1863:
487:
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467:
544:, was given twenty craftsmen and ten families of farmers with the obligation of paying government taxes for them, for promoting successful development of Russia-America settlements and the establishment of shipyards and factories. The settlers provided to Shelikhov were not serfs in the full sense of the word. It was not possible to sell, mortgage, or give away the settlers; they were owned by the company for as long as the
479:
1259:
54:
1549:
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hunting operations and forced the
Alutiiq men to hunt for longer periods of time at increasingly distant areas as the local population of fur-bearing animals was extinguished. The Alutiiq suffered starvation and physical separation of families because of the able-bodied men hunting and trapping furs
598:
were conscripted by the
Russian occupants for the purpose of hunting, gathering, and processing food and furs. Native labor was commandeered through hostage taking, physical threat, and punishment. The Alutiiq men were forced to obtain quotas of otter pelts and bird skins which were then stitched
344:
Kodiak Island is mountainous and heavily forested in the north and east, but fairly treeless in the south. The island has many deep, ice-free bays that provide sheltered anchorages for boats. The southwestern two-thirds of the island, like much of the Kodiak
Archipelago, is part of
664:
is a volcano 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Kodiak Island that erupted from June 6 to June 8, 1912: the largest eruption in the 20th century. Life on Kodiak Island was immobilized during the 60-hour eruption. Darkness and suffocating conditions caused by the falling
685:
and other large animals were blinded by thick ash, and many starved to death because large numbers of plants and small animals were smothered in the eruption. Birds blinded and coated by volcanic ash fell to the ground. Even the region's prolific
637:
territory and destroyed an estimated one-third of the Native population. The remaining
Alutiiq on Kodiak Island were then consolidated into seven settlements where they were more readily offered medical, educational, and religious services by the
1273:
and has no road access. Refuge headquarters are located on the
Chiniak Highway, right at the access road for the Buskin River State Recreation Site, which has camping, picnic areas, beaches, and fishing for salmon and trout in the Buskin River.
364:
is one of seven communities on Kodiak Island and is the island's main city. All commercial transportation between the island and the outside world goes through this city either via ferryboat or airline. Other settlements include the villages of
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On June 9, Kodiak villagers saw the first clear, ash-free skies in three days, but their environment had changed dramatically. Wildlife on Kodiak Island was devastated by ash and acid rain from the eruption.
677:
were disrupted and visibility was nil. Roofs in the village collapsed under the weight of more than a foot of ash. Buildings were destroyed as avalanches of ash rushed down from nearby hillsides.
1277:
The
Pasagshak River State Recreation Site is a 25 acres (10 ha) park with a small campground and access to some of the island's best salmon and trout fishing. The island is also home to the
1472:
Margaris, Amy V.; Rusk, Mark A.; Saltonstall, Patrick G.; Odell, Molly (2015). "Cod
Fishing in Russian America: The Archaeology of a 19th-Century Alutiiq Work Camp on Alaska's Kodiak Island".
599:
into waterproof parkas by the
Alutiiq women. The waterproof garments, made by the Alutiiq women, were given to the Alutiiq men as payment for the furs brought to the Russian fur traders.
1750:
Kodiak management area salmon daily and cumulative escapement counts for river systems with fish weirs, 1997-2006, and peak indexed escapement counts, 2006 / by Iris O. Caldentey.
1633:
1426:
Etnier, Michael A.; Partlow, Megan A.; Foster, Nora R. (February 2016). "Alutiiq
Subsistence Economy at Igvak, a Russian-American Artel in the Kodiak Archipelago".
1776:
1323:
92:
1529:
Bland, Richard L. (2015). "SMALLPOX, ALEUTS, AND KAYAKS: A TRANSLATION EDUARD BLASHKE'S ARTICLE ON HIS TRIP THROUGH THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS IN 1838".
506:. The original inhabitants subsisted by hunting marine mammals, fishing, and gathering. Kodiak Island was explored in 1763 by Russian fur trader
730:
The weather of Kodiak is temperate by
Alaskan standards. December to March is the cold season while June to August is the summer season. It is
653:
by the United States, the island became part of the United States. Gradually Americans settled there, also engaging in hunting and fishing.
318:
1769:
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1988:
329:. It is 160 km (99 miles) long and in width ranges from 16 to 97 kilometers (10 to 60 mi). Kodiak Island is the namesake for
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in 1784; the present-day village of Old Harbor developed near there. In 1792, the settlement was moved to the site of present-day
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has a 50-acre (20-hectare) campus which opened in 1968, located about 2 miles (3.2 kilometers) northwest of the City of Kodiak.
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1722:
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1507:
Danver, Steven L. (2017). "The Orthodox Church in Russian America: Colonization and Missions to Alaska's Native Peoples".
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in all stages of life were destroyed by the eruption and its aftereffects. From 1915 to 1919, southwestern Alaska's
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at the summit of Pillar Mountain above the city of Kodiak provides primary communications to and from the island.
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408:, Communications Station Kodiak, and Aids to Navigation Station Kodiak. The island is also home to the
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gas rendered villagers helpless with sore eyes and respiratory problems. Water became undrinkable.
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rather than providing food for the women, young, old, and sick as they had done traditionally.
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The Evolution of Complex Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological Evidence from the North Pacific
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in 1793, and then was established on Kodiak Island in 1794 by a group of monks from the
1907:
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were exterminated. Aquatic organisms in the region perished in the ash-clogged waters.
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1590:"Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for the Katmai volcanic cluster, Alaska"
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Reconnaissance Geologic Map of Kodiak Island and Adjacent Islands, Alaska
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The first outsiders to settle on the island were Russian explorers under
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In 1793, Grigory Shelikhov, with the help of the governor-general of
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1666:"Intellicast - Kodiak Historic Weather Averages in Alaska (99615)"
1324:"Turns out Kodiak is largest U.S. island, depending on viewpoint"
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385:, and an unorganized community near Cape Chiniak. The village of
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1640:. Kodiak Island Convention & Visitors Bureau. Archived from
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Grinëv, Andrei (2013). "The First Russian Settlers in Alaska".
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Location of Three Saints Bay and St. Paul on Kodiak in 1805
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1616:"Can another great volcanic eruption happen in Alaska?"
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is the most important economic activity on the island;
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Nearly two-thirds of the island is located within the
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Native artifacts from the Kodiak Islands, engraving c.
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337:. The largest community on the island is the city of
642:. The smallpox epidemic was eventually stopped with
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1416:, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2003
1594:U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 00-0489
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1975:
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587:. In Alutiiq, this sacred place is now known as
579:men, women and children at Refuge Rock, a tiny
575:("Sugpiaq people of Qik’rtaq/Kodiak") tribe of
1660:
1658:
1614:; Hendley, J. W. II.; Stauffer, P. H. (1998).
301:) is a large island on the south coast of the
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16:Island off the coast of Alaska, United States
1620:U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 0075-98
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309:, separated from the Alaska mainland by the
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621:The Russian fur traders radically expanded
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319:second largest island in the United States
145:3,595.09 sq mi (9,311.2 km)
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726:Snows cling to the mountaintops in summer
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1976:
1723:Alaska Department of Natural Resources
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1279:Fort Abercrombie State Historical Park
393:is also part of the island community.
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1638:Explore Kodiak History & Culture
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706:The island was also hit by the 1964
494:Kodiak is the ancestral land of the
563:In 1784, Shelikhov, along with 130
396:Kodiak is also home to the largest
13:
1861:
1785:Municipalities and communities of
1634:"1964 Earthquake & Tidal Wave"
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333:, which lies off the coast at the
14:
2005:
1989:Islands of the Kodiak Archipelago
1730:
1531:Journal of Northwest Anthropology
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533:and became the center of Russian
1558:Jennifer Adleman (Winter 2002).
1552: This article incorporates
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761:Climate data for Kodiak, Alaska
583:island off the eastern coast of
323:80th largest island in the world
52:
45:
1745:United States Geological Survey
1712:
1693:
1626:
1356:, New York:St. Martin's Press,
1271:Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge
633:epidemic swept through all the
347:Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge
1737:Official Kodiak Island website
1500:
1419:
1322:Dunham, Mike (July 31, 2010).
1315:
1290:
1248:University of Alaska Anchorage
754:in the Koppen classification.
423:are native to the island. The
406:Coast Guard Air Station Kodiak
53:
1:
1788:Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska
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1164:Average snowfall inches (cm)
490:Chart including Kodiak Island
352:Kodiak Island is part of the
313:. The largest island in the
153:4,469 ft (1362.2 m)
1560:"The Great Eruption of 1912"
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7:
950:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
880:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
474:1805 from a Russian journal
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2010:
1702:, 2018 edition, page 578,
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231:3.64/sq mi (1.405/km)
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1866:Kodiak Island Borough map
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1254:Parks and protected areas
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546:Shelikhov-Golikov Company
537:with the Alaska Natives.
410:Pacific Spaceport Complex
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640:Russian-American Company
602:The Orthodox mission in
696:salmon-fishing industry
657:1912 Novarupta eruption
402:Coast Guard Base Kodiak
360:of Alaska. The town of
317:, Kodiak Island is the
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1554:public domain material
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1265:cub, perched on a sign
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708:Good Friday earthquake
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272:Additional information
210: (pop. 5,581)
150:Highest elevation
26:Nickname: Emerald Isle
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1568:National Park Service
1410:Ben Fitzhugh (2003),
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400:base, which includes
354:Kodiak Island Borough
1962:United States portal
1328:Anchorage Daily News
810:Record high °F (°C)
675:Radio communications
591:, "to become numb".
573:Qik’rtarmiut Sugpiat
525:on Kodiak Island at
223:13,101 (2020 Census)
1719:Pasagshak River SRS
1670:www.intellicast.com
1564:Alaska Park Science
1509:Journal of the West
1486:10.3368/aa.52.1.102
1474:Arctic Anthropology
1428:Arctic Anthropology
1352:Brown, S.R., 2009,
1020:Record low °F (°C)
649:Following the 1867
565:Russian fur traders
104: /
21:
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1440:10.3368/aa.53.2.52
1390:10.1111/hisn.12012
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606:was authorized by
571:) several hundred
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555:The settlement of
523:Russian settlement
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447:is famous for its
358:Kodiak Archipelago
315:Kodiak Archipelago
266:Filipino Hispanics
204:Largest settlement
158:Highest point
128:Kodiak Archipelago
108:57.467°N 153.433°W
19:
1984:Islands of Alaska
1971:
1970:
1334:on August 2, 2010
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585:Sitkalidak Island
567:, massacred (see
559:on Kodiak Island.
557:Grigory Shelikhov
515:Grigory Shelikhov
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629:In 1837–1839, a
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612:Valaam Monastery
527:Three Saints Bay
521:, who founded a
504:Native Americans
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1644:on 2015-01-02
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1612:Hildreth, Wes
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283:Kodiak Island
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236:Ethnic groups
234:
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89:
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81:Pacific Ocean
79:
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39:
35:
30:
23:
1941:Woody Island
1807:
1803:Borough seat
1714:
1700:The Milepost
1695:
1684:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:
1646:. Retrieved
1642:the original
1637:
1628:
1619:
1602:
1593:
1576:
1563:
1543:
1534:
1530:
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1473:
1434:(2): 52–68.
1431:
1427:
1421:
1412:
1406:
1381:
1377:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1332:the original
1327:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1276:
1268:
1245:
1094:inches (mm)
749:
743:
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731:
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679:
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608:Catherine II
601:
593:
588:
572:
562:
539:
512:
493:
456:antenna farm
453:
445:Karluk River
414:
395:
351:
343:
282:
281:
264:, including
228:Pop. density
215:Demographics
172:
1918:Ghost towns
1537:(1): 71–86.
1263:Kodiak bear
644:vaccination
535:fur trading
417:Kodiak bear
161:Koniag Peak
124:Archipelago
111: /
87:Coordinates
1978:Categories
1908:Womens Bay
1853:Port Lions
1843:Old Harbor
1838:Larsen Bay
1675:2018-09-20
1648:2010-11-25
1307:August 28,
1285:References
688:mosquitoes
519:fur trader
502:nation of
449:salmon run
389:on nearby
383:Port Lions
379:Larsen Bay
371:Old Harbor
303:U.S. state
257:Indigenous
220:Population
1515:(2): 2–8.
1494:162418622
1448:164846300
1398:143015531
1378:Historian
1338:August 1,
1242:Education
1234:Source:
1229:(182.11)
662:Novarupta
623:sea otter
548:existed.
429:fisheries
421:king crab
262:Hispanics
72:Geography
1903:Mill Bay
1848:Ouzinkie
1588:(2001).
1298:"Kodiak"
1159:(1,914)
1090:Average
631:smallpox
431:include
419:and the
387:Ouzinkie
321:and the
291:Qikertaq
259:peoples,
248:Filipino
244:European
99:153°26′W
77:Location
1926:Afognak
1888:Chiniak
1883:Aleneva
1189:(0.51)
718:Climate
712:tsunami
596:Alutiiq
577:Alutiiq
542:Irkutsk
500:Alutiiq
496:Sugpiaq
462:History
295:Russian
287:Alutiiq
240:Alutiiq
193:Borough
96:57°28′N
1893:Karluk
1833:Kodiak
1828:Akhiok
1820:Cities
1810:Kodiak
1706:
1492:
1446:
1396:
1360:
1214:(3.6)
1154:(194)
1149:(168)
1144:(212)
1139:(199)
1134:(114)
1129:(105)
1124:(137)
1119:(160)
1114:(139)
1109:(133)
1104:(145)
1099:(208)
1085:(−27)
1080:(−23)
1075:(−18)
1070:(−14)
1040:(−14)
1035:(−21)
1030:(−24)
1025:(−27)
766:Month
692:Salmon
589:Awa'uq
531:Kodiak
472:
443:. The
439:, and
375:Karluk
367:Akhiok
362:Kodiak
327:Cyprus
307:Alaska
299:Кадьяк
251:other
208:Kodiak
186:Alaska
60:Kodiak
20:Kodiak
1596:: 59.
1556:from
1490:S2CID
1444:S2CID
1394:S2CID
1224:(40)
1219:(19)
1184:(19)
1179:(26)
1174:(37)
1169:(37)
1157:75.35
1065:(−3)
1050:(−1)
1045:(−8)
1010:(−4)
1005:(−2)
965:(−3)
960:(−4)
955:(−4)
925:(13)
920:(16)
915:(16)
910:(13)
875:(30)
870:(17)
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860:(23)
855:(27)
850:(29)
845:(28)
840:(30)
835:(27)
830:(21)
825:(14)
820:(16)
815:(12)
805:Year
683:Bears
581:stack
498:, an
253:Asian
181:State
1875:CDPs
1704:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1340:2010
1309:2013
1246:The
1227:71.5
1222:15.6
1209:(0)
1204:(0)
1199:(0)
1194:(0)
1177:10.3
1172:14.7
1167:14.5
1152:7.64
1147:6.63
1142:8.36
1137:7.84
1132:4.48
1127:4.12
1122:5.38
1117:6.31
1112:5.48
1107:5.22
1102:5.72
1097:8.17
1060:(1)
1055:(2)
1015:(2)
1000:(1)
995:(6)
990:(9)
985:(9)
980:(7)
975:(3)
970:(0)
945:(8)
940:(2)
935:(4)
930:(8)
905:(9)
900:(6)
895:(3)
890:(2)
885:(2)
802:Dec
799:Nov
796:Oct
793:Sep
790:Aug
787:Jul
784:Jun
781:May
778:Apr
775:Mar
772:Feb
769:Jan
748:and
710:and
669:and
594:The
517:, a
441:crab
415:The
356:and
255:and
142:Area
1482:doi
1436:doi
1386:doi
1217:7.3
1212:1.4
1187:0.2
1182:7.5
1083:−16
1028:−12
1023:−16
751:Cfc
745:Dfb
739:Cfb
733:Dfc
667:ash
614:in
454:An
305:of
1980::
1806::
1791:,
1721:,
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1657:^
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1326:.
1300:.
1281:.
1078:−9
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1013:35
1008:25
1003:29
998:34
993:43
988:49
983:48
978:44
973:38
968:32
963:27
958:24
953:25
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883:35
873:86
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863:60
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297::
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1388::
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1311:.
1207:0
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1197:0
1192:0
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285:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
