345:
294:
247:
421:). These reptiles share the burrows made by the birds, and often stay when the birds are present which helps maintain a higher body temperature. Research has shown that fairy prions enable tuatara to maintain a higher body temperature through the night for several months of the year, October to January (austral spring to summer). During the night, tuatara sharing a burrow with a bird had the most thermal benefits and helped maintain their body temperature up to 15 hours the next day.
437:
that this behaviour exhibited by reptile embryos may well enhance offspring fitness where movements of these embryos enabled them to maximize heat gain from their surroundings and thus increase their body temperatures. This in turn leads to a variation in the embryonic development rate and the incubation period as well. This could benefit the embryos in which a warmer incubation increases developmental rate and therefore accelerating the hatching process.
32:
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temperatures that the embryo will experience before hatching. Instead, the embryo's behaviour and physiology combine, allowing the smallest embryos to control aspects of their own pre-hatching environment showing that the embryo is not simply a work in progress, but is a functioning organism with surprisingly sophisticated and effective behaviours.
360:
temperatures can be above 20 °C and can increase up to 37.5 °C, close to birds' body temperature. Therefore, this complex social behaviour is what enables all breeders to get an equal and normal access to an environment which allows them to save energy and successfully incubate their eggs during the
Antarctic winter.
436:
falsify the assumption that behavioural thermoregulation is possible only for post-hatching stages of the reptile life history. Remarkably, even undeveloped and tiny embryos were able to detect thermal differentials within the egg and move to exploit that small-scale heterogeneity. Research has shown
452:
via modifications to a range of phenotypic traits where embryos with minimal temperature differences hatch at the same time decreasing the individuals' risk of predation. Therefore, the developmental rates of embryos of reptiles are not passive consequences of maternally enforced decisions about the
405:
incubating their chick. This in turn, raises its body temperature to 37.5 °C (99.5 °F), compared to 31.7 °C (89.1 °F) when present in other habitats. Its body temperature is also observed to be more stable. On the other hand, burrows without birds did not provide this heat, being
474:
On the other side, the mechanisms for thermoregulation did not evolve separately, but rather in connection with other functions. These mechanisms were more likely quantitative rather than qualitative and it involved selection of appropriate habitats, changes in levels of locomotor activity, optimum
461:
Ectotherms and endotherms undergo different evolutionary perspectives where mammals and birds thermoregulate far more precisely than ectotherms. A major benefit of precise thermoregulation is the ability to enhance performance through thermal specialization. Therefore, mammals and birds are assumed
359:
to save energy, maintain a high body temperature and sustain their breeding fast during the
Antarctic winter. This huddling behaviour raises the ambient temperature that these penguins are exposed to above 0 °C (at average external temperatures of -17 °C). As a consequence of tight huddles, ambient
193:
This process requires two major conditions: the thermal heterogeneity created by the presence of a warm organism in a cool environment in addition to the use of that heterogeneity by another animal to maintain body temperatures at higher (and more stable) levels than would be possible elsewhere in
482:
Endothermy in vertebrates evolved along separate, but parallel lines from different groups of reptilian ancestors. The advantages of endothermy are manifested in the ability to occupy thermal areas that exclude many ectothermic vertebrates, a high degree of thermal independence from environmental
341:. This causes rival males to cover them in a mistaken attempt to mate, and so transfer heat to them. In turn, those males that mimic females become rapidly revitalized after hibernation (which depends upon raising their body temperature), giving them an advantage in their own attempts to mate.
321:, individuals maintain rest-phase body temperature above 32 °C despite air temperatures as low as -3.4 °C. This rest-phase body temperature was synchronized among individuals that cluster. Sometimes, kleptothermy is not reciprocal and might be accurately described as
440:
On the other hand, decreased incubation periods also may minimize the embryo's exposure to risks of nest predation or lethal extremes thermal conditions where embryos move to cooler regions of the egg during periods of dangerously high temperatures.
295:
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temperature, high muscular power output and sustained levels of activity. Endothermy, however, is energetically very expensive and requires a great deal of food, compared with ectotherms in order to support high metabolic rates.
205:
Kleptothermy is seen in cases where ectotherms regulate their own temperatures and exploit the high and constant body temperatures exhibited by endothermic species. In this case, the endotherms involved are not only
470:
would enable the evolution of thermal generalists in more heterothermic species. The physiologies of the endotherms allows them to adapt within the constraints imposed by genetics, development, and physics.
722:
Arends, Alexis; Bonaccorso, Frank J.; Genoud, Michel (1995). "Basal Rates of
Metabolism of Nectarivorous Bats (Phyllostomidae) from a Semiarid Thorn Forest in Venezuela".
475:
energy liberation, and conservation of metabolic substrates. The evolution of endothermy is directly linked to the selection for high levels of activity sustained by
479:. The evolution of the complex behaviour patterns among the birds and mammals requires the evolution of metabolic systems that support the activity prior to that.
1352:
467:
137:
1121:
Corkery, Ilse; Bell, Ben D.; Nelson, Nicola J. (March–April 2014). "Investigating
Kleptothermy: A Reptile-Seabird Association with Thermal Benefits".
844:
McKechnie, Andrew E.; Körtner, Gerhard; Lovegrove, Barry G. (2004). "Rest-Phase
Thermoregulation in Free-Ranging White-Backed Mousebirds".
695:
Aubret, Fabien; Shine, Richard (2009). "Causes and consequences of aggregation by neonatal tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus, Elapidae)".
956:
Gilbert, C; Robertson, G; Lemaho, Y; Naito, Y; Aancel, A (2006-07-30). "Huddling behavior in emperor penguins: Dynamics of huddling".
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create high and regulated temperatures in their mounds, and this is exploited by some species of lizards, snakes and crocodiles.
130:
278:, increase their effective mass by clustering tightly together. It is also widespread amongst gregarious endotherms such as
1321:
798:
Ancel, André; Visser, Henk; Handrich, Yves; Masman, Dirkjan; Maho, Yvon Le (1997). "Energy saving in huddling penguins".
763:
262:
Huddling confers higher and more constant body temperatures than solitary resting. Some species of ectotherms including
641:
Shine; Hudson; Shah; Kearney (2003). "Sociality in
Lizards: Why do Thick-tailed Geckos (Nephrurus milii) Aggregate?".
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Brown, C. R.; Foster, G. G. (1992). "The thermal and energetic significance of clustering in the speckled mousebird,
123:
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The Royal
Society. Kleptothermy: an additional category of thermoregulation, and a possible example in sea kraits (
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of these endotherms would lead to losses of performance during certain periods and therefore genetic variation in
595:
1075:
Knapp, Charles R.; Owens, Audrey K. (2008). "Nesting
Behavior and the Use of Termitaria by the Andros Iguana (
596:"Climatic, social and reproductive influences on behavioural thermoregulation in a female-dominated lemur"
1052:
Ehmann, H; Swan, G; Swan, G; Smith, B (1991). "Nesting, egg incubation and hatching by the heath monitor
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510:
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Research has shown such kleptothermy can be advantageous in cases such as the blue-lipped sea krait (
431:
195:
543:"Kleptothermy: An additional category of thermoregulation, and a possible example in sea kraits (
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and/or reduce the per capita metabolic expenditure needed to maintain stable body temperatures.
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the local area. The purpose of this behaviour is to enable these groups to increase its
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182:. However, kleptothermy can happen between different species that share the same
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86:
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Bennett, A.; Ruben, J. (1979-11-09). "Endothermy and activity in vertebrates".
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
654:
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Eppley, Timothy M.; Watzek, Julia; Hall, Katie; Donati, Giuseppe (2017-12-01).
234:. However, many cases of kleptothermy involve ectotherms sheltering inside the
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415:) that forms a close association with a medium-sized reptile, the tuatara (
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290:) where it allows the sharing of body heat, particularly among juveniles.
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Many ectotherms exploit the heat produced by endotherms by sharing their
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where they provide thermal regimes that are exploited by a wide array of
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681:
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Myres, BC; Eells, MM (1968). "Thermal aggregation in Boa constrictor".
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of another animal. It may or may not be reciprocal, and occurs in both
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892:
Shine, R.; Phillips, B.; Waye, H.; Lemaster, M.; Mason, R. T. (2001).
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Bats cluster together to maintain high and constant body temperatures.
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used by endotherms to help maintain a high constant body temperature.
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41:
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Newman, DG (1987). "Burrow use and population densities of
Tuatara (
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to have evolved relatively narrow performance breadths. Thus, the
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Brischoux, François; Bonnet, Xavier; Shine, Richard (2009).
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that maintain high and constant temperatures within their
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Du, Wei-Guo; Zhao, Bo; Chen, Ye; Shine, Richard (2011).
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Research done on embryos of Chinese softshell turtles (
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are able to detect thermal changes in the environment.
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Another example would be the case of the fairy prion (
401:), where these reptiles occupy a burrow of a pair of
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On the other hand, huddling allows emperor penguins (
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1267:"The evolution of thermal physiology in endotherms"
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186:, and can also happen in pre-hatching life where
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1351:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1191:"Behavioral thermoregulation by turtle embryos"
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1021:) and how they are influenced by fairy prions (
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325:. For example, some male Canadian red sided
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254:huddle around a female after
1324:(Report). Fort Belvoir, VA.
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333:in which they produce fake
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10:
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1265:Cooper, Brandon S (2010).
655:10.1163/156853903322589632
1077:Cyclura cychlura cychlura
958:Physiology & Behavior
166:shares in the metabolic
1271:Frontiers in Bioscience
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448:could enhance hatching
444:In addition, embryonic
403:wedge-tailed shearwater
312:white-backed mousebirds
282:and birds (such as the
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1081:Journal of Herpetology
563:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0550
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178:. One of its forms is
1056:in a termite mound".
545:Laticauda laticaudata
513:Laticauda laticaudata
398:Laticauda laticaudata
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302:
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724:Journal of Mammalogy
355:Aptenodytes forsteri
337:after emerging from
1389:1979Sci...206..649B
1207:2011PNAS..108.9513D
1019:Sphenodon punctatus
910:2001Natur.414..267S
812:1997Natur.385..304A
432:Pelodiscus sinensis
418:Sphenodon punctatus
1331:10.21236/ada417800
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777:10.1007/BF00296648
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477:aerobic metabolism
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1432:Animal physiology
1383:(4419): 649–654.
1023:Pachyptila turtur
806:(6614): 304–305.
468:thermosensitivity
425:Pre-hatching life
412:Pachyptila turtur
329:engage in female
305:emperor penguins.
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97:Kleptothermy
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82:Thermolabile
67:Heterothermy
57:Poikilotherm
1347:cite report
339:hibernation
256:hibernation
62:Homeothermy
1437:Parasitism
1426:Categories
1338:2023-04-28
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499:References
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457:Evolution
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200:heat loss
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52:Mesotherm
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487:See also
390:Termites
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216:termites
180:huddling
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450:fitness
386:tuatara
374:burrows
331:mimicry
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224:lizards
208:mammals
188:embryos
184:habitat
152:biology
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228:snakes
220:mounds
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1000:S2CID
966:arXiv
932:S2CID
870:S2CID
824:S2CID
781:S2CID
740:JSTOR
678:JSTOR
624:S2CID
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212:birds
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