Know Nothing - Knowledge

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The legislature set up the state's first reform school for juvenile delinquents while trying to block the importation of supposedly subversive government documents and academic books from Europe. It upgraded the legal status of wives, giving them more property rights and more rights in divorce courts. It passed harsh penalties on speakeasies, gambling houses and bordellos. It passed prohibition legislation with penalties that were so stiff—such as six months in prison for serving one glass of beer—that juries refused to convict defendants. Many of the reforms were quite expensive; state spending rose 45% on top of a 50% hike in annual taxes on cities and towns. This extravagance angered the taxpayers, and few Know Nothings were reelected. These successes at enacting reform legislation came at the expense of the traditional nativist priorities of the party, causing some national Know Nothing leaders, like Samuel Morse, to question the Massachusetts party's aims.

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transform the Catholic children). The governor disbanded the Irish militias and replaced Irish holding state jobs with Protestants. However, Know Nothing lawmakers failed to reach the two-thirds majority needed to pass a state constitutional amendment to restrict voting and office holding to men who had resided in Massachusetts for at least 21 years. The legislature then called on Congress to raise the requirement for naturalization from five years to 21 years, but Congress never acted. The most dramatic move by the Know Nothing legislature was to appoint an investigating committee designed to prove widespread sexual immorality underway in Catholic convents. The press had a field day following the story, especially when it was discovered that the key reformer was using committee funds to pay for a prostitute. The legislature shut down its committee, ejected the reformer, and saw its investigation become a laughing stock.

859:, and 79% of the Whigs, plus 15% of Democrats and 24% of those who abstained in the previous election for governor the year before. In full control of the legislature, the Know Nothings enacted their entire agenda. According to Lex Renda, they battled traditionalism and promoted rapid modernization. They extended the waiting period for citizenship to slow down the growth of Irish power; they reformed the state courts. They expanded the number and power of banks; they strengthened corporations; they defeated a proposed 10-hour workday law. They reformed the tax system; increased state spending on public schools; set up a system to build high schools; prohibited the sale of liquor; and they denounced the expansion of slavery in the western territories. 1747: 1706: 287: 756:

especially Catholics. The new party's voters were concentrated in the rapidly growing industrial towns, where Yankee workers faced direct competition with new Irish immigrants. Whereas the Whig Party was strongest in high income districts, the Know Nothing electorate was strongest in the poor districts. They expelled the traditional upper-class, closed, political leadership, especially the lawyers and merchants. In their stead, they elected working-class men, farmers and a large number of teachers and ministers. Replacing the moneyed elite were men who seldom owned $ 10,000 in property.

971: 913:, by the 1850s about 60 percent of the population was Protestant and open to the Know Nothing's anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant appeal. On August 18, 1853, the party held its first rally in Baltimore with about 5,000 in attendance, calling for secularization of public schools, complete separation of church and state, freedom of speech, and regulating immigration. The first Know-Nothing candidate elected into office in Baltimore was Mayor Samuel Hinks in 1855. The following year, ethnic and secular conflicts fueled 544: 6259: 1758: 728:

the only state where the party gained strength in 1855. Their Ohio success seems to have come from winning over immigrants, especially German-American Lutherans and Scots-Irish Presbyterians, both hostile to Catholicism. In Alabama, Know Nothings were a mix of former Whigs, discontented Democrats and other political outsiders who favored state aid to build more railroads. Virginia attracted national attention in its tempestuous 1855 gubernatorial election. Democrat

1695: 480: 5140: 1867:, and disproportionately male and older, Tea Party advocates express a visceral anger at the cultural and, to some extent, political eclipse of an America in which people who looked and thought like them were dominant (an echo, in its own way, of the anguish of the Know-Nothings). A black President, a female speaker of the house, and a gay head of the House Financial Services Committee are evidently almost too much to bear. Though the 893:

her hard-earned gains in the South and integration into its society. Immigrants fears were unjustified, however, because the national debate over slavery and its expansion, not nativism or anti-Catholicism, was the major reason for Know-Nothing success in the South. The southerners who supported the Know-Nothings did so, for the most part, because they thought the Democrats who favored the expansion of slavery might break up the Union.

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Louisiana Know Nothings were pro-slavery and anti-immigrant, but, in contrast to the national party, refused to include a religious test for membership. Instead, the Louisiana Know Nothings insisted that "loyalty to a church should not supersede loyalty to the Union." Similarly, the broader Know Nothing movement viewed Louisiana Catholics, and in particular the Creole elite who supported the American Party, as adhering to a

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which the Republic puts on the intrusion of religious influence on the political arena. These influences have brought vast multitudes of foreign-born citizens to the polls, ignorant of American interests, without American feelings, influenced by foreign sympathies, to vote on American affairs; and those votes have, in point of fact, accomplished the present result.

925:, former governor of Tennessee, who wrote in January 1855: "I have been astonished at the widespread feeling in favor of their principles—to wit, Native Americanism and anti-Catholicism—it takes everywhere". Despite this, in Louisiana and Maryland, prominent Know Nothings remained loyal to the Union. In Maryland, American Party's former governor and later senator 1827:, the spirit which actuated the "Know-nothing" party, the spirit which is forever carping about the foreign-born citizen and trying to abridge his privileges, is too deeply seated in the party. The aristocratic and know-nothing principle has been circulating in its system so long that it will require more than one somersault to shake the poison out of its bones. 760:

They enlisted few farmers, but on the other hand they included many merchants and factory owners. The party's voters were by no means all native-born Americans, for it won more than a fourth of the German and British Protestants in numerous state elections. It especially appealed to Protestants such as the Lutherans, Dutch Reformed and Presbyterians.

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whole, the American Party was strongest among former Unionist Whigs. States-rightist Whigs shunned it, enabling the Democrats to win most of the South. Whigs supported the American Party because of their desire to defeat the Democrats, their unionist sentiment, their anti-immigrant attitudes and the Know Nothing neutrality on the slavery issue.

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The Massachusetts Know Nothings did advance attacks on the civil rights of Irish Catholic immigrants. After this, state courts lost the power to process applications for citizenship and public schools had to require compulsory daily reading of the Protestant Bible (which the nativists were sure would

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The most aggressive and innovative legislation came out of Massachusetts, where the new party controlled all but three of the 400 seats—only 35 had any previous legislative experience. The Massachusetts legislature in 1855 passed a series of reforms that "burst the dam against change erected by party

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in defense of their traditional religious and political values. The Know Nothing movement is remembered for this theme because Protestants feared that Catholic priests and bishops would control a large bloc of voters. In most places, the ideology and influence of the Know Nothing movement lasted only

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Historian John Mulkern has examined the party's success in sweeping to almost complete control of the Massachusetts legislature after its 1854 landslide victory. He finds the new party was populist and highly democratic, hostile to wealth, elites and to expertise, and deeply suspicious of outsiders,

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Know Nothings scored victories in Northern state elections in 1854, winning control of the legislature in Massachusetts and polling 40% of the vote in Pennsylvania. Although most of the new immigrants lived in the North, resentment and anger against them was national and the American Party initially

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was elected mayor of Chicago and barred all immigrants from city jobs. Abraham Lincoln was strongly opposed to the principles of the Know Nothing movement, but did not denounce it publicly because he needed the votes of its membership to form a successful anti-slavery coalition in Illinois. Ohio was

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Immigration during the first five years of the 1850s reached a level five times greater than a decade earlier. Most of the new arrivals were poor Catholic peasants or laborers from Ireland and Germany who crowded the tenements of large cities. Crime and welfare costs soared. Cincinnati's crime rate,

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It passed legislation to regulate railroads, insurance companies and public utilities. It funded free textbooks for the public schools and raised the appropriations for local libraries and for the school for the blind. Purification of Massachusetts against divisive social evils was a high priority.

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came in third in a four-way race for governor by gathering 26% of the vote. After the 1854 elections, they exerted a large amount of political influence in Maine, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and California, but historians are unsure about the accuracy of this information due to the secrecy of the party,

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The southern Irish, who had seen the dangers of Protestant bigotry in Ireland, had the distinct feeling that the Know-Nothings were an American manifestation of that phenomenon. Every migrant, no matter how settled or prosperous, also worried that this virulent strain of nativism threatened his or

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The Whigs and Free Soil parties both collapsed in New Hampshire in 1854–55. In the 1855 fall elections the Know Nothings again swept New Hampshire against the Democrats and the small new Republican party. When the Know Nothing "American Party" collapsed in 1856 and merged with the Republicans, New

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The results of the 1854 elections were so favorable to the Know Nothings, up to then an informal movement with no centralized organization, that they formed officially as a political party called the American Party, which attracted many members of the by then nearly defunct Whig party as well as a

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originated in the semi-secret organization of the party. When a member of the party was asked about his activities, he was supposed to say, "I know nothing." Outsiders derisively called the party's members "Know Nothings", and the name stuck. In 1855, the Know Nothings first entered politics under

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The recent election has developed in an aggravated form every evil against which the American party protested. Foreign allies have decided the government of the country – men naturalized in thousands on the eve of the election. Again in the fierce struggle for supremacy, men have forgotten the ban

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Nationally, the new party leadership showed incomes, occupation, and social status that were about average. Few were wealthy, according to detailed historical studies of once-secret membership rosters. Fewer than 10% were unskilled workers who might come in direct competition with Irish laborers.

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and nativism, also contributed to the disintegration of the party system. The collapsing second party system gave the Know Nothings a much larger pool of potential converts than was available to previous nativist organizations, allowing the Order to succeed where older nativist groups had failed.

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In 1855, the American Party challenged the Democrats' dominance. In Alabama, the Know Nothings were a mix of former Whigs, malcontented Democrats and other political misfits; they favored state aid to build more railroads. In the fierce campaign, the Democrats argued that Know Nothings could not

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In the Southern United States, the American Party was composed chiefly of ex-Whigs looking for a vehicle to fight the dominant Democratic Party and worried about both the pro-slavery extremism of the Democrats and the emergence of the anti-slavery Republican party in the North. In the South as a

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Despite the national American Party's anti-Catholicism, the Know Nothings found strong support in Louisiana, including in largely Catholic New Orleans. The Whig Party in Louisiana had a strong anti-immigrant bent, making the Native American Party the natural home for Louisiana's former Whigs.

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However, Fillmore had sent a letter for publication in 1855 that explicitly denounced immigrant influence in elections and Fillmore stated that the American Party was the "only hope of forming a truly national party, which shall ignore this constant and distracting agitation of slavery."

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The immigration of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics to the United States in the period between 1830 and 1860 made religious differences between Catholics and Protestants a political issue. Violence occasionally erupted at the polls. Protestants alleged that Pope

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politics, and released a flood of reforms." The period from 1854 to 1857 saw among Massachusetts Know Nothings a decline in the traditional nativist wing of the party and the rise of the group of abolitionists and reformers, including former Massachusetts Senate President

1057:, writing about the turmoil preceding the American Civil War, states that Millard Fillmore was never a Know Nothing nor a nativist. Fillmore was out of the country when the presidential nomination came and had not been consulted about running. Nevins further states: 1020:

I am not a Know-Nothing– That is certain– How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes, be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid– As a nation, we began by declaring that

494:, but it played a minor role in American politics until the arrival of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics started in the 1840s. It then emerged in nativist attacks. It appeared in New York City politics as early as 1843 under the banner of the 920:

Historian Michael F. Holt argues that "Know Nothingism originally grew in the South for the same reasons it spread in the North—nativism, anti-Catholicism, and animosity toward unresponsive politicos—not because of conservative Unionism". Holt cites

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That while we resist all encroachments of spiritual power upon our political rights, we disclaim the calumnious charge of our own opponents that we require a religious test to qualify native born citizens to hold office or enjoy the full rights of

498:. The movement quickly spread to nearby states using that name or Native American Party or variants of it. They succeeded in a number of local and Congressional elections, notably in 1844 in Philadelphia, where the anti-Catholic orator 613:, was soon revealed as a Know Nothing as he promised to crack down on crime, close saloons on Sundays and only appoint native-born Americans to office—he won the election by a landslide. In Washington, D.C., Know Nothing candidate 5522: 5190: 6909: 1001:, so the ticket was designed to appeal to loyalists from both major parties, winning 23% of the popular vote and carrying one state, Maryland, with eight electoral votes. Fillmore did not win enough votes to block Democrat 506:

came to be the most important. They emerged in New York in the early 1850s as a secret order that quickly spread across the North, reaching non-Catholics, particularly those who were lower middle class or skilled workers.

559:, was founded by Charles B. Allen in New York City. At its inception, the Order of the Star Spangled Banner only had about 36 members. Fear of Catholic immigration caused some Protestants to become dissatisfied with the 702:, a Know Nothing chapter was founded in 1854 to oppose Chinese immigration—members included a judge of the state supreme court, who ruled that no Chinese person could testify as a witness against a white man in court. 901:

In Virginia, the Know Nothing movement came under sharp attack from both established parties. Democrats published a 12,000-word, point-by-point denunciation of Know Nothingism. The Democrats nominated ex-Whig

563:, whose leaders included Catholics of Irish descent in many cities. Activists formed secret groups, coordinating their votes and throwing their weight behind candidates who were sympathetic to their cause: 440:, an active Know-Nothing, was elected on the American Party ticket to Congress from Maryland. He told Congress that "un-American" Irish Catholic immigrants were to blame for the recent election of Democrat 6421: 5097: 604:

In the spring of 1854, the Know Nothings carried Boston and Salem, Massachusetts, and other New England cities. They swept the state of Massachusetts in the fall 1854 elections, their biggest victory. The

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1850s political cartoon by John H. Goater: Irish and German caricatures "stealing an election" with chaos at the "Election Day Polls" site, fueling fears of immigrant political power

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regarding papal intentions of subjugating the United States through a continuing influx of Catholics controlled by Irish bishops obedient to and personally selected by the Pope.

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was elected to Congress as a Know Nothing candidate, but after a few months he aligned with Republicans. A coalition of Know Nothings, Republicans and other members of Congress

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significant number of Democrats. Membership in the American Party increased dramatically, from 50,000 to an estimated one million plus in a matter of months during that year.

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Alsan, Marcella, Katherine Eriksson, and Gregory Niemesh. "Understanding the Success of the Know-nothing Party" (No. w28078. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020)

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one or two years before it disintegrated due to weak and inexperienced local leaders, a lack of publicly proclaimed national leaders, and a deep split over the issue of

334:. Members of the movement were required to say "I know nothing" whenever they were asked about its specifics by outsiders, providing the group with its colloquial name. 685:, brought about primarily by the demise of the Whig Party. The Whig Party, weakened for years by internal dissent and chronic factionalism, was nearly destroyed by the 463:

further galvanized opposition to slavery in the North, causing many former Know Nothings to join the Republicans. The remnants of the American Party largely joined the

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of the 1920s. In the late 19th century, Democrats called the Republicans "Know Nothings" in order to secure the votes of Germans which is exactly what they did in the

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The party name gained wide, but brief, popularity: Know Nothing candy, tea, and toothpicks appeared, and the name was given to stagecoaches, buses, and ships. In

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won by convincing state voters that Know Nothings were in bed with Northern abolitionists. With the victory by Wise, the movement began to collapse in the South.

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for example, tripled between 1846 and 1853 and its murder rate increased sevenfold. Boston's expenditures for poor relief rose threefold during the same period.

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was elected Representative from Pennsylvania's 1st district. In the early 1850s, numerous secret orders grew up, of which the Order of United Americans and the

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left an opening for the emergence of a new major political party in opposition to the Democratic Party. The Know Nothing movement managed to elect congressman

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was not a member of the party; he had never attended an American gathering. By no spoken or written word had he indicated a subscription to American tenets.

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David T. Gleeson notes that many Irish Catholics in the South feared that the arrival of the Know-Nothing movement portended a serious threat. He argues:

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or Judaism. Prioritizing a zealous disdain for Irish Catholic immigrants, the Know Nothing Party "had nothing to say about Jews", according to historian

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Maizlish, Stephen E. "The Meaning of Nativism and the Crisis of the Union: The Know-Nothing Movement in the Antebellum North." in William Gienapp, ed.

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wrote that politicians who "encourage Americans to fear foreigners" were becoming "modern incarnations of the Know-Nothings". In 2006, an editorial in

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were commonly referred to as "Native Americans". The membership of the party chiefly consisted of the descendants of colonists and the descendants of

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Fearful that Catholics were flooding the polls with non-citizens, local activists threatened to stop them. On August 6, 1855, rioting broke out in

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and Tea Party movements so far have remained largely distinct (even with growing ties), they share an emotional grammar: the fear of displacement.

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held the governorship and five out of every seven votes went to the party, which dominated the Rhode Island legislature. Local newspapers such as

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Carey, Anthony Gene (1995). "Too Southern to Be Americans: Proslavery Politics and the Failure of the Know-Nothing Party in Georgia, 1854–1856".

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accused populist Republicans of "turning the GOP into an anti-immigration, Know-Nothing party". The lead editorial of the May 20, 2007, issue of

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for governor. He denounced the "lousy, godless, Christless" Know Nothings and instead he advocated an expanded program of internal improvements.

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as frequently as it emphasized it in the North and it stressed a neutral position on slavery, but it became the main alternative to the dominant

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never publicly attacked the Know Nothings, whose votes he needed, he expressed his own disgust with the political party in a private letter to

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An 1855 Ohio Know Nothing Party ticket naming party candidates for state and county offices. At the bottom of the page are voting instructions.

389:, the regulation of industry, and support of measures which were designed to improve the status of working people." It was a forerunner of the 6983: 5553: 3762: 2377: 2187: 1076: 6444: 5760: 5527: 4192: 2161: 2144: 1915: 1832: 769: 436:. Fillmore received 21.5% of the popular vote in the 1856 presidential election, finishing behind the Democratic and Republican nominees. 5952: 4266: 2536: 1043:] of loving liberty– to Russia, for instance, where despotism can be taken pure, and without the base alloy of hypocracy– [ 7008: 6364: 6037: 5962: 5247: 4722:

Dash, Mark. "New Light on the Dark Lantern: the Initiation Rites and Ceremonies of a Know-Nothing Lodge in Shippensburg, Pennsylvania"

1084: 949:, was the only member of the Louisiana congressional delegation who refused to resign his seat after the state seceded from the Union. 464: 432:, but he kept quiet about his membership in it, and he personally refrained from supporting the Know Nothing movement's activities and 302: 144: 4350: 978:

The party declined rapidly in the North after 1855, in part due to the party's rejection of a clear anti-slavery platform. During the

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Bladek, John David (1998). "'Virginia Is Middle Ground': The Know Nothing Party and the Virginia Gubernatorial Election of 1855".

6872: 6670: 6127: 6117: 6087: 5810: 5750: 5745: 2037: 5026: 4692: 4628: 3797: 1079:. The pro-slavery wing of the American Party remained strong on the local and state levels in a few southern states, but by the 5710: 5570: 814: 2478: 917:

around municipal and federal elections in Maryland with Know-Nothing–affiliated gangs clashing with Democratic-aligned gangs.

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The Know Nothings scored a landslide in New Hampshire in 1855. They won 51% of the vote, including 94% of the anti-slavery

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The Know Nothing movement briefly emerged as a major political party in the form of the American Party. The collapse of the

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Bladek, John David. "'Virginia Is Middle Ground': the Know Nothing Party and the Virginia Gubernatorial Election of 1855."

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of 1856, 1857, and 1858 were all marred by violence and well-founded accusations of ballot-rigging. In the coastal town of

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Levine, Bruce (2001). "Conservatism, Nativism, and Slavery: Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know-Nothing Party".

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Transforming America: Perspectives on U.S. Immigration. Volume 1, The Making of a Nation of Nations: The Founding to 1865

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was not a natural-born United States citizen, which is a requirement for the office of president of the United States.

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protect slavery from Northern abolitionists. The Know Nothing American Party disintegrated soon after losing in 1855.

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The nativist, anti-Catholic spirit of the Know Nothing movement was revived by later political movements such as the

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Ramet, Sabrina P., and Christine M. Hassenstab. "The Know Nothing Party: Three Theories about its Rise and Demise."

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Baum, Dale. "Know-Nothingism and the Republican Majority in Massachusetts: The Political Realignment of the 1850s."

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Levine, Bruce. "Conservatism, Nativism, and Slavery: Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know-nothing Party"

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Cheathem, Mark R. "'I Shall Persevere in the Cause of Truth': Andrew Jackson Donelson and the Election of 1856".

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as a similarity". Historians Steve Fraser and Joshue B. Freeman lend their opinion on the Know Nothing and the

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Gienapp, William E. "Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North before the Civil War,"

1746: 7013: 6892: 6612: 6122: 5795: 2681: 786:, during a hotly contested race for the office of governor. Twenty-two were killed and many injured. This " 413: 355: 181: 5064: 2431: 1037:". When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretence [ 6577: 6222: 6202: 6182: 5862: 5629: 5614: 5381: 5301: 5282: 4961: 4784:

Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 2012. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 4 Dec. 2014.

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American Gothic: the story of America's legendary theatrical family, Junius, Edwin, and John Wilkes Booth

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they were no longer a serious national political movement. Most of their remaining members supported the

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The party was occasionally referred to, contemporaneously, in a slightly pejorative shortening, "Knism".

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Broussard, James H. (1966). "Some Determinants of Know-Nothing Electoral Strength in the South, 1856".

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Farrell, Robert. "No Foreign Despots on Southern Soil: The Know-Nothing Party in Alabama, 1850-1857."

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on a proposed immigration bill referred to "this generation's Know-Nothings". An editorial written by

1705: 286: 6327: 6237: 6187: 6062: 5932: 5872: 5715: 5665: 4604: 2885: 1868: 1699: 795: 297: 272: 4379:"Former NY Governor George Pataki: Donald Trump is the 'Know Nothing' candidate of the 21st Century" 6855: 6544: 6401: 6227: 4810:

Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln

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Oates, Mary J. (1988). "'Lowell': An Account of Convent Life in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1852–1890".

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The Know Nothings used the name "Native American Party" generations before the descendants of the

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Fillmore, a former president, had been a Whig and Donelson was the nephew of Democratic President

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Haebler, Peter. "Nativist Riots in Manchester: An Episode of Know-Nothingism in New Hampshire."

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The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War

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No Foreign Despots on Southern Soil: The American Party in Alabama and South Carolina, 1850-1857

1029:." When the Know-Nothings get control, it will read "all men are created equal, except negroes, 6518: 6501: 6461: 5972: 5830: 5820: 5775: 5765: 5660: 1960: 1071: 938: 872: 803: 651: 643: 455: 417: 5021:

Boissoneault, Lorraine. "How the 19th-Century Know Nothing Party Reshaped American Politics."

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Boissoneault, Lorraine. "How the 19th-Century Know Nothing Party Reshaped American Politics."

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Holt, Michael F. "The Antimasonic and Know Nothing Parties", in Arthur Schlesinger Jr., ed.,

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Rice, Philip Morrison (1947). "The Know-Nothing Party in Virginia, 1854–1856 (Concluded)".

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has become a provocative slur, suggesting that the opponent is both nativist and ignorant.

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In Maryland, growing anti-immigrant sentiment fueled the party's rise. Despite the state's

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Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War

2628:. Chicago, Illinois: Quadrangle Books. pp. 337, 380–406 – via Internet Archive. 385:

and the need for more government spending" and furnished "support for an expansion of the

8: 6708: 6583: 6381: 6217: 5937: 5917: 5835: 5825: 5815: 5780: 5680: 5015:

The Sons of the Sires: A History of the Rise, Progress, and Destiny of the American Party

4438: 4432: 4225: 2514:(PhD). New York, New York: Columbia University. p. 267 – via Internet Archive. 2094: 2088: 1941:

The fictional "Confederation of American Natives" party was represented in the 2002 film

1892: 1860: 922: 690: 682: 537: 529: 499: 342: 219: 53: 5523:

List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections

5126: 4950: 3977: 3031:. Vol. I, no. 2. November 1854. p. 140 – via Smithsonian Libraries. 2763:

Rabinowitz, Howard N. (March 1988). "Nativism, Bigotry and Anti-Semitism in the South".

2509: 2436:. New York City: The American News Company. pp. 72–73 – via Internet Archive. 6831: 6812: 6794: 6763: 6739: 6601: 6359: 6296: 6057: 5912: 5340: 5013: 4672: 4519: 4490: 4471: 4159: 3951: 3658: 3631: 3534: 3442:. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. pp. 54, 211, Table 15. 3416:

History of the Archdiocese of Boston in the Various Stages of Development, 1604 to 1943

3394: 3277: 3229: 3184: 3146: 2979: 2932: 2772: 2676: 2623: 2568: 2117: 2042: 2021: 2015: 1972: 1902: 1848: 1836: 1816: 930: 659: 468: 437: 405: 5049:

The Great American Battle: Or, The Contest Between Christianity and Political Romanism

4782:

Challengers To Duopoly : Why Third Parties Matter in American Two-Party Politics.

4751: 2116:, politician and a founder and leader of the New York City criminal Nativist gang the 991: 6470: 6435: 6232: 5755: 5720: 5493: 5131: 5043: 4991: 4741: 4727: 4712: 4662: 4574: 4547: 4541: 4498: 4442: 4130: 4122: 4103: 4072: 4032: 3912: 3902: 3741: 3714: 3681: 3557: 3505: 3453: 3443: 3269: 3240: 3176: 3117: 3080: 3004: 2983: 2971: 2866: 2856: 2831: 2821: 2736: 2696: 2686: 2656: 2604: 2594: 2272: 2262: 2060: 2012:, congressman from Louisiana; refused to resign when Louisiana seceded from the Union 1996: 1992: 1943: 1856: 867: 790:" riot was not the only violent riot between Know Nothings and Catholics in 1855. In 618: 386: 4978:

Beyond Party: Cultures of Antipartisanship in Northern Politics before the Civil War

4462:

Cantrell, Gregg (January 1993). "Sam Houston and the Know-Nothings: A Reappraisal".

2593:(1st ed.). New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 681–2, 693. 970: 863:

Hampshire now had a two party system with the Republicans edging out the Democrats.

6553: 6531: 6488: 6207: 6137: 6132: 6107: 5867: 5730: 5228: 4355: 4064: 3943: 3706: 3386: 2963: 2560: 2358: 2122: 2076: 2033: 1948: 1751: 1470: 1222: 983: 799: 709: 655: 610: 589: 425: 359: 199: 194: 4899: 1914:

on August 27, 2010, and titled "Building a Nation of Know-Nothings" discussed the

1075:

ruling in 1857, most of the anti-slavery members of the American Party joined the

6861: 6806: 6647: 6483: 6465: 6282: 6147: 6072: 6067: 5987: 5977: 5907: 5432: 5377: 5073: 5056: 5047: 5035: 4886: 4883:

The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts: The Rise and Fall of a People's Movement

4383: 4022: 4018: 3770:(Speech). Speech in the House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. Archived from 3735: 3579:"Unintended Consequences: The Rise and Fall of the Know-Nothing Party in Alabama" 3076:

The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts: The Rise and Fall of a People's Movement

2004: 1897: 1864: 1594: 1496: 1346: 1248: 1009: 856: 646:

issues overlapped with nativism in complex and confusing ways. They helped elect

622: 621:, triggering opposition of such a high proportion that the Democrats, Whigs, and 4971: 4956:

Taylor, Steven. "Progressive Nativism: The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts"

4876:

Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, 1854–1860

3703:

Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, 1854–1860

2655:. New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 22–5, 34 (quotation). 2479:"The Rise and Fall of the American Republican Party in New York City, 1843–1845" 941:, all supported the Union in a border state. Louisiana Know Nothing congressman 6843: 6702: 6690: 6659: 6653: 6641: 6635: 6540: 6527: 6479: 6212: 5488: 5363: 5336: 5259: 5198: 4659:

The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History

4610: 4271: 4095: 4052: 3877: 3622:

Rice, Philip Morrison (1947). "The Know-Nothing Party in Virginia, 1854–1856".

3583: 3556:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. 78. 3000:

The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History

2408: 2252: 1955:. The Know Nothings also play a prominent role in the historical fiction novel 1887: 1879: 1710: 1672: 1545: 1444: 1297: 1195: 1002: 998: 810: 614: 552: 543: 532:

in Europe and they also alleged that he was an enemy of liberty, democracy and

453:

The party entered a period of rapid decline after Fillmore's loss. In 1857 the

441: 169: 4697:

Carriere, Marius. "Political Leadership of the Louisiana Know-Nothing Party."

4669:

The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism

4615:

Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the politics of the 1850s

4546:(Norton Library ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Inc. p. 122. 3916: 3345:"Scandal Behind the Convent Walls: The Know-Nothing Nunnery Committee of 1855" 3044:"Salmon P. Chase, Nativism, and the Formation of the Republican Party in Ohio" 2625:

The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism

2258:

Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s

1757: 736:

polled well in the South, attracting the votes of many former southern Whigs.

326:

political movement in the United States in the 1850s, officially known as the

6917: 6733: 6714: 5391: 5309: 5113: 4007:. Vol. 2. New York City, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 467. 3273: 3180: 2975: 2870: 2835: 2525: 2276: 2225: 2113: 1952: 1840: 1397: 1147: 990:. In Massachusetts, for example, the American Party ran Republican candidate 903: 787: 699: 634: 593: 409: 242: 162: 4295:"Donald Trump is an immigration Know-Nothing, and dangerous for Republicans" 3457: 2700: 2608: 2325: 689:. Growing anti-party sentiment, fueled by anti-slavery sentiment as well as 6880: 6684: 6678: 6439: 6152: 5446: 5428: 5395: 5367: 4983: 4891: 4299: 4243: 4000: 3710: 3231:

The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s

3079:. Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. pp. 74–89. 2586: 2140: 2128: 2100: 2048: 1930: 1919: 1907: 1804: 1054: 1013: 836: 625:

in the capital united as the "Anti-Know-Nothing Party". In New York, where

382: 4129:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 108, 147, 160. 4057:"Fillmore, Millard (1800–1874), thirteenth president of the United States" 3137:

Deusner, Charles E. (April 1963). "The Know Nothing Riots in Louisville".

2967: 2855:. Jefferson, North Carolina: Mcfarland & Company Inc. pp. 63–64. 5587: 5405: 5018:. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1855. Work by K–N activist. 4537: 4150:

Kellogg, Louise Phelps (September 1918). "The Bennett Law in Wisconsin".

3984:, p. 8. Springfield, Illinois: Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library. 3413:

Lord, Robert Howard; Harrington, Edward T. & Sexton, John E. (1945).

2529: 2066: 1812: 1808: 959: 866:

The Know Nothings also dominated politics in Rhode Island, where in 1855

818: 585: 4925:

Rice, Philip Morrison. "The Know-Nothing Party in Virginia, 1854–1856."

4822:

Hurt, Payton. "The Rise and Fall of the 'Know Nothings' in California,"

4475: 3281: 3188: 3150: 2776: 2540:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 877. 1694: 6629: 6514: 6505: 6492: 6474: 6448: 5442: 4940: 4930: 4855: 4768: 4719:

Donelson was Andrew Jackson's nephew and K–N nominee for Vice President

4702: 4682: 4645: 4163: 3955: 3662: 3538: 2936: 2572: 2104: 1986: 1980: 974:

Results by county indicating the percentage for Fillmore in each county

724: 577: 479: 370: 350: 4829:

Kadir, Djelal. "Agnotology and the Know-Nothing Party: Then and Now."

4617:(1992). online at ACLS History e-Book;, the standard scholarly study' 4351:"Donald Trump Isn't The First Know Nothing to Capture American Hearts" 3981: 3839:

A Rhetorical Analysis of Selected Ante-Bellum Speeches by Randell Hunt

3799:

A Glorious Assemblage: The Rise of the Know-Nothing Party in Louisiana

3635: 3527:

Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association

3398: 774: 6177: 5328: 4497:. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. p. 75. 3901:. Jackson, Mississippi: University of Mississippi Press. p. 46. 3167:

Tuska, Benjamin R. (1925). "Know-Nothingism in Baltimore 1854–1860".

2108: 3947: 3705:. Baltimore, Maryland: The Maryland Center for History and Culture. 3504:. New York, New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 141–142. 2852:

Lincoln and His World. Vol. 4, The Path to the Presidency, 1854–1860

2564: 2299:"How the 19th-Century Know Nothing Party Reshaped American Politics" 1632: 580:

and religious bigotry, the Know Nothings did not focus their ire on

5568: 5456: 4841:

America for Americans: A history of xenophobia in the United States

4327: 3390: 433: 374: 338: 224: 5139: 4127:

The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–96

3208:. Vol. 1. New York, New York: The American Historical Society 1095: 337:

Supporters of the Know Nothing movement believed that an alleged "

4623:

Anbinder, Tyler. "Nativism and prejudice against immigrants," in

3116:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 538–542. 2464:

No King, No Popery: Anti-Catholicism in Revolutionary New England

525: 4652:

The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848–1876

4605:

statistical analysis of anti-Irish vote in Massachuesetts online

4102:, New York, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 375–76, 962:

and therefore opposed to papal authority over matters of state.

681:

The key to Know Nothing success in 1854 was the collapse of the

4267:"Donald Trump Isn't a Fascist; He's a Media-Savvy Know-Nothing" 3419:. Vol. 2. Boston: The Pilot Publishing Co. pp. 686–99 2890:

Lincoln Home National Historic Site, U.S. National Park Service

2886:"Lincoln on the Know Nothing Party (Letter to Joshua F. Speed)" 2378:"Progressive Nativism: The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts" 1831:

Some historians and journalists "have found parallels with the

807: 3440:

Running on the Record: Civil War-Era Politics in New Hampshire

2820:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Publishers. p. 150. 1951:), the fictionalized version of real-life Know Nothing leader 1929:, a number of commentators and politicians compared candidate 4935:

Roseboom, Eugene H. "Salmon P. Chase and the Know Nothings."

4210:

Shirley, Craig (April 22, 2006). "How the GOP Lost Its Way".

3029:

The Monthly Nautical Magazine and Quarterly Commercial Review

349:. Therefore, they sought to politically organize native-born 261: 4918:

Parmet, Robert D. "Connecticut's Know-Nothings: A Profile,"

4598:

Nativism (politics) in the United States § Bibliography

4573:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 113. 3740:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 856. 3476: 3003:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: UNC Press Books. p. 15. 2261:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 121. 705: 5200:

Historical right-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets

4966:

Tuska, Benjamin. "Know-Nothingism in Baltimore 1854-1860."

4407:"Trump: A throwback to the Know-Nothing Party of the 1850s" 1933:

to the Know Nothings due to his anti-immigration policies.

581: 377:

appeals. At the state level, the party was, in some cases,

267: 3312: 3260:

Ruchames, Louis (1952). "The Abolitionists and the Jews".

2783: 2712: 2710: 1855:

Tea Party populism should also be thought of as a kind of

6263:

State and local political parties (without national body)

4635:

Ambivalent Americans: The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland

4323:"Is Trump Turning the GOP Into the 'Know Nothing' Party?" 4024:

The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor & Millard Fillmore

3842:(PhD). Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University 3288: 3093: 2632: 2445: 2443: 1045: 1039: 1025:" We now practically read it "all men are created equal, 666:

to the Democratic Party elected Banks to the position of

255: 6989:

Defunct far-right political parties in the United States

6326: 3802:(MA). Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University 3678:

Ambivalent Americans: The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland

4187: 4185: 3814: 3324: 3300: 2707: 2433:

The Life and Times of John Kelly, Tribune of the People

592:, the party supported a Jewish candidate for governor, 4791:

Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.

3464: 3262:

Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society

2795: 2440: 2404:"'Know Nothings' Opposed Immigration in Lincoln's Day" 743:, Maine, a shipowner dubbed his new 700-ton freighter 5025:(2017), heavily illustrated with editorial cartoons. 4691:(2017), heavily illustrated with editorial cartoons. 4170: 3868:. Shreveport, Louisiana. September 5, 1855. p. 1 3403:(Discusses the actual behavior of the Catholic nuns.) 1977:

Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

358:. In parts of the South, the party did not emphasize 6910:

Political parties of minorities in the United States

4182: 3603: 3412: 2591:

The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln

5055:Fillmore, Millard; Frank H. Severance (ed.)(1907). 633:almost a decade before, the Know Nothing candidate 5082:The Wide-Awake Gift: A Know Nothing Token for 1855 5066:The Wide-Awake Gift: A Know Nothing Token for 1855 4878:. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society (2005). 4777:(1978), detailed statistical study, state-by-state 3228: 3025:"Launches in the United States for the Past Month" 2685:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 131. 802:, in 1854, Know Nothings were associated with the 4869:Essays on American Antebellum Politics, 1840–1860 1633:Know Nothing Candidates in Presidential Elections 850: 412:and several other individuals into office in the 6915: 4896:Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing, 1852–1857 4767:, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Dec., 1985), pp. 529–559 937:, along with his brother, former Representative 424:. The American Party nominated former President 4005:Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing 1852–1857 2911:Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing 1852–1857 2735:. University of California Press. p. 158. 1815:took place in Illinois in 1892, where Democrat 1096:Know Nothing Winners in Congressional Elections 1008:Many were appalled by the Know Nothings. While 876:fueled anti-Irish and anti-Catholic sentiment. 6974:Anti-immigration politics in the United States 5580:List of political parties in the United States 5084:. New York: J. C. Derby, 1855; pp. 54–63. 4775:The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 4724:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 629:had been elected mayor of New York City as an 528:had contributed to the failure of the liberal 484:Uncle Sam's youngest son, Citizen Know Nothing 6312: 5554: 5184: 3831: 3829: 3495: 3493: 3491: 2371: 2369: 2188:Religious discrimination in the United States 1947:, led by William "Bill the Butcher" Cutting ( 750: 5528:History of conservatism in the United States 4803:The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party 3162: 3160: 2949: 2947: 2245: 2162:Know-Nothing Riots in United States politics 770:Know-Nothing Riots in United States politics 638:because all parties were in turmoil and the 609:candidate for mayor of Philadelphia, editor 6934:1860 disestablishments in the United States 4862:Catholicism and American Freedom: A History 4627:, ed. by Reed Ueda (2006) pp. 177–201 3139:Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 2732:The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000 2653:Catholicism and American Freedom: A History 2283: 1886:to be under the "neo-Know Nothing banner". 6969:Anti-German sentiment in the United States 6319: 6305: 5561: 5547: 5191: 5177: 5098:Nativism in the 1856 Presidential Election 4927:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 4817:History of United States Political Parties 4679:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 4517: 4404: 3990:held by Massachusetts Historical Society.) 3978:Letter to Joshua F. Speed, August 24, 1855 3826: 3761:Bouligny, John Edward (February 5, 1861). 3651:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 3624:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 3499: 3488: 2925:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 2762: 2638: 2621: 2429: 2366: 1882:'s 1968 presidential campaign was said by 345:in the United States was being hatched by 285: 4455: 4377:Kaufman, Scott Eric (December 16, 2015). 4090: 4088: 4069:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400374 3982:Papers of Abraham Lincoln Digital Library 3576: 3524: 3226: 3157: 3114:Origins of the Republican Party 1852–1856 2944: 2675: 2650: 2466:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 1811:campaign in Wisconsin in 1890. A similar 7004:Right-wing populism in the United States 6944:Political parties disestablished in 1860 6929:1844 establishments in the United States 4898:(1947), overall political survey of era 4831:Review of International American Studies 4461: 4063:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 4051: 3894: 3820: 3760: 3727: 3330: 3306: 3259: 3099: 2801: 2789: 2716: 2682:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era 2524: 2461: 2449: 2351: 2296: 2251: 2228:European immigrants; it did not include 2145:18th vice president of the United States 1966: 1927:2016 United States presidential election 1069:After the Supreme Court's controversial 969: 773: 704: 677:The historian Tyler Anbinder concluded: 542: 478: 467:in 1860 and they disappeared during the 391:temperance movement in the United States 330:before 1855, and afterwards simply the 5037:Immigration: Its Evils and Consequences 4920:Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 4824:California Historical Society Quarterly 4376: 4320: 4264: 4209: 4203: 4149: 3975: 3551: 3342: 3318: 3136: 3111: 3072: 2996: 2883: 2585: 2476: 2323: 1106:United States House of Representatives 574:antisemitic nativist groups in the U.S. 6999:Political parties in the United States 6916: 5711:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party 5571:political parties in the United States 4758:Anti-Catholicism in America, 1620–1860 4543:Thaddeus Stevens: Scourge of the South 4536: 4488: 4348: 4292: 4176: 4121: 4094: 4085: 3999: 3929: 3835: 3700: 3609: 3294: 2922: 2848: 2550: 2507: 2375: 2352:Kierdorf, Douglas (January 10, 2016). 2218:aboriginal populations of the Americas 2103:, politician, painter and inventor of 6959:Anti-Catholicism in the United States 6939:Political parties established in 1844 6300: 5542: 5172: 4566: 4464:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 4430: 4405:Kiedrowski, Jay (September 9, 2016). 4321:Raleigh, Helen (September 19, 2015). 4017: 3675: 3482: 3470: 3437: 3376: 3201: 3166: 2953: 2813: 2728: 2483:New-York Historical Society Quarterly 2222:Native Americans in the United States 2178:Anti-Catholicism in the United States 1936: 369:The Know Nothings supplemented their 6984:Defunct American political movements 6397:Presidency of William Henry Harrison 6370:1860 Constitutional Union Convention 4947:Political Nativism in New York State 4937:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 4760:(Cambridge University Press, 2017) . 4248:"Building a Nation of Know-Nothings" 4242: 3795: 3764:Feb. 5, 1861: Secession of Louisiana 3733: 3648: 3621: 2884:Lincoln, Abraham (August 24, 1855). 2511:Political Nativism in New York State 2401: 2168:Baltimore Know-Nothing riots of 1856 1841:prejudices against Latino immigrants 1100: 1090: 518: 5696:Freedom Road Socialist Organization 4958:Historical Journal of Massachusetts 4906:The Know-Nothing Party in the South 4671:(1938), standard scholarly survey; 4625:A companion to American immigration 4265:Cassidy, John (December 28, 2015). 3352:Historical Journal of Massachusetts 3235:. Oxford University Press. p. 3041: 2385:Historical Journal of Massachusetts 2354:"Getting to know the Know-Nothings" 2038:13th president of the United States 490:Anti-Catholicism was widespread in 39:Native American Party (before 1855) 13: 6268:Presidential nominating convention 5002: 4193:"Library Exhibits | Know Nothings" 3680:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 3202:Hatch, Louis Clinton, ed. (1919). 2430:McLaughlin, James Fairfax (1885). 2332:University of Southern Mississippi 2183:Nativism in United States politics 461:Supreme Court of the United States 341:" conspiracy to subvert civil and 14: 7025: 7009:Conservatism in the United States 6353:1856 American National Convention 5091: 4885:. Boston: Northeastern UP, 1990. 4789:The Irish in the South, 1815–1877 4293:Nevius, James (August 15, 2015). 3554:The Irish in the South, 1815–1877 2849:Miller, Richard Lawrence (2012). 2173:71st Infantry Regiment (New York) 2045:, lieutenant governor of Kentucky 1680:after Taylor's nomination at the 1677:Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn 557:Order of the Star Spangled Banner 504:Order of the Star Spangled Banner 175:Order of the Star Spangled Banner 16:1850s US nativist political party 6258: 6257: 5138: 5103:Nativism By Michael F. Holt, PhD 3895:Carriere, Marius M. Jr. (2018). 2330:(MA). Hattiesburg, Mississippi: 2091:, politician and social activist 1781: 1780: 1756: 1745: 1728: 1704: 1693: 1587: 1586: 1565: 1564: 1538: 1537: 1516: 1515: 1489: 1463: 1437: 1416: 1390: 1339: 1338: 1317: 1316: 1290: 1289: 1268: 1267: 1241: 1215: 1214: 1188: 1167: 1166: 1140: 1139: 829: 6392:Presidency of John Quincy Adams 5329:States' Rights Democratic Party 4988:The Rise of American Democracy. 4590: 4560: 4530: 4511: 4482: 4424: 4398: 4370: 4349:Reston, Laura (July 30, 2015). 4342: 4314: 4286: 4258: 4236: 4218: 4143: 4115: 4045: 4011: 3993: 3969: 3936:The Journal of American History 3923: 3888: 3854: 3789: 3754: 3694: 3669: 3642: 3615: 3570: 3545: 3518: 3500:McLoughlin, William G. (1986). 3431: 3406: 3370: 3336: 3253: 3220: 3195: 3130: 3105: 3066: 3035: 3017: 2990: 2916: 2903: 2877: 2842: 2807: 2756: 2722: 2669: 2644: 2615: 2579: 2553:The Journal of American History 2544: 2518: 2501: 2470: 2455: 2402:Kemp, Bill (January 17, 2016). 2193:Xenophobia in the United States 2125:, congressman from Pennsylvania 1801:American Protective Association 6412:Presidency of Millard Fillmore 5159:New International Encyclopedia 5069:. New York: J.C. Derby, 1855. 4709:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 4518:Billington, Ray Allen (1959). 4197:exhibits.library.villanova.edu 3898:The Know Nothings in Louisiana 3701:Melton, Tracy Matthew (2005). 3169:The Catholic Historical Review 2477:Leonard, Ira M. (April 1966). 2423: 2395: 2345: 2317: 2210: 1729: 1490: 1464: 1438: 1417: 1391: 1242: 1189: 986:and vice presidential nominee 851:New Hampshire and Rhode Island 824: 1: 6278:Politics of the United States 5500:National States' Rights Party 5484:Straight-Out Democratic Party 5108:Lager Beer Riot, Chicago 1855 4922:(1966), 31 #3, pp. 84–90 4556:– via Internet Archive. 4451:– via Internet Archive. 4152:Wisconsin Magazine of History 4100:Safire's Political Dictionary 3227:Formisano, Ronald P. (1983). 2997:Bennett, David Harry (1988). 2462:Cogliano, Francis D. (1995). 2198: 1918:, which falsely claimed that 1823:The spirit which enacted the 1682:1848 Whig National Convention 994:as its presidential nominee. 980:presidential election of 1856 815:burned down a Catholic church 381:in its stances on "issues of 6949:American nationalist parties 6407:Presidency of Zachary Taylor 5968:Democratic-Republican (1844) 5796:South Carolina Workers Party 4637:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. 3112:Gienapp, William E. (1987). 2239: 1803:of the 1890s and the Second 1769: 1766: 1717: 1714: 952: 576:, and despite their zealous 459:pro-slavery decision of the 83:; 164 years ago 65:; 180 years ago 7: 6964:Anti-Catholic organizations 5010:Anspach, Frederick Rinehart 4852:Journal of American History 4765:Journal of American History 4642:Journal of American History 4526:. Vol. 10, no. 2. 4061:American National Biography 4027:. The American Presidency. 2651:McGreevey, John T. (2003). 2622:Billington, Ray A. (1938). 2324:Farrell, Robert N. (2017). 2157:Philadelphia Nativist Riots 2150: 2024:, congressman from Maryland 1819:denounced the Republicans: 1016:, written August 24, 1855: 763: 658:as governor of California. 654:and they also helped elect 42:American Party (after 1855) 10: 7030: 6994:1850s in the United States 5726:National Progressive Party 5651:African People's Socialist 5356:American Independent Party 5248:Constitutional Union Party 5147:Know Nothing Platform 1856 4968:Catholic Historical Review 4595: 4029:University Press of Kansas 3552:Gleeson, David T. (2001). 2814:LeMay, Michael C. (2012). 2531:"Know Nothing Party" 2508:Scisco, Louis Dow (1901). 2063:, governor of Rhode Island 1787: 1779: 1772: 1734: 1727: 1720: 1085:Constitutional Union Party 965: 767: 751:Leadership and legislation 515:the American Party label. 474: 465:Constitutional Union Party 430:1856 presidential election 145:Constitutional Union Party 6871: 6822: 6779: 6724: 6669: 6620: 6611: 6566: 6420: 6338: 6250: 6178:States Rights (Dixiecrat) 5895: 5855: 5848: 5643: 5622: 5613: 5586: 5577: 5518: 5474: 5419: 5354: 5327: 5300: 5275:National Democratic Party 5273: 5246: 5219: 5206: 4520:"The Know-Nothing Uproar" 4489:Ramage, James A. (2004). 3919:– via Google Books. 3836:Tarver, Jerry L. (1964). 3734:Holt, Michael F. (1999). 3343:Mulkern, John R. (1983). 3216:– via Google Books. 3073:Mulkern, John R. (1990). 2752:– via Google Books. 2305:. Smithsonian Institution 2279:– via Google Books. 1794: 1670: 1593: 1544: 1495: 1469: 1443: 1396: 1345: 1296: 1247: 1221: 1194: 1146: 1023:all men are created equal 723:, Know Nothing candidate 617:defeated incumbent Mayor 496:American Republican Party 400:after the passage of the 298:Politics of United States 293: 284: 279: 248: 238: 180: 168: 158: 137: 126: 113:American Republican Party 105: 100:American Republican Party 95: 77: 59: 49: 32: 23: 6402:Presidency of John Tyler 5771:Socialism and Liberation 4874:Melton, Tracy Matthew. 4826:9 (March and June 1930). 4796:Historical New Hampshire 3577:Frederick, Jeff (2002). 3427:– via Hathi Trust. 2729:Diner, Hasia R. (2006). 2376:Taylor, Stephen (2000). 2297:Boissoneault, Lorraine. 2203: 2137:, mayor of San Francisco 2079:, governor of California 1671:Withdrew endorsement of 1626: 1619: 1612: 879: 6048:National States' Rights 5903:American (Know Nothing) 5751:Progressive Labor Party 5233:Andrew Jackson Donelson 5058:Millard Fillmore Papers 4633:Baker, Jean H. (1977), 4199:. Villanova University. 3676:Baker, Jean H. (1977). 3502:Rhode Island: A History 3485:, pp. 55, 58, 212. 2765:American Jewish History 2537:Encyclopædia Britannica 2085:, senator from Maryland 2028:Andrew Jackson Donelson 1979:from Massachusetts and 1845:hostility towards Islam 1825:Alien and Sedition laws 1763:Andrew Jackson Donelson 988:Andrew Jackson Donelson 599: 551:In 1849, an oath-bound 6893:Alexander H. H. Stuart 5776:Serve America Movement 5766:Renew America Movement 4970:11.2 (1925): 217–251. 4939:25.3 (1938): 335–350. 4904:Overdyke, W. Darrell. 4871:(1982) pp. 166–98 4833:10.1 (2017): 117–131. 4756:Farrelly, Maura Jane. 4738:The Know-Nothing Party 4644:64 (1977–78): 959–86. 4226:"The Immigration Deal" 3930:Levine, Bruce (2001). 3796:Hall, Ryan M. (2015). 3711:10.56021/9780938420941 2097:, governor of Kentucky 2057:, governor of Maryland 2018:, senator for Kentucky 1873: 1829: 1628: Republican Party 1614: Democratic Party 1072:Dred Scott v. Sandford 1063: 1051: 1005:from the White House. 975: 939:John Pendleton Kennedy 895: 873:The Providence Journal 806:of a Catholic priest, 804:tarring and feathering 779: 717: 696: 652:mayor of San Francisco 570: 548: 487: 456:Dred Scott v. Sandford 451: 444:as president, stating: 6954:American nationalists 6887:Thomas M. T. McKennan 6183:Traditionalist Worker 5863:Democratic-Republican 5801:Social Democrats, USA 5791:Socialist Alternative 5287:Simon Bolivar Buckner 5213:national popular vote 5143:Texts on Wikisource: 5119:Catholic Encyclopedia 5032:Busey, Samuel Clagett 4913:Politics and Religion 4854:2001 88(2): 455–488. 4780:Gillespie, J. David. 4750:72.2 (2019): 99–122. 4736:Desmond, Humphrey J. 4726:2003 127(1): 89–100. 4711:2003 62(3): 218–237. 4596:Further information: 3862:"American Convention" 3379:New England Quarterly 2968:10.1353/cwh.1995.0023 2055:Thomas Holliday Hicks 1967:Notable Know Nothings 1853: 1821: 1357:United States Senate 1059: 1018: 973: 927:Thomas Holliday Hicks 890: 777: 721:In the spring of 1855 708: 679: 565: 546: 482: 446: 328:Native American Party 215:Cultural assimilation 210:Anti-German sentiment 6979:Anti-Irish sentiment 6365:Constitutional Union 6038:National Renaissance 5963:Constitutional Union 5207:Presidential tickets 5023:Smithsonian Magazine 4976:Voss-Hubbard, Mark. 4915:6.3 (2013): 570–595. 4864:(W. W. Norton, 2003) 4843:(Basic Books, 2019) 4773:Gienapp, William E. 4689:Smithsonian Magazine 4681:1998 106(1): 35–70. 4567:Foner, Eric (1995). 4495:Kentucky's Governors 4439:Simon & Schuster 4431:Smith, Gene (1992). 4031:. pp. 252–253. 3042:Gienapp, William E. 2303:Smithsonian Magazine 2230:Indigenous Americans 2135:Stephen Palfrey Webb 2131:, mayor of Baltimore 2051:, mayor of Baltimore 2010:John Edward Bouligny 1661:Outcome of election 960:Gallican Catholicism 943:John Edward Bouligny 784:Louisville, Kentucky 730:Henry Alexander Wise 668:Speaker of the House 648:Stephen Palfrey Webb 205:Anti-Irish sentiment 190:American nationalism 150:North American Party 7014:Nativism (politics) 6709:William M. Meredith 6524:1848 (Philadelphia) 6382:Second Party System 6328:National Republican 6238:Youth International 6188:Unconditional Union 6093:Populist (People's) 6003:Independence (2007) 5998:Independence (1906) 5958:Constitution (1952) 5933:American Vegetarian 5873:National Republican 5716:Legal Marijuana Now 5666:American Solidarity 5074:"The 'Know Nothings 4945:Scisco, Louis Dow. 4860:McGreevey, John T. 4819:(1973), I, 575–620. 4667:Billington, Ray A. 4246:(August 27, 2010). 4212:The Washington Post 3988:Original manuscript 3976:Lincoln, Abraham. " 3777:on February 2, 2017 3438:Renda, Lex (1997). 3321:, pp. 101–102. 3297:, pp. 171–172. 2677:McPherson, James M. 2095:Charles S. Morehead 2089:Lewis Charles Levin 1896:by neoconservative 1893:The Weekly Standard 1849:Tea Party movements 1837:Tea Party movements 1788:Democratic victory 1735:Democratic victory 1358: 1107: 923:William B. Campbell 687:Kansas–Nebraska Act 683:second party system 631:American Republican 538:conspiracy theories 530:Revolutions of 1848 500:Lewis Charles Levin 402:Kansas–Nebraska Act 54:Lewis Charles Levin 6850:William B. Preston 6832:Samuel L. Southard 6813:John J. Crittenden 6795:John J. Crittenden 6764:George W. Crawford 6360:Anti-Masonic Party 6118:Progressive (1948) 6113:Progressive (1924) 6108:Progressive (1912) 6043:National Socialist 6023:Liberal Republican 5993:Human Rights Party 5953:Communist Workers' 5806:Socialist Equality 5494:Unpledged electors 5477:right-wing parties 5382:Thomas J. Anderson 5341:Fielding L. Wright 5211:one percent of the 5044:Carroll, Anna Ella 4798:39 (1985): 121–37. 4787:Gleeson, David T. 4657:Bennett, David H. 4491:Lowell H. Harrison 4252:The New York Times 4230:The New York Times 4123:Jensen, Richard J. 2792:, pp. 75–102. 2043:James Greene Hardy 2022:Henry Winter Davis 2016:John J. Crittenden 1989:, mayor of Chicago 1973:Nathaniel P. Banks 1937:In popular culture 1912:The New York Times 1903:The New York Times 1863:. Almost entirely 1817:John Peter Altgeld 1367:overall seats won 1356: 1116:overall seats won 1105: 976: 931:Henry Winter Davis 780: 718: 660:Nathaniel P. Banks 549: 488: 469:American Civil War 438:Henry Winter Davis 406:Nathaniel P. Banks 6906: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6856:William A. Graham 6770:Charles M. Conrad 6498:1839 (Harrisburg) 6294: 6293: 6246: 6245: 6163:Social Democratic 6158:Silver Republican 6128:Radical Democracy 6123:Proletarian Party 5891: 5890: 5844: 5843: 5811:Socialist Workers 5701:Freedom Socialist 5671:Christian Liberty 5536: 5535: 5470: 5469: 5408:/Eileen Shearer ( 5314:Thomas C. O'Brien 5209:that won at least 5132:Handbook of Texas 4953:, pp. 84–202 4881:Mulkern, John R. 4808:Holt, Michael F. 4801:Holt, Michael F. 4701:(1980): 183–195. 4699:Louisiana History 4580:978-0-1997-6226-2 4524:American Heritage 4109:978-0-19-534061-7 4078:978-0-19-860669-7 4038:978-0-7006-0362-6 3908:978-1-4968-1688-7 3866:The South-Western 3747:978-0-19-516104-5 3720:978-0-938420-94-1 3563:978-0-8078-4968-2 3473:, pp. 33–57. 3246:978-0-19-503124-9 3102:, pp. 34–43. 3086:978-1-55553-071-6 2956:Civil War History 2862:978-0-7864-8812-4 2827:978-0-313-39644-1 2742:978-0-520-24848-9 2639:Billington (1938) 2268:978-0-19-507233-4 2061:William W. Hoppin 1993:John Wilkes Booth 1944:Gangs of New York 1857:identity politics 1792: 1791: 1607: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1352: 1351: 1091:Electoral results 929:, Representative 868:William W. Hoppin 796:mayoral elections 619:John Walker Maury 519:Underlying issues 343:religious liberty 316: 315: 303:Political parties 138:Succeeded by 7021: 6838:George E. Badger 6781:Attorney General 6618: 6617: 6550:1856 (Baltimore) 6537:1852 (Baltimore) 6511:1844 (Baltimore) 6445:1831 (Baltimore) 6377:Opposition Party 6321: 6314: 6307: 6298: 6297: 6261: 6260: 6173:Socialist (1901) 5893: 5892: 5853: 5852: 5831:Working Families 5786:Socialist Action 5781:Socialist (1973) 5731:Progressive Dane 5661:American Freedom 5620: 5619: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5540: 5539: 5459:/Cyril Minnett ( 5229:Millard Fillmore 5217: 5216: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5170: 5169: 5163: 5142: 5123: 5114:"Knownothingism" 5077: 5072:Bond, Thomas E. 4951:full text online 4585: 4584: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4441:. p. 60 ]. 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4356:The New Republic 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4189: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4092: 4083: 4082: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4019:Smith, Elbert B. 4015: 4009: 4008: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3980:" (1855-08-24). 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3833: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3776: 3769: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3497: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3410: 3404: 3402: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3349: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3234: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3205:Maine: A History 3199: 3193: 3192: 3164: 3155: 3154: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3021: 3015: 3014: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2951: 2942: 2940: 2920: 2914: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2705: 2704: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2533: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2438: 2437: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2382: 2373: 2364: 2363: 2359:The Boston Globe 2349: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2294: 2281: 2280: 2249: 2233: 2214: 2123:Thaddeus Stevens 2077:J. Neely Johnson 2034:Millard Fillmore 1949:Daniel Day-Lewis 1916:birther movement 1869:anti-immigration 1784: 1783: 1776: 1760: 1752:Millard Fillmore 1749: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1708: 1697: 1655:Electoral votes 1637: 1636: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1621: Whig Party 1620: 1615: 1613: 1590: 1589: 1582: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1541: 1540: 1533: 1519: 1518: 1511: 1493: 1492: 1485: 1471:Millard Fillmore 1467: 1466: 1459: 1441: 1440: 1433: 1420: 1419: 1412: 1394: 1393: 1386: 1359: 1355: 1342: 1341: 1334: 1320: 1319: 1312: 1293: 1292: 1285: 1271: 1270: 1263: 1245: 1244: 1237: 1223:Millard Fillmore 1218: 1217: 1210: 1192: 1191: 1184: 1170: 1169: 1162: 1143: 1142: 1135: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1077:Republican Party 984:Millard Fillmore 800:Ellsworth, Maine 656:J. Neely Johnson 611:Robert T. Conrad 561:Democratic Party 492:colonial America 426:Millard Fillmore 422:Republican Party 364:Democratic Party 360:anti-Catholicism 289: 266: 260: 254: 200:Anti-Catholicism 195:Anti-immigration 131:Republican Party 127:Merged into 106:Preceded by 91: 89: 84: 73: 71: 66: 21: 20: 7029: 7028: 7024: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7018: 6914: 6913: 6907: 6898: 6867: 6862:John P. Kennedy 6818: 6807:Reverdy Johnson 6775: 6758:James M. Porter 6752:John C. Spencer 6740:Peter B. Porter 6720: 6697:John C. Spencer 6665: 6648:John M. Clayton 6607: 6569: 6562: 6423: 6416: 6343:American System 6334: 6325: 6295: 6290: 6287: 6283:Politics portal 6242: 6168:Socialist Labor 6148:Red Guard Party 6098:Personal Choice 6033:National (1917) 5928:American (1969) 5923:American (1924) 5908:Americans Elect 5887: 5849:Defunct parties 5840: 5639: 5609: 5582: 5573: 5567: 5537: 5532: 5514: 5476: 5466: 5433:Maureen Salaman 5415: 5378:John G. Schmitz 5350: 5323: 5296: 5269: 5242: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5202: 5197: 5151: 5112: 5094: 5089: 5075: 5005: 5003:Primary sources 5000: 4929:(1947): 61–75. 4611:Anbinder, Tyler 4600: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4535: 4531: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4487: 4483: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4347: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4263: 4259: 4241: 4237: 4232:. May 20, 2007. 4224: 4223: 4219: 4208: 4204: 4191: 4190: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4096:Safire, William 4093: 4086: 4079: 4053:Anbinder, Tyler 4050: 4046: 4039: 4016: 4012: 3998: 3994: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3948:10.2307/2675102 3928: 3924: 3909: 3893: 3889: 3871: 3869: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3834: 3827: 3821:Anbinder (1992) 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3674: 3670: 3647: 3643: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3550: 3546: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3498: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3450: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3411: 3407: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3347: 3341: 3337: 3331:Anbinder (1992) 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3307:Ruchames (1952) 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3200: 3196: 3165: 3158: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3110: 3106: 3100:Anbinder (1992) 3098: 3094: 3087: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3040: 3036: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3011: 2995: 2991: 2952: 2945: 2921: 2917: 2913:(1947) 2:396–8. 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2882: 2878: 2863: 2847: 2843: 2828: 2812: 2808: 2802:Anbinder (1992) 2800: 2796: 2790:Anbinder (1992) 2788: 2784: 2761: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2727: 2723: 2717:Anbinder (1992) 2715: 2708: 2693: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2620: 2616: 2601: 2584: 2580: 2565:10.2307/2675102 2549: 2545: 2523: 2519: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2475: 2471: 2460: 2456: 2450:Anbinder (1992) 2448: 2441: 2428: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2400: 2396: 2380: 2374: 2367: 2350: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2322: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2295: 2284: 2269: 2253:Anbinder, Tyler 2250: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2236: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2153: 2083:Anthony Kennedy 2005:Abraham Lincoln 1969: 1939: 1898:William Kristol 1797: 1777: 1774: 1761: 1750: 1725: 1722: 1709: 1698: 1679: 1635: 1625: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1595:Abraham Lincoln 1583: 1580: 1561: 1558: 1534: 1531: 1512: 1509: 1497:Franklin Pierce 1486: 1483: 1460: 1457: 1434: 1431: 1413: 1410: 1387: 1384: 1366: 1347:Abraham Lincoln 1335: 1332: 1313: 1310: 1286: 1283: 1264: 1261: 1249:Franklin Pierce 1238: 1235: 1211: 1208: 1185: 1182: 1163: 1160: 1136: 1133: 1115: 1098: 1093: 1010:Abraham Lincoln 992:John C. Frémont 968: 955: 935:Anthony Kennedy 882: 853: 832: 827: 772: 766: 753: 716:campaign poster 602: 521: 486:, an 1854 print 477: 387:rights of women 312: 270: 264: 258: 252: 234: 154: 133:(Northern U.S.) 122: 87: 85: 82: 69: 67: 64: 45: 28: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7027: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6877: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6844:Abel P. Upshur 6841: 6835: 6828: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6785: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6730: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6703:George M. Bibb 6700: 6694: 6691:Walter Forward 6688: 6682: 6675: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6660:Edward Everett 6657: 6654:Daniel Webster 6651: 6645: 6642:Abel P. Upshur 6639: 6636:Daniel Webster 6633: 6626: 6624: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6587: 6581: 6574: 6572: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6547: 6534: 6521: 6508: 6495: 6486: 6477: 6468: 6455: 6442: 6428: 6426: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6362: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6348:American Party 6345: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6324: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6265: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6223:Young Patriots 6220: 6215: 6213:White Panthers 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6088:People's Party 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6028:Liberty (1840) 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5983:Gold Democrats 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5899: 5897: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5883:National Union 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5626: 5624: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5600: 5592: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5566: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5543: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5510:Populist Party 5507: 5505:American Party 5502: 5497: 5491: 5489:Texas Regulars 5486: 5480: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5454: 5440: 5425: 5423: 5421:Populist Party 5417: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5403: 5389: 5375: 5364:George Wallace 5360: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5337:Strom Thurmond 5333: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5306: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5283:John M. Palmer 5279: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5260:Edward Everett 5252: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5225: 5223: 5221:American Party 5214: 5204: 5203: 5196: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5149: 5136: 5127:American Party 5124: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5093: 5092:External links 5090: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5061: 5053: 5041: 5029: 5019: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4981: 4974: 4964: 4954: 4943: 4933: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4889: 4879: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4848: 4837: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4761: 4754: 4748:Alabama Review 4744: 4734: 4720: 4705: 4695: 4685: 4675: 4665: 4655: 4648: 4638: 4631: 4629:online excerpt 4621: 4608: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4579: 4559: 4552: 4529: 4510: 4503: 4481: 4470:(3): 327–343. 4454: 4447: 4423: 4397: 4369: 4341: 4313: 4285: 4272:The New Yorker 4257: 4235: 4217: 4214:. p. A21. 4202: 4181: 4179:, p. 220. 4169: 4142: 4135: 4114: 4108: 4084: 4077: 4044: 4037: 4010: 3992: 3968: 3922: 3907: 3887: 3878:Newspapers.com 3853: 3825: 3823:, p. 167. 3813: 3788: 3753: 3746: 3726: 3719: 3693: 3686: 3668: 3657:(2): 159–167. 3641: 3614: 3602: 3584:Alabama Review 3569: 3562: 3544: 3517: 3510: 3487: 3475: 3463: 3448: 3430: 3405: 3391:10.2307/365222 3369: 3335: 3333:, p. 137. 3323: 3319:Mulkern (1990) 3311: 3309:, p. 139. 3299: 3287: 3252: 3245: 3219: 3194: 3175:(2): 217–251. 3156: 3129: 3122: 3104: 3092: 3085: 3065: 3034: 3016: 3009: 2989: 2943: 2915: 2909:Allan Nevins, 2902: 2876: 2861: 2841: 2826: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2771:(3): 437–451. 2755: 2741: 2721: 2719:, p. 120. 2706: 2691: 2668: 2661: 2643: 2641:, p. 242. 2631: 2614: 2599: 2578: 2559:(2): 455–488. 2543: 2528:, ed. (1911). 2526:Chisholm, Hugh 2517: 2500: 2469: 2454: 2452:, p. 270. 2439: 2422: 2409:The Pantagraph 2394: 2365: 2344: 2316: 2282: 2267: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2159: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2111: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 1997:Ford's Theatre 1990: 1984: 1968: 1965: 1938: 1935: 1888:Fareed Zakaria 1880:George Wallace 1796: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1754: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1711:Reynell Coates 1702: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1673:Zachary Taylor 1669: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1634: 1631: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1546:James Buchanan 1543: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1445:Zachary Taylor 1442: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1362:Election year 1353: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1298:James Buchanan 1295: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1274: 1273: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1196:Zachary Taylor 1193: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1111:Election year 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1031:and foreigners 1027:except negroes 1003:James Buchanan 999:Andrew Jackson 967: 964: 954: 951: 933:, and Senator 911:Catholic roots 881: 878: 852: 849: 831: 828: 826: 823: 811:Johannes Bapst 768:Main article: 765: 762: 752: 749: 615:John T. Towers 601: 598: 553:secret society 520: 517: 476: 473: 442:James Buchanan 414:1854 elections 332:American Party 314: 313: 311: 310: 305: 300: 294: 291: 290: 282: 281: 277: 276: 250: 246: 245: 240: 236: 235: 233: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 186: 184: 178: 177: 172: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 153: 152: 147: 141: 139: 135: 134: 128: 124: 123: 121: 120: 115: 109: 107: 103: 102: 97: 96:Merger of 93: 92: 79: 75: 74: 61: 57: 56: 51: 47: 46: 44: 43: 40: 36: 34: 30: 29: 26:American Party 25: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7026: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6912: 6911: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6734:James Barbour 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6715:Thomas Corwin 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6519:Frelinghuysen 6516: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6322: 6317: 6315: 6310: 6308: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6218:White Patriot 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6083:Patriot Party 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5938:Black Panther 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5918:American Nazi 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5896:Third parties 5894: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856:Major parties 5854: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5836:Workers World 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5826:Working Class 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5816:Transhumanist 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5706:Forward Party 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5691:Freedom Party 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5615:Third parties 5612: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5588:Major parties 5585: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5564: 5559: 5557: 5552: 5550: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5475:Other notable 5473: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5392:Lester Maddox 5390: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5310:William Lemke 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5189: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5154:Know-Nothings 5150: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5083: 5079: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5063:One of Them. 5062: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5008: 5007: 4997: 4996:0-393-05820-4 4993: 4989: 4985: 4984:Wilentz, Sean 4982: 4979: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4892:Nevins, Allan 4890: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4582: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4563: 4555: 4553:0-393-00331-0 4549: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4504:0-8131-2326-7 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4450: 4448:0-671-76713-5 4444: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4427: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4373: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4345: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4317: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4289: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4244:Egan, Timothy 4239: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4186: 4178: 4177:Jensen (1971) 4173: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4138: 4136:0-226-39825-0 4132: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4111: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4089: 4080: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4014: 4006: 4002: 4001:Nevins, Allan 3996: 3989: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3841: 3840: 3832: 3830: 3822: 3817: 3801: 3800: 3792: 3773: 3766: 3765: 3757: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3730: 3722: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3689: 3687:0-8018-1906-7 3683: 3679: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3612:, p. 45. 3611: 3610:Bladek (1998) 3606: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3573: 3565: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3511:0-393-30271-7 3507: 3503: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3484: 3479: 3472: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3449:0-8139-1722-0 3445: 3441: 3434: 3418: 3417: 3409: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3385:(1): 101–18. 3384: 3380: 3373: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3320: 3315: 3308: 3303: 3296: 3295:Taylor (2000) 3291: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3248: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3232: 3223: 3207: 3206: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3161: 3152: 3148: 3145:(2): 122–47. 3144: 3140: 3133: 3125: 3123:0-19-504100-3 3119: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3096: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3069: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3012: 3010:0-8078-1772-4 3006: 3002: 3001: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2948: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2912: 2906: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2810: 2804:, p. 95. 2803: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2744: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2725: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2692:0-19-503863-0 2688: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2672: 2664: 2662:0-393-04760-1 2658: 2654: 2647: 2640: 2635: 2627: 2626: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2600:0-393-05820-4 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587:Wilentz, Sean 2582: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2539: 2538: 2532: 2527: 2521: 2513: 2512: 2504: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2465: 2458: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2435: 2434: 2426: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2372: 2370: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2348: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2320: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2248: 2244: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2209: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2114:William Poole 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953:William Poole 1950: 1946: 1945: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1839:, seeing the 1838: 1834: 1828: 1826: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1646:Running mate 1645: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1630: 1603: 1596: 1585: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1563: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1536: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1514: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1488: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1462: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1436: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1415: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1398:James K. Polk 1389: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1337: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1315: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1288: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1266: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1240: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1213: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1187: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1165: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1148:James K. Polk 1138: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1081:1860 election 1078: 1074: 1073: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1050: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1035:and catholics 1032: 1028: 1024: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 972: 963: 961: 950: 948: 945:, a Catholic 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 918: 916: 912: 907: 905: 904:Henry A. 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