Koeri - Knowledge

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Kanyakubjas and Sarjuparins of Awadh; these areas also contained clusters of landed Rajputs. Other Gangetic 'squireens' belonged to the north Indian status group known as Bhumihar, who had achieved a somewhat ambiguous entitlement to be regarded as Brahmans under the patronage of eighteenth-century rulers and their local deputies. In addition, some of upper India's high-farming localities contained sizable groups of elite landed Muslims; landed families of scribal and service origin who used the jati title Kayastha had also come to be included among the proprietary 'squireen' populations. In southern Awadh, eastern NWP, and much of Bihar, non-labouring gentry groups lived in tightly-knit enclaves among much larger populations of non-elite 'peasants' and labouring people. These other groupings included 'untouchable' Chamars and newly recruited 'tribal' labourers, as well as non-elite tilling and cattle keeping people who came to be known by such titles as Kurmi, Koeri and Goala/Ahir.

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Muhammad Ali who publicised the Kanpur mosque dispute of 1913 demonstrates, was sensational and sold newspapers, causing periodicals to rise and fall. For example, Arti, a Hindi daily from Lucknow, which reached a high circulation of 3,000, was started specifically in response to communal disputes centred around Aminabad Park in the city. The Arya Mitra, a Hindi weekly published from Agra, served as the organ of the Arya Pratinidhi Sabha, which sought to promote shuddhi and the uplifting of the depressed class. The Bharat Bhol was supported by the Rishikesh fund to further agitation over a temple in Dehra Dun. Caste-based journals were also common, such as the Kshattriya, set up to support social reform amongst the Jats of Meerut, the Kashbala Kshattriya Mitra, which promoted the interests of the Koeri community and the Jatava of Agra, which supported the interests of 'untouchables'.

1985:

population of Bihar, were further classified soon after independence into Upper Backward and Lower Backwards(Blair 1980). The upper backwards - Bania , Yadav, Kurmi and Koiri - constitute about 19 percent of the population, and now include most of the rising Kulak class of successful peasants who have acquired land, adopted improved agricultural technology, and become a powerful force in Bihar politics. This is true, above all, of the Yadavas. The lower backwards are shudra castes such as Barhi, Dhanuk, Kahar, Kumhar, Lohar, Mallaah, Teli etc, about 32 percent of the population. The largest components of the scheduled castes(14 percent) are the Dusadh, Chamar, and Musahar, the Dalit groups who are in many parts of the statelocked in struggles for land and living wages and living wages with the rich peasants and landlords of the forward and upper backward castes

903:. Though the island is divided along ethnic and religious lines, 'Hindu' Mauritians follow a number of original customs and traditions, quite different from those seen on the Indian subcontinent. Some castes in Mauritius in particular are unrecognisable from a subcontinental Indian perspective, and may incorporate mutually antagonistic castes into a single group. The 'vaish', which includes the Koeris, is the largest and most influential caste group on the island. The former Brahmin elites together with former 870:"Eighteenth-century settlement of Kurmi, Kacchi and Koeri cultivators were also numerous in northern and western Awadh. On the fringes of cultivation, these castes were given special rental rates for bringing areas of jungle under plough. In the first five years, for instance the rent might be only half of what was common for soil of the same type. The revenue benefits to the entrepreneur or official who planted the colony were very great." 637:). By 1885, when the price of land surged, they started increasing their landholdings through purchase. There also witnessed increased transfer of the land of tenants by these social groups, when they mortgaged their land for credit. Ram also mentioned that after 1885, due to increase in registration of land under law and growing prices of land, the bargaining power of these groups, acting as moneylenders increased tremendously. 4894:"I belong to the Kushwaha caste which is also known as Koiri. Our caste has always become the role model of guiding the society, our ancestor is emperor Asoka and we follow his guidelines. We are engaged in farming and feed others. We never suppress anyone and are not involved in heinous crimes. It is the RJD and the Yadav caste that is involved in such acts," Manju declared at a media conference at her 6 Strand Road residence. 92: 694:. However, intra-caste differentiation in Koeris was also high, as not all Koeri households in villages under study shared the prosperity attained by some of their clan members.The study also presented a differentiated pattern of control over land and resources, as, in some quarters, caste like Koeri and Yadav were dominant, while in others, Bhumihar caste still had control over significant amount of cultivable land. 729:

the social hierarchy was not unabated. The Koeris, like the other middle level castes in northern India, were facing a double-edged confrontation from the upper castes who were supporters of the status quo as well as from the Dalits and the lowest castes who now became assertive for their own rights. All this made the middle castes aggressive. Sanjay Kumar associates the political mobilisation of the middle peasant

413:"The nineteenth century antecedents of the Kushvaha- kshatriya movement reveal distinct cosmological associations with Shiva and his divine consort, Parvati. Kushvaha-kshatriya identity was espoused by agricultural community well known throughout the Gangetic north for an expertise in vegetable and (to an increasingly limited scale after the turn of twentieth century) poppy cultivation. Prominent among them were 80: 1062:. These peasant castes, which had a long tradition of independence and caste solidarity, founded the Kisan Sabhas, which later became instrumental in supporting peasant causes. The traditional method of Nai-Dhobi band—disallowing of service of washermen and barbers to enforce the sanctions on the landlords and use of their robust caste panchayats—became a symbol of this peasant movement. Koeri leader 149: 493:, the caste associations were formed with the basic objective of unifying individual castes. The All India Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha was formed to bring the horticulturist and market gardener communities like the Koeri, the Kachhi and the Murao under one umbrella. The Koeris also attempted to forge a caste coalition called Raghav Samaj, backed by 620:, Koeris were recorded by Francis Buchanan as a community of "ploughing tribes" consisting primarily of poor and middle peasants. It was however noted that in his survey, Buchanan had neglected an upper crust among them, which had accumulated and hoarded cash and had emerged as moneylenders forwarding 862:. Yang also notes their involvement in tenanted landholdings around the period 1893–1901: the Koeris worked around nine per cent of the total cultivated area of the district which was one per cent less than the Ahirs, although they represented around five per cent more of the population. According to 728:

caste. According to Frankel, the bulk of middle and poor peasantry belonged to castes like the Koeris and the Yadavas; this class worked in their own fields but considered it beneath their dignity to work in others' fields. However, the socio-economic progress and transition towards the upper edge of

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applied anthropometrical methods to develop a racial taxonomy of Indian society leading to a problematic attempt to classify people of India. The Koeris were classified as "agricultural caste" along with the Kurmis. An official report of 1941 described them as being the "most advanced" cultivators in

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Bihar's land reform drive of 1950s benefitted the groups like Koeris, and they were able to consolidate their landholdings at the cost of big landlords, whose possession witnessed a liquidation. It is argued that these reforms weren't percolated down to the most vulnerable groups in agrarian society,

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Gyan Pandey's detailed research on the cow protection riots in eastern UP and Bihar in 1893 and 1917 relates the conflict to specific registers of caste difference and status assertion, in a context where the popular view of cow protection from the point of view of low-caste Ahirs, Koeris and Kurmis

1984:

The four dominant high caste groups (the forward castes)-Brahman, Bhumihar, Rajput, Kayastha-together constitute about 12 percent of the population. These are the old elite, from whose numbers came the major zamindars and land owning castes. The so-called Backward castes consisting of about half the

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Another BJP MP from Koderma, Ratilal Prasad Verma belongs to backward community of Koeris constituting 10 percent in Bihar. He was upset at ordnance factory not being founded in his constituency but in the constituency of George Fernandes.. Expressing his disappointment and threatening to leave the

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In 1969 , Bindeshwar Prasad Mandal , a rich landlord Yadav of Saharsa district in manipulating some M . L . A ' s to defect from U . F . Parties to cause the fall of Mahamaya Ministry , asked Satish Prasad Singh a lesser known Koeri leader to head the ministry for a day to facilitate his nomination

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In 1969, Bindeshwar Prasad Mandal, a rich landlord Yadav of Saharsa district in manipulating some M . L . A ' s to defect from U . F . Parties to cause the fall of Mahamaya Ministry, asked Satish Prasad Singh a lesser known Koeri leader to head the ministry for a day to facilitate his nomination in

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But in eastern U.P. and Bihar, marked much more by landlordism and within this the domination of the "twice-born" upper castes (brahmans, bhumihars, and rajputs), even the "shudra" peasant castes (kurmis, koeris, and yadavas) were cruelly subordinated, and there had been little of a broad anticaste

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In 1989, Frankel observed that 95% of the upper castes and 36% of the middle peasant castes like the Koeri and the Yadav belonged to a rich peasant-cum-landlord class. An aversion to manual labour characterised this class. However, some Koeris and Yadavas who held comparatively less land to provide

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Peasants in middle castes like the Koeris benefitted the most from the land reform policies of the Indian government. Faced with the land ceiling laws and communist pressure in the 1970s, upper caste landlords resorted to selling off their lands. In most cases the buyer would be from the Koeri, the

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At present there are three Kushwaha MLAs in BJP. In this, in the previous government, the BJP had made Vinod Singh, MLA from Pranapur in Seemanchal, a minister. Vinod passed away. Former minister's wife Nisha Singh has won for the first time in the 17th assembly. On the other hand, Dr. Sunil Kumar

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Buchanan, in the early nineteenth century, had included in the term "pure shudra" the well-known designations of Kayasth, Koiri, Kurmi, Kahar, Goala, Dhanuk (archers, cultivators, palanquin bearers), Halwai (sweets vendor), Mali (flower gardener), Barai (cultivator and vendor of betel-leaf), Sonar

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who took pride in shunning the plough and secluding his womenfolk. Such a man was to be blamed for his own decline, fecklessly mortgaging and then selling off his lands to maintain his unproductive dependents. By the same logic, a flourishing field of wheat would belong to a non-twice-born tiller,

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The fact that weavers in Banaras are still predominantly Muslim (particularly in the highly skilled silk weaving domain) and the traders and buyers still predominantly Hindu constitutes the basis for interdependence between the two communities. However, many Hindu lower-caste groups (particularly

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The Koiris are known as great horticulturists and engage primarily in agricultural operations in the capacity of small landowners and poor peasants. Unlike Kurmis and Yadavs, they are generally considered non aggressive and disinterested in caste riots. They also attempted to attain higher social

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advances to acquire dependent labour. Oral testimonies from the colonial period indicates that by the end of 19th century, Koeris in the Gaya district included rich peasants, who had acquired material wealth by improving land relation and extending market relations. This enabled them to forward

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In eastern Gangetic Hindustan, there were yet more high-farming zones where superior rent-receivers could claim to have been following a life of lordly refinement for many centuries. Here the established patricians included many co-parcenors from 'secular' or lokika Brahman groupings such as the

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continued its policy of not giving due importance to the demand of upper-OBCs for more political representation and the Koeris along with other OBCs remained unsatisfied in the post independence period as well, when the question of political representation for greater part of society was gaining

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in some of the districts of Bihar. It was reported that being the victims of persistent banditry and oppression by the upper-caste landlords, middle castes like them more often come within the folds of revolutionary groups. The CPI(ML) remained successful in mobilising Koeris in the districts of

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believes that. "Opium cultivators were not free agents" and describes the coercion and financial arrangements that were involved to achieve production, which included restricting land to that product even when the people needed grain because of famine. Although profitable for the company, it was

1938:

Although the end of zamindari led to a mass eviction of sharecroppers and tenant cultivators who were the actual tillers of the land, big landlords from high castes also saw their landholdings diminish. A new class of landlords belonging to the upper-middle caste groups such as Kurmi, Koeri and

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The real migraine for the JD-U led alliance is the emergence of strong leaders within the NDA who command Kushwaha loyalties as effectively as Ashok Mahto once did for the fight against Bhumihars in the past. Rocking the Grand Alliance's prospects are Kushwaha leaders such as Upendra Kushwaha,

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If any (class/caste) could compete with the upper castes in terms of the social, economic, and political muscle, it was these three upper backward castes—Yadavs, Kurmis, and Koeris. The social coalition of the 1980s was much more politically oiled than the coalition of 1930, during the days of

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Three upper-middle castes, the Yadav, Koeri and Kurmi (designated OBC), considerably improved their economic position. "These three castes have been the major beneficiaries of the so- called Green Revolution in Bihar.... These sturdy and hardy castes, traditionally engaged in cultivation, have

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The period of the 1960s witnessed an improvement in the fortunes of the backward castes in politics, with a significant growth seen in the number of backward caste MLAs in the Bihar legislative assembly. In the 1970s, with the defining slogan of social justice, Koeris rose to prominence in the

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of South western Bihar which were close to each other concluded that Koeris had the largest population and were one of the main landholding castes in ten of those villages but the average landholding by the households in the surveyed villages were found to be just 2.12 acres per household. The

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BJP leader Samrat Chaudhary who comes from Kushwaha community, on the statement made by the RLSP chief Upendra Kushwaha says that we are neither milk sellers nor rice growers, we are vegetable growers. The Kushvanshis (Kushwaha Caste) are known for vegetables. Rice is grown by people of every

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In the inter-war period religious community was rendered an important site of public political contestation in periodicals and journals. Newspaper publicity, and the symbolism it employed, created and re-created communal stereotypes. 'Communal' controversy, as the early journalistic career of

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castes. These peasants worked skilfully on their land and made their holdings more productive. In contrast, the upper castes were unable to do so, and they seemed to be satisfied with the price they got for their land. The increased urbanisation among forward castes created a category of new

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Despite all their limitations, the land reform laws since 1948 have transferred ownership right in vast areas of land to upper-OBCs mainly Yadav and Koeri-Kurmi. This gave them strength to ask for a larger share in political power and by the late 1960s, they seemed to have started asserting

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In the households of the cultivator castes like the Koeris, there was no major segregation of family duties based on gender. Here, both male and female members of the family participated in cultivation- related operations, thus paving the way for egalitarianism and a lack of gender-related

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In 1977, the government of Bihar introduced an affirmative action of quota in government jobs and universities which has benefitted the backward castes like the Koeris. They are classified as a “Backward caste” or “Other Backwards Caste” under the Indian government's system of positive

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often not so for the peasant producer, and, "Only one particular caste, the Koeris, managed to carry on the cultivation with some degree of efficiency. They were able to do this because they could employ their wives and children to help out with the tasks of opium production."

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was quite different to that of UP's urban elites. For both Freitag and Pandey, cow protection became a means for relatively low-status communities to assert higher status via association with something of symbolic importance to Hinduism as a whole: in this case, the cow.

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Yadavs- officially categorised as other backward classes in contemporary Bihar - emerged. These were mostly small and middle peasants who were able to consolidate their landholdings and position in society in the midst of zamindari reforms (Wilson, 1999; Sharma, 2005).

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government of Bihar introduced an affirmative action of quota in government jobs and universities. While the lower backward castes were assigned 12% of the quota, only eight per cent was earmarked for landowning castes like the Koeri, the Kurmi and the Yadavs. Being a

458:. He argued further that after defeat, the fear of persecution at the hands of Muslims caused the Kusvaha Kshatriya to flee into the forest in disarray and discard their sacred threads, so as not to appear as erstwhile defenders of Hinduism. The British ethnographer 2154:

Upper of forward caste(brahmin thakur bania kayastha), cultivating or middle castes(jat bhumihar tyagi), lower shudra or backward caste(yadav, kurmi, lodh koeri gujar kahar gadaria teli harhai nai kachi others), scheduled castes(chamar pasis dhobi

560:"By the mid-nineteenth century, influential revenue specialists were reporting that they could tell the caste of a landed man by simply glancing at his crops. In the north, these observers claimed, a field of 'second-rate barley' would belong to a 1196:

and the JD(U). However, the quitting of BJP and alliance by Upendra Kushwaha left Koeri politics in Bihar in a dilemma. This rift between the Koeris and the Kurmis was orchestrated by the rise of influential Koeri leaders like Mahendra Singh and

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Koeris, Mallaahs, Mauryas, and even Yadavs) and some Dalit groups have also taken to the occupation of weaving. The large majority of Momin Ansaris are still ordinary weavers, trying to eke out a livelihood in very straitened circumstances.

1169:. Its alliance showed that political parties in Bihar are identified with caste and the Samta Party was considered the party of Koeri-Kurmi community. Until the 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections, Koeris were well represented in 715:

This phenomenon promoted the upward mobility of middle peasant castes. While this mobility in the Yadavas consolidated them as both big peasants and landlords, in the Koeris, the vertical mobility was exclusively towards them becoming

720:. The rise of castes like the Koeri, the Kurmi, and the Yadav, and the fall from power of the forward castes was characterised by growing assertiveness among these middle peasants who now acted as the landowners they once condemned. 1022:, while other interests of the Koeri community is taken care of by the Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha. Besides these organisations, there exists various state level organisations catering to socio-political needs of the community. In 640:

Malabika Chakrabarti also mentions that better-off peasants of Koeri caste in region of South Bihar supplemented their income from cultivation by working as Mahajan or moneylenders. She also notes that they also involved the local

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The voters belonging to the Backward Class ( Koeri and Awadhia ) and the voters . of the business communities voted in favour of the Jana Sangh candidate Ramdeo Mahto who happened to be a member of the backward community ( Koeri

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discrimination and seclusion. The view of the Koeris regarding their women is portrayed through their (Jati) Caste pamphlet, where Koeri women are described as being loyal to their husbands and having all the qualities of a true

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She met Manjul Kumar while studying law. Manjul belonged to the political family of Bihar. His mother Sumitra Devi was a Congress leader. They came from Koeri caste, which is categorised as OBC in Bihar, while Meira was a

970:". However, due to the advancements in their level of education, the Kayastha community was first among them to challenge their Shudra status and claimed a higher Varna. They were followed by the rest of these communities. 365: 4613: 5147: 981:

The Kshatriya reform movement in the middle peasant castes which took place during 1890s turned rural Bihar into an arena of conflict. William Pinch claims that castes like the Koeris, the Kurmi, and the Yadav joined the

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became the prime reason behind the upper-OBC's drive for alternative route to gain political ascendency. The "Coalition Of Extremes" was also favourable for the upper-caste lobby within the Congress, as they knew that

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In context of the communal riots related to cow protectionism, some writers are also of the opinion that low castes groups like Koeri, Ahirs also took to cow protection for asserting higher social status since

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In the interwar years, during a period when there was a general movement among various castes seeking to uplift their status, there was also at least one journal being published for the Koeri community, the

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Koeris are classified as a “Backward caste” or “Other Backwards Caste” under the Indian governments system of positive discrimination, so they are entitled to OBC reservations in govt jobs. The findings of

601:, in the provinces such as Bengal, although majority of rural population was having a living from the agriculture, only a few of them deserved classification as "agriculturists". The Koeris along with the 4906: 1925: 4948: 5022:"I was born into a Kushwaha (OBC) family but I consider myself a daughter of a Dalit foster father who worked as a labourer to provide for me, my sister and my mother. He sent us to school and fed us." 1089:

party and faced a considerable challenge from Congress's backward class federation. Though politically it was not able to make a significant mark, it remained successful in eradicating the practice of

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limited landholding was also found to be unequally distributed in caste and class. Further, another study conducted in some select villages of rural Bihar revealed the Koeris perform the function of a

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showed that a total of 1,12,106 members of community were holding government jobs in 2023, leading to their inclusion in the group having highest number of government jobs besides Yadavs and Kurmis in

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Bihar and said, "Simple in habits, thrifty to a degree and a master in the art of market-gardening, the Koeri is amongst the best of the tillers of the soil to be found anywhere in India." During the

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Five Yadavs , including a woman , were killed by a gang reportedly led by Ramashish Koeri alias Dada . The incident broke a lull in the gang warfare between the Yadavs and Koeris in the Khaimur hills

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status by claiming to be descendants of Lord Ram's son Kush. They formed the Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha as their nodal caste association and held the first session of the association in March 1922.

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mentions in his work that Koeris along with Yadav and Kurmis were classified as upper-middle caste, who were known for their sturdy and hardy nature. Koeris have traditionally been classified as a “

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Other groups involved in opium production had to hire labour, but the Koeris cut costs by utilising that available within their own family. Describing the industrious nature of the Koeri people,

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in the agricultural society of India. The diversification in occupation of the Koeri caste in post independence India is shown by studies in select villages of North Bihar. In his paper, called

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The terminology Lav-Kush for the Koeri-Kurmi community became more important in politics than in culture; in Bihar, it came to represent the political solidarity of the Koeri and Kurmi castes.

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to prepare an account of Indian society and it culminated into the process of all india social classification of various castes and tribes beginning with the first census of 1871. In 1901,

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While Samta with its leader Nitish is considered to be the party of Koeri-Kurmi, Bihar people's party led by Anand Mohan is perceived to be a party having sympathy and support of Rajputs.

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relationship. According to author Bindeswar Ram, who studied rural credit market of 1880s in region such as Bengal and Bihar, Koeris worked as Mahajan or moneylenders alongside Bania and

4455: 4665: 1998: 1546: 256:— as part of social resurgence. During the British rule in India, Koeris were described as "agriculturalists" along with Kurmis and other cultivating castes. They are described as a 3042:"Its first mass leader was Jagdish Mahto, a Koeri teacher who had read Ambedkar before he discovered Marx and started a paper in the town of Hrrah called Harijanistan("dalit land"). 4552: 4605: 2947: 5139: 5042: 4645:

He saw an upper caste Bhumihar man rig the booth in favour of Rajdev Ram. Bhumihars had long been waiting to teach a lesson to this 'fearless and highheaded' Jagdish, a Koeri.

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caste in rural areas. Ram mentions that these social groups acted both as prosperous peasant proprietors as well as rural credit market agent by forwarding credit to tenants (

2534: 4132: 2036: 385:—the attempt by traditionally middle and low castes to rise up the social ladder, often by tracing their origins to mythical characters or following the lifestyle of higher 3196: 958:. Over the time, these castes have come closer and began intermarrying while developing the all India network to strengthen their caste solidarity. In 1811, the physician 3219: 3073: 1146:

by caste, Thakur was aware of the robust economic position and aggressiveness of these castes who were many times seen bullying the Harijans and lower backwards castes.

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or canny Kurmi in upper India, .... Similar virtues would be found among the smaller market-gardening populations, these being the people known as Koeris in Hindustan"

2261: 4845: 4511: 4319: 4280: 1521: 5009: 3678:(goldsmith), Kandu (grain parcher), and Gareri (blanket weavers and shepherds).108. Buchanan, Bihar and Patna, 1811–1812, 1:329–39; Martin, Eastern India, 2:466–70 2424: 1126:. However, this achievement was short-lived and their representation was gradually lost to other backward castes after Prasad's death. This period also witnessed 4914: 3476: 3347: 4424: 3856: 1624: 686:. Kumar's study found that both these caste compete for political power in these zones and a few Koeri families, who are economically sound, also own the local 4940: 4928:

society. Although everyone should do the work of cooking kheer in politics, there are no two opinions about it. He was talking to a private television channel.

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seats in this district. In a fieldwork study, where data was collected in 2008-11 by Gaurang R Sahay, the details of 13 villages of Unwas panchayat in the

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of North Bihar revealed that in some of these villages, Koeri and Yadav caste have become dominant over the time, leaving behind old elite groups, such as

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rather than agriculturists. They are also recorded as performing the work of Mahajan (rural moneylenders) in credit market of rural parts of Bihar and

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In later years, the Koeris remained in a muted position for a long period in politics or played a secondary role, while the Yadav-centric politics of

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Colonial ethnographers like Dr. Hunter identified Koiris and Oudhia Kurmis as most respectable of all cultivating castes in some districts of Bihar.

3009: 2447: 1585: 5113: 4269:. University of Akron. Department of Geography & Planning, Association of American Geographers: Concept Publishing Company. p. 397 ,398. 1769: 1727: 4871: 3586: 1874: 4447: 1409: 712:

landlords in the countryside as these three middle castes seldom sold their land, rather they looked on reforms as an opportunity to buy more.

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being a weak socio-economic group could hardly pose any challenge to their position in the socio-economic sphere unlike the Upper-Backwards.

994:", was characterised by aggressiveness among these castes, which led to the formation of many caste armies resulting in intercaste conflict. 4381: 4791: 4734: 4542: 3980: 3898: 3746: 3515: 3308: 3114: 2721: 2635: 2593: 2141: 2064: 1851: 1485: 4241: 4097: 3941: 3394: 2986: 2931: 2908: 2865: 2787: 2303: 1971: 1808: 1236:, first women cabinet minister of Bihar, several times Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly, mother-in-law of former Lok Sabha speaker 5034: 817:

Later, a section of the upper strata of the Koeris and other middle peasant castes voiced their support for the militant organisation

5180: 2361: 891:(family priest) and a significant number of houses were seen availing themselves of the services of the purohits of the Koeri caste. 649:

advances (a kind of loan) to them. These Koeri Mahajans, according to Chakraborty, were most stringent in terms of their advances to

3417: 1005:, Koeris also operated bandit groups, which were responsible for caste warfare with the members of rival groups. One such group was 4820: 1417: 914:. The 1991 census conducted there included estimates of their population estimates but these were not included in the 2001 census. 2028: 737:

with this gradual process of land reforms undertaken in Bihar in the decades preceding the period of 1970-90. According to Kumar:

5254: 1026:, one such organisation called Kushwaha Mahasabha works for political empowerment of community. Prominent Jharkhand leaders like 4308:. University of Akron. Department of Geography & Planning, Association of American Geographers: Concept Publishing Company. 3180: 668:, who acquired land overtime, adopted improved agricultural technology and attained political power to become a class of rising 284:, who acquired land overtime, adopted improved agricultural technology and attained political power to become a class of rising 5203: 3053: 1059: 524:

already had symbolic importance in Hinduism. This particular view of cow protection was different from the UP's urban elites.

4343: 4235: 4165: 4091: 4052: 4013: 3935: 3821: 3740: 3658: 3509: 3264: 3067: 2980: 2902: 2859: 2781: 2668: 2510: 2461: 2375: 2344: 2297: 2255: 2221: 2178: 1965: 1691: 1085:. The actual date of the formation of Triveni Sangh is disputed among scholars. This caste coalition fared badly against the 687: 4019: 3785: 3625: 2674: 2184: 1192:

appealed to the kushwaha in the 2014 elections in hopes of getting the support of the Koeri caste who had earlier voted for

401:, the sacred thread. The Sanskritising trend in castes of northern India, including that of the Koeris, was inspired by the 2381: 2245: 1399: 1363: 609:

were not only the major "agricultural caste", but were also reputed as most skilled cultivators. As per the description of

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district of Bihar. In this district the Koeri caste is notorious for their criminal affairs and represent most of the ten

766:, a Koeri teacher, began leading the Maoists and organised the murders of upper caste landlords after he was beaten up by 268:, but the traditional agrarian relations based on caste did witness some changes. In the backdrop of this change many new 5249: 4756:

Björkert, Suruchi Thapar (September–October 2006). "Women as arm-bearers: Gendered caste-violence and the Indian state".

4303: 4264: 5001: 2404: 962:

classified the producer castes of Bihar and Patna - the Koeri, the Gwala, the Kurmi, the Sonar (goldsmith) and even the

5213: 4418: 4313: 4274: 3470: 3431: 3388: 3341: 3108: 2941: 2820: 2629: 2587: 2418: 1919: 1303: 724:

them with subsistence also worked as agricultural labourers, though the bulk of agricultural labourers belonged to the

3460: 3331: 1658: 5107: 4728: 4408: 3974: 3892: 3848: 3779: 3548: 3190: 3151: 2135: 2104: 1845: 1802: 1763: 1721: 1618: 1608: 1367: 907:

are called 'Babuji' and enjoy the prestige conferred by high caste status, though politically they are marginalised.

3538: 2810: 1467: 1299: 4687: 3137: 569:

wheat being a crop requiring skill and enterprise on the part of the cultivator. These, said such commentators as

5239: 5067: 4814: 4478: 4194: 4155: 978:

woman, who faces the enemy with courage and fights along with her husband rather than being defeated outrightly.

272:

of post reform period hailed from groups like Koeris. In post-independence India, Koeris have been classified as

4353: 3701: 3619: 3302: 3256: 3023: 2707: 2548: 2336: 1439: 1413: 291: 1453: 1353: 1319: 835: 1452:, former Minister for Backward and Extremely Backward Castes in Government of Bihar, former MLA of BJP from 1173:. Out of twenty Koeri legislators elected to 243 membered Bihar Legislative Assembly, eleven were from JDU. 290:

in the agricultural society of India. In some of the districts of Bihar, they have also participated in the

5244: 1285: 1271: 1577: 1081:, the Koeris aligned with the Kurmis and the Yadavs to form a caste coalition-cum-political party called 1074:. Large numbers of Koeris participated in the Awadh Kisan Conference of 1920, which was held in Ayodhya. 369:

British era image of two men from Koeri caste describing low caste and possibility of aboriginal origin.

5259: 3294: 2540: 2453: 1911: 879: 794: 775: 691: 537: 5035:"NDA सीट गणित: ललन सिंह की वजह से गिरिराज बेगुसराय पहुंचे, BJP ने अपने 5 सांसदों को टिकट से पैदल किया" 4881: 3580: 2749:"Land and Caste Relations in North Bihar: Observations from Two Villages," Review of Agrarian Studies 1233: 1181: 959: 475: 30: 4846:"Denting Nitish's 'Luv-Kush' vote, synergy with Raje, OBC push — why BJP has new chiefs in 4 states" 1610:

Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age, Part 4, Volume 3

613:

of the contemporary agrarian society, the Koeris were 'quiet, industrious and well-behaved people'.

34: 5127:

party he said: "My decision will depend on Koeri Samaj-they have been urging me to leave the party.

3691: 2894: 1176:

The parting of the ways between the Koeris and the Kurmis and the movement of the Koeris away from

1097: 1086: 1035: 771: 349:

where they were taken as indentured labourers. They also have a significant population residing in

5161:

from Bihar Sharif won for the third time and Pramod Sinha, MLA from Raxaul won for the first time.

5140:"Bihar Cabinet Expansion: कुशवाहा व मुसलमान चेहरों पर JDU ही नहीं BJP की भी टिकी हैं नजरें, जानिए" 1130:, a lesser known Koeri leader, become the chief minister of Bihar merely a week after the fall of 4876: 3927: 3220:"Bihar caste-based survey report | Poverty highest among Scheduled Castes, lowest among Kayasths" 1387: 1281: 1275: 1216:

with an apparent eye towards the electoral benefits, particularly in northern Indian states like

1134:

government. He led a coalition of the Shoshit Samaj Dal party of Jagdeo Prasad and the Congress.

1051: 759: 342: 4783: 1431: 1209: 1189: 854:

Between 1872 and 1921 the Koeris represented approximately seven per cent of the population in

742:

themselves politically, which is reflected in slow but gradual rise of their representation in

435:

Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha, the caste association of Koeris, held its first session in 1922.

5097: 4718: 3964: 3878: 3730: 3499: 3288: 3096: 2697: 2619: 2577: 2211: 2125: 1831: 4941:"How BJP got JD(U)'s Mewa Lal to resign as Nitish's minister within an hour of taking charge" 4576:"Caste groups are burning Rajnath Singh's effigies as he called Chandragupta Maurya shepherd" 4225: 4081: 4042: 3921: 3380: 3370: 2970: 2888: 2849: 2767: 2287: 2029:"Bihar: Nitish Kumar is Trying to Consolidate the Luv-Kush-Dhanuk Axis to Expand Social Base" 1955: 1792: 1753: 1711: 1578:"Nitish Kumar's 'Triveni Sangh' of Backward Castes May Threaten BJP's Monopoly in 2024 Polls" 1423: 1405: 1339: 1251: 1131: 1101:

ground. The Congress's reliance on its "Coalition Of Extremes", referring to the alliance of

734: 657: 273: 4819:. Delhi University Political Science Association(Original from the University of Michigan). 4199:. Delhi University Political Science Association(Original from the University of Michigan). 474:

to take care of vegetables and their flower gardens in Banaras. Writing eighty years later,

4125:"Caste, land and quotas: A history of the plotting of social coalitions in Bihar till 2005" 2502:

Opium, empire and the global political economy: a study of the Asian opium trade, 1750–1950

1449: 1427: 1381: 1006: 839: 661: 490: 483: 479: 277: 8: 3884: 3376: 2096: 1837: 1463: 1391: 1343: 1329: 1309: 1289: 1261: 1213: 1177: 1170: 1158: 1127: 983: 679: 593: 459: 374: 513:

on behalf of various subcastes of the Koeri community to seek recognition as Kshatriya.

4547: 1495: 1267: 821:. This group had benefitted the most from land reforms and became ruthless towards the 241: 5209: 5103: 4724: 4414: 4349: 4309: 4270: 4231: 4161: 4087: 4048: 4009: 3970: 3931: 3888: 3817: 3775: 3736: 3697: 3654: 3615: 3544: 3505: 3466: 3427: 3423: 3384: 3337: 3298: 3260: 3186: 3182:

Understanding Social Dynamics in South Asia: Essays in Memory of Ramkrishna Mukherjee

3147: 3143: 3104: 3063: 3019: 2976: 2937: 2898: 2855: 2816: 2777: 2744: 2713: 2703: 2664: 2625: 2583: 2544: 2506: 2457: 2414: 2371: 2367: 2340: 2293: 2251: 2217: 2174: 2131: 2100: 1961: 1915: 1841: 1798: 1759: 1717: 1687: 1614: 1480: 1349: 1198: 1150: 1031: 863: 589: 249: 127: 4765: 2069: 1500: 1490: 1359: 1335: 1185: 1071: 1063: 510: 506: 455: 387: 4448:"Upendra Kushwaha's exit could undo BJP's carefully planned Bihar caste coalition" 3290:

Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion

2536:

Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age

625:

advances to the dependent labourers in order to bring them under debt bondage and

5174: 4907:"भाजपा नेता सम्राट चौधरी बोले-हम न दूध वाले और न चावल वाले, हम तो सब्जी वाले हैं" 4003: 3811: 3769: 3609: 3540:

The Warp and the Weft: Community and Gender Identity Among the Weavers of Banaras

3250: 3011:

Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India

2658: 2500: 2330: 2170:

Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India

2168: 2090: 1905: 1681: 1522:"Opp flags 'chinks' in Bihar caste survey: 'Enumerators didn't visit our family'" 1138: 1002: 811: 570: 502: 382: 345:

district. Outside India, the Koeris are distributed among the Bihari diaspora in

265: 253: 132: 3252:

The limited Raj: agrarian relations in colonial India, Saran District, 1793–1920

4769: 2496: 1315: 1027: 998: 951: 883: 855: 843: 610: 602: 574: 471: 338: 334: 314: 257: 245: 200: 55: 5205:

Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies

3732:

Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ...

2890:

Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ...

2112:

managed to produce more from cultivation than their upper caste counterparts".

782:. After Mahto was killed in 1971, the communist uprising in Bhojpur subsided. 750:

The conflict with upper caste landlords led to an attraction towards far-left

5233: 4784:"How a Reinvented Left Is Gaining Electoral Significance in Poll-Bound Bihar" 3101:

Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace

2717: 1833:

Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace

1373: 1257: 1243: 1221: 1123: 1102: 1082: 923: 763: 617: 392: 237: 168: 462:

recorded various Koeri origin myths in the 1890s. According to one of them,

2773: 1650: 1459: 1295: 1193: 1162: 743: 501:'s names. This was done to justify the communities' claims of descent from 454:

in their military capacity during the period of Muslim consolidation under

419: 322: 196: 192: 3966:

From Movement To Government: The Congress in the United Provinces, 1937-42

2092:

Indian Economic Growth in Historical Perspective: The Roots of Development

1201:, while Kushwaha remained the strongest leader of the community in Bihar. 2745:"Land and Caste Relations in North Bihar: Observations from Two Villages" 1954:

Carolyn Brown Heinz (3 June 2013). Peter Berger; Frank Heidemann (eds.).

1325: 1237: 1166: 1154: 1143: 1078: 1055: 818: 598: 553: 545: 451: 402: 3880:

The Rise and Fall of Modern Empires, Volume IV: Reactions to Colonialism

3771:

In the Mirror of Mandal Social Justice, Caste, Class, and the Individual

405:

tradition, as attested by their bid to seek association with avatars of

3849:"People of Kushwaha community should be politically represented: Mehta" 3015: 2074: 2059: 875: 859: 807: 577:, were the qualities of the non-patrician 'peasant' – the thrifty 330: 180: 4005:

India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India

2660:

India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India

2363:

India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India

942:

Castes similar to the Koeri in northern India include the Maurya, the

3813:

Hindu nationalism and the language of politics in late colonial India

3059: 2410: 1755:

The Famine of 1896-1897 in Bengal: Availabilty Or Entitlement Crisis?

1713:

Land and Society in India: Agrarian Relations in Colonial North Bihar

1443: 1435: 1395: 1204:

In 2010s, attempts to trace the community's lineage to Mauryan king

1023: 991: 975: 904: 900: 717: 397: 346: 310:, are considered as largest politically organised peasant community. 269: 5055:वाल्मिकीनगर से कोइरी जाति के पूर्व सांसद वैद्यनाथ महतो का नाम तय है. 2060:"The 'Land of the Vaish'? Caste Structure and Ideology in Mauritius" 1188:, who commanded huge support among members of the Koeri castes. The 1999:"Amit Shah's choice of UP BJP chief to dampen Nitish Kumar's pitch" 1907:

Migration, Food Security and Development: Insights from Rural India

1377: 1247: 963: 943: 899:

Outside India, Koeris are distributed among the Bihari diaspora in

767: 751: 683: 439: 326: 221: 156: 152: 3611:

Awareness in Weaker Section: Perspective Development and Prospects

1054:, which worked for the peasants' cause against the ill effects of 1046:

In the early twentieth century, the Koeri and their sub-caste the

4606:"मीरा कुमार से जड़ी वो बातें, जो आपको हैरान करने के लिए काफी हैं" 3923:

Noncooperation in India: Nonviolent Strategy and Protest, 1920-22

2699:

Bonded Histories Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India

931: 927: 888: 678:, Awanish Kumar's study of select villages of West Champaran and 565: 467: 443: 188: 1957:

The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory

228:

in several parts of northern India are an Indian non-elite

1205: 1110: 967: 822: 755: 650: 642: 561: 406: 378: 318: 295: 176: 4812: 4192: 4044:

Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar

2289:

Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar

1260:, a socialist leader and former Deputy Chief Minister in the 1217: 1115: 1106: 1090: 1047: 955: 947: 926:, many of the Koeris were also involved in the occupation of 911: 803: 799: 730: 725: 708: 704: 670: 665: 630: 606: 541: 533: 494: 463: 447: 350: 307: 299: 286: 281: 240:, whose traditional occupation was agriculture. According to 233: 229: 184: 172: 122: 104: 97: 85: 4512:"BJP celebrates emperor Ashoka's birth anniversary in Bihar" 3501:

Social Inclusion of Ethnic Communities in Contemporary Nepal

1651:"उत्तर प्रदेश चुनावः कितने ताक़तवर हैं स्वामी प्रसाद मौर्य?" 536:

trade, which had its main base in Bihar. For many years the

4008:(Reprinted ed.). C. Hurst & Co. pp. 197–198. 2621:

The Peasant Production of Opium in Nineteenth Century India

1466:

in Bihar, former Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from

937: 656:

In post independence India, Koeris have been classified as

509:, respectively. In 1928, the Mahasabha also petitioned the 498: 1794:

Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns

910:

The Koeris also have a significant population residing in

5099:

Towards a New Era: Economic, Social and Political Reforms

4157:

Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns

4083:

Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns

3462:

Community, Empire and Migration: South Asians in Diaspora

2972:

Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns

1153:

flourished in Bihar. However, after the formation of the

578: 303: 4971:"Tarakeshwari Sinha a hot favourite for Samastipur seat" 4813:

Political Science Association, Delhi University (1981).

4382:"कुशवाहा राजनैतिक विचार मंच का अभियान 5 से - Patna News" 4193:

Political Science Association, Delhi University (1981).

1038:

had remained associated with this organisation in past.

3693:

Daughters of the Earth: Women and Land in Uttar Pradesh

2406:

Why India Votes? :Exploring the Political in South Asia

3055:

From popular movement to rebellion:The Naxalite dacade

1949: 1947: 1318:, six times Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from 787:

Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation

4223: 3735:

New york: Taylor and Francis group. p. 209,210.

3333:

Women Empowerment Through Panchayati Raj Institutions

1356:, former Minister of Education (Government of Bihar). 1298:, six term Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from 317:

and are also distributed more heterogeneously across

148: 2582:. University of California Press. pp. 187–188. 2579:

The Limited Raj Agrarian Relations in Colonial India

2491: 2489: 1547:"Sri Lankan missionary engineers conversion in Gaya" 660:

by virtue of being part of the group of four of the

482:

while those of Gorakhpur and Ayodhya looked towards

276:

by virtue of being part of the group of four of the

5102:. India: Har-Anand Publication. 2001. p. 166. 5002:"'Mahishasur's daughter' gets award from President" 1953: 1944: 3653:. University of California Press. pp. 73–75. 1875:"Upper Caste Leaders Back In Circulation In Bihar" 1362:, educationist, former professor of technology at 1274:. He served as a Union Minister in the cabinet of 3767: 3585:. Government of Uttar Pradesh. 1989. p. 56. 2486: 2281: 2279: 2250:. University of California Press. p. 91,92. 2216:. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 428. 1180:(JD(U)) was witnessed after the formation of the 645:population in bonded labour system by forwarding 298:order. In parts of northern India, they, besides 5231: 3094: 2702:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 162–163. 1903: 1462:, founding leader of Bharatiya Janata Party and 778:. Mahto also set up a newspaper in Arrah called 5176:A Study of the Mid-term Elections in Bihar 1969 4816:Teaching Politics, Volume 6 - Volume 7, Issue 4 4196:Teaching Politics, Volume 6 - Volume 7, Issue 4 478:records that Koeris of Bihar were followers of 2812:Agrarian Reforms, Land Markets, and Rural Poor 2276: 4749: 4723:. london: Sage publication. p. 135,136. 4641:Ruled Or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar 4413:. India: SAGE Publications. p. 127,129. 3640: 2575: 2203: 1747: 1745: 894: 842:category in Bihar. However, they were behind 532:The community was at the heart of the Indian 373:Haruka Yanagisawa, Professor Emeritus of the 5201: 5068:"JNU: Travails of A Dalit Comrade President" 4410:India's 2014 Elections: A Modi-led BJP Sweep 3995: 2695: 2209: 1434:in Bihar-Jharkhand region; former member of 1250:in the state of Bihar. He was the leader of 793:revealed the participation of Koiris in the 5202:Sanjay Kumar, Christophe Jaffrelot (2012). 3372:Understanding Social Dynamics in South Asia 2815:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 279. 2065:Archives de sciences sociales des religions 2057: 1751: 1613:. Cambridge University Press. p. 200. 1486:History of Backward Caste movement in Bihar 1410:Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union 1322:, founder of The Vaishali Cooperative Bank. 15: 4963: 4217: 3816:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. 3614:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 37. 3368: 2933:Beyond Ambedkar: Essays on Dalits in India 2663:. London: C. Hurst & Co. p. 197. 2617: 2449:Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia 2088: 1742: 1122:politics of Bihar under the leadership of 858:, according to tabulated data prepared by 588:In 1877, there was an attempt by colonial 423:agriculturalist of central Uttar Pradesh , 16: 4863: 4658:"No to casteism? Politicians won't agree" 4001: 3969:. India: SAGE Publications. p. 194. 3582:Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Bijnor 3369:N. Jayaram, Partha Nath Mukherji (2019). 2962: 2656: 2359: 2130:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 157. 2073: 4843: 4755: 4445: 3919: 3178: 3051: 2613: 2611: 2402: 1872: 1575: 938:Subdivisions, classification and culture 381:“ caste and today Koeris have attempted 364: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 4999: 4716: 4406: 4122: 3728: 3419:Readings in Indian Sociology: Volume II 3217: 3135: 2886: 1829: 1758:. India: Orient BlackSwan. p. 99. 934:caste and produce cloth for local use. 14: 5232: 5166: 4509: 4476: 4345:Caste and Democratic Politics in India 4301: 4262: 3722: 3689: 3497: 3415: 3329: 3007: 2936:. Har Anand Publications. p. 32. 2495: 2213:Indian society and social institutions 2166: 2123: 2021: 1996: 1328:, former minister for social welfare, 1288:. He also served as Union Minister in 1070:(Awadh Farmers Conference) along with 1009:, which operated out of Kaimur hills. 5172: 5078:from the original on 29 November 2022 4951:from the original on 18 February 2023 4794:from the original on 18 February 2023 4638: 4500:Shakuni Chaudhury and Mahendra Singh. 4446:KAUSHIKA, PRAGYA (10 December 2018). 4230:. Mittal Publications. pp. 49–. 4153: 4079: 4040: 3962: 3809: 3646: 3607: 3536: 3458: 3286: 2968: 2847: 2808: 2765: 2742: 2608: 2532: 2445: 2384:from the original on 31 December 2013 2328: 2285: 2243: 1790: 1716:. India: Orient Longman. p. 69. 1705: 1703: 1606: 1519: 1366:and former Member of Parliament from 828: 688:Primary Agricultural Credit Societies 442:reformers like Ganga Prasad Gupta in 4427:from the original on 2 February 2023 4341: 4322:from the original on 2 February 2023 4305:City, Society, and Planning: Society 4266:City, Society, and Planning: Society 4244:from the original on 2 February 2023 4203:from the original on 2 February 2023 4061:from the original on 2 February 2023 4022:from the original on 2 February 2023 3749:from the original on 2 February 2023 3628:from the original on 2 February 2023 3557:from the original on 2 February 2023 3518:from the original on 2 February 2023 3440:from the original on 2 February 2023 3397:from the original on 2 February 2023 3350:from the original on 2 February 2023 3248: 3230:from the original on 8 November 2023 3117:from the original on 2 February 2023 3076:from the original on 2 February 2023 3032:from the original on 2 February 2023 2950:from the original on 2 February 2023 2911:from the original on 15 January 2022 2868:from the original on 2 February 2023 2790:from the original on 2 February 2023 2677:from the original on 2 February 2023 2638:from the original on 2 February 2023 2557:from the original on 2 February 2023 2470:from the original on 2 February 2023 2306:from the original on 2 February 2023 2187:from the original on 2 February 2023 1661:from the original on 2 February 2023 1627:from the original on 2 February 2023 1588:from the original on 2 February 2023 1400:Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency 1364:Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra 1050:participated in the politics of the 997:In the 1980s, in region surrounding 697: 431:of Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh." 224:and more recently self-described as 72:Regions with significant populations 4993: 4869: 4844:Arnimesh, Shanker (24 March 2023). 4758:Women's Studies International Forum 4668:from the original on 29 August 2023 3788:from the original on 29 August 2023 3650:Peasants and monks in British India 3504:. KW Publishers. pp. 109–110. 2929: 2332:Peasants and monks in British India 2247:Peasants and monks in British India 2089:Yanagisawa, H. (23 December 2022). 1928:from the original on 29 August 2023 1854:from the original on 29 August 2023 1772:from the original on 29 August 2023 1730:from the original on 29 August 2023 1709: 1679: 1557:from the original on 29 August 2023 917: 48: 5195: 5181:Institute of Public Administration 5000:Chandan, Sanjeev (16 April 2016). 4981:from the original on 24 March 2023 4737:from the original on 4 August 2022 4720:The situated politics of belonging 4717:Kalpana, Nira-Yuval-Davis (2006). 4688:"'Lenin' waits wrapped in plastic" 4616:from the original on 14 April 2023 4586:from the original on 28 April 2021 4555:from the original on 28 April 2021 4510:Tewary, Amarnath (22 April 2022). 4479:"The Liberation Struggle of Bihar" 4362:from the original on 21 April 2022 4283:from the original on 21 April 2022 4174:from the original on 21 April 2022 4123:Vardhan, Anand (24 October 2020). 3859:from the original on 18 April 2023 3710:from the original on 21 April 2022 3667:from the original on 21 April 2022 3479:from the original on 21 April 2022 3311:from the original on 21 April 2022 3160:from the original on 21 April 2022 3139:The situated politics of belonging 3136:Kalpana, Nira-Yuval-Davis (2006). 2851:Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar 2829:from the original on 21 April 2022 2769:Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar 2427:from the original on 21 April 2022 2264:from the original on 17 April 2021 2144:from the original on 18 April 2022 2127:Development and Democracy in India 2039:from the original on 13 April 2021 2009:from the original on 4 August 2022 1885:from the original on 11 March 2023 1811:from the original on 11 March 2023 1700: 1398:, twice Member of Parliament from 1304:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 446:argued the Koeris descended from 360: 109:4.21 percent of Bihar's population 49: 5271: 5150:from the original on 28 July 2023 5116:from the original on 22 July 2023 5045:from the original on 16 July 2023 4823:from the original on 7 April 2022 4698:from the original on 15 July 2020 4540: 4489:from the original on 9 March 2016 4477:Ramesh, P. R. (15 October 2015). 3983:from the original on 22 July 2023 3944:from the original on 22 July 2023 3901:from the original on 22 July 2023 3218:Bhelari, Amit (8 November 2023). 3095:Ranabir Samaddar (3 March 2016). 2724:from the original on 22 June 2022 1974:from the original on 14 June 2022 1520:Singh, Santosh (9 October 2023). 1368:Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency 1312:, former Chief Minister of Bihar. 874:They are also distributed in the 616:In the early 19th century in the 252:in 1880s. Koeris have attempted 5012:from the original on 6 July 2020 4543:"BJP banking on votes of Koeris" 4522:from the original on 26 May 2022 4458:from the original on 5 June 2020 4100:from the original on 28 May 2022 4086:. SAGE publication. p. 53. 3589:from the original on 14 May 2022 3199:from the original on 14 May 2022 3103:. Routledge, 2016. p. 178. 2989:from the original on 28 May 2022 2975:. SAGE publication. p. 31. 2596:from the original on 28 May 2022 1997:Tiwari, Ravish (11 April 2016). 1468:Patna East Assembly constituency 1412:, one of the founding leader of 1300:Bibhutipur Assembly constituency 147: 90: 78: 54:For the village in Estonia, see 5132: 5090: 5060: 5027: 4933: 4899: 4837: 4806: 4776: 4710: 4680: 4650: 4632: 4598: 4573: 4567: 4534: 4503: 4470: 4439: 4400: 4374: 4335: 4295: 4256: 4186: 4147: 4116: 4073: 4034: 3956: 3913: 3871: 3841: 3803: 3761: 3683: 3601: 3573: 3530: 3491: 3452: 3409: 3362: 3323: 3280: 3242: 3211: 3172: 3129: 3088: 3045: 3001: 2923: 2880: 2841: 2802: 2759: 2736: 2689: 2650: 2569: 2526: 2439: 2396: 2353: 2322: 2237: 2160: 2117: 2082: 2051: 1990: 1897: 1866: 1823: 1012: 849: 774:(CPI) in the 1967 elections to 658:upper strata of Backward Castes 486:saints for spiritual guidance. 5255:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh 4227:Political Instability in India 4224:Bijender Kumar Sharma (1989). 4002:Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). 3336:. Concept Publishing Company. 3257:University of California Press 3179:Mukherji, Partha Nath (2019). 2657:Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). 2360:Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). 2337:University of California Press 1784: 1673: 1643: 1600: 1569: 1539: 1513: 1440:Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency 1416:, known for his opposition to 1414:All India Students Association 409:. Author William Pinch wrote: 395:, secluding women, or wearing 13: 1: 4154:Kumar, Sanjay (5 June 2018). 4080:Kumar, Sanjay (27 May 2022). 3690:Jassal, Smita Tewari (2001). 2969:Kumar, Sanjay (27 May 2022). 2505:. Routledge. pp. 64–67. 2167:Omvedt, Gail (18 June 1993). 2058:Claveyrolas, Mathieu (2013). 1686:. Penguin Books. p. 23. 1506: 1454:Pranpur Assembly constituency 1354:Bihar Agricultural University 1320:Jandaha Assembly constituency 836:2022 Bihar caste-based survey 497:which was named after one of 427:of western Uttar Pradesh and 4047:. Anthem Press. p. 44. 3608:Patel, Mahendra Lal (1997). 2809:Reddy, D. Narasimha (2009). 2292:. Anthem Press. p. 36. 1797:. India: SAGE Publications. 1352:, former Vice-Chancellor of 1286:Indian Independence movement 1272:Indian Independence movement 1066:became a founding leader of 846:in holding government jobs. 544:regulated and exploited it. 7: 4388:(in Hindi). 1 December 2018 2403:Banerjee, Mukulika (2017). 2173:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 58. 1474: 1338:, Bihar state president of 1227: 1041: 10: 5276: 5250:Social groups of Jharkhand 4770:10.1016/j.wsif.2006.07.005 4612:(in Hindi). 24 June 2017. 4302:Thakur, Baleshwar (2007). 4263:Thakur, Baleshwar (2007). 3887:. 2016. pp. 210–211. 3768:Hiranmay Karlekar (1992). 3696:. Manohar. p. 71,53. 3647:Pinch, William R. (1996). 3543:. Routledge. p. 109. 3295:Cambridge University Press 2541:Cambridge University Press 2454:Cambridge University Press 2329:Pinch, William R. (1996). 2244:Pinch, William R. (1996). 2124:Sharma, Shalendra (1999). 1912:Cambridge University Press 1830:Ranabir, Samaddar (2016). 1390:, former deputy leader of 1165:, they voted en masse for 966:(a scribe caste) as "pure 930:along with members of the 895:Distribution outside India 795:Naxalite-Maoist insurgency 776:Bihar Legislative Assembly 692:Public Distribution System 538:British East India Company 527: 450:and that they served Raja 292:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 53: 4643:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3052:Samaddar, Ranbir (2019). 1904:Chetan Choithani (2023). 1182:Rashtriya Lok Samta Party 960:Francis Buchanan-Hamilton 476:Francis Buchanan-Hamilton 167: 162: 146: 141: 118: 113: 103: 76: 71: 4342:Shah, Ghanshyam (2004). 3729:kunnath, George (2018). 3537:Raman, Vasanthi (2012). 3465:. Springer. p. 14. 3185:. Springer. p. 28. 2895:Taylor and Francis Group 2887:Kunnath, George (2018). 1752:Chakrabarti, M. (2004). 1098:Indian National Congress 1060:non-cooperation movement 1036:Bhubneshwar Prasad Mehta 1020:Kashbala Kshatriya Mitra 772:Communist Party of India 754:. This was witnessed in 313:The Koeris are found in 51:Caste community of India 31:latest accepted revision 4041:Kumar, Ashwani (2008). 3928:Oxford University Press 3810:Gould, William (2004). 3774:. Ajanta Publications. 3498:Mandal, Monika (2013). 3459:Bates, Crispin (2016). 3249:Yang, Anand A. (1989). 2743:Kumar, Awanish (2022). 2446:Gould, William (2012). 2286:Kumar, Ashwani (2008). 1680:Das, Arvind N. (1992). 1388:Baidyanath Prasad Mahto 1282:Chandradeo Prasad Verma 1276:Vishwanath Pratap Singh 791:Flaming fields of Bihar 676:Land and caste relation 220:), also referred to as 5240:Social groups of Bihar 4692:www.telegraphindia.com 4407:Wallace, Paul (2015). 3416:Sharma, K. L. (2013). 3330:Thakur, Minni (2010). 2854:. Viking. p. 82. 2624:. BRILL. p. 143. 2576:Anand A. Yang (2021). 1432:Bharatiya Janata Party 1408:, former president of 1210:Bharatiya Janata Party 1190:Bharatiya Janata Party 1058:and the 1920 Gandhian 872: 748: 746:(legislative assembly) 583: 433: 370: 3287:Bayly, C. A. (1988). 3008:Omvedt, Gail (1993). 2696:Gyan Prakash (2003). 2533:Bayly, Susan (2001). 2210:N. Jayapalan (2001). 1683:The Republic of Bihar 1607:Bayly, Susan (2001). 1426:, founding leader of 1424:Rati Lal Prasad Verma 1406:Chandrashekhar Prasad 1342:, former minister in 1340:Bhartiya Janata Party 1252:1970 Bhojpur uprising 1132:Mahamaya Prasad Sinha 990:or "essence of being 954:, the Shakya and the 868: 739: 558: 411: 368: 260:in various opinions. 163:Related ethnic groups 4947:. 19 November 2020. 4884:on 14 September 2020 4872:"Caste card counter" 4348:. Orient Blackswan. 4160:. SAGE Publication. 3920:Hardiman, D (2021). 3885:Taylor & Francis 2097:Taylor & Francis 1873:Giridhar Jha (ed.). 1838:Taylor & Francis 1576:Soroor Ahmed (ed.). 1450:Binod Singh Kushwaha 1428:Bharatiya Jana Sangh 1418:Mohammad Shahabuddin 1007:Ramashish Koeri gang 880:Legislative Assembly 840:Other Backward Class 758:, a village, in the 590:Government of Bengal 491:Christophe Jaffrelot 480:Dashanami Sampradaya 391:, such as following 5245:Agricultural castes 4917:on 15 November 2020 4664:. 22 January 2004. 3377:Springer Publishing 3146:. p. 135,136. 3062:. p. 317,318. 2930:Ram, Nandu (2009). 2618:Rolf Bauer (2019). 2035:. 30 January 2021. 1464:Bhartiya Jana Sangh 1392:Janata Dal (United) 1384:for social service. 1344:Government of Bihar 1330:Government of Bihar 1310:Satish Prasad Singh 1290:Government of India 1262:Government of Bihar 1214:Janata Dal (United) 1178:Janata Dal (United) 1171:Janata Dal (United) 1159:Janata Dal (United) 1128:Satish Prasad Singh 984:British Indian Army 922:In some regions of 770:for supporting the 680:Samastipur district 594:Herbert Hope Risley 460:Herbert Hope Risley 375:University of Tokyo 232:, found largely in 68: 21:Page version status 5173:Varma, VP (1970). 4639:Singh, S. (2015). 4548:The Times of India 3883:. United Kingdom: 2848:Sinha, A. (2011). 2766:Sinha, A. (2011). 2370:pp. 197–199. 2368:C. Hurst & Co. 2075:10.4000/samaj.3886 1836:. United Kingdom: 1791:Kumar, S. (2018). 1553:. 5 January 2015. 1526:The Indian Express 1496:Kushwaha (surname) 1284:, participated in 1270:, participated in 1268:Upendra Nath Verma 1208:were supported by 829:Affirmative Action 470:created Koeri and 371: 242:Arvind Narayan Das 199: • 195: • 191: • 187: • 183: • 179: • 175: • 171: • 155: • 95: 66: 27: 5260:Hindu communities 5041:. 17 March 2019. 4237:978-81-7099-184-7 4167:978-93-528-0585-3 4093:978-93-528-0585-3 4054:978-1-84331-709-8 4015:978-1-85065-670-8 3963:Menon, V (2003). 3937:978-0-19-754830-1 3926:. United States: 3823:978-0-521-83061-4 3742:978-1-138-09955-5 3660:978-0-520-20061-6 3511:978-93-81904-58-9 3424:SAGE Publications 3266:978-0-520-05711-1 3144:SAGE Publications 3097:"Bihar 1990-2011" 3069:978-0-367-13466-2 2982:978-93-528-0585-3 2904:978-1-138-09955-5 2861:978-0-670-08459-3 2783:978-0-670-08459-3 2776:. p. 80,81. 2670:978-1-85065-670-8 2512:978-0-415-19918-6 2463:978-0-521-87949-1 2377:978-1-85065-670-8 2346:978-0-520-20061-6 2299:978-1-84331-709-8 2257:978-0-520-20061-6 2223:978-81-7156-925-0 2180:978-0-7656-3176-3 2095:. United States: 1967:978-1-134-06118-1 1693:978-0-14-012351-7 1481:Bihari Mauritians 1382:Nari Shakti Award 1350:Mewalal Chaudhary 1246:, the founder of 1199:Shakuni Choudhury 1093:(forced labour). 1077:In the heyday of 1032:Dev Dyal Kushwaha 986:as soldiers. The 864:Christopher Bayly 698:Post land reforms 540:via an agency in 456:Shuhabuddin Ghuri 206: 205: 39:16 September 2024 18: 5267: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5189: 5188: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5157: 5155: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5123: 5121: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5074:. January 2013. 5064: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5050: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5017: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4913:. Archived from 4903: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4889: 4880:. Archived from 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4623: 4621: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4131:. Archived from 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111:"Triveni Sangh". 4107: 4105: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3832: 3830: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3793: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3674: 3672: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3049: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2615: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2493: 2484: 2483: 2477: 2475: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2313: 2311: 2283: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2194: 2192: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2151: 2149: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2014: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1981: 1979: 1951: 1942: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1749: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1710:Ram, B. (1997). 1707: 1698: 1697: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1517: 1501:Shakya (surname) 1491:Maurya (surname) 1360:Ajit Kumar Mehta 1336:Samrat Choudhary 1186:Upendra Kushwaha 1072:Baba Ram Chandra 1068:Oudh Kisan Sabha 1064:Mata Badal Koeri 918:In Uttar Pradesh 785:A report of the 760:Bhojpur district 511:Simon Commission 357:discrimination. 151: 96: 94: 93: 84: 82: 81: 69: 65: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5230: 5229: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5198: 5196:Further reading 5193: 5192: 5171: 5167: 5153: 5151: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5119: 5117: 5110: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5048: 5046: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5015: 5013: 4998: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4920: 4918: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4887: 4885: 4870:Bhelari, Amit. 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4842: 4838: 4834:in the Council. 4826: 4824: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4795: 4782: 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2204: 2190: 2188: 2181: 2165: 2161: 2147: 2145: 2138: 2122: 2118: 2107: 2087: 2083: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2012: 2010: 1995: 1991: 1977: 1975: 1968: 1952: 1945: 1931: 1929: 1922: 1914:. p. 107. 1902: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1871: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1848: 1828: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1805: 1789: 1785: 1775: 1773: 1766: 1750: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1724: 1708: 1701: 1694: 1678: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1630: 1628: 1621: 1605: 1601: 1591: 1589: 1574: 1570: 1560: 1558: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1530: 1528: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1477: 1378:Agri researcher 1230: 1139:Karpoori Thakur 1044: 1015: 1003:Rohtas district 940: 920: 897: 852: 831: 700: 664:communities in 599:colonial period 571:Denzil Ibbetson 530: 383:Sanskritisation 363: 361:Sanskritisation 280:communities in 274:Upper Backwards 266:Schedule Castes 254:Sanskritisation 246:horticulturists 137: 91: 89: 79: 77: 64: 59: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 5273: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5228: 5227: 5215:978-1136516610 5214: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5165: 5131: 5108: 5089: 5059: 5026: 4992: 4962: 4932: 4898: 4862: 4836: 4805: 4775: 4764:(5): 474–488. 4748: 4729: 4709: 4679: 4662:Times of India 4649: 4631: 4597: 4566: 4541:Singh, Abhay. 4533: 4502: 4469: 4438: 4420:978-9351505174 4419: 4399: 4386:Dainik Bhaskar 4373: 4354: 4334: 4315:978-8180694608 4314: 4294: 4276:978-8180694608 4275: 4255: 4236: 4216: 4185: 4166: 4146: 4135:on 27 May 2022 4115: 4092: 4072: 4053: 4033: 4014: 3994: 3975: 3955: 3936: 3930:. p. 74. 3912: 3893: 3870: 3840: 3822: 3802: 3780: 3760: 3741: 3721: 3702: 3682: 3659: 3639: 3620: 3600: 3572: 3549: 3529: 3510: 3490: 3472:978-0333977293 3471: 3451: 3433:978-8132118725 3432: 3408: 3390:978-9811303876 3389: 3361: 3343:978-8180696800 3342: 3322: 3303: 3279: 3265: 3259:. p. 45. 3241: 3210: 3191: 3171: 3152: 3128: 3110:978-1317125372 3109: 3087: 3068: 3044: 3024: 3018:. p. 59. 3000: 2981: 2961: 2943:978-8124114193 2942: 2922: 2903: 2897:. p. 31. 2879: 2860: 2840: 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A. H. Blunt 529: 526: 362: 359: 339:West Champaran 335:East Champaran 315:Saran district 258:dominant caste 204: 203: 165: 164: 160: 159: 144: 143: 139: 138: 136: 135: 130: 125: 119: 116: 115: 111: 110: 107: 101: 100: 74: 73: 62: 56:Koeri, Estonia 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5272: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5217: 5211: 5208:. 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