all German Catholic churches on one of the church's busiest Sundays,

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Dear Members of the diosceses: We Bishops... feel an ever great sorrow about the existence of powers working to dissolve the blessed union between Christ and the German people... the existence of Christianity in Germany is at

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In Hitler's eyes, Christianity was a religion fit only for slaves; he detested its ethics in particular. Its teaching, he declared, was a rebellion against the natural law of selection by struggle and the survival of the

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in 1942; it reignited the fight against Christianity which had been in a détente, stating that the power of the churches "must absolutely and finally be broken" as Nazism "was completely incompatible with Christianity."

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1936 – Confessing Church protest to Hitler against antisemitism, "anti-Christian" tendencies of regime, and interference in church affairs. Hundreds of pastors arrested, funds of the church confiscated, collections

1185: ... True Christianity is represented by the party, and the German people are now called by the party and especially the Fuehrer to a real Christianity ... the Fuehrer is the herald of a new revelation". 716:

wrote that "with his usual irresistible, bullying technique, Hitler then proceeded to take a mile where he had been given an inch" and closed all Catholic institutions whose functions weren't strictly religious:

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Regime responds with intensification of Church Struggle. Heat was turned up on the "immorality trials" propaganda campaign. Christmas 1937 address, Pope tells cardinals "rarely has there been a persecution so

851:, Himmler was vehemently opposed to Christian sexual morality and the "principle of Christian mercy", both of which he saw as a dangerous obstacle to his planned battle with "subhumans". In 1937 he wrote: 810:

urged "putting an end to Church influence over public life". In April, the daily publication of religious papers was banned and soon after, censorship of weekly periodicals was introduced. The American

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The Nazis response to this synod announcement was to arrest 700 Confessing pastors. Müller resigned. To instigate a new effort at coordinating the Protestant churches, Hitler appointed another friend,

909: 181:, the Nazis disliked universities, intellectuals and the Catholic and Protestant churches, their long term plan being to "de-Christianise Germany after the final victory". The Nazis co-opted the term 1087:

Kershaw wrote that the subjugation of the Protestant churches proved more difficult than Hitler had envisaged. With 28 separate regional churches, his bid to create a unified Reich Church through

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is "sometimes mistakenly understood as referring to the Protestant churches' resistance to National Socialism, but the term in fact refers to the internal dispute between members of the

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and the funds of the church were confiscated and collections forbidden. Church resistance stiffened and by early 1937, Hitler had abandoned his hope of uniting the Protestant churches.

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wrote that "once the war was over, promised himself, he would root out and destroy the influence of the Christian churches, but until then he would be circumspect". According to the

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inflammatory comments gave his immediate underlings all the license they needed to turn up the heat in the 'Church Struggle, confident that they were 'working towards the Fuhrer'".

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building, broke in and ransacked it – bashing a secretary unconscious, and storming another house of the cathedral curia and throwing its curate out the window. The American

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opponent but must be accompanied at every step by a positive impetus: in this case that means the reconstruction of the German heritage in the widest and most comprehensive sense.

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on the other hand, said that Nazism "had to develop from a basic Prussian-Protestant attitude and from Luther's unfinished Reformation". Hitler himself disdained Christianity, as

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the Church", despite the loyalty of German Catholics to the Fatherland, and brave service of Catholics soldiers. It accused the regime of seeking to rid Germany of Christianity:

596:(1930), Rosenberg wrote that the main enemies of the Germans were the "Russian Tartars" and "Semites" – with "Semites" including Christians, especially the Catholic Church. 547:

radicalism in turn forced the government into legislative action. In fact the party leadership often found itself compelled to respond to pressures from below, stirred up by the

774:(1930), Rosenberg had described the Catholic Church as one of the main enemies of Nazism. The church responded on 16 February 1934 with the banning of Rosenberg's book. The 424:

unsuccessfully attempts to close the religious faculties but was successful in reducing the amount of religious instruction provided in public schools to two hours per week.

187:(coordination) to mean conformity and subservience to the Nazi Party line: "there was to be no law but Hitler, and ultimately no god but Hitler". Other authors, such as 979:

wrote that Pope Pius, "again protested against the violence of the Nazis, in language recalling Nero and Judas the Betrayer, comparing Hitler with Julian the Apostate."

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saw the conflict with the churches as a priority concern, and anti-church and anti-clerical sentiments were strong among grassroots party activists. East Prussian Party

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have tried to make clear to me that Christianity consists in faith in Christ as the son of God. That makes me laugh ... No, Christianity is not dependent upon the

784:(forbidden books list of the Catholic Church) for scorning and rejecting "all dogmas of the Catholic Church, indeed the very fundamentals of the Christian religion". 449:

order crucifixes to be removed from all classrooms in Bavaria. Mass protests mounted up in Munich condemning the move, and Hitler forced Bormann to rescind the order.

746:, the head of Catholic Action, was assassinated by the Gestapo. Catholic publications were shut down. The Gestapo began to violate the sanctity of the confessional. 324: 167:

Nazism wanted to transform the subjective consciousness of the German people – their attitudes, values, and mentalities – into a single-minded, obedient

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A clearly threatening yet sporadic attacks on Catholic parties, organizations and press followed the Nazi seziure of power, which was done quickly to eliminate

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By early 1937, the church hierarchy in Germany, which had initially attempted to co-operate with the new government, had become highly disillusioned. In March,

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Reich". In the 1936 campaign against the monasteries and convents, the authorities charged 276 members of religious orders with the offence of "homosexuality".

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The bishops denounced the Nazi euthanasia program and declared their support for human rights and personal freedom under God and "just laws" of all people:

1410: 1226:, nor with the Confessing Church. Both groups also faced significant internal disagreements and division. Mary Fulbrook wrote in her history of Germany: 257: 490:, among the most aggressive anti-clerical Nazis, wrote that there was "an insoluble opposition between the Christian and a heroic-German world view". 3220:(1994). "Nazifying Christian Theology: Walter Grundmann and the Institute for the Study and Eradication of Jewish Influence on German Church Life". 611:), and that the Churches must yield to the 'primacy of the state', railing against any compromise with 'the most horrible institution imaginable'." 3526: 3504: 1499: 1177:

National Socialism... National Socialism is the doing of God's will ... God's will reveals itself in German blood ... Dr Zoellner and

1256:, Hitler believed Christianity and Nazism were "incompatible" and intended to replace Christianity with a "racist form of warrior paganism". 1083:, Hitler's choice for Reich Bishop of the German Evangelical Church, which sought to subordinate German Protestantism to the Nazi government. 952:

said that the churches of Germany "as they exist at present, must vanish from the life of our people". In the space of a few months, Bishop

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entailed not only ideological struggle, but ultimately the eradication of the churches. Other historians maintain no such plan existed.

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entailed not only ideological struggle, but ultimately the eradication of the church. Other historians maintain no such plan existed.

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wrote of the struggle in terms of an ongoing and escalating conflict between the Nazi state and the Christian churches. Historian

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More open conflict based on "Nazism itself and its anti-Christian worldviews". Regime increases imprisonment of resistant clergy.

3156:. Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest. Vol. 42 (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 1222:

The Nazi policy of interference in Protestantism did not achieve its aims. A majority of German Protestants sided neither with

506:. He dishonoured a Concordat signed with the Vatican and permitted attacks on Catholic organizations and education. A special 364:

Regime tries to bring the Protestant churches under its control by taking charge of church finances and governance structures.

191:, argue that there were anti-Christian individuals in the Nazi Party but that they did not represent the movement's position. 3725: 3694: 3662: 3608: 3490: 3463: 3421: 3374: 3293: 3207: 3161: 3116: 3093: 3067: 3013: 2982: 2963: 2944: 2699: 2674: 2057: 3598: 3580: 2073: 789: 147:'s time – a campaign which had sought to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church in majority Protestant Germany. 48:(1933–1945). Sometimes used ambiguously, the term may refer to one or more of the following different "church struggles": 1320: 831:

in July. In August, Nazi stormtroopers held anti-clerical protests in Munich and Freiberg-im-Breisgau. Nazi propagandist

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from diocesan offices throughout Germany. For refusing to declare loyalty to the Reich, or be conscripted into the army,

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were vehemently anti-Christian, and sought to de-Christianize Germany in the long term in favor of a racialized form of

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was to be considered the foremost source of ethics; (18) crucifixes, Bibles and saints to be removed from altars; (19)

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as the cultural and educational leader of the Reich. Rosenberg was a neo-pagan and notoriously anti-Catholic. In his

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responded harshly. Hundreds of pastors were arrested, Dr Weissler, a signatory to the memorandum, was killed at

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under which Hitler gained the "temporary" dictatorial powers with which he went on to permanently dismantle the

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On 10 February 1939, Pope Pius XI died. Eugenio Pacelli was elected his successor three weeks later and became

2403: 1510:, Winter 2001, publishing evidence compiled by the O.S.S. for the Nuremberg war-crimes trials of 1945 and 1946 1406:. Deutsche Geschichte in Dokumenten und Bildern (in German). Washington, DC: Deutschen Historischen Instituts. 3035: 2747: 2720: 2628: 2540: 2375: 2373: 1845: 1178: 1123:

well-qualified Pastor Friedrich von Bodelschwingh to be the new Reich Bishop, but Hitler endorsed his friend

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and the Semitic origins of Christ and the Bible quickly alienated sections of the Protestant church. Pastor

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effects ... Our protest therefore could not be more explicit or more resolute before the whole world".

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for clergy who had opposed the Hitler regime – its occupants were mainly Polish Catholic clergy.

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When in 1936, Nazis removed crucifixes in school, protest by Galen led to public demonstration. Like

1012: 511: 439: 435: 113:. The Nazi Party saw the church struggle as an important ideological battleground. Hitler biographer 2773: 2567: 2202: 584:

were declared "enemies", with 6000 of a total population of 30,000 sent to the concentration camps.

1361: 1076: 953: 739: 36: 1513: 2861: 1907: 1905: 970: 41: 3005: 2993: 517: 3706:

The Nazi Revolution, 1933–1935: Prelude to Calamity; With a Background Survey of the Weimar Era

3672: 581: 188: 1902: 932:

campaign. Goebbels' orchestrated attack included a staged "morality trial" of 37 Franciscans.

691:

The Concordat was signed at the Vatican on 20 July 1933, by Germany's Deputy Reich Chancellor

133:" over control of the Protestant church. Pierre Aycoberry wrote that for Catholics the phrase 3747: 1216: 1162: 957: 828: 669: 661: 282: 1467: 3557: 1338: 903: 889: 700: 576: 495: 401: 8: 1273: 1205: 1024: 796: 3431: 2911: 1132: 417: 341: 3713: 3253: 3245: 2183: 1182: 1007: 799:, Catholic youth organizations were disbanded and Catholic children corralled into the 3002:

Controversial Concordats: The Vatican's Relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler

2166:

Conway, John S. (1976). "A German National Reich Church and American War Propaganda".

2129: 3721: 3690: 3658: 3604: 3590: 3576: 3486: 3459: 3417: 3370: 3363: 3331: 3289: 3257: 3237: 3203: 3157: 3112: 3105: 3089: 3082: 3063: 3009: 2978: 2959: 2940: 2695: 2670: 2601: 2175: 2053: 1231:

came to view German Christians as almost more of a threat than the Confessing Church.

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promulgated, Catholic Youth Leagues dissolved; clergy, nuns and lay leaders harassed.

169: 144: 126: 110: 61: 1215:

Another critic of the Nazi regime was Eberhard Arnold, a theologian who founded the

3682: 3618: 3265: 3229: 3217: 3023: 1128: 1098: 1031: 961: 949: 844: 832: 765: 753: 587: 567: 533: 199: 118: 102: 3034: 1911: 1124: 1080: 40:, lit. 'church struggle') is a German term which pertains to the situation of the 3676: 3416:. Translated by Noakes, Jeremy; Sharpe, Lesley. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3409: 2045: 1503: 1310: 1301: 1089: 913: 848: 743: 708: 696: 692: 678: 673: 637: 599: 499: 487: 316: 287: 229: 183: 79: 3060:

Confronting the Nazi War on Christianity: The Kulturkampf Newsletters, 1936–1939

3055: 2997: 1287: 1093:

ultimately failed, and Hitler became uninterested in supporting the so-called "

727: 629: 614: 521: 421: 409:, protesting regime's violations of Concordat, racism and human rights abuses. 346: 261: 203: 106: 3483:

A Cross Too Heavy: Eugenio Pacelli; Politics and the Jews of Europe, 1917–1943

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Failure of Müller to unite Protestants in Nazified Church sees Hitler appoint

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were rounded up by police in late June 1933, and it, along with the national

406: 194: 87: 1917: 300:

from the 28 regional Protestant churches: Hitler installs pro-Nazi chaplain

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Hitler makes efforts to assimilate the churches into the culture of Nazism.

216: 160: 91: 72: 45: 2694:(First published in Great Britain ed.). London: Coronet. p. 82. 2052:(First published in Great Britain ed.). London: Coronet. p. 84. 948:

spoke of the need to continue the fight against Political Catholicism and

760:(R) headed the Nazi security forces and wanted to de-Christianize Germany. 3345: 3319: 3303: 3281: 1463: 1030:

On 26 June 1941, the German bishops drafted a pastoral letter from their

925: 174: 139: 114: 20: 3472: 2758: 2726: 2649: 2634: 2551: 2531: 2409: 2394: 2379: 2314: 2263: 2187: 1964: 1948: 1863: 1854: 1295: 1173:

stands on the basis of Positive Christianity, and positive Christianity

3456:

Nazi Culture: Intellectual, Cultural and Social Life in the Third Reich

3249: 3183: 2994:"The Reich Concordat of 1933: The Church Struggle Against Nazi Germany" 2958:(3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 1371: 1170: 1157: 713: 643: 538: 368: 212: 178: 2327: 374:

1936, Nazis remove crucifixes in schools. Catholic Bishop of Münster,

2616: 1209: 994: 880: 549: 208: 16:

Situation of the Christian churches in Germany during the Nazi period

3233: 3198:(2006). "Introduction". In Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (eds.). 3111:(rev. ed.). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 2858:"Hans Meier Tells How the Gestapo Raided the Rhön Bruderhof in 1933" 2509: 3202:. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–26. 3141:

Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler, 1933–1945

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Regime attempts to bring churches under control of the Nazi state (

285:: dissolution of Catholic aligned political parties and signing of 3312:

The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation

3188:

An Honourable Defeat: A History of the German Resistance to Hitler

270:

propaganda during the Church Council elections on 23 July 1933 at

3392:. St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House. Archived from 1676: 1267: 571: 457: 1740: 477: 3600:

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

3582:

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

3384:

Lueker, Erwin L.; Poellot, Luther; Jackson, Paul, eds. (2000).

1497:

The Nazi Master Plan: The Persecution of the Christian Churches

323:

Nazi breaches of Concordat commence immediately after signing:

2097: 2095: 3365:

The Secretary. Martin Bormann: The Man Who Manipulated Hitler

3176:

The Fontana History of Germany, 1918–1990: The Divided Nation

3004:. Washington: Catholic University of America Press. pp. 2272: 1938: 1936: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 52:

The internal dispute within German Protestantism between the

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Though he was born as a Catholic, Hitler came to reject the

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The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945

3128:

The Psychology of Genocide, Massacres, and Extreme Violence

2692:

The Gestapo: the myth and reality of Hitler's secret police

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The Gestapo: the myth and reality of Hitler's secret police

1704: 1692: 1933: 1769: 1625: 1570: 1002:, the "Lion of Münster", a vehement critic of Nazi Germany 125:

refers only to an internal dispute between members of the

3476:. Washington: National Catholic Welfare Conference. 1942. 2782: 2574: 2112: 2110: 1803: 1752: 1540: 3330:(1st ed.). London: Allen Lane / The Penguin Press. 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2485: 2473: 2456: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1139:

which re-affirmed the Bible. The movement grew into the

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propaganda campaign against the Catholics was launched.

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Encyclopædia Britannica's Reflections on the Holocaust

2497: 2296: 2240: 2228: 2216: 2203:"Navy and Total Defense Day Address, October 27, 1941" 2107: 2014: 2002: 1728: 1716: 1664: 308: 3458:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. 2794: 2444:. Washington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2358: 2339: 2080:. Washington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 1981: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1793: 1791: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1560: 1558: 1397:"Bevölkerung nach Religionszugehörigkeit (1910–1939)" 1143:, from which some clergymen opposed the Nazi regime. 3383: 3276:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 3130:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. 1746: 1582: 1263: 405:

encyclical, denouncing the Anti-Christian nature of

163:

ruled Germany for the period of the Church Struggle.

2813: 2735: 2418: 2026: 1652: 1240:Some historians maintain that Hitler's goal in the 3681:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 3362: 3314:(4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 3104: 3081: 2708: 2284: 2147: 1826: 1788: 1606: 1555: 1352:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany 1357:Prussian Union of Churches § Under Nazi rule 1161:following explanation of the Nazi conception of " 672:, ceased to exist in early July. Vice Chancellor 386: 3739: 3485:. Drual, New South Wales: Rosenberg Publishing. 778:recommended that Rosenberg's book be put on the 291:with Vatican. Sporadic persecution of Catholics. 252: 2939:] (in Spanish). Madrid: Ediciones Palabra. 733: 173:or "National People's Community". According to 3671: 1600: 1534: 1458: 1456: 354:, from which some clergymen oppose the regime. 304:as Reich Bishop; splitting German Protestants. 3288:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1912:"Blessed Clemens August, Graf von Galen" 2018 1492: 1490: 964:of Vienna were physically attacked by Nazis. 478:Nazi relationship with the Christian Churches 428: 78:The tensions between the Nazi regime and the 71:The tensions between the Nazi regime and the 378:, protests and public demonstrations follow. 3652: 3623:Hitler's Third Reich: A Documentary History 3062:. Bern: International Academic Publishers. 2833:"Eberhard Arnold: Founder of the Bruderhof" 2568:"Theodor Innitzer | Austrian cardinal" 1549: 1453: 986:. Europe was on the brink of World War II. 473:Services and functions restricted or banned 470:Church publications were censored or banned 3531:. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana 3509:. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana 3480: 3356:. London: W. W. Norton & Company. 2278: 2201:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (27 October 1941). 1487: 1404:Band 6. Die Weimarer Republik 1918/19–1933 968:denounced Nazi antisemitism and violence. 939: 460:, confiscations of church properties, and 68:) over control of the Protestant churches; 3474:Nazi War Against the Catholic Church, The 3408: 2991: 2953: 2689: 2491: 2479: 2467: 2200: 2044: 1423: 1419: 1165:", telling a group of submissive clergy: 1152:back on Christ without being forewarned". 3712: 3521: 3318: 3302: 3280: 3200:World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia 3170: 3036:"Blessed Clemens August, Graf von Galen" 2882: 2760:The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church 2728:The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church 2651:The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church 2636:The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church 2622: 2553:The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church 2533:The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church 2411:The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church 2396:The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church 2381:The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church 2316:The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church 2265:The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church 2116: 2101: 2074:"The German Churches and the Nazi State" 1896: 1856:The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church 1576: 1075: 1043: 1015:and the brutal attacks on the churches. 993: 879: 806:In January 1935, Nazi interior minister 748: 527: 516: 481: 256: 154: 3703: 3655:The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany 3555: 3499: 3344: 3264: 3216: 3194: 3148: 3076: 3022: 2975:Dachau: The Official History, 1933–1945 2894: 2819: 2669:. New York: Penguin Press. p. 98. 2515: 2503: 2302: 2246: 2234: 2222: 2032: 2020: 2008: 1958: 1954: 1942: 1927: 1923: 1782: 1734: 1722: 1710: 1698: 1682: 1670: 1646: 1564: 1526: 1462: 1447: 1435: 1431: 1119:for control of the Protestant church." 873: 464:. Government takes program underground. 416:1 July 1937, Confessing Church banned. 3740: 3617: 3589: 3575: 3154:Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust 3125: 3054: 2972: 2930: 2807: 2788: 2580: 2519: 2364: 2352: 2321: 2165: 1996: 1820: 1763: 1530: 1522: 1443: 1071: 944:In March 1938, Nazi Minister of State 617:became Hitler's private secretary and 504:persecution of the Jehovah's Witnesses 3629: 3450: 2864:from the original on 21 December 2021 2664: 2130:"Martin Bormann | German Nazi leader" 1619: 1439: 467:Clergy were drafted into the military 294:Preparation to create unified single 35: 19:For Bismarck's church campaigns, see 3720:(rev. ed.). London: Routledge. 3543: 3360: 3182: 3144:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3134: 3102: 2741: 2714: 2424: 2333: 2290: 2153: 1884: 1839: 1797: 1686: 1658: 1588: 1427: 1212:to assassinate Hitler and executed. 977:National Catholic Welfare Conference 813:National Catholic Welfare Conference 664:. Two thousand functionaries of the 494:Prior to the Reichstag vote for the 359:Third (autumn 1934 to February 1937) 3708:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. 1508:Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion 1389: 1321:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany 1097:" Nazi-aligned movement. Historian 699:(later Pope Pius XII). In his 1937 574:'s 1937 anti-Nazi papal encyclical 456:'s sermons denounce lawlessness of 434:More clergy were imprisoned – 309:Second (autumn 1933 to autumn 1934) 13: 3603:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1747:Lueker, Poellot & Jackson 2000 1235: 764:In January 1934, Hitler appointed 695:, and Cardinal Secretary of State 655: 129:and members of the (Nazi-backed) " 14: 3764: 3549:The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler 2956:A Concise History of Nazi Germany 2774:Encyclopædia Britannica Online - 860:Himmler saw the main task of his 452:July–August 1941 – Cardinal 445:In June 1941, Martin Bormann and 249:can be divided into five stages. 1316:Catholic Church and Nazi Germany 1294: 1280: 1266: 1196:Sachsenhausen concentration camp 827:Goering issued a decree against 3704:Wheaton, Eliot Barculo (1968). 3585:. London: Secker & Warburg. 3028:A Short History of Christianity 2903: 2850: 2825: 2767: 2683: 2658: 2586: 2560: 2430: 2194: 2159: 2122: 2066: 2038: 989: 371:as Minister for Church Affairs. 3653:Stackelberg, Roderick (2007). 2168:The Catholic Historical Review 486:The Nazi propaganda minister, 387:Fourth (February 1937 to 1939) 240: 1: 3088:. New York: HarperPerennial. 3030:. Hawthorn, Victoria: Viking. 2992:Biesinger, Joseph A. (1999). 2954:Bendersky, Joseph W. (2007). 1378: 1000:Clemens August Graf von Galen 893:anti-Nazi encyclical in 1937. 816:of the Hitler Youth attacked 786:Clemens August Graf von Galen 771:Myth of the Twentieth Century 593:Myth of the Twentieth Century 454:Clemens August Graf von Galen 253:First (spring to autumn 1933) 150: 42:Christian churches in Germany 2937:Sophie Scholl Against Hitler 2438:"Reihard Heydrich: In Depth" 1383: 686: 7: 3103:Dill, Marshall Jr. (1970). 2933:Sophie Scholl Contra Hitler 2931:Ayllón, José Ramón (2016). 1502:September 26, 2013, at the 1367:Religious aspects of Nazism 1259: 781:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 566:and the Protestant Pastor, 101:Some leading Nazis such as 10: 3769: 3556:Sherman, Franklin (2018). 3369:. New York: Random House. 3126:Dutton, Donald G. (2007). 3084:Hitler: A Study in Tyranny 2665:Evans, Richard J. (2009). 564:Catholic Bishop of Munster 429:Fifth stage (1939 to 1945) 281:Hitler moves to eliminate 18: 3753:Theological controversies 3718:Who's Who in Nazi Germany 3361:Lang, Jochen von (1979). 3328:Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis 3286:Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris 3107:Germany: A Modern History 2977:. London: Norfolk Press. 2690:McDonough, Frank (2015). 2210:www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu 1326:Christmas in Nazi Germany 676:meanwhile negotiated the 512:Dachau Concentration Camp 347:Pastors' Emergency League 272:St. Mary's Church, Berlin 3687:10.1017/CBO9780511818103 3625:. New York: Nelson-Hall. 3178:. London: Fontana Press. 1362:Religion in Nazi Germany 1137:Pastors Emergency League 960:of Munich, and Cardinal 956:of Rothenberg, Cardinal 954:Johannes Baptista Sproll 795:Under Nazi youth leader 740:night of the long knives 73:Protestant church bodies 3673:Steigmann-Gall, Richard 3657:. New York: Routledge. 3639:Encyclopædia Britannica 3562:Encyclopædia Britannica 3436:Encyclopædia Britannica 3040:Encyclopædia Britannica 2916:Encyclopædia Britannica 2134:Encyclopedia Britannica 1976:"Alfred Rosenberg" 2018 1873:"Martin Niemöller" 2018 1253:Encyclopædia Britannica 940:Prelude to World War II 822:Archbishop of Paderborn 666:Bavarian People's Party 137:was reminiscent of the 3551:. London: Ebury Press. 2837:www.eberhardarnold.com 2667:The Third Reich at war 2442:Holocaust Encyclopedia 2078:Holocaust Encyclopedia 1233: 1187: 1154: 1084: 1069: 1056: 1041: 1003: 918:"With burning concern" 917: 894: 858: 761: 724: 543: 525: 491: 274: 226: 189:Richard Steigmann-Gall 164: 88:obtained power in 1933 37:[ˈkɪʁçn̩kampf] 3558:"Dietrich Bonhoeffer" 3481:O'Shea, Paul (2008). 2973:Berben, Paul (1975). 1228: 1167: 1163:Positive Christianity 1149: 1079: 1064: 1051: 1044:Letter of the bishops 1036: 997: 958:Michael von Faulhaber 883: 853: 829:Political Catholicism 752: 726:The Concordat, wrote 719: 670:Catholic Centre Party 662:Political Catholicism 554:their encouragement. 531: 520: 485: 283:Political Catholicism 260: 221: 158: 3506:Mit brennender Sorge 3390:Christian Cyclopedia 3190:. London: Heinemann. 1957:, pp. 495–496; 1926:, pp. 146–149; 1713:, pp. 218, 236. 1701:, pp. 216, 218. 1450:, pp. 290, 363. 1339:Mit brennender Sorge 1112:and members of the 971:L'Osservatore Romano 904:Mit brennender Sorge 890:Mit brennender Sorge 875:Mit brennender Sorge 701:anti-Nazi encyclical 577:Mit brennender Sorge 496:Enabling Act of 1933 402:Mit brennender Sorge 3714:Wistrich, Robert S. 3354:Hitler: A Biography 2860:. 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1451: 1417: 1408: 1407: 1401: 1393: 1304: 1299: 1298: 1290: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1276: 1271: 1270: 1133:Martin Niemöller 1129:Paul the Apostle 1099:Susannah Heschel 1032:Fulda Conference 962:Theodor Innitzer 950:Alfred Rosenberg 912: 845:Heinrich Himmler 833:Julius Streicher 776:Sanctum Officium 766:Alfred Rosenberg 754:Heinrich Himmler 683:organisations". 588:Alfred Rosenberg 534:Alfred Rosenberg 508:Priests Barracks 418:Martin Niemöller 342:Martin Niemöller 200:Alfred Rosenberg 119:Susannah Heschel 103:Alfred Rosenberg 39: 34: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3728: 3697: 3665: 3643: 3641: 3611: 3592: 3566: 3564: 3534: 3532: 3512: 3510: 3493: 3466: 3441: 3439: 3424: 3399: 3397: 3377: 3347: 3338: 3321: 3305: 3296: 3274:The Aryan Jesus 3267: 3234:10.2307/3167632 3210: 3164: 3119: 3096: 3070: 3056:Bonney, Richard 3045: 3043: 3016: 2998:Coppa, Frank J. 2985: 2966: 2947: 2921: 2919: 2906: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2772: 2768: 2757: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2663: 2659: 2648: 2644: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2550: 2541: 2530: 2526: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2408: 2404: 2393: 2389: 2378: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2340: 2336:, "Chronology". 2332: 2328: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2273: 2262: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2205: 2199: 2195: 2164: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2108: 2100: 2093: 2083: 2081: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2060: 2043: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1982: 1974: 1965: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1934: 1922: 1918: 1910: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1864: 1853: 1846: 1838: 1827: 1819: 1804: 1796: 1789: 1781: 1770: 1762: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1685:, p. 216; 1681: 1677: 1669: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1645: 1626: 1618: 1607: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1563: 1556: 1548: 1541: 1533:, p. 249; 1521: 1514: 1504:Wayback Machine 1495: 1488: 1478: 1476: 1461: 1454: 1446:, p. 240; 1442:, p. 240; 1434:, p. 123; 1430:, p. 365; 1426:, p. 124; 1422:, p. 147; 1418: 1411: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1311:Away from Rome! 1302:Politics portal 1300: 1293: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1272: 1265: 1262: 1238: 1236:Long-term plans 1183:Apostle's Creed 1101:wrote that the 1090:Gleichschaltung 1074: 1046: 992: 942: 908: 878: 849:Peter Longerich 744:Erich Klausener 742:purge of 1934, 736: 709:Catholic Action 697:Eugenio Pacelli 693:Franz von Papen 689: 679:Reichskonkordat 674:Franz von Papen 658: 656:Catholic Church 638:Gleichschaltung 600:Joseph Goebbels 500:Weimar Republic 488:Joseph Goebbels 480: 462:Nazi euthanasia 431: 389: 361: 317:Gleichschaltung 311: 288:Reichskonkordat 255: 243: 230:Judeo-Christian 184:Gleichschaltung 153: 121:wrote that the 94:'s goal in the 80:Catholic Church 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3766: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3733: 3732: 3726: 3710: 3701: 3695: 3669: 3663: 3650: 3627: 3615: 3609: 3587: 3573: 3553: 3545:Rees, Laurence 3541: 3519: 3497: 3491: 3478: 3470: 3464: 3448: 3428: 3422: 3406: 3386:"Kirchenkampf" 3381: 3375: 3358: 3342: 3336: 3316: 3300: 3294: 3278: 3262: 3228:(4): 587–605. 3222:Church History 3214: 3208: 3196:Griffin, Roger 3192: 3180: 3172:Fulbrook, Mary 3168: 3162: 3146: 3132: 3123: 3117: 3100: 3094: 3074: 3068: 3052: 3032: 3020: 3014: 2989: 2983: 2970: 2964: 2951: 2945: 2928: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2897:, p. 219. 2887: 2875: 2849: 2824: 2812: 2810:, p. 140. 2793: 2781: 2766: 2746: 2744:, p. 377. 2734: 2719: 2707: 2700: 2682: 2675: 2657: 2642: 2627: 2615: 2585: 2573: 2559: 2539: 2524: 2508: 2506:, p. 373. 2496: 2494:, p. 269. 2492:Longerich 2012 2484: 2482:, p. 270. 2480:Longerich 2012 2472: 2470:, p. 265. 2468:Longerich 2012 2455: 2429: 2427:, p. 373. 2417: 2402: 2387: 2369: 2367:, p. 128. 2357: 2355:, p. 122. 2338: 2326: 2324:, p. 240. 2307: 2305:, p. 315. 2295: 2283: 2271: 2251: 2249:, p. 295. 2239: 2237:, p. 290. 2227: 2225:, p. 332. 2215: 2193: 2174:(3): 464–472. 2158: 2146: 2121: 2106: 2091: 2065: 2058: 2037: 2025: 2023:, p. 382. 2013: 2011:, p. 328. 2001: 1999:, p. 240. 1980: 1963: 1961:, p. 295. 1947: 1932: 1916: 1901: 1899:, p. 425. 1889: 1877: 1862: 1844: 1825: 1802: 1787: 1768: 1751: 1739: 1737:, p. 372. 1727: 1725:, p. 261. 1715: 1703: 1691: 1689:, p. 135. 1675: 1673:, p. 218. 1663: 1661:, p. 137. 1651: 1624: 1605: 1593: 1581: 1569: 1554: 1552:, p. 261. 1539: 1537:, p. 260. 1529:, p. 23; 1525:, p. 41; 1512: 1486: 1452: 1438:, p. 10; 1424:Biesinger 1999 1420:Bendersky 2007 1409: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1342: 1335: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1291: 1288:Germany portal 1277: 1261: 1258: 1237: 1234: 1073: 1070: 1045: 1042: 991: 988: 941: 938: 877: 872: 735: 732: 728:William Shirer 688: 685: 657: 654: 630:William Shirer 615:Martin Bormann 522:Martin Bormann 479: 476: 475: 474: 471: 468: 465: 450: 443: 430: 427: 426: 425: 422:Martin Bormann 414: 410: 393: 388: 385: 384: 383: 379: 372: 365: 360: 357: 356: 355: 328: 321: 310: 307: 306: 305: 292: 279: 254: 251: 242: 239: 204:Martin Bormann 152: 149: 107:Martin Bormann 84: 83: 76: 69: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3765: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3631:Soucy, Robert 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3367: 3366: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3337:0-713-99229-8 3333: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3136:Fest, Joachim 3133: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3109: 3108: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3086: 3085: 3079: 3078:Bullock, Alan 3075: 3071: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2896: 2891: 2885:, p. 81. 2884: 2883:Fulbrook 1991 2879: 2863: 2859: 2853: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2821: 2816: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2777: 2770: 2763: 2761: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2743: 2738: 2731: 2729: 2723: 2717:, p. 60. 2716: 2711: 2703: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2678: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2655:, p. 55. 2654: 2652: 2646: 2639: 2637: 2631: 2624: 2623:Pius XII 1939 2619: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2582: 2577: 2569: 2563: 2556: 2554: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2537:, p. 27. 2536: 2534: 2528: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2505: 2500: 2493: 2488: 2481: 2476: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2426: 2421: 2414: 2412: 2406: 2400:, p. 14. 2399: 2397: 2391: 2385:, p. 13. 2384: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2366: 2361: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2335: 2330: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2311: 2304: 2299: 2293:, p. 57. 2292: 2287: 2280: 2275: 2268: 2266: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2248: 2243: 2236: 2231: 2224: 2219: 2211: 2204: 2197: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2156:, p. 32. 2155: 2150: 2135: 2131: 2125: 2119:, p. 11. 2118: 2117:Wistrich 2002 2113: 2111: 2103: 2102:Kershaw 2000a 2098: 2096: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2061: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2034: 2029: 2022: 2017: 2010: 2005: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1898: 1897:Kershaw 2000c 1893: 1886: 1881: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1859: 1857: 1851: 1849: 1842:, p. 58. 1841: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1800:, p. 59. 1799: 1794: 1792: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1748: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1724: 1719: 1712: 1707: 1700: 1695: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1672: 1667: 1660: 1655: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1603:, p. 11. 1602: 1597: 1590: 1585: 1578: 1577:Kershaw 2000b 1573: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1459: 1457: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1405: 1398: 1392: 1388: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1346:The Ninth Day 1343: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1278: 1275: 1269: 1264: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1192:Wilhelm Frick 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1166: 1164: 1159: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125:Ludwig Müller 1120: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1082: 1081:Ludwig Müller 1078: 1068: 1063: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1001: 996: 987: 985: 980: 978: 973: 972: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 937: 933: 929: 927: 921: 919: 915: 911: 906: 905: 900: 892: 891: 886: 882: 876: 871: 867: 865: 864: 863:Schutzstaffel 857: 852: 850: 846: 842: 837: 834: 830: 825: 823: 819: 814: 809: 808:Wilhelm Frick 804: 802: 798: 793: 791: 787: 783: 782: 777: 773: 772: 767: 759: 755: 751: 747: 745: 741: 731: 729: 723: 718: 715: 710: 706: 705:Adolf Bertram 702: 698: 694: 684: 681: 680: 675: 671: 667: 663: 653: 650: 646: 645: 639: 634: 631: 627: 624: 620: 616: 612: 610: 605: 601: 597: 595: 594: 589: 585: 583: 579: 578: 573: 569: 565: 559: 555: 552: 551: 541: 540: 535: 530: 523: 519: 515: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 489: 484: 472: 469: 466: 463: 459: 455: 451: 448: 444: 441: 437: 433: 432: 423: 419: 415: 411: 408: 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Retrieved 3638: 3622: 3599: 3581: 3565:. Retrieved 3561: 3548: 3533:. Retrieved 3527: 3511:. Retrieved 3505: 3482: 3473: 3455: 3440:. Retrieved 3435: 3413: 3398:. Retrieved 3394:the original 3389: 3364: 3353: 3327: 3311: 3285: 3282:Kershaw, Ian 3273: 3225: 3221: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3153: 3140: 3127: 3106: 3083: 3059: 3044:. Retrieved 3039: 3027: 3001: 2974: 2955: 2936: 2932: 2920:. Retrieved 2915: 2904:Bibliography 2895:Bullock 1991 2890: 2878: 2866:. Retrieved 2852: 2840:. Retrieved 2836: 2827: 2820:Sherman 2018 2815: 2784: 2775: 2769: 2759: 2737: 2727: 2722: 2710: 2691: 2685: 2666: 2660: 2650: 2645: 2635: 2630: 2618: 2606:. Retrieved 2602:the original 2597: 2588: 2576: 2562: 2552: 2532: 2527: 2516:Pius XI 1937 2511: 2504:Kershaw 2008 2499: 2487: 2475: 2446:. 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Retrieved 1473: 1464:Sharkey, Joe 1448:Wheaton 1968 1436:Griffin 2006 1432:Fischel 2010 1403: 1391: 1344: 1337: 1330: 1251: 1248:Alan Bullock 1246: 1242:Kirchenkampf 1241: 1239: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1214: 1204: 1200: 1188: 1174: 1168: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1136: 1121: 1113: 1106: 1103:Kirchenkampf 1102: 1088: 1086: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1037: 1029: 1021: 1017: 1006: 1005: 990:World War II 981: 969: 966: 946:Adolf Wagner 943: 934: 930: 922: 902: 899:Pope Pius XI 896: 888: 885:Pope Pius XI 874: 868: 861: 859: 854: 838: 826: 818:Caspar Klein 805: 801:Hitler Youth 794: 779: 769: 763: 737: 725: 720: 690: 677: 659: 648: 642: 635: 628: 622: 618: 613: 608: 598: 591: 586: 575: 568:Dr Niemoller 560: 556: 548: 545: 537: 493: 447:Adolf Wagner 436:Priest block 400: 397:Pope Pius XI 395:March 1937: 345: 335: 332:Reich Bishop 315: 297:Reichskirche 295: 286: 265: 247:Kirchenkampf 246: 244: 235: 227: 222: 217:Alan Bullock 207: 193: 182: 168: 166: 161:Adolf Hitler 138: 135:kirchenkampf 134: 123:Kirchenkampf 122: 100: 96:Kirchenkampf 95: 86:When Hitler 85: 65: 57: 28:Kirchenkampf 27: 26: 25: 3184:Gill, Anton 2808:Berben 1975 2789:Shirer 1960 2581:Shirer 1960 2520:Shirer 1960 2365:Bonney 2009 2353:Bonney 2009 2322:Shirer 1960 2279:O'Shea 2008 1997:Shirer 1960 1821:Shirer 1960 1764:Shirer 1960 1531:Snyder 1981 1523:Dutton 2007 1444:Shirer 1990 1332:Gottgläubig 1179:Count Galen 1147:announced: 926:Palm Sunday 901:issued the 887:issued the 241:Five stages 175:Ian Kershaw 140:kulturkampf 115:Ian Kershaw 60:) and the 46:Nazi period 44:during the 21:Kulturkampf 3742:Categories 2594:"Pius XII" 1620:Soucy 2018 1440:Mosse 2003 1379:References 1372:White Rose 1158:Hans Kerrl 714:Anton Gill 649:Mein Kampf 644:Mein Kampf 623:Gauleiters 539:Mein Kampf 420:arrested. 382:forbidden. 369:Hans Kerrl 213:Erich Koch 179:Anton Gill 151:Background 3644:3 January 3635:"Fascism" 3567:3 January 3535:4 January 3513:4 January 3442:3 January 3326:(2000c). 3310:(2000b). 3284:(2000a). 3258:162663380 3242:1755-2613 3046:3 January 2922:3 January 2742:Fest 1996 2715:Gill 1994 2608:4 January 2448:4 January 2425:Fest 1996 2334:Gill 1994 2291:Gill 1994 2180:0008-8080 2154:Fest 1996 2084:4 January 1885:Lang 1979 1840:Gill 1994 1798:Gill 1994 1687:Rees 2012 1659:Rees 2012 1589:Gill 1994 1479:3 January 1428:Dill 1970 1384:Footnotes 1217:Bruderhof 1210:July Plot 910:‹See Tfd› 687:Concordat 609:Untergang 550:Gauleiter 344:to found 209:Gauleiter 3716:(2002). 3675:(2003). 3633:(2018). 3621:(1981). 3597:(1990). 3579:(1960). 3547:(2012). 3525:(1939). 3523:Pius XII 3503:(1937). 3454:(2003). 3412:(2012). 3352:(2008). 3272:(2008). 3186:(1994). 3174:(1991). 3152:(2010). 3138:(1996). 3080:(1991). 3058:(2009). 3026:(2011). 2862:Archived 2188:25019927 2048:(2015). 1500:Archived 1260:See also 1054:success. 984:Pius XII 756:(L) and 619:de facto 604:Goebbels 340:, leads 264:holding 224:fittest. 3501:Pius XI 3400:9 March 3250:3167632 3006:120–181 3000:(ed.). 2139:19 June 998:Bishop 572:Pius XI 458:Gestapo 399:issues 219:noted: 33:German: 3724: 3693: 3661: 3607: 3595: 3591: 3489: 3462: 3438:. 2018 3420: 3373: 3350: 3346: 3334: 3324: 3320: 3308: 3304: 3292: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3248: 3240: 3206: 3160: 3115: 3092: 3066: 3042:. 2018 3012: 2981: 2962: 2943: 2918:. 2018 2868:31 May 2842:31 May 2698: 2673: 2186: 2178: 2056: 1039:stake. 914:German 839:Under 820:, the 788:, the 440:Dachau 413:grave" 92:Hitler 3254:S2CID 3246:JSTOR 2996:. 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