4250:, where they were employed as poppy farmers, drug peddlers, or proprietors of opium dens — disreputable jobs that were at the bottom rung of the drug trafficking ladder. The initiation of opium and narcotic production in Korea was motivated by the worldwide shortage of opium and Japan's unfavorable environment for poppy cultivation, making the Japanese entirely dependent on foreign imports to meet domestic demand for medical opium. The Japanese discovered that Korea provided favorable climate and soil conditions for poppy cultivation; not only were the climate and soil conditions more suitable, but land and labor costs were lower than in Japan. Farmers in Korea were aware of the global demand for opium, and welcomed the idea of increasing the amount of land for poppy cultivation, an idea that was introduced to them by Japanese pharmaceutical companies. The sale and consumption of drugs were pervasive in Korea, where the country faced a substantial domestic drug abuse problem, appearing in the form of opium-smoking and morphine addiction. Within Korea, most illicit narcotics were supplied by Japanese druggists.
2020:
4229:, a British author, he referred to condition of Korea under Japanese rule. As of 1926, he described on his book "The New Korea", "looking forward from 1910, one thing was clear where many things were obscure, namely that Japan, having decided to make Korea part of her Empire, would deem the permanence of her occupation to be a major element of her national policy, to be held intact, at whatever cost, against internal revolt or foreign intrigue. The Japanese refer with pride to their effective protection of life and property throughout a country but recently overrun by bandits, to the enormous increase during the past fifteen years in every branch of production, with its connotation of increased employment for Koreans, to the constantly mounting number of Koreans appointed to the government service are facts, that cannot be gainsaid. However, the Korean nationalists attribute to them a sinister significance."
3762:
141:
4854:, came from all over the Japanese empire. Historical estimates range from 10,000 to 200,000, including an unknown number of Koreans. However, 200,000 is considered to be a conservative number by modern historians, and up to 500,000 comfort women are estimated to be taken. These women faced an average of 29 men and up to 40 men per day, according to one surviving comfort woman. However, of the 500,000, less than 50 are alive today. Comfort women were often recruited from rural locales with the promise of factory employment; business records, often from Korean subcontractees of Japanese companies, showed them falsely classified as nurses or secretaries. There is evidence that the Japanese government intentionally destroyed official records regarding comfort women.
2311:
2491:
2829:
3228:
567:
4148:
physical facilities remained in Korea after the
Liberation. The Japanese government played an even more active role in developing Korea than it had played in developing the Japanese economy in the late nineteenth century. Many programs drafted in Korea in the 1920s and 1930s originated in policies drafted in Japan during the Meiji period (1868–1912). The Japanese government helped to mobilize resources for development and provided entrepreneurial leadership for these new enterprises. Colonial economic growth was initiated through powerful government efforts to expand the economic infrastructure, to increase investment in human capital through health and education and to raise productivity.
4058:
3018:
4167:
Japanese counterparts, so it was difficult for large Korean enterprises to emerge. More and more farmland was taken over by the
Japanese, and an increasing proportion of Korean farmers either became sharecroppers or migrated to Japan or Manchuria as laborers. As greater quantities of Korean rice were exported to Japan, per capita consumption of rice among the Koreans declined; between 1932 and 1936, per capita consumption of rice declined to half the level consumed between 1912 and 1916. Although the government imported coarse grains from Manchuria to augment the Korean food supply, per capita consumption of food grains in 1944 was 35 percent below that of 1912 to 1916.
5014:
Japan's colonial rule grossly neglects the fact that Japan's administrative decisions forced a large number of participants to act against their volition... eo-conservatives neglect to consider that Japan's history of expansion in East Asia did not end with the emperor's declaration on August 15, 1945, nor did it end with treaties of normalization. This history lives within the people it affected. Denial and beautification of this history disturbs the efforts of its surviving victims to distance themselves from this past, and serves as a painful reminder of Japan's unwillingness to accept responsibility for the injustices that
Japanese rule inflicted upon them.
4360:
4136:
the 20th century. "Japan's initial colonial policy was to increase agricultural production in Korea to meet Japan's growing need for rice. Japan also began to build large-scale industries in Korea in the 1930s as part of the empire-wide program of economic self-sufficiency and war preparation." In terms of exports, "Japanese industry as a whole gained little ... and this is certainly true for the most important manufacturing sector, cotton textiles. This export trade had little impact, positive or negative, on the welfare of
Japanese consumer." Likewise in terms of the profitability of Japanese investors: colonial Korea made no significant impact.
2765:. As of April 2020, 81,889 Korean cultural artifacts are in Japan. According to the Overseas Korean Cultural Heritage Foundation, not all the artifacts were moved illegally. Adding to the challenge of repatriating illegally exported Korean cultural properties is the lack of experts in Korean art at overseas museums and institutions, alterations made to artifacts that obscure their origin, and that moving Korean artifacts within what was previously internationally recognized Japanese territory was lawful at the time. The South Korean government has been continuing its efforts to repatriate Korean artifacts from museums and private collections overseas.
4106:
4238:
3623:
4082:
3805:
613:
585:
2721:
81:
3704:
under
Japanese control, some Koreans adopted Christianity as an expression of nationalism in opposition to the Japan's efforts to promote the Japanese language and the Shinto religion. In 1914 of 16 million Koreans, there were 86,000 Protestants and 79,000 Catholics. By 1934 the numbers were 168,000 and 147,000, respectively. Presbyterian missionaries were especially successful. Harmonizing with traditional practices became an issue. The Protestants developed a substitute for Confucian ancestral rites by merging Confucian-based and Christian death and funerary rituals.
4368:
4090:
4074:
4611:. Towards the end of Japanese rule, Korea saw elementary school attendance at 38 percent. Children of elite families were able to advance to higher education, while others were able to attend technical schools, allowing for "the emergence of a small but important class of well-educated white collar and technical workers ... who possessed skills required to run a modern industrial economy." The Japanese education system ultimately produced hundreds of thousands of educated South Koreans who later became "the core of the postwar political and economic elite."
4098:
2647:
officials made peasants pay for these projects in the form of heavy taxes, impoverishing many of them and causing even more of them lose their land. Although many other subsequent developments placed ever greater strain on Korea's peasants, Japan's rice shortage in 1918 was the greatest catalyst for hardship. During that shortage, Japan looked to Korea for increased rice cultivation; as Korean peasants started producing more for Japan, however, the amount they took to eat dropped precipitously, causing much resentment among them.
4350:
4925:), was part of Japan's assimilation efforts. This was heavily resisted by the Korean people. Those Koreans who retained their Korean names were not allowed to enroll at school, were refused service at government offices, and were excluded from the lists for food rations and other supplies. Faced with such compulsion, many Koreans ended up complying with the Name Change Order. Such a radical policy was deemed to be symbolically significant in the war effort, binding the fate of Korea with that of the empire.
2376:, committed suicide at The Hague. In response, the Japanese government took stronger measures. On 19 July 1907, Emperor Gojong was forced to relinquish his imperial authority and appoint the Crown Prince as regent. Japanese officials used this concession to force the accession of the new Emperor Sunjong following abdication, which was never agreed to by Gojong. Neither Gojong nor Sunjong were present at the 'accession' ceremony. Sunjong was to be the last ruler of the Joseon dynasty, founded in 1392.
2613:
599:
538:
177:
3990:
2159:
14070:
10002:) from south-east Asia, and (c) importing colonial rice. The first was most costly and its success was not assured. The second implied loss of foreign exchange and also dependence on foreign producers for the imperial staple, which would seriously weaken the political power of the empire vis-à-vis the West. It also involved a quality problem in that foreign rice of the indica variety did not suit Japanese taste. The third alternative seemed best to the Japanese administration."
3959:
5358:
731:
2448:
4889:
II. The commission, which was organized by the South Korean government, announced that they acknowledged 83 people among them as victims. The commission said that although the people reluctantly served as guards to avoid the draft, they took responsibility for the mistreatment by the
Japanese against prisoners of war. Lee Se-il, leader of the investigation, said that examination of the military prosecution reports for 15 Korean prison guards, obtained from
2602:
95:
12944:
3672:
were abducted from their homes in countries under
Imperial Japanese rule. In many cases, women were lured with promises of work in factories or restaurants. In some cases propaganda advocated equity and the sponsorship of women in higher education. Other enticements were false advertising for nursing jobs at outposts or Japanese army bases; once recruited, they were incarcerated in comfort stations both inside their nations and abroad.
3029:
4776:
policies. In 1914, out of 16 million people, there were 86,000 Protestants and 79,000 Catholics; by 1934 the numbers were 168,000 and 147,000. Presbyterian missionaries were especially successful. Harmonizing with traditional practices became an issue. Catholics tolerated Shinto rites; Protestants developed a substitute for
Confucian ancestral rites by merging Confucian-based and Christian death and funerary rituals.
5344:
3074:, now part of Russia) for civilian labor. Those who were brought to Japan were often forced to work under conditions that have been described as appalling and dangerous. Although Koreans were reportedly treated better than laborers from other countries, large numbers still died. In Japan, 60,000 of the 670,000 mobilized laborers died. In Korea and Manchuria, estimates of deaths range between 270,000 and 810,000.
1602:
2353:
Secretary of State, John Hay, that the Korean government had been advised by the
Japanese government "that hereafter the police matters of Seoul will be controlled by the Japanese gendarmerie" and "that a Japanese police inspector will be placed in each prefecture". A large number of Koreans organized themselves in education and reform movements, but Japanese dominance in Korea had become a reality.
3479:
3604:"were moronic and at times almost bestial in their treatment of prisoners. This applied particularly to Korean private soldiers, conscripted only for guard and sentry duties in many parts of the Japanese empire. Regrettably, they were appointed as guards for the prisoners throughout the camps of Burma and Siam." The highest-ranking Korean to be prosecuted after the war was Lieutenant General
9063:"An estimated 200,000 to 300,000 women across Asia, predominantly Korean and Chinese, are believed to have been forced to work as sex slaves in Japanese military brothels", BBC 2000-12-08;"Historians say thousands of women; as many as 200,000 by some accounts; mostly from Korea, China and Japan worked in the Japanese military brothels", Irish Examiner 2007-03-08;AP 2007-03-07;CNN 2001-03-29.
5435:
9813:
turned out to be an efficacious economic actor. The state utilised its bureaucratic capacities to undertake numerous economic tasks: collecting more taxes, building infrastructure, and undertaking production directly. More important, this highly purposive state made increasing production one of its priorities and incorporated property-owning classes into production-oriented alliances.
3796:. This gave rise to the nation-wide March 1 Movement peaceful protests; it is estimated that 2 million people took part in these rallies. However, they were violently suppressed by Japan; according to Korean records, over a year of demonstrations, 46,948 were arrested, 7,509 killed and 15,961 wounded. According to Japanese figures, 8,437 were arrested, 553 killed and 1,409 wounded.
2814:, was intended to preserve Korean historical artifacts, including those not yet unearthed. Japan's 1871 Edict for the Preservation of Antiquities and Old Items could not be automatically applied to Korea due to Japanese law, which required an imperial ordinance to apply the edict in Korea. The 1933 law to protect Korean cultural heritages was based on the Japanese 1871 edict.
2697:(内地), but had largely failed to accomplish this by 1936. According to figures from 1934, Japanese in Chōsen numbered approximately 561,000 out of a total population of over 21 million, less than 3%. By 1939 the Japanese population increased to 651,000, mostly from Japan's western prefectures. During the same period, the population in Chōsen grew faster than that in the
2269:). They advocated a number of societal reforms, including democracy and a constitutional monarchy, and pushed for closer ties to Western countries in order to counterbalance Japanese influence. It went on to be influential in Korean politics for the short time that it operated, to the chagrin of Gojong. Gojong eventually forcefully disbanded the organization in 1898.
4861:, a secret military medical experimentation unit in World War II. The victims who died in the camp included at least 25 victims from the former Soviet Union and Korea. Some historians estimate up to 250,000 total people were subjected to human experiments. A Unit 731 veteran attested that most that were experimented on were Chinese, Koreans, and Mongolians.
3559:, which was considered during that time to be one of the bloodiest battles in U.S. military history. A fifth of the Japanese garrison during this battle consisted of Korean laborers, where on the last night of the battle a combined 300 Japanese soldiers and Korean laborers did a last ditch charge. Like their Japanese counterparts, many of them were killed.
3634:, many ethnic Korean girls and women (mostly aged 12–17) were forced by the Japanese military to become sex slaves on the pretext of being hired for jobs, such as a seamstresses or factory workers, and were forced to provide sexual service for Japanese soldiers by agencies or their families against their wishes. These women were euphemistically called "
10478:
4143:, "for centuries most Koreans lived as subsistence farmers of rice and other grains and satisfied most of their basic needs through their own labor or through barter. The manufactures of traditional Korea – principally cloth, cooking and eating utensils, furniture, jewelry, and paper – were produced by artisans in a few population centers."
2391:. This led to a large-scale righteous army movement among Koreans, and disbanded troops joined the resistance forces. Japan's response to this was a scorched earth tactic using division-sized troops, which resulted in the movement of armed resistance organizations in Korea to Manchuria. Amid this confusion, on 26 October 1909,
3581:, 23 of whom were sentenced to death (compared to 920 Japanese who were sentenced to death), including Korean prison guards who were particularly notorious for their brutality during the war. The figure is relatively high considering that ethnic Koreans made up a small percentage of the Japanese military. Judge
1807:, Japan mobilized around 5.4 million Koreans to support its war effort. Many were moved forcefully from their homes, and set to work in generally extremely poor working conditions, although there was a range in what people experienced. Some Japanese politicians and scholars, including now Prime Minister
4618:
For example, according to the statistics of the
Japanese Government-General of Korea in 1944, which was prepared just before independence, only 8.5% of the total population entered elementary school, and the middle school enrollment rate was only 0.9%. The literacy rate was also very low, so only 30%
4504:
Integration of Korean students into Japanese-language schools and Japanese students in Korean-language schools was discouraged but steadily increased over time. While official policy promoted equality between ethnic Koreans and ethnic Japanese, in practice this was rarely the case. Korean history and
4340:
In 1932, Japan relaxed restrictions on the publication of Korean newspapers. Despite this, the government continued to seize newspapers without warning: there are over a thousand recorded seizures between 1920 and 1939. Revocation of publishing rights was relatively rare, and only three magazines had
3863:
on 3 November 1929 led to the strengthening of Japanese military rule in 1931, after which freedom of the press and freedom of expression were curbed. Many witnesses, including Catholic priests, reported that Japanese authorities dealt with insurgency severely. When villagers were suspected of hiding
3671:
asserted that possibly hundreds of thousands of girls and women, mainly from China and the Korean Peninsula but also Southeast Asian countries occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army, as well as Australia and the Netherlands, were forced to serve as comfort women. According to testimonies, young women
3551:
of Koreans into the armed forces. All Korean men were drafted to either join the Imperial Japanese Army, as of April 1944, or work in the military industrial sector, as of September 1944. Before 1944, 18,000 Koreans passed the examination for induction into the army. Koreans provided workers to mines
3047:
of Japanese men for the military efforts of World War II led to organized official recruitment of Koreans to work in mainland Japan, initially through civilian agents, and later directly, often involving elements of coercion. As the labor shortage increased, by 1942, the Japanese authorities extended
2475:
was appointed for the commander of Japanese military police forces. Japanese finally replaced Imperial Korean police forces in June 1910, and they combined police forces and military police, firmly establishing the rule of military police. After the annexation, Akashi started to serve as the Chief of
9812:
he Japanese made extensive use of state power for their own economic development and then used the same state power to pry open and transform Korea in a relatively short period of time. . . . The highly cohesive and disciplining state that the Japanese helped to construct in colonial Korea
4880:
only covers enemy and neutral nationals in interstate armed conflicts. However, the principal Allied powers realized they had colonies themselves and never pressed on the Class C charges as they did not want to risk their own colonial atrocities being subject to prosecution. This left the Korean and
4171:
In addition, 70% of the agricultural workers who made up most of Korea's population at the time were reduced to tenants of Japanese and Korean landlords who purchased land at low prices, and they had to pay high rents of 50–70%. As a result, many Koreans left for Manchuria and settled down, becoming
4135:
There were some modernization efforts by the late 19th century prior to annexation. Seoul became the first city in East Asia to have electricity, trolley cars, water, telephone, and telegraph systems all at the same time, but Korea remained a largely backward agricultural economy around the start of
3659:
cautions against the claim that women were not forced as the fact that "no positive sources exist supporting claims that comfort women were forced labor" must be treated with doubt, as "it is well known that the great majority of potentially damaging official documents were destroyed in anticipation
3109:
Most Korean atomic-bomb victims in Japan had been drafted for work at military industrial factories in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In the name of humanitarian assistance, Japan paid South Korea four billion yen (approx. thirty five million dollars) and built a welfare center for those suffering from the
2654:
in Korea had come under Japanese control. This ratio increased steadily; as of the years 1916, 1920, and 1932, the ratio of Japanese land ownership increased from 36.8 to 39.8 to 52.7%. The level of tenancy was similar to that of farmers in Japan itself; however, in Korea, the landowners were mostly
2131:
in which they attempted to maintain Gojong but replace the government with a pro-Japanese one. They also wished to liberate Korea from Chinese suzerainty. However, this proved short-lived, as conservative Korean officials requested the help of Chinese forces stationed in Korea. The coup was put down
4888:
The "Truth Commission on Forced Mobilization under the Japanese Imperialism Republic of Korea" investigated the received reports of damage from 86 people among the 148 Koreans who were accused of being Class B and C criminals while serving as prison guards for the Japanese military during World War
4783:
in 1925, communist literature was banned throughout the Empire of Japan, including Chōsen; in order to avoid suspicion and permit dissemination, it was often disguised as Christian literature addressed to missionaries. Communist concepts, such as class struggle, and its partner nationalist movement
4190:
on the Korean Peninsula for the purpose of extracting and exploiting resources such as raw materials (timber), foodstuff (mostly rice and fish), and mineral resources (coal and iron ore). The Japanese developed port facilities and an extensive railway system which included a main trunk railway from
4161:
policies, as well as Chōsen's rapid population growth; the colonial government's attempts to mitigate this problem were inadequate. Most Koreans at the time could access only a primary school education under restriction by the Japanese, and this prevented the growth of an indigenous entrepreneurial
2646:
almost overnight because they could not pay for the land reclamation and irrigation improvements forced on them. Compounding the economic stresses imposed on the Korean peasantry, the authorities forced Korean peasants to do long days of compulsory labor to build irrigation works; Japanese imperial
2573:
and they declared this annexation treaty null and void. They declared these statements in each of their capital cities (Seoul and Tōkyō) with a simultaneous press conference. They announced the "Japanese empire pressured the outcry of the Korean Empire and people and forced by Japan–Korea Treaty of
2458:
During the prelude to the 1910 annexation, a number of irregular civilian militias called "righteous armies" arose. They consisted of tens of thousands of peasants engaged in anti-Japanese armed rebellion. After the Korean army was disbanded in 1907, former soldiers joined the armies and fought the
4775:
Protestant missionary efforts in Asia were nowhere more successful than in Korea. American Presbyterians and Methodists arrived in the 1880s and were well received. During the Japanese colonial period, Christianity became an expression of Korean nationalist opposition to Japan and its assimilation
4614:
Another point of view is that it was only after the end of Japanese rule with World War II that Korea saw true, democratic rise in public education as evidenced by the rise of adult literacy rate from 22 percent in 1945 to 87.6 percent by 1970 and 93% by the late 1980s. Though public education was
4445:
During the colonial period, Japan established an officially equal educational system in Korea, but it strictly limited the rate of coed education. After the Korean Educational Ordinance was published in 1938, this situation changed slightly. "Primary education consisted of a mandated four years of
4166:
Virtually all industries were owned either by Japan-based corporations or by Japanese corporations in Korea. As of 1942, indigenous capital constituted only 1.5 percent of the total capital invested in Korean industries. Korean entrepreneurs were charged interest rates 25 percent higher than their
4162:
class. A 1939 statistic shows that among the total capital recorded by factories, about 94 percent was Japanese-owned. While Koreans owned about 61 percent of small-scale firms that had 5 to 49 employees, about 92 percent of large-scale enterprises with more than 200 employees were Japanese-owned.
3703:
Protestant Christian missionary efforts in Asia were quite successful in Korea. American Presbyterians and Methodists arrived in the 1880s and were well received. They served as medical and educational missionaries, establishing schools and hospitals in numerous cities. In the years when Korea was
4156:
points out that the nature of industrialization during the period was as an "imposed enclave", so the impact of colonialism was trivial. Another scholar, Song Byung-nak, states that the economic condition of average Koreans deteriorated during the period despite the economic growth. Cha primarily
4131:
A 2017 study found that the gradual removal of trade barriers (almost fully completed by 1923) after Japan's annexation of Korea "increased population growth rates more in the regions close to the former border between Japan and Korea than in the other regions. Furthermore, after integration, the
3818:
After the repression of the March 1st Movement protests, Koreans fled the peninsula. A number of them congregated in Shanghai a month after the protests and founded a government-in-exile: the Korean Provisional Government (KPG). The government was highly diverse, with both left- and right-leaning
1838:
The legacy of Japanese colonization was hotly contested even just after its end, and is still extremely controversial. There is a significant range of opinions in both South Korea and Japan, and historical topics continue to cause regular controversy. Within South Korea, a particular focus is the
5013:
While acknowledging that Japanese policy benefited pockets of Korean society, a responsible argument must also acknowledge that Japan's colonial policies systematically excluded the majority of Koreans from these institutions of modernity. Reliance on a minority sample to explain the entirety of
4884:
In 2002, South Korea started an investigation of Japanese collaborators. Part of the investigation was completed in 2006 and a list of names of individuals who profited from exploitation of fellow Koreans were posted. The collaborators not only benefited from exploiting their countrymen, but the
3650:
Report detailed that "large numbers of women were forced to submit to prolonged prostitution under conditions which were frequently indescribably traumatic". Documents which survived the war revealed "beyond doubt the extent to which the Japanese forces took direct responsibility for the comfort
2893:
system, in favor of a new surname to be used in the family register. The surname could be of their own choosing, including their native clan name, but in practice many Koreans received a Japanese surname. There is controversy over whether or not the adoption of a Japanese surname was effectively
1764:
were either partially or completely demolished. Japan also built infrastructure and industry. Railways, ports and roads were constructed, although in numerous cases workers were subjected to extremely poor working circumstances and discriminatory pay. While Korea's economy grew under Japan, many
4195:
through the capital of Seoul and north to the Chinese border. This infrastructure was intended not only to facilitate a colonial mercantilist economy, but was also viewed as a strategic necessity for the Japanese military to control Korea and to move large numbers of troops and materials to the
2318:
Having established economic and military dominance in Korea in October 1904, Japan reported that it had developed 25 reforms which it intended to introduce into Korea by gradual degrees. Among these was the intended acceptance by the Korean Financial Department of a Japanese Superintendent, the
5008:
Some conservative Japanese nationalists have since attempted to more positively portray the colonization and Japan's intentions. Claims such as "Japan did not want to annex Korea" and "Koreans came to Japan and asked to be annexed" have been forwarded, and efforts are made to highlight Korea's
4819:
formed because of the Japanese colonial period. Zainichi Koreans descend from the population of around 600,000 Koreans who remained in Japan, often not by choice. After Sakhalin was transferred from Japan to the Soviet Union, most of the 43,000 ethnic Koreans there were refused permission to
4147:
During the early period of Japanese rule, the Japanese government attempted to completely integrate the Korean economy with Japan, and thus introduced many modern economic and social institutions and invested heavily in infrastructure, including schools, railroads and utilities. Most of these
3263:
While the statistics appear to indicate that Koreans willingly joined the Japanese military, these numbers were artificially inflated using force. Japanese officials pressed illiterate peasants to sign applications and deliberately inflate statistics. This is also known in mainland Japan, and
2352:
and the "reforms" were enacted, including the reduction of the Korean Army from 20,000 to 1,000 men by disbanding all garrisons in the provinces, retaining only a single garrison in the precincts of Seoul. On 6 January 1905, Horace Allen, head of the American Legation in Seoul reported to his
4691:
to Japan. This removal of Korean cultural property was against a long tradition of such actions dating at least since the sixteenth century wars between Korea and Japan, though in the 20th century colonial period it was a systematised and regulated activity covered by rules issued 1916–1933.
4245:
Korea produced a small amount of opium during the earlier years of the colonial period, but by the 1930s, Korea became a major exporter of both opium and narcotics, becoming a significant supplier to the illicit drug trade, specifically to the opium monopoly created by the Japanese-sponsored
4490:
The public curriculum for most of the period was taught by Korean educators under a hybrid system focused on assimilating Koreans into the Japanese Empire while emphasizing Korean cultural education. This focused on the history of the Japanese Empire as well as inculcating reverence for the
4948:
and sterilization were common. The laws authorized punishment of patients "disturbing the peace", as most Japanese leprologists believed that vulnerability to the disease was inheritable. In Korea, many leprosy patients were also subjected to hard labor. The Japanese government compensated
2216:"), and on 8 October 1895, she was assassinated by Japanese agents. In 2001, Russian reports on the assassination were found in the archives of the Foreign Ministry of the Russian Federation. The documents included the testimony of King Gojong, several witnesses of the assassination, and
4901:
Although officially voluntary, and initially resisted by the Japanese Colonial Government, 80% of Koreans voluntarily changed their name to Japanese in 1940. Many community leaders urged the adoption of Japanese names to make it easy for their children to succeed in society and overcome
4221:
states that less than 10% of arable land actually came under Japanese control and rice was normally traded, not robbed. He also insists that Koreans' knowledge about the era under Japanese rule is mostly made up by later educators. Many of Lee's arguments, however, have been contested.
2633:
surveys that established ownership on the basis of written proof (deeds, titles, and similar documents). The system denied ownership to those who could not provide such written documentation; these turned out to be mostly high-class and impartial owners who had only traditional verbal
4971:. According to the secretary-general of a group named Peace Project Network, "there were a total of 70,000 Korean victims in both cities". Japan paid South Korea 4 billion yen and built a welfare center in the name of humanitarian assistance, not as compensation to the victims.
2881:) was issued, barring ethnic Koreans from taking Japanese names and retroactively reverting the names of Koreans who had already registered under Japanese names back to the original Korean ones. By 1939, however, this position was reversed and Japan's focus had shifted towards
4678:
This left less room for Korean language studies and by 1943 all Korean language courses had been phased out. Teaching and speaking of Korean was prohibited. Although the government report advised further, more radical reform, the 10-year plan would never fully go into effect.
2854:
further alleged the Japanese authorities in Korea did not take adequate steps to protect the lives and property of the Chinese residents, and blamed the authorities for allowing inflammatory accounts to be published. As a result of this riot, the Minister of Foreign Affairs
2591:
From around the time of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, Japanese merchants started settling in towns and cities in Korea seeking economic opportunity. By 1908 the number of Japanese settlers in Korea was somewhere below the figure of 500,000, comprising one of the
3589:, noted that "many of the commanders and guards in POW camps were Koreans – the Japanese apparently did not trust them as soldiers – and it is said that they were sometimes far more cruel than the Japanese." In his memoirs, Colonel Eugene C. Jacobs wrote that during the
2629:. The Korean land-ownership system featured absentee landlords, only partial owner-tenants and cultivators with traditional (but no legal proof of) ownership. By 1920, 90 percent of Korean land had proper ownership of Koreans. Terauchi's new Land Survey Bureau conducted
1851:, South Korea's most influential and controversial president, who collaborated with the Japanese military and continued to praise it even after the colonial period. Until 1964, South Korea and Japan had no functional diplomatic relations, until they signed the
5950:[Inscription of the "Sites of Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining" on the UNESCO's World Heritage List (Statement by the Japanese Delegation at the 39th Session of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO)].
4820:
repatriate back to Japan or Korea, and were thus trapped in Sakhalin. Many remained stateless. They now form the Sakhalin Korean population. Many Koreans had also escaped to Russia and the Soviet Union because of Japanese activities, and were eventually
2094:. Japanese diplomats, policemen, students, and some Min clan members were also killed during the incident. The Daewongun was briefly restored to power, only to be forcibly taken to China by Chinese troops dispatched to Seoul to prevent further disorder.
3259:
by ethnic Koreans was voluntary, and highly competitive. From a 14% acceptance rate in 1938, it dropped to a 2% acceptance rate in 1943 while the raw number of applicants increased from 3000 per annum to 300,000 in just five years during World War II.
8475:
2574:
1910 and full text of a treaty was false and text of the agreement was also false". They also declared the "Process and formality of "Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910" had huge deficiencies and therefore the treaty was null and void. This implied the
4651:
In 1921, government efforts were strengthened to promote Korean media and literature throughout Korea and also in Japan. The Japanese government also created incentives to educate ethnic Japanese students in the Korean language. In 1928, the
2705:
in large numbers, especially after 1930; by 1939 there were over 981,000 Koreans living in Japan. Challenges which deterred Japanese from migrating into Chōsen included lack of arable land and population density comparable to that of Japan.
4671:) with a new government report advising reform to strengthen the war effort. Under this influence, in 1940, all Korean newspapers except the Japanese government's official newspaper were eliminated. In 1942, Japanese authorities caused the
4746:, Korea became more vital to the internal communications and defense of the Japanese empire against the Soviet Union. Japan decided in the 1930s to make the Koreans become more loyal to the Emperor by requiring Korean participation in the
9997:
See p. 558: "Japan faced shortages of rice as domestic production lagged behind demand. The government had three alternatives to deal with this problem: (a) increasing productivity of domestic agriculture, (b) importing foreign rice
3089:
were given "whale meat" to consume, which was actually human flesh from other dead Koreans. They rebelled after learning the truth, and were killed by the dozens in the aftermath. Korean laborers also worked in Korea itself, notably in
4788:. At one point, communist students in Keijō held an "anti-Sunday School conference" and loudly protested religion in front of churches. This protest renewed Japanese governmental interest in censorship of communist ideas and language.
3864:
rebels, entire village populations are said to have been herded into public buildings (especially churches) and massacred when the buildings were set on fire. In the village of Teigan, Suigen District, Keiki Prefecture (now Jeam-ri,
3645:
in 1944, comfort women were in good physical health. They were able to have a periodic checkup once a week and to receive treatment in case of spreading disease to the Japanese soldiers, but not for their own health. However, a 1996
2173:
in 1894 provided a seminal pretext for direct military intervention by Japan in the affairs of Korea. In April 1894, Joseon asked for Chinese assistance in ending the revolt. In response, Japanese leaders, citing a violation of the
2319:
replacement of Korean Foreign Ministers and consuls by Japanese and the "union of military arms" in which the military of Korea would be modeled after the Japanese military. These reforms were forestalled by the prosecution of the
8455:
4606:
One point of view is that, although the Japanese education system in Korea was detrimental towards Korea's cultural identity, its introduction of public education as universal was a step in the right direction to improve Korea's
3517:, a colonel of the Imperial Japanese Army who subsequently became a general of the South Korean army. The first ten of the Chiefs of Army Staff of South Korea graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and none from the
129:
4627:
In the initial phase of Japanese rule, students were taught in Korean in public schools established by ethnic Korean officials who worked for the colonial government. Prior to this period, Korean education relied heavily on
2565:
This period is also known as Military Police Reign Era (1910–19) in which Police had the authority to rule the entire country. Japan was in control of the media, law as well as government by physical power and regulations.
4993:
In 2010, the commission concluded its five-volume report. As a result, the land property of 168 South Korean citizens has been confiscated by the government, these citizens being descendants of pro-Japanese collaborators.
1765:
argue that many of the infrastructure projects were designed to extract resources from the peninsula, and not to benefit its people. Most of Korea's infrastructure built during this time was destroyed during the 1950-1953
4391:) with a heavy emphasis on moral and political instruction. Japanese religious groups such as Protestant Christians willingly supported the Japanese authorities in their effort to assimilate Koreans through education.
3593:, "the Korean guards were the most abusive. The Japanese didn't trust them in battle, so used them as service troops; the Koreans were anxious to get blood on their bayonets; and then they thought they were veterans."
4505:
language studies would be taught side by side with Japanese history and language studies until the early 1940s under a new education ordinance that saw wartime efforts increased and the hybrid system slowly weakened.
8472:
2101:
indemnified the families of the Japanese victims, paid reparations to the Japanese government in the amount of 500,000 yen, and allowed a company of Japanese guards to be stationed at the Japanese legation in Seoul.
13562:
2624:
Many Japanese settlers showed interest in acquiring agricultural land in Korea even before Japanese land-ownership was officially legalized in 1906. Governor-General Terauchi Masatake facilitated settlement through
4725:
According to the South Korean government, there are 75,311 cultural artifacts that were taken from Korea. Japan has 34,369, the United States has 17,803, and France had several hundred, which were seized in the
3264:
according to a 1941 survey, over half of applications were forced. The remaining applicants voluntarily applied due a variety of reasons, largely economic, while a small number were genuine supporters of Japan.
11194:
Museums and cultural heritage: to examine the loss of cultural heritage during colonial and military occupations with special reference to the Japanese occupation of Korea, and the possibilities for return and
12018:
1819:, of which Fumio Kishida and 57% of his cabinet are members, deny that they were forced to work at all, and claim that even the pubescent girls consented to sex work and were compensated reasonably. After the
4132:
regions close to Korea that specialized in the fabric industry, whose products were the primary goods exported from Japan to Korea, experienced more population growth than other regions close to Korea did."
3908:
arrived at the southern part of the Korean Peninsula on 8 September 1945, while the Soviet Army and some Korean Communists had stationed themselves in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. U.S. Colonel
13532:
2752:
Japan executed the first modern archaeological excavations in Korea. The Japanese administration also relocated some artifacts; for instance, a stone monument (棕蟬縣神祠碑), which was originally located in the
12535:
4246:
Manchukuo government. The Government-General developed facilities dedicated to the production of morphine and heroin. Emigrant Koreans played an extensive role in drug trafficking in China, especially in
2638:). Because of these developments, Japanese landownership soared, as did the amount of land taken over by private Japanese companies. Many former Korean landowners, as well as agricultural workers, became
2089:
and her allies. Motivated by resentment of the preferential treatment given to newly trained troops, the Daewongun's forces, or "old military", killed a Japanese training cadre, and attacked the Japanese
140:
2795:. The displays in the museum reportedly intentionally contrasted traditional Korean art with examples of modern Japanese art, in order to portray Japan as progressive and legitimize Japanese rule. The
10678:[Language Policy in Korea under the Last Stage of Japanese Occupation: The Mobilization to the Movement for Daily Use and Understanding of Japanese before the Introduction of a Draft System].
6958:
4722:, the gate in Gyeongsong that was a symbol of Korea, was altered by the addition of large, Shinto-style golden horns near the roofs, later removed by the South Korean government after independence.
3901:
to the Allied forces on 15 August 1945, ending 35 years of Japanese colonial rule, though Japanese troops remained in Southern Korea for several more weeks until fully withdrawing by mid-September.
3524:
Officer cadets had been joining the Japanese Army since before the annexation by attending the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. Enlisted Soldier recruitment began as early as 1938, when the Japanese
2846:, a major Korean newspaper, misreported that many Koreans had died in the clashes, sparking a Chinese exclusion movement in urban areas of the Korean Peninsula. The worst of the rioting occurred in
11716:
4283:. However, after continued Japanese pressure on the paper's staff and Bethell's death in 1909, even these papers became owned by the Japanese government. The newspaper's Korean-language successor,
4734:
expressed "deep remorse" for the removal of artifacts, and arranged an initial plan to return the Royal Protocols of the Joseon Dynasty and over 1,200 other books, which was carried out in 2011.
4615:
made available for elementary schools during Japanese rule, Korea as a country did not experience secondary-school enrollment rates comparable to those of Japan prior to the end of World War II.
128:
2364:. Emperor Gojong secretly sent three representatives to bring the problems of Korea to the world's attention. The three envoys, who questioned the legality of the protectorate convention, were
2666:
as an impediment to increased agricultural productivity, and took steps to increase control over the rural sector through the formation in Japan in 1943 of the Central Agricultural Association
9145:
6359:
3774:
1811:, deny that Koreans were forced laborers, and instead claim that they were "requisitioned against their will" to work. Women and girls aged 12–17 were forced into sexual slavery by Japan as "
2284:. This symbolicly asserted Korea's independence from China, especially as Gojong demolished a reception hall that was once used to entertain Chinese ambassadors in order to build the altar.
2039:
was signed. It was designed to open up Korea to Japanese trade, and the rights granted to Japan under the treaty were similar to those granted Western powers in Japan following the visit of
11253:
3667:
claimed that during World War II, the Imperial Japanese Army recruited anywhere from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of women from occupied territories to be used as sex slaves.
2658:
By the 1930s the growth of the urban economy and the exodus of farmers to the cities had gradually weakened the hold of the landlords. With the growth of the wartime economy throughout the
9047:
Yoshimi, Yoshiaki (2000), Comfort Women. Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II, Asia Perspectives, translation: Suzanne O'Brien, New York: Columbia University Press,
2785:
9094:
8459:
3695:
argues that the resolution has helped to counter the "arguments of ultrarightists flooding the mainstream mass media" and warned against the rationalization of the comfort women system.
2120:
The struggle between the Heungseon Daewongun's followers and those of Queen Min was further complicated by competition from a Korean independence faction known as the Progressive Party (
3552:
and construction sites around Japan. The number of conscripted Koreans reached its peak in 1944 in preparation for war. From 1944, about 200,000 Korean men were inducted into the army.
4211:
production. The Japanese military felt it would be beneficial to have production closer to the source of raw materials and closer to potential front lines for a future war with China.
2334:, to the Imperial Palace on 20 September 1905, to seek political support from the United States despite her diplomatic rudeness. However, it was after exchanging opinions through the
9838:
Nakajima, Kentaro; Okazaki, Tetsuji (2018). "The expanding Empire and spatial distribution of economic activity: the case of Japan's colonization of Korea during the prewar period".
6311:
13481:
4700:
4121:
concluded that the economic development model the Japanese instituted played the crucial role in Korean economic development, a model that was maintained by the Koreans in the post-
3675:
From the early nineties onward, former Korean comfort women have continued to protest against the Japanese government for apparent historical negationism of crimes committed by the
2559:
2194:
relationship with Qing, leading to the proclamation of the full independence of Joseon in 1895. At the same time, Japan suppressed the peasant revolt with Korean government forces.
1852:
1815:", an event that continues to be source of controversy between the two countries. A number of modern Japanese scholars and politicians, notably from the far-right nationalist group
11385:
4990:
appointed an investigation commission into the issue of locating descendants of pro-Japanese collaborators from the times of the 1890s until the collapse of Japanese rule in 1945.
7717:
7034:
7008:
5569:
130:
12228:
4640:, where most lexical roots were written in Hanja and grammatical forms in Korean script. Korean textbooks from this era included excerpts from traditional Korean stories such as
4483:
In addition, modernized (for the time) Korean educational institutions were excluded from the colonial system. 1911, Japanese government set The Regulations for Private Schools (
15813:
15084:
6162:
Article II. It is confirmed that all treaties or agreements concluded between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea on or before August 22, 1910 are already null and void.
3059:
The combination of immigrants and forced laborers during World War II brought the total to over 2 million Koreans in Japan by the end of the war, according to estimates by the
2806:
The Governor-General instituted a law in 1933 in order to preserve Korea's most important historical artifacts. The system established by this law, retained as the present-day
12406:
Pak, Soon-Yong; Hwang, Keumjoong (2011). "Assimilation and segregation of imperial subjects: "educating" the colonised during the 1910–1945 Japanese colonial rule of Korea".
11051:
13499:
12165:
2732:
Japan sent anthropologists to Korea who took photos of the traditional state of Korean villages, serving as evidence that Korea was "backwards" and needed to be modernized.
12191:
2182:. On 23 July 1894, Japan attacked Seoul in defiance of the Korean government's demand for withdrawal, and then occupied it and started the Sino-Japanese War. Japan won the
15808:
14357:
14275:
11325:
10235:
7129:
11361:
2551:
Article 1: His Majesty the Emperor of Korea concedes completely and definitely his entire sovereignty over the whole Korean territory to His Majesty the Emperor of Japan.
13568:
13320:
3684:
1777:
1693:
Afterwards, Japan embarked on a decades-long process of defeating its local rivals, securing alliances with Western powers, and asserting its influence in Korea. Japan
12010:
6538:
10174:
10128:
1756:
and the Korean language altogether. Tens of thousands of cultural artifacts were looted and taken to Japan, and hundreds of historic buildings like the royal palaces
15079:
9690:
Assertion that the emperor's surrender 'abruptly' ended Japan's occupation of the peninsula, which in fact continued in the southern part for more than three weeks?
5697:
15152:
11004:
10952:
9476:
4325:
left. However, restrictions were eased upon the 1919 March 1st Movement and the Cultural Rule policy, which led to the establishment of the historic Korean papers
11987:
11799:
9396:
9075:
7887:
7566:
15539:
14480:
12532:
8496:
6482:
6465:
6446:
2554:
Article 2: His Majesty the Emperor of Japan accepts the concession stated in the previous article and consents to the annexation of Korea to the Empire of Japan.
8558:
4341:
their rights revoked over the entire colonial period. In 1940, as the Pacific War increased in intensity, Japan shut down all Korean language newspapers again.
15778:
6982:
2230:
at the Russian legation in Seoul at that time. According to a Russian eyewitness, Seredin-Sabatin, an employee of the king, a group of Japanese agents entered
6080:
4876:
respectively. Class C was created mainly to address atrocities committed by Japan against its nationals or allied citizens in times of peace or war since the
12809:
8874:
6954:
6367:
4128:
Randall S. Jones wrote that "economic development during the colonial period can be said to have laid the foundation for future growth in several respects."
12270:
9284:
Danielle Kane, and Jung Mee Park, "The Puzzle of Korean Christianity: Geopolitical Networks and Religious Conversion in Early Twentieth-Century East Asia",
6750:
15251:
14510:
14017:
12827:
The Direct and Indirect Contributions of Western Missionaries to Korean Nationalism During the Late Choson and Early Japanese Annexation Periods, 1884–1920
12810:
Kim, Young-Koo, The Validity of Some Coerced Treaties in the Early 20th Century: A Reconsideration of the Japanese Annexation of Korea in Legal Perspective
12690:
The Direct and Indirect Contributions of Western Missionaries to Korean Nationalism During the Late Choson and Early Japanese Annexation Periods, 1884–1920
2019:
11720:
9167:
Open Letter: House Resolution 124 Calling on the Government of Japan to Apologize for the System of Military Sexual Slavery Before and During World War I
6514:
2132:
by Chinese troops, and a Korean mob killed both Japanese officers and Japanese residents in retaliation. Some leaders of the Progressive Party, including
15773:
14968:
12889:
8314:
4113:
Economic output in terms of agriculture, fishery, forestry and industry increased by tenfold from 1910 to 1945 as illustrated on the chart to the right.
3843:(KLA). The army fought in China and Burma, and prepared for its return to Korea as the tide of World War II turned against Japan. This culminated in the
2463:. They were defeated, and largely fled into Manchuria, where they joined the guerrilla resistance movement that persisted until Korea's 1945 liberation.
10754:
Neuhaus, Dolf-Alexander (2016). "Assimilating Korea: Japanese Protestants, "East Asian Christianity" and the education of Koreans in Japan, 1905–1920".
8902:
6019:
4269:
In 1907, the Resident-General of Korea passed the Newspaper Act, which effectively prevented the publication of local papers. Only the English-language
9702:
7528:
2739:, and it was administered by the Governor-General and engaged in collecting Korean historical materials and compiling Korean history. According to the
2238:
2136:, fled to Japan, while others were executed. For the next 10 years, Japanese expansion into the Korean economy was approximated only by the efforts of
11666:
3555:
During World War II, American soldiers frequently encountered Korean soldiers within the ranks of the Imperial Japanese Army. Most notably was in the
15701:
15161:
10789:
Solomon, Deborah B. (August 2014). Lee, Hong Yung; Ha, Yong-Chool; Sorensen, Clark W. (eds.). "Colonial Rule and Social Change in Korea, 1910–1945".
10205:
8198:
3024:– The notion of racial and imperial unity of Korea and Japan gained widespread following among the literate minority of the middle and upper classes.
10151:
6356:
4703:, Japan returned roughly 1,400 artifacts to Korea, and considered the diplomatic matter to have been resolved. Korean artifacts are retained in the
15833:
15624:
15522:
15114:
11833:
11289:
4909:
states that "the Korean culture was quashed, and Koreans were required to speak Japanese and take Japanese names". This name change policy, called
3586:
2528:) had made Korea a protectorate of Japan and had established Japanese hegemony over Korean domestic politics. On 22 August 1910, Japan effectively
2476:
Police. These military police officers started to have great authority over Koreans. Not only Japanese but also Koreans served as police officers.
11856:
11777:
11250:
9169:
3940:
chose to retain their Japanese names, either to avoid discrimination, or later, to meet the requirements for naturalization as Japanese citizens.
2850:
on 5 July. Approximately 127 Chinese people were killed, 393 wounded, and a considerable number of properties were destroyed by Korean residents.
15527:
15510:
14044:
13330:
11927:
4784:
were resonating well with some of the peasants and lower-class citizens of Chōsen; this was worrying to some missionaries because of communism's
4664:
in the face of accelerating Japanization of Korean culture. And in 1933, the foundation of modern South and North Korean spelling was completed.
3929:
3813:
3679:, and have sought compensation for their sufferings during the war. There has also been international support for compensation, such as from the
1832:
1336:
606:
556:
12446:
11408:
9091:
15289:
13452:
8784:
7238:
7209:
7165:
3255:
Japan did not draft ethnic Koreans into its military until 1944 when the tide of World War II turned against it. Until 1944, enlistment in the
8741:
7687:
1796:. While the international consensus is that these incidents all occurred, various Japanese scholars and politicians, including Tokyo Governor
15838:
15656:
13574:
7439:
5668:
2724:
In 1921, Japan turned a Korean royal cemetery into a golf course, with the graves still directly on the course. This occurred at what is now
2190:
in 1895. Among its many stipulations, the treaty recognized "the full and complete independence and autonomy of Korea", thus ending Joseon's
11949:
10125:"ソウル大教授「日本による収奪論は作られた神話」["It is a Myth Made up afterward that Japan Deprived Korea of Land and Food" Professor at Seoul University]"
6390:
6212:
1780:
sometimes within the Japanese Empire, but mostly from outside of it. Koreans were also subjected to a number of mass murders, including the
15706:
15636:
15145:
14986:
13505:
6301:
5897:
5602:
3835:. After the Shanghai bombing, they were forced to flee the city, and eventually settled in Chongqing, where they received support from the
3739:
deprived many of these groups of their bases of operation and supplies. Many were forced to either flee elsewhere in China, or to join the
12292:
9881:
7832:
15349:
15344:
15119:
14500:
14431:
13375:
12927:
12143:
12104:
12061:
11382:
11211:
8433:
7747:
7605:
5024:
4715:
2773:
1576:
1570:
12631:, Korean Studies of the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies (Paperback ed.), Seattle: University of Washington Press,
12626:
11353:
11146:
10699:
9137:
8107:
7709:
7060:
7030:
7004:
5539:
4264:
15532:
15517:
12218:
11897:
8932:
8631:
6798:
6587:
5763:
4821:
1630:
1558:
6774:
5957:
3600:, where Lt. Col. William A. (Bill) Henderson wrote from his own experience that some of the guards overseeing the construction of the
2085:, who remained opposed to any concessions to Japan or the West, helped organize the Mutiny of 1882, an anti-Japanese outbreak against
15843:
15723:
15214:
14834:
14444:
14326:
13954:
13427:
7960:
7432:[Royal Tombs -> Golf Course -> Amusement Park -> Independence Activist Cemetery '232 Years of Honor and Disgrace'].
4958:
3890:
3848:
3106:(where several airstrips were located) were ordered to smooth down the slope in order to prevent American tanks being able to go up.
9007:
8605:
2471:
As Korean resistance against Japanese rule intensified, Japanese replaced Korean police system with their military police. Infamous
15818:
14227:
14217:
13112:
12835:
12792:
Toshiyuki Mizoguchi, "Economic Growth of Korea under the Japanese Occupation – Background of Industrialization of Korea 1911–1940"
9299:
A History of the Expansion of Christianity: Volume VII: Advance through Storm: A.D. 1914 and after, with concluding generalizations
6242:
5726:
5635:
3743:-backed forces in eastern Russia. One of the most prominent guerrilla leaders in this region was the future leader of North Korea,
2442:
1840:
12169:
11633:
3687:
on 30 July 2007, asking the Japanese government to redress the situation and to incorporate comfort women into school curriculum.
2655:
Japanese, while the tenants were all Koreans. As often occurred in Japan itself, tenants had to pay over half their crop in rent.
15848:
15681:
15138:
13447:
12882:
12195:
9193:
8349:
7631:
6899:
6174:
5003:
3860:
3827:(KPO), a militant arm of the KPG. The KPO planned a number of attacks on Japanese government and colonial officials, including a
3060:
1686:, while Joseon continued to resist foreign attempts to open it up. Japan eventually succeeded in opening Joseon with the unequal
14022:
12478:
11338:
10227:
7121:
4308:
15828:
15793:
15032:
15006:
12766:
Korea and Her Neighbours: A Narrative of Travel, with an Account of the Recent Vicissitudes and Present Position of the Country
10421:
8036:
4890:
4718:
was built in its exact location. The Japanese colonial authorities destroyed 85 percent of all the buildings in Gyeongbokgung.
3785:
17:
13855:
13360:
11506:
8008:
6933:
6905:
4885:
children of these collaborators benefited further by acquiring higher education with the exploitation money they had amassed.
15803:
14976:
13325:
13204:
12710:
12668:
12636:
12596:
12498:
12357:
12055:
11751:
11177:
11140:
11109:
11084:
10923:
10898:
10652:
10611:
10570:
10107:
9639:
9436:
9052:
8768:
8710:
8151:
8101:
7842:
7660:
7599:
7505:
7253:
6865:
6838:
3761:
11574:"Living with the Enemies: Japanese Imperialism, Protestant Christianity, and Marxist Socialism in Colonial Korea, 1919–1945"
9917:
9772:
8168:
7937:
6526:
6149:
4387:. As in Japan itself, education was viewed primarily as an instrument of "the Formation of the Imperial Citizen" (황민화; 皇民化;
15718:
14804:
14560:
14436:
14336:
14321:
14232:
14192:
13258:
12137:
12098:
10511:
10170:
10124:
9472:
8649:
8568:
7858:
7474:
6884:
4727:
3819:
members, and engaged in a range of political and militant efforts that advocated for Korea's independence. In 1931, member
2736:
2715:
2203:
1694:
9807:
9552:
8385:
6561:
6279:
5979:
2745:, some mythology was incorporated. The committee supported the theory of a Japanese colony on the Korean Peninsula called
15505:
15467:
15104:
15099:
14819:
14316:
13102:
9718:"Beyond Assimilation and Dissimilation: Diverse Resolutions to Identity Crises among Younger Generation Koreans in Japan"
5952:
5694:
5561:
5305:
3506:
2490:
2345:, signed in September 1905, Russia acknowledged Japan's "paramount political, military, and economic interest" in Korea.
1089:
11000:
10948:
9947:
9803:
9464:
8841:
3847:, a mission for the KPG and KLA to return to the peninsula and fight the Japanese. Ultimately, with the surprise of the
15783:
15768:
15666:
14671:
14666:
14565:
14505:
14296:
14286:
13977:
13900:
13849:
13305:
12875:
11971:
11807:
11063:
9388:
9072:
8427:
7931:
7884:
6143:
5533:
3789:
2357:
2323:
from 8 February 1904, to 5 September 1905, which Japan won, thus eliminating Japan's last rival to influence in Korea.
1726:
94:
11958:
The files include full descriptions of 318 cases, including at least 25 people from the former Soviet Union and Korea.
8492:
6488:
6462:
6443:
4375:
Following the annexation of Korea, the Japanese administration introduced a public education system modeled after the
2828:
15823:
15221:
15165:
13987:
13982:
12750:
11697:
10077:
10057:
6522:
6431:
3836:
3489:
Other Korean officers who served Japan moved on to successful careers in post-colonial South Korea. Examples include
2851:
2811:
2807:
2790:
2310:
15130:
7389:"VR and AR Restoration of Urban Heritage: A Virtual Platform Mediating Disagreement from Spatial Conflicts in Korea"
6974:
6337:[A Study on the Manbosan Affair under the Japanese Colonial Dark Ages and Novelistic Reproduction Aspects].
6072:
6049:
4237:
4203:, concentrated efforts were made to build up the industrial base in Korea. This was especially true in the areas of
3928:
After the liberation of Korea from Japanese rule, the "Name Restoration Order" was issued on 23 October 1946 by the
3651:
stations" and that the published practices were "in stark contrast with the brutality and cruelty of the practice."
3540:, who served in the Korean War. Historian Philip Jowett noted that during the Japanese occupation of Manchuria, the
3536:. The size of the unit grew considerably at an annual rate of 700 men, and included such notable Koreans as General
2124:), as well as the Conservative faction. While the former sought Japan's support, the latter sought China's support.
15788:
15691:
15614:
15011:
14996:
14991:
14701:
14460:
14393:
14182:
14002:
13997:
13612:
13417:
13222:
11473:
9260:
8679:
7806:
6306:
4672:
4376:
1542:
12560:"Neo-Nationalist Interpretations Of Japan's Annexation Of Korea: The Colonization Debate In Japan And South Korea"
12380:
12327:
9725:
8864:
7365:
7311:
6110:
5920:
5828:
3544:"earned a reputation for brutality and was reported to have laid waste to large areas which came under its rule."
2178:
as a pretext, decided upon military intervention to challenge China. On 3 May 1894, 1,500 Qing forces appeared in
1797:
15696:
15329:
14694:
13442:
13437:
13080:
12800:
12791:
12782:
12740:
12726:
10330:
10050:
Growth and Structural Changes in the Korean Economy, 1910–1940: The Korean. Economy under the Japanese Occupation
5009:
economic development during this period. However, the scholar Mark Caprio writes skeptically of such viewpoints:
4632:, Chinese characters, for written communication. However, during this time the Korean language transitioned to a
3532:. Koreans in this unit specialized in counter-insurgency operations against communist guerillas in the region of
2796:
1860:
902:
15294:
12818:
9032:
6669:
5715:"The Outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War and the Issue of Suzerain-Vassal as Viewed from the Standpoint of Chosŏn"
5466:
Sarah Thal. "A Religion That Was Not a Religion: The Creation of Modern Shinto in Nineteenth-Century Japan". In
3970:
3868:, Gyeongggi Province) for example, a group of 29 people were gathered inside a church which was then set afire.
2777:
2368:
to the public debates by the international delegates. One of these representatives was missionary and historian
15599:
15074:
14716:
14417:
14187:
13992:
13422:
10452:
10358:
10171:"李栄薫教授「厳格なジャッジなき学界が歴史を歪曲」["Congress without Strict Judgment Distorts History" Lee Yong Hoon Professor]"
9579:
9543:
9508:
9362:
9330:
6646:
6615:
6270:
5230:
4497:
3913:
proposed to Chischakov, the Soviet military administrator of northern Korea, that Korea should be split at the
3732:
2570:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2485:
2388:
2349:
2301:
2098:
2076:
2036:
2014:
1909:
1863:
have oscillated between warmer and colder periods, often due to conflicts over the historiography of this era.
1734:
1718:
1687:
1623:
1504:
1480:
1417:
801:
675:
426:
412:
8473:
JACAR(Japan Center for Asian Historical Records)Ref.B02031288800、本邦内政関係雑纂/植民地関係 第四巻(A-5-0-0-1_1_004)(外務省外交史料館)
8304:
6922:"Populist collaborators : the Ilchinhoe and the Japanese colonization of Korea, 1896-1910/Yumi Moon 2013"
15661:
15390:
15001:
14426:
14341:
14331:
13947:
13010:
7470:
6009:
5254:
5238:
4187:
3824:
3779:
3562:
The Japanese, however, did not always believe they could rely on Korean laborers to fight alongside them. In
3227:
3085:
only 129 of the 1200 laborers survived. According to testimonies in Japanese records, Korean laborers on the
1437:
574:
13710:
12923:
7521:
4619:
of the population could read letters, compared to a sharp rise to 90% in 1955, 10 years after independence.
3017:
2541:
1738:
100:
15576:
15544:
14981:
14852:
14306:
14247:
14237:
13295:
13056:
11656:
10834:
10791:
9111:
5851:
5327:
5150:
4785:
4779:
Missionaries expressed alarm at the rise in communist activity during the 1920s. With the enactment of the
3949:
3894:
3713:
2635:
2617:
2499:
2452:
2365:
2305:
1773:
1530:
1468:
1462:
15641:
13396:
13046:
13041:
10197:
8190:
8161:"Statistics of Democide: Chapter 3 – Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources"
4881:
Taiwanese victims of Japanese colonial atrocities without any recourse in the international legal system.
4380:
4353:
4241:
1946 saw the issue of commemorative stamps bearing the dove of peace celebrating the end of Japanese rule.
4057:
2749:, which, according to E. Taylor Atkins, is "among the most disputed issues in East Asian historiography."
2429:
However, the merger took place in the form of Japan's annexation of Korean territory and was disbanded by
15619:
15231:
14656:
14475:
14346:
13315:
10155:
9971:
8925:"UN Commission on Human Rights – Report on mission to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Jan 96)"
6042:"What is the Aim of Nippon Kaigi, the Ultra-Right Organization that Supports Japan's Abe Administration?"
5289:
4302:, were effectively backed by the colonial government. Concurrently, the colonial government published an
3828:
1828:
592:
11829:
11562:
Volume VII: Advance through Storm: A.D. 1914 and after, with concluding generalizations (1945) 7:401–407
11432:
Christianity in a revolutionary age: A history of Christianity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
11271:
9655:
9427:. Translated by Wagner, Edward W. with Edwar J. Shultz. Ilchorak/Harvard University Press. pp. 344
4359:
3247:
as officers of the Imperial Japanese Army, together with members of the Japanese imperial family at the
2889:) went into effect, whereby ethnic Koreans were forced to surrender their traditional use of clan-based
1713:, making it the sole regional power. It then moved quickly to fully absorb Korea. It first made Korea a
15743:
15711:
15676:
15420:
14943:
14912:
13793:
13786:
13487:
12825:
12266:
11866:
11767:
11610:
10537:
10228:"Economic Growth and Human Development in the Republic of Korea, 1945–1992 – Human Development Reports"
9799:
9166:
7626:
6782:
6742:
5396:
5118:
3528:
in Manchuria began accepting pro-Japanese Korean volunteers into the army of Manchukuo, and formed the
2691:
The Japanese government had hoped emigration to its colonies would mitigate the population boom in the
2569:
In March 2010, 109 Korean intellectuals and 105 Japanese intellectuals met in the 100th anniversary of
2335:
2297:
2170:
2149:
1698:
1591:
1535:
1361:
11446:"A Concept of "Overseas Shinto Shrines": A Pantheistic Attempt by Ogasawara Shōzō and Its Limitations"
10032:
Technology Transfer and International Production: The Development of the Electronics Industry in Korea
4864:
The Tokyo trials convened on 29 April 1946 to try Japanese personnel on Class A, B, and C charges for
2422:, and was used for propaganda with the support of the Japanese government. On 3 December 1909, he and
15730:
15452:
15442:
14902:
14824:
14779:
14570:
14257:
13892:
12450:
12223:[The forcefully mobilized Koreans cleared their disgrace as the war criminals.] (in Korean).
11405:
10457:
10363:
10088:
Kim, yong-dalment, The Korean peasants movement and agriculture policies of the Japanese govern(2007)
9584:
9548:
9513:
9367:
9335:
6620:
6275:
5450:
5174:
4218:
4105:
3736:
3622:
3510:
3049:
2758:
2327:
2221:
2044:
1847:"), who have been variously punished or left alone. This controversy is exemplified in the legacy of
1675:
1616:
1563:
1549:
1475:
1457:
1427:
710:
347:
14759:
14049:
13649:
9754:
8788:
6334:
4667:
The Japanese administrative policy shifted more aggressively towards cultural assimilation in 1938 (
4199:
From the late 1920s and into the 1930s, particularly during the tenure of Japanese Governor-General
80:
15738:
15477:
15339:
15284:
15279:
15204:
15016:
14799:
14741:
14689:
14311:
14139:
13940:
13863:
13432:
12976:
12970:
12702:
9610:
9217:"Disputes in Japan over the Japanese Military "Comfort Women" System and Its Perception in History"
8745:
7679:
6695:
5391:
5206:
4984:
4974:
4837:
3692:
2513:
992:
654:
146:
12958:
7429:
6103:"Kase Hideaki's Revisionist Vision for Twenty-First-Century Japan: A Final Interview and Obituary"
5470:., eds. Peterson and Walhof (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002). pp. 100–114.
3871:
On 10 December 1941, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, under the presidency of
3804:
2840:, "violent clashes" broke out between the local Chinese and Korean immigrants on 2 July 1931. The
2547:
The treaty became effective the same day and was published one week later. The treaty stipulated:
15686:
15646:
15604:
15586:
15581:
15500:
15457:
15447:
15432:
15380:
15312:
15274:
15236:
14839:
14711:
14641:
14450:
14202:
14129:
13538:
13475:
12047:
11953:
10388:
9428:
9422:
7254:"Legal Categories, Demographic Change and Japan's Korean Residents in the Long Twentieth Century"
6382:
4873:
4653:
4637:
4492:
4081:
3035:, Governor-General of Chōsen from 1942 to 1944, implemented a draft of Koreans for wartime labor.
2183:
2163:
2153:
2060:
1702:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1447:
1005:
491:
13590:
13122:
12745:
11530:"Christianity and State Shinto in Colonial Korea: A Clash of Nationalisms and Religious Beliefs"
9631:
9625:
5889:
4940:
of 1907 and 1931 as the Japanese home islands. These laws directly and indirectly permitted the
3788:
that declared Korea independent from Japan. Inspired by this, Koreans in Seoul issued their own
2338:
on 27 July 1905, that America and Japan would not interfere with each other on colonial issues.
2226:
15256:
14789:
14551:
14515:
14491:
14388:
14373:
14222:
14134:
13556:
13186:
12628:
Offspring of Empire: The Koch'ang Kims and the Colonial Origins of Korean Capitalism, 1876–1945
12296:
9885:
5222:
5190:
5110:
4780:
4140:
3840:
3676:
3518:
3256:
2803:, was retained under the Japanese administration but renamed Museum of the Yi Dynasty in 1938.
2634:
cultivator-rights . Japanese landlords included both individuals and corporations (such as the
2520:, was given a mission to finalize Japanese control over Korea after the previous treaties (the
2175:
1793:
1499:
1393:
1382:
770:
12783:
Toshiyuki Mizoguchi, "Consumer Prices and Real Wages in Taiwan and Korea under Japanese Rule"
12127:
12084:
12041:
11229:
8896:
8417:
7739:
7589:
4761:
in Pyongyang. Shrines such as these were destroyed shortly after Korea was liberated in 1945.
15462:
14575:
14037:
13550:
13526:
13285:
13210:
12642:
11126:
10828:
10035:
9741:
8089:
7056:
5523:
5246:
4704:
4439:
3832:
3664:
3514:
2882:
2856:
2720:
2187:
685:
262:
13909:
13823:
11919:
11889:
11830:"Life as a "comfort woman": Survivors remember a WWII atrocity that was ignored for decades"
8924:
8339:
6794:
5752:
3066:
Of the 5,400,000 Koreans conscripted, about 670,000 were taken to mainland Japan (including
15554:
15427:
15415:
15405:
15299:
15264:
14706:
14530:
14520:
14032:
13803:
13605:
13174:
13161:
13149:
12933:
12475:
8375:
6771:
5945:
5319:
4271:
4114:
2886:
2342:
2217:
1888:, the period is usually described as the "Imperial Japanese compulsive occupation period" (
1152:
959:
790:
13808:
13689:
13386:
9630:. Translated by Wagner. with Edwar J. Shultz. Ilchorak/Harvard University Press. pp.
9186:"Passage of H.Res. 121 on "Comfort Women", the US Congress and Historical Memory in Japan"
8221:
7978:
7885:
A Study on the Development of the Cultural Properties Policy in Korea from 1902 until 1962
4750:
devotions, and by weakening the influences of both Christianity and traditional religion.
4089:
4073:
2799:, originally built as the Korean Imperial Museum in 1908 to preserve the treasures in the
8:
15798:
15559:
15472:
15400:
15324:
14938:
14885:
14858:
14848:
14794:
14784:
14769:
14646:
14470:
14149:
14144:
14027:
13653:
13634:
13243:
13198:
12771:
12090:
10687:
9796:
State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery
8987:
8955:
8609:
8249:
6597:
5420:"Chōsen" was recognized as Korea's name internationally until the end of colonial period.
5376:
5036:
4906:
4865:
4696:
4633:
3933:
3918:
3914:
3747:. These experiences served as a base for Kim's legitimacy after the liberation of Korea.
3578:
3541:
3529:
3067:
2836:
Due to a waterway construction permit, in the small town of Wanpaoshan in Manchuria near
2823:
2741:
2558:
Both the protectorate and the annexation treaties were declared already void in the 1965
2331:
2213:
2048:
749:
242:
14721:
13828:
12775:
12764:
10503:
5714:
5479:
Hitoshi Nitta. "Shintō as a 'Non-Religion': The Origins and Development of an Idea". In
4367:
4152:
However, under Japanese rule, many Korean resources were only used for Japan. Economist
2237:
The Heungseon Daewongun returned to the royal palace the same day. On 11 February 1896,
1918:). Other terms, although often considered obsolete, include "Japanese Imperial Period" (
15334:
14907:
14844:
14661:
14631:
14172:
13917:
13859:
13842:
13798:
13776:
13746:
13726:
13493:
13350:
13216:
13167:
12760:
12678:
12423:
12086:
War Crimes Tribunals and Transitional Justice: The Tokyo Trial and the Nuremberg Legacy
11465:
10816:
10771:
10739:
10722:
10416:
10322:
10314:
9988:
9969:
Kimura, Mitsuhiko (1995). "The Economics of Japanese Imperialism in Korea, 1910–1939".
9863:
9721:
9252:
9244:
8999:
8983:
8281:
7798:
7790:
7357:
7303:
7232:
7203:
7159:
7103:
6925:
5820:
5812:
5363:
5214:
5158:
4825:
4645:
4303:
4097:
4046:
4022:
4006:
3898:
3756:
3590:
3099:
2754:
2575:
2320:
2293:
1820:
1710:
1670:
Japan first took Korea into its sphere of influence during the late 1800s. Both Korea (
1442:
966:
875:
478:
451:
13833:
13756:
11625:
11529:
9185:
8277:"Gov't report confirms Japan's massacre of forced Korean laborers at Marshall Islands"
7629:
6182:
5054:
4730:
and loaned back to Korea in 2010 without an apology. In 2010, Prime Minister of Japan
4418:) from early childhood. Elementary schools in South Korea today are known by the name
4379:
with a pyramidal hierarchy of elementary, middle and high schools, culminating at the
4030:
2890:
15629:
15160:
14948:
14636:
14616:
14383:
14012:
13813:
13771:
13751:
13731:
13457:
13310:
12964:
12706:
12664:
12632:
12592:
12427:
12133:
12094:
12051:
11979:
11747:
11693:
11457:
11281:
11221:
11173:
11136:
11132:
11105:
11080:
11059:
10919:
10894:
10871:
10820:
10808:
10775:
10326:
10103:
10073:
10053:
9867:
9855:
9635:
9432:
9256:
9236:
9048:
8991:
8975:
8764:
8706:
8625:
8423:
8147:
8097:
7927:
7838:
7802:
7656:
7595:
7501:
7410:
6861:
6855:
6834:
6581:
6427:
6139:
5824:
5793:"Imperial Policy or World Price Shocks? Explaining Interwar Korean Consumption Trend"
5529:
5273:
5030:
4979:
Collaborators of the Imperial Japanese Army were prosecuted in the postwar period as
4893:
of the United Kingdom, confirmed that they were convicted without explicit evidence.
4770:
4688:
4487:) which was aimed at undermining these facilities, which showed patriotic awakening.
4395:
4042:
4026:
4010:
3922:
3897:, and the impending overrun of the Korean Peninsula by U.S. and Soviet forces, Japan
3884:
3784:. Anti-Japanese sentiment flared amongst Koreans. In Tokyo, Korean students issued a
2605:
2594:
2517:
2430:
2260:
2250:
2056:
1824:
1683:
1656:
1452:
1371:
952:
740:
645:
370:
203:
15209:
14092:
13192:
9681:
8305:"[Reporter's notebook] Vestiges of forced labor still remain on Jeju Island"
8042:
7834:
Design and Modernity in Asia: National Identity and Transnational Exchange 1945–1990
4315:
By 1910, the only major privately owned Korean newspaper allowed to publish was the
3859:
Within Korea itself, anti-Japanese rallies continued on occasion. Most notably, the
1800:, either deny completely, attempt to justify, or downplay incidents such as these.
1785:
730:
323:
15317:
15304:
15269:
15089:
14809:
14525:
14197:
13913:
13883:
13818:
13463:
13401:
13143:
13086:
12523:(A record of charges against the anti-nationalists). Seoul: Paegyŏp Munhwasa, 1949.
12415:
12249:
11585:
11498:
11310:
Peter Bartholomew, 'Choson Dynasty Royal Compounds: Windows to a Lost Culture', in
10861:
10800:
10763:
10734:
10691:
10644:
10603:
10562:
10306:
10295:"The Forgotten Plague: Opium and Narcotics in Korea under Japanese Rule, 1910–1945"
9980:
9847:
9228:
9003:
8967:
8254:
8014:
7974:
7782:
7400:
7349:
7295:
7095:
6929:
6921:
6902:
5804:
5401:
5281:
5262:
4806:
4802:
4687:
The Japanese rule of Korea also resulted in the relocation of tens of thousands of
4291:
3937:
3688:
3668:
3656:
3608:, who was in command of all the Japanese prisoner-of-war camps in the Philippines.
3556:
3103:
3082:
3007:
3003:
2127:
On 4 December 1884, the Progressive Party, assisted by the Japanese, attempted the
2040:
2028:
1679:
1045:
984:
759:
719:
292:
252:
15064:
12494:
12349:
10767:
10634:
10593:
10552:
7257:
4754:
3626:
Korean comfort women on Okinawa being interviewed by U.S. marines after liberation
2419:
15671:
15371:
15109:
14814:
14731:
14651:
14124:
13963:
13921:
13693:
13685:
13681:
13677:
13673:
13669:
13665:
13661:
13657:
13598:
13280:
13155:
12987:
12908:
12586:
12539:
12419:
11952:. China Daily (published by People's Daily Online). 3 August 2005. Archived from
11861:
11772:
11661:
11412:
11389:
11332:
11257:
11216:
11055:
10393:
10256:
10201:
9914:"A Country Study: South Korea, The Japanese Role in Korea's Economic Development"
9913:
9768:
9173:
9098:
9079:
9036:
8479:
8380:
8276:
8226:
8160:
7921:
7891:
7635:
6962:
6909:
6888:
6778:
6700:
6469:
6450:
6394:
6363:
6133:
5701:
5142:
5126:
5102:
5048:
4816:
4747:
4661:
4349:
4333:
4327:
4298:
4226:
4200:
4173:
3248:
3102:
in order to block a US invasion of the Japanese mainland and in 1945 laborers on
3040:
2685:
2472:
2415:
2191:
1889:
1871:
During the period of Japanese colonial rule, Korea was officially known as Chōsen
1789:
1730:
1648:
1492:
1432:
1206:
1120:
665:
399:
257:
247:
208:
161:
14726:
13761:
13736:
13391:
13365:
12981:
12777:
Things Korean: A Collection of Sketches and Anecdotes, Missionary and Diplomatic
11197:
8645:
8001:
7862:
7462:
6881:
5371:
5042:
4975:
South Korean presidential investigation commission on pro-Japanese collaborators
4910:
4758:
4034:
4014:
3052:
to include the conscription of Korean workers for factories and mines in Korea,
2868:
2384:
1753:
464:
15549:
15492:
15226:
15059:
14953:
14774:
14764:
14621:
14585:
14007:
13639:
13544:
13273:
13263:
13180:
13107:
13051:
13025:
12011:"Unmasking Horror – A special report.; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity"
10447:
10353:
10268:
Alleyne Ireland "The New Korea" E. P. Dutton. 1926 Chapter I Introductory pp. 6
9769:"朝鮮総督府統計年報 昭和17年 [Governor-General of Korea Statistical Yearbook 1942]"
9574:
9538:
9503:
9357:
9325:
8536:
7099:
6641:
6610:
6565:
6265:
5987:
5381:
5198:
4851:
4317:
4280:
4214:
4204:
3728:
3680:
3647:
3490:
3482:
2612:
2244:
2212:, orchestrated a plot against 43-year-old Queen Min (later given the title of "
2137:
2052:
1848:
1781:
1487:
1422:
15094:
15069:
13741:
10866:
10849:
10804:
10310:
9138:"Texts adopted – Thursday, 13 December 2007 – Comfort women – P6_TA(2007)0632"
8971:
7405:
7388:
5947:=「明治日本の産業革命遺産 製鉄・製鋼,造船,石炭産業」のユネスコ世界遺産一覧表への記載決定(第39回世界遺産委員会における7月5日日本代表団発言について)
5808:
5060:
4018:
3582:
1859:" the past unequal treaties, especially those of 1905 and 1910. Despite this,
15762:
15241:
15192:
14580:
14301:
14291:
14119:
14084:
13879:
13766:
13721:
13533:
The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan
13516:
13370:
13355:
13076:
12850:
12837:
12801:
Toshiyuki Mizoguchi, "Foreign Trade in Taiwan and Korea under Japanese Rule"
12622:
12559:
12482:
11983:
11712:
11461:
11417:
11285:
11225:
10875:
10812:
9943:
9859:
9240:
9232:
8979:
8833:
8646:"Pride and Patriotism: Stamford's Role in World War II: The Battle of Tarawa"
8309:
7786:
7434:
7414:
6014:
5439:
5386:
5066:
4847:
4711:
4695:
The issue over where these artifacts should be located began during the U.S.
4608:
4158:
4153:
4038:
4002:
3905:
3865:
3844:
3635:
3617:
3601:
3525:
3498:
3032:
2800:
2772:
was partially destroyed beginning in the 1910s, in order to make way for the
2769:
2725:
2639:
2392:
2369:
2348:
Two months later, Korea was obliged to become a Japanese protectorate by the
2277:
2254:
2234:, killed Queen Min, and desecrated her body in the north wing of the palace.
2231:
1856:
1812:
1808:
1757:
1722:
1706:
1301:
926:
910:
840:
543:
311:
86:
14681:
13563:
Women's International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan's Military Sexual Slavery
12867:
7923:
The Great Enterprise: Sovereignty and Historiography in Modern Korea, Part 2
7556:
7465:['Sleeves' Uibin Seong and Her Son Are Buried in 'Hyochang Park'?].
6234:
6204:
5660:
5627:
5594:
4824:
in 1937. They became a part of the population of Koryo-saram throughout the
3989:
2873:
In 1911, the proclamation "Matter Concerning the Changing of Korean Names" (
2859:, who insisted on Japanese, Chinese, and Korean harmony, lost his position.
2209:
1678:. However, in 1854, Japan was forcefully opened by the United States in the
15594:
15354:
15187:
14177:
14054:
13268:
13015:
12992:
12814:
8995:
8456:"Current state of Korea and Taiwan: Imperial Army Special volunteer system"
8376:"The end of silence: Korea's Hiroshima, Korean A-bomb victims seek redress"
8191:"HyperWar: The Battle for Tarawa [Appendix C: Japanese Casualties]"
7283:
6593:
5349:
5297:
5182:
5094:
5072:
4987:
4843:
4414:) as in Japan, as a means of forming proper "Imperial Citizens" (황국민; 皇国民;
4183:
4122:
3808:
Early members of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (1919)
3652:
3631:
3548:
3537:
3502:
3485:, future leader of South Korea, as a soldier of the Manchukuo Imperial Army
3044:
2659:
2495:
2423:
2411:
2396:
2380:
2115:
2072:
1816:
1804:
1749:
1714:
1606:
1218:
1194:
1182:
1161:
1098:
864:
385:
237:
176:
14751:
14368:
11075:
Caprio, Mark E (2009). "Post-March First Policy Reform and Assimilation".
11048:
10889:
Caprio, Mark E (2009). "Post-March First Policy Reform and Assimilation".
5753:"Economic Growth and human Production in the Republic of Korea, 1945–1992"
5444:
4928:
4363:
Number of public regular schools (公立普通学校) and students under Japanese rule
2158:
15359:
15178:
14829:
14378:
13875:
13117:
6533:
5525:
Christ and Caesar in Modern Korea: A History of Christianity and Politics
5267:
5166:
4810:
4285:
4180:
3793:
3766:
3744:
3494:
3232:
3095:
3091:
2885:
of the Korean people; Imperial Decree 19 and 20 on Korean Civil Affairs (
2842:
2663:
2651:
2626:
2133:
2128:
2111:
1885:
1674:) and Japan had been under policies of isolationism, with Joseon being a
933:
852:
635:
631:
189:
13716:
11590:
11573:
11469:
11445:
11168:
Caprio, Mark E (2009). "Radical Assimilation under Wartime Conditions".
11025:
Huh, Soo-Youl, Some issues on the theory of colonial modernization(2007)
10914:
Caprio, Mark E (2009). "Radical Assimilation under Wartime Conditions".
9248:
9216:
8671:
8517:
Brandon Palmer, Fighting for the Enemy: Koreans in Japan's war 1937~1945
8075:
The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves – And Why It Matters
7794:
7770:
6041:
5562:"Imperial Edict No. 318: National Name of Korea to be Changed to Chōsen"
4472:). 1915, the Japanese announced the Regulations for Technical Schools (s
3998:
3958:
3683:, the Netherlands, Canada and the Philippines. The United States passed
3570:
there were five thousand Korean laborers and so as not to have hostiles
2447:
14626:
14242:
13248:
13127:
13020:
12616:
12384:
12319:
10532:
Robinson, Michael E. (1987). Ramon H. Myers and Mark R. Peattie (ed.).
9992:
9717:
8869:
7551:
7549:
7527:(in Japanese). Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo.
7361:
7337:
7307:
7107:
7083:
6102:
5816:
5792:
5134:
4963:
Many Koreans were drafted for work at military industrial factories in
4941:
4877:
4869:
4846:, about 450,000 Korean male laborers were involuntarily sent to Japan.
4719:
4675:
and closed the society by applying suspicion of rebellion to scholars.
4657:
4321:. However, this paper was pressured to close by 1915, leaving only the
4118:
3773:
In January 1919, Emperor Gojong died suddenly, which led to widespread
3605:
3505:, South Korea's youngest general who was famous for his command of the
3086:
3056:, and the involuntary relocation of workers to Japan itself as needed.
2781:
2540:, Prime Minister of Korea, and Terauchi Masatake, who became the first
2537:
2529:
2443:
Righteous armies § During the Japanese colonial period (1910–1945)
2273:
2239:
Gojong and the crown prince fled for protection at the Russian legation
1955:
1766:
1761:
915:
779:
509:
267:
14535:
10695:
10318:
10294:
9851:
4450:). Secondary education included four years of middle school for boys (
4371:
Enrollment rate of public regular schools (公立普通学校) under Japanese rule
3917:. This proposal was made at an emergency meeting to determine postwar
2601:
15609:
15569:
15564:
15395:
14958:
14933:
14928:
14736:
14607:
14540:
14212:
13871:
13469:
10799:(3). Seattle University of Washington Press, 2013. 350 pp.: 827–829.
10648:
10607:
10566:
9029:
4964:
4743:
4731:
4247:
3910:
3731:
in Russia waged a guerrilla war against the Japanese occupation. The
3724:
3642:
3053:
2847:
2837:
2762:
2630:
2460:
2373:
2361:
2281:
2086:
2082:
12442:
A Historical and Ethical Analysis of Leprosy Control Policy in Japan
9984:
7861:(in Korean). National Palace Museum of Korea website. Archived from
7546:
7353:
7299:
4753:
Shinto shrines were established throughout the peninsula, including
4279:
continued their publication, because they were run by the foreigner
15437:
15385:
15246:
15037:
14465:
14156:
14100:
13253:
13233:
12699:
Brokers of Empire: Japanese Settler Colonialism in Korea, 1876–1945
11276:
10675:
9607:
Background to the March First Movement: Koreans in Japan, 1905–1919
8344:
5086:
4980:
4968:
4945:
4858:
4208:
3740:
3071:
2643:
2407:
2091:
1705:, Joseon became nominally independent and declared the short-lived
1280:
1014:
974:
826:
335:
151:
map of Korea, showing Japanese placenames and provincial boundaries
120:
13932:
13380:
12252:, Ki-baik Lee, Young Ick Lew, Michael Robinson, Edward W. Wagner,
12125:
11493:
11491:
10643:] (in Japanese). Governor-General of Korea. pp. 264–265.
10602:] (in Japanese). Governor-General of Korea. pp. 296–297.
10561:] (in Japanese). Governor-General of Korea. pp. 654–655.
9221:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
8742:"Blood Brothers A Medic's Sketch Book / Jacobs, Colonel Eugene C."
8725:
7771:"Colonial Plunder and the Failure of Restitution in Postwar Korea"
7591:
Primitive Selves: Koreana in the Japanese Colonial Gaze, 1910–1945
7498:
Primitive Selves: Koreana in the Japanese Colonial Gaze, 1910–1945
7088:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
6135:
Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics, and Security
3799:
3028:
2047:, forced opening of three Korean ports to Japanese trade, granted
1742:
1733:
to abdicate in 1907, Japan then formally colonized Korea with the
180:
14207:
13620:
13482:
Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea
8811:
8801:
The Dong-a Ilbo 5 May 1933 "民籍을僞造 醜業을强制 악마 길은 유팍업자의 소행 犯人은警察 에被逮"
8458:. administrative bureau. October 1943. p. 13. Archived from
8250:"Japanese researcher reveals 'massacre' of Koreans in Mili Atoll"
7251:
6010:"S. Korea and Japan debate comments about being "forced to work""
5483:, eds. Breen and Teeuwen (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i, 2000).
5438:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4935:
4701:
Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea
4570:
3851:
and the sudden end of the war, the mission did not come to pass.
3533:
3240:
2832:
Chinese anti-Japanese poster published after reprisals by Koreans
2560:
Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea
2224:, the Foreign Minister of Russia, by Park Jonghyo. Weber was the
2179:
2143:
1881:, although the former name continued to be used internationally.
1230:
1171:
285:
280:
9115:
8493:"第81回帝国議会 貴族院 予算委員第三分科会(内務省、文部省、厚生省)第2号 昭和18年2月26日(1943. 2. 26)"
14890:
14059:
13905:
12943:
12661:
Under the Black Umbrella: Voices from Colonial Korea, 1910–1945
11488:
10259:"The New Korea" E. P. Dutton. 1926 Chapter I Introductory pp. 2
6559:
See Russian eyewitness account of surrounding circumstances at
5921:"Strategic Bombing during the Korean War: The Good and the Bad"
4857:
Koreans, along with many other Asians, were experimented on in
4831:
3936:, enabling Koreans to restore their names if they wished. Many
3872:
3820:
3718:
3567:
3078:
2746:
2693:
2400:
1671:
1664:
1291:
1256:
1109:
1024:
946:
885:
11630:
Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education
8703:
Prisoners of the Japanese: POWs of World War II in the Pacific
4265:
History of newspapers in Korea § Japanese colonial period
15410:
14252:
13867:
13626:
12224:
12192:"Government to Seize Assets of Collaborators in Colonial Era"
11434:, volume 5: The 20th Century Outside Europe (1962) pp 415–417
9280:
9278:
6955:(A) study on the Ilchinhoe at the end of the Great Han Empire
6453:
p. 6 left 陸軍外務両者上申故陸軍工兵中尉堀本禮造外二名並朝鮮国二於テ戦死ノ巡査及公使館雇ノ者等靖国神社ヘ合祀ノ事
6383:
A reckless adventure in Taiwan amid Meiji Restoration turmoil
4629:
4384:
4192:
4066:
4062:
3597:
3478:
3244:
3236:
3098:, Korean laborers expanded airfields and built facilities at
2379:
On 24 July 1907, a treaty was signed under the leadership of
1899:
1644:
1267:
1132:
1057:
1034:
979:
941:
920:
185:
12126:
Henry F. Carey, Stacey M. Mitchell, ed. (14 February 2013).
12043:
The Handbook of the International Law of Military Operations
11102:
Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy
11049:"Na ŭi midŭm ŭn kil wi e itta : Pak Hyŏng-gyu hoegorok"
10676:"日本統治下末期の朝鮮における日本語普及・強制政策 : 徴兵制度導入に至るまでの日本語常用・全解運動への動員"
9907:
9905:
9903:
6426:
Volume 5 The Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press
4296:
These two papers, along with the English-language newspaper
4157:
attributed this deterioration to global economic shocks and
2245:
Democracy protests and the proclamation of the Korean Empire
1748:
Japan made sweeping changes in Korea. It began a process of
1601:
13569:
United States House of Representatives House Resolution 121
12267:"North Korea; The Rise of Korean Nationalism and Communism"
12039:
11170:
Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945
11077:
Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945
10916:
Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945
10891:
Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945
9874:
8865:"How Beijing weaponizes 'comfort women' as propaganda tool"
8144:
Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1990
7284:"The Economics of Japanese Imperialism in Korea, 1910–1939"
7196:
The Historical Experience of Agrarian Reform in Our Country
7152:
The Historical Experience of Agrarian Reform in Our Country
5869:
4997:
3769:
in the aftermath of the March 1st Movement protests (1919).
3577:
After the war, 148 Koreans were convicted of Class B and C
1979:
In Japan, the term "Chōsen of the Japanese-Governed Period"
1070:
13500:
Special Law to Redeem Pro-Japanese Collaborators' Property
12553:
12551:
9445:
9275:
8594:. West Midlands: Helion & Company Limited. p. 34.
3113:
2426:
will issue a statement demanding the annexation of Korea.
2314:
Flag of the Japanese Resident General of Korea (1905–1910)
12533:"South Korea targets Japanese collaborators' descendants"
11100:
Shin, Gi-Wook (2006). "Colonial Racism and Nationalism".
9900:
6456:
6437:
3839:. There, Kim Ku, then the leader of the KPG, founded the
12476:
http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20040226a4.html
6475:
4850:, who served in Japanese military brothels as a form of
2586:
2581:
1823:
at the end of the war, Korea was liberated, although it
12548:
12350:"Japan's minorities yet to find their place in the sun"
11317:
10850:"Japanese Higher Education Policy in Korea (1910–1945)"
9312:
North Korea: The Paranoid Peninsula – A Modern History.
8705:. New York: William Morrow & Company. p. 278.
7680:"Korea ramps up efforts to bring back looted treasures"
7653:
A Research about the Tombs of Nangnang around Pyongyang
7387:
Youn, Hyun-Chul; Ryoo, Seong-Lyong (20 November 2021).
4929:
Discrimination against Korean leprosy patients by Japan
3997:
There were 13 provinces in Korea during Japanese rule:
3574:
when the Americans invaded, the Japanese killed them."
2479:
15814:
1945 disestablishments in the Japanese colonial empire
10973:
ed. Duus, Peter, Ramon H. Myers, and Mark R. Peattie,
10389:"UK journalist Bethell established newspapers in 1904"
7877:
5492:
John Breen, "Ideologues, Bureaucrats and Priests", in
659:
46:
12293:"Part III: The problem from a historical perspective"
12216:
11383:
Japan to Return Korea Artifacts in Occupation Apology
9937:
9935:
9028:
The “Comfort Women” Issue and the Asian Women's Fund
8956:"The Politics of Memory: Nation, Individual and Self"
8077:(Paperback ed.). Melville House. pp. 26–29.
6368:
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information
5890:"Americans have forgotten what we did to North Korea"
5018:
3878:
2709:
2372:. Out of despair, one of the Korean representatives,
12129:
Trials and Tribulations of International Prosecution
11079:. University of Washington Press. pp. 128–129.
10990:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990.
10893:. University of Washington Press. pp. 129–130.
9532:
9530:
9112:"Washington Coalition for Comfort Women Issues, Inc"
8823:
The Dong-a Ilbo 16 July 1934 "팔린養女 눈물로 呼称 十一歳少女賣春强要"
7594:. University of California Press. pp. 177–180.
7252:
Nozaki, Yoshiko; Hiromitsu Inokuchi; Tae-young Kim.
6819:
Dept of State Correspondence #856 dtd 6 January 1905
5852:"The Impact of the Korean War on the Korean Economy"
5517:
5515:
5339:
4049:. The administrative capital Keijō was in Keiki-dō.
2418:. It was adopted as a representative consultant for
2406:
Meanwhile, pro-Japanese populist groups such as the
1971:
1949:
1931:
1913:
689:
679:
60:
15809:
1910 establishments in the Japanese colonial empire
11942:
11406:
Japan returns Korean royal archives after a century
10641:
Governor-General of Korea Statistical Yearbook 1942
10600:
Governor-General of Korea Statistical Yearbook 1936
10559:
Governor-General of Korea Statistical Yearbook 1936
9942:Savada, Andrea Matles; Shaw, William, eds. (1990).
9912:Savada, Andrea Matles; Shaw, William, eds. (1990).
8165:
Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War
6418:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6073:"Who is Fumio Kishida, Japan's new prime minister?"
2241:in Seoul, from which he governed for about a year.
12588:Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey: A Short History
9946:. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
9932:
9916:. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
9328:[February 8 Declaration of Independence].
8834:"Ko Bunyu's Defining History – Entire translation"
8369:
8367:
7674:
7672:
4109:Telephone subscribers in Korea under Japanese rule
3891:dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
11972:"Japan unearths site linked to human experiments"
11323:
11312:Transactions: Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch
9715:
9527:
8094:Koreans in Japan: Critical Voices from the Margin
6795:"Alice Roosevelt's Visit to Joseon Korea In 1905"
6596:, Sejong Professor of Korean History Emeritus at
6378:
6376:
5512:
4682:
3596:Korean guards were sent to the remote jungles of
3012:
2735:In 1925, the Japanese government established the
15760:
15115:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
12815:Matsuki Kunitoshi, "Japan's Annexation of Korea"
12701:. Harvard East Asian Monographs. Cambridge, MA:
11768:"U.S. playwright takes up 'comfort women' cause"
10986:Andrea Matles Savada and William Shaw, editors.
10154:. Hankooki.com. 18 November 2004. Archived from
9314:2nd ed. New York: Zed Books, 2007. 50–51. Print.
8898:Japanese Prisoner of War Interrogation Report 49
8589:
8222:"218 victims of 'Mili Atoll incident' disclosed"
7587:
6857:Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912
6399:
5691:Emperor of Japan: Meiji and his World, 1852–1912
3587:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
15085:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
12683:. New York, Chicago Fleming H. Revell company.
12611:Brudnoy, David. "Japan's experiment in Korea."
12082:
12002:
11172:. University of Washington Press. p. 155.
10918:. University of Washington Press. p. 153.
10034:. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. p.
9837:
8364:
8090:"The North Korean homeland of Koreans in Japan"
7669:
4509:Academic Status of under Japanese rule in 1944
4480:) as post-secondary educational institutions."
4207:, such as chemical plants and steel mills, and
3930:United States Army Military Government in Korea
3849:atomic bomb droppings on Nagasaki and Hiroshima
3814:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
3800:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
3707:
2675:
2414:, thinking that Korea would have autonomy like
2272:In October 1897, Gojong returned to the palace
1988:
1745:(Seoul), until the end of the colonial period.
607:United States Army Military Government in Korea
561:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
15290:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
15162:Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy
14069:
13453:List of war apology statements issued by Japan
11950:"Archives give up secrets of Japan's Unit 731"
11857:"Military Record of 'Comfort Woman' Unearthed"
11741:
10723:"Higher Learning in Korea Under Japanese Rule"
10072:. 2nd ed. Hong Kong; Oxford University Press.
8567:(in Korean). 26 September 2005. Archived from
8373:
7926:. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 125.
7831:Lee, Yunah; Rajguru, Megha (20 October 2022).
6510:
6508:
6506:
6373:
6131:
5980:"Japan: "Forced to Work" Isn't "Forced Labor""
4920:
4660:(9 October), which was meant to celebrate the
4468:) or two to three years of vocational school (
4405:
4085:Industrialization of Korea under Japanese rule
3829:1932 assassination attempt on Emperor Hirohito
3077:Korean laborers were also found as far as the
2875:
2684:, a compulsory organization under the wartime
2669:
2144:Donghak Revolution and First Sino-Japanese War
1982:
1874:
1709:. Japan then defeated Russia in the 1904–1905
1701:. After Japan defeated China in the 1894–1895
39:
15779:States and territories disestablished in 1945
15146:
13948:
13606:
12897:
12883:
11963:
11719:. Russia Beyond the Headlines. Archived from
11269:
11198:https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161512289.pdf
9463:
8081:
7915:
7913:
7768:
5693:(New York: Columbia University Press, 2002),
5595:"Yi-Syek Bids Farewell to Korea, Now Cho-Sen"
4896:
4764:
4707:and in the hands of many private collectors.
3950:Provinces of Korea § Provinces of Chōsen
3685:House of Representatives House Resolution 121
2817:
2259:In 1896, various Korean activists formed the
2197:
2162:Major battles and troop movements during the
2008:
2003:
1737:. The territory was then administered by the
1624:
13515:
13506:Museum of Japanese Colonial History in Korea
12819:Society the Dissemination of Historical Fact
11912:
11327:해외 유출된 한국문화재 총 75,311점...문화재가 조국의 눈길한번 받지 못해
11036:Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary.
10023:
8672:"The Battle of Tarawa, November 20–24, 1943"
8002:
7500:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7348:(9). Institute of Pacific Relations: 87–88.
7057:"[인터뷰] '한일병합 무효' 근거 제공 이태진 서울대 명예교수"
6516:
5507:The Illusion of "Arahitogami" "Kokkashintou"
4914:
4832:Forced laborers, comfort women, and Unit 731
4429:
4423:
4399:
4289:, was subordinated to the Japanese-language
4179:The Japanese government created a system of
3719:Guerrilla resistance in Manchuria and Russia
3022:Japan-Korea Cooperative Unity, World Leader.
2997:
2761:, was taken out of its context and moved to
2503:
2410:helped Japan by being fascinated by Japan's
2330:, who was on a tour of Asian countries with
2264:
2043:in 1854. The treaty ended Korea's status as
1965:
1959:
1943:
1937:
1925:
1919:
1903:
1893:
1754:functionally banning the use of Korean names
669:
53:
14432:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
13376:Japanese General Government Building, Seoul
13321:List of militant independence organizations
11881:
11800:"Japan court rules against 'comfort women'"
10977:, Princeton University Press (1996), p. 326
8953:
8726:B. V. A Roling and Antonio Cassese (1993).
8334:
8332:
8135:
7245:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6503:
6463:Japanese Cabinet Meeting document Nov. 1882
6444:Japanese Cabinet Meeting document Nov, 1882
6167:
5746:
5744:
5025:List of Japanese governors-general of Korea
3943:
3775:theories that he had been poisoned by Japan
2395:, a former volunteer soldier, assassinated
15774:States and territories established in 1910
15153:
15139:
13955:
13941:
13613:
13599:
12890:
12876:
12383:. Houghton Mifflin Company. Archived from
12217:Choe, Gwang-Suk (최광숙) (13 November 2006).
11560:A history of the expansion of Christianity
11443:
11251:Japan, Seoul sign deal on artifact returns
9941:
9911:
9826:The economic development of colonial Korea
9680:Myers, Brian Reynolds (16 December 2023).
9092:Congress backs off of wartime Japan rebuke
8700:
8419:Asian Labor in the Wartime Japanese Empire
7910:
7830:
7237:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7222:
7208:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7164:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5655:
5653:
5622:
5620:
5521:
4838:Comfort women § Legacy in South Korea
4101:Km of railway in Korea under Japanese rule
3854:
2894:mandatory, or merely strongly encouraged.
1631:
1617:
139:
14835:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
14445:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
13575:Japan–South Korea Comfort Women Agreement
13428:Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine
12495:"일제강점기 소록도 수용 한센인 590명, 日정부서 보상받아 – 연합뉴스"
12381:"The Encyclopedia of World History. 2001"
12166:"List of Japanese Collaborators Released"
12040:Dieter Fleck, Terry D. Gill, ed. (2015).
11920:"Japan Boiled Comfort Woman to Make Soup"
11890:"Korean World War II sex slaves fight on"
11589:
11354:"Recovering South Korea's lost treasures"
11270:Itoi, Kay; Lee, B.J. (21 February 2005).
11263:
11209:
11104:. Stanford University Press. p. 51.
10865:
10738:
10680:The Annual Reports on Educational Science
10525:
9771:. Governor-General of Korea. March 1944.
9073:Japan court rules against 'comfort women'
8038:水野直樹「『創氏改名』の実施過程について」『朝鮮史研究会会報』154号、2004年
7710:"Recovering South Korea's Lost Treasures"
7541:第一条 朝鮮史編修会ハ朝鮮総督ノ管理ニ属シ朝鮮史料ノ蒐集及編纂並朝鮮史ノ編修ヲ掌ル
7404:
7331:
7329:
7277:
7275:
5956:(in Japanese and English). 14 July 2015.
5786:
5784:
4959:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
4952:
4944:of patients in sanitariums, where forced
4742:As Japan established the puppet state of
3585:, who represented the Netherlands at the
3119:Korean military participation until 1943
1772:These conditions led to the birth of the
14218:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
13034:
12676:
12584:
12405:
11854:
11521:
11118:
10531:
10292:
10250:
9761:
9451:
8810:The Dong-a Ilbo 30 June 1933 "路上에少女掠取 醜業
8785:"Bridge Over the River Kwai – Chapter 8"
8415:
8340:"Japan compensates Korean A-bomb victim"
8329:
7386:
7338:"Korea and Formosa as Colonies of Japan"
6727:
6227:
6179:USC–UCLA Joint East Asian Studies Center
6002:
5875:
5741:
4998:Modern justification of the colonization
4366:
4358:
4348:
4236:
4186:, requiring construction of significant
4104:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4056:
3988:
3803:
3760:
3698:
3641:According to an interrogation report by
3621:
3477:
3268:Motivation of Korean Applicants in 1941
3226:
3027:
3016:
2898:Number of renaming applications in 1940
2862:
2827:
2784:were also destroyed to make way for the
2719:
2611:
2600:
2498:sealed and signed, by the last emperor,
2489:
2446:
2326:Frustrated by this, King Gojong invited
2309:
2287:
2157:
2018:
1936:), "The dark Japanese Imperial Period" (
15834:Former countries of the interwar period
13448:Japanese history textbook controversies
12649:
12008:
11969:
11887:
11690:Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949
11648:
11607:The Korean Communist Movement 1918–1948
11527:
11351:
11124:
10788:
10753:
10534:The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945
10441:
10439:
10382:
10380:
9828:. University of Michigan, 1984. p. 168.
9393:Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service
9214:
8730:. Oxford, UK: Polity Press. p. 76.
7952:
7081:
6903:Annals of King Sunjong3 4 December 1909
6900:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
6828:
5918:
5859:International Journal of Korean Studies
5719:International Journal of Korean History
5650:
5617:
5004:Japanese history textbook controversies
4933:Colonial Korea was subject to the same
4905:A study conducted by the United States
4258:
4093:Population of Korea under Japanese rule
4077:Production in Korea under Japanese rule
3993:Provinces of Korea during Japanese rule
3114:Korean service in the Japanese military
3061:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers
1861:relations between Japan and South Korea
1682:. It then rapidly modernized under the
27:1910–1945 colony of the Empire of Japan
14:
15761:
15033:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
12696:
12687:
12621:
12585:Robinson, Michael E. (30 April 2007),
12557:
12009:Kristof, Nicholas D. (17 March 1995).
11930:from the original on 28 September 2007
11711:
11654:
11509:from the original on 18 September 2023
11167:
11074:
11028:
10975:The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931–1945
10913:
10888:
10422:Korean Culture and Information Service
10288:
10286:
10284:
10282:
10280:
10278:
10276:
10274:
10100:Everlasting Flower: A History of Korea
9968:
9497:
9495:
9493:
9416:
9414:
8862:
8844:from the original on 19 September 2020
8758:
8630:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
8141:
7732:
7495:
7335:
7326:
7281:
7272:
7193:
7183:. Rutland: Charles Tuttle. p. 86.
7178:
6753:from the original on 21 September 2008
6586:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
6205:"Old Time Miners Rally 'Round in Reno"
6113:from the original on 13 September 2023
6052:from the original on 29 September 2023
5887:
5781:
5729:from the original on 28 September 2023
5589:
5587:
4476:), which legalized technical schools (
3792:, which was prominently read aloud in
3786:February 8 Declaration of Independence
2598:communities in the world at the time.
2436:
15134:
13936:
13856:Temporary Nan'yō Islands Defense Unit
13594:
13205:Gwangju Student Independence Movement
13113:Korean Women's Volunteer Labour Corps
12871:
12658:
12564:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
12021:from the original on 10 December 2016
11669:from the original on 21 February 2006
11617:
11450:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
11324:Kim Hak-won (김학원) (17 October 2006).
11210:Macintyre, Donald (28 January 2002).
11203:
11149:from the original on 20 November 2020
10702:from the original on 13 November 2023
10673:
10655:from the original on 13 November 2023
10632:
10614:from the original on 13 November 2023
10591:
10573:from the original on 13 November 2023
10550:
10333:from the original on 23 February 2022
10097:
9920:from the original on 11 December 2013
9793:
9728:from the original on 23 November 2006
9679:
9604:
9399:from the original on 11 December 2007
9196:from the original on 26 November 2020
9190:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
9010:from the original on 13 November 2023
8761:Blood brothers: a medic's sketch book
8537:"육군 참모총장, The Republic of Korea Army"
8406:太平洋戦争下の朝鮮及び台湾、友邦協会、1961, p. 191.
8388:from the original on 19 December 2012
8352:from the original on 11 February 2022
8317:from the original on 21 November 2022
8110:from the original on 24 February 2017
8087:
8072:
7940:from the original on 11 February 2022
7837:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 90.
7826:
7824:
7569:from the original on 11 February 2022
7531:from the original on 25 November 2006
7314:from the original on 11 February 2022
6853:
6332:
6245:from the original on 11 February 2022
6215:from the original on 11 February 2022
6107:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
6046:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
5671:from the original on 11 February 2022
5638:from the original on 11 February 2022
5605:from the original on 11 February 2022
5079:
4983:, or "friendly to Japanese". In 2006
3875:, declared war on Japan and Germany.
3861:Kōshū Students Anti-Japanese Movement
3750:
2587:Japanese migration and land ownership
2582:Early years and expansion (1910–1941)
2276:, and proclaimed the founding of the
1695:assassinated the defiant Korean queen
15839:Japanese imperialism and colonialism
14437:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
14193:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
13650:Karafuto Civil Administration Office
13259:Korean History Compilation Committee
12472:Korean Hansens patients seek redress
12320:"Koreans in Japan: Past and Present"
12231:from the original on 18 October 2015
12146:from the original on 1 November 2023
12107:from the original on 1 November 2023
12064:from the original on 1 November 2023
11970:McCurry, Justin (21 February 2011).
11900:from the original on 15 January 2007
11705:
11687:
11623:
11572:Shin, Seung-yop (5 September 2022).
11571:
11437:
11364:from the original on 16 January 2015
11352:Glionna, John M. (5 December 2010).
11292:from the original on 23 January 2011
11099:
10512:National Institute of Korean History
10496:
10471:
10436:
10408:
10386:
10377:
10029:
9950:from the original on 3 November 2016
9775:from the original on 16 January 2015
9709:
9473:National Institute of Korean History
9457:
9317:
9263:from the original on 9 February 2021
8954:Chizuko, Ueno; Sand, Jordan (1999).
8935:from the original on 6 February 2021
8905:from the original on 12 October 2020
8877:from the original on 28 October 2020
8247:
7967:Colonial control and "human control"
7368:from the original on 28 October 2021
7082:Millard, Thomas F. (26 March 2024).
6882:NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF KOREAN HISTORY
6801:from the original on 2 November 2023
6693:
6197:
6083:from the original on 23 October 2023
6070:
5831:from the original on 27 October 2021
5769:from the original on 24 October 2018
5760:United Nations Development Programme
5712:
5554:
4757:on the mountain Namsan in Seoul and
4716:Japanese General Government Building
4434:) ("elementary school") as the term
4309:Government-General of Chōsen Gazette
4275:and its Korean-language counterpart
3953:
3547:Starting in 1944, Japan started the
3501:, prime minister from 1964 to 1970;
2780:. Hundreds of historic buildings in
2774:Japanese General Government Building
2737:Korean History Compilation Committee
2716:Korean History Compilation Committee
2650:By 1910 an estimated 7 to 8% of all
2480:Japan–Korea annexation treaty (1910)
2204:Assassination of Empress Myeongseong
831:
15468:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
15105:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
14347:East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
13962:
13361:Government-General Museum of Chōsen
13103:Aso Mining forced labor controversy
12378:
12317:
12083:Madoka Futamura (11 October 2007).
11836:from the original on 22 August 2017
11604:
11476:from the original on 3 October 2023
11007:from the original on 18 August 2023
10955:from the original on 6 October 2023
10847:
10720:
10414:
10345:
10271:
10208:from the original on 31 August 2012
9623:
9490:
9420:
9411:
8269:
8241:
8219:
8213:
7809:from the original on 2 October 2022
7750:from the original on 2 October 2022
7720:from the original on 2 October 2022
7690:from the original on 2 October 2022
7646:
7336:Porter, Catherine (22 April 1936).
6936:from the original on 6 October 2023
6747:Library of Congress Country Studies
6662:
6602:
5953:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)
5849:
5790:
5683:
5584:
5494:Shintō in History: Ways of the Kami
5481:Shintō in History: Ways of the Kami
5306:Whale Star: The Gyeongseong Mermaid
1958:(Japanese) administration period" (
1776:, which acted both politically and
1729:. After forcing the Korean Emperor
24:
12605:
12360:from the original on 15 April 2007
11888:Horsley, William (9 August 2005).
11780:from the original on 21 April 2005
10854:Education Policy Analysis Archives
10740:10.1111/j.1746-1049.1971.tb00468.x
10238:from the original on 30 March 2018
9030:https://www.awf.or.jp/pdf/0170.pdf
8682:from the original on 12 April 2016
8436:from the original on 3 August 2020
8201:from the original on 12 April 2010
8171:from the original on 23 March 2010
7958:
7919:
7821:
7454:
7421:
7380:
7063:from the original on 2 August 2020
6687:
6541:from the original on 14 March 2009
6152:from the original on 3 August 2020
6022:from the original on 3 August 2015
5628:"News Jottings: Korea Now Cho-Sen"
5019:List of governors-general of Korea
4796:
4622:
3879:Independence and division of Korea
3723:Since the early 1900s, Koreans in
2786:Yi Royal Family Museum of Fine Art
2710:Anthropology and cultural heritage
2466:
2023:Japanese marines landing from the
1727:Japanese Resident-General of Korea
25:
15860:
15222:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
12803:Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics
12794:Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics
12785:Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics
12720:
12501:from the original on 13 July 2019
12447:"Leprosy Control Policy in Japan"
11990:from the original on 5 March 2017
11855:Yun-deok, Kim (11 January 2005).
11655:Lankov, Andrei (5 January 2006).
11636:from the original on 23 June 2023
11128:Moon Living Abroad in South Korea
10938:1944 人口調査結果報告 其ノ二, 「第79回帝國議會說明資料」
10417:"Fighting Injustice with the Pen"
9555:from the original on 4 April 2023
9541:[Korea Liberation Army],
9479:from the original on 25 June 2023
9148:from the original on 15 June 2021
8744:Project Gutenberg. Archived from
8499:from the original on 29 June 2023
7588:E. Taylor Atkins (10 July 2010).
7477:from the original on 17 July 2023
7460:
7442:from the original on 17 July 2023
7427:
7282:Kimura, Mitsuhiko (August 1995).
7084:"Japanese Immigration into Korea"
7037:from the original on 8 March 2021
7011:from the original on 9 March 2021
6743:"South Korea; The Choson Dynasty"
6740:
6523:Lomonosov Moscow State University
6314:from the original on 5 March 2023
6282:from the original on 5 March 2023
6138:. Psychology Press. p. 491.
6071:Mark, Craig (29 September 2021).
5960:from the original on 17 July 2020
5900:from the original on 7 April 2022
5791:Cha, Myung Soo (September 1998).
4398:were known as "Citizen Schools" (
3094:where in the later stages of the
2812:National Treasures of North Korea
2808:National Treasures of South Korea
2051:to Japanese citizens, and was an
15844:Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea
15318:Russian Liberation People's Army
14805:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
14068:
13418:Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea
13223:Korean Language Society Incident
12942:
12558:Caprio, Mark (1 November 2010).
12526:
12513:
12487:
12465:
12434:
12399:
12372:
12342:
12330:from the original on 6 June 2019
12311:
12285:
12273:from the original on 11 May 2011
12259:
12243:
12210:
12184:
12158:
12132:. Lexington Books. p. 169.
12119:
12076:
12033:
11848:
11822:
11792:
11760:
11735:
11681:
11598:
11565:
11552:
11499:"神社참배 거부 18개교 日帝, 가차 없이 폐교|주간동아"
11424:
11398:
11376:
11345:
11304:
11272:"Korea: A Tussle Over Treasures"
11244:
11186:
11161:
11093:
11068:
11041:
11019:
10993:
10980:
10967:
10941:
10932:
10907:
10882:
10841:
10782:
10747:
10714:
10667:
10626:
10585:
10544:
10262:
10220:
10190:
10177:from the original on 3 June 2013
10162:
10144:
10131:from the original on 3 June 2013
10116:
10091:
10082:
10062:
10042:
10014:
10005:
9962:
9831:
9818:
9787:
9695:
9673:
9648:
9617:
9598:
9566:
9381:
9349:
9304:
9291:
9208:
9178:
9160:
9130:
9104:
9085:
9066:
9057:
9041:
9022:
8947:
8917:
8889:
8856:
8826:
8817:
8804:
8795:
8787:. Mekong Express. Archived from
8777:
8752:
8734:
8719:
8694:
8676:World War II Multimedia Database
8664:
8652:from the original on 16 May 2008
8638:
8598:
8583:
8551:
8529:
8520:
8511:
8485:
8466:
8448:
8409:
8400:
8374:Andreas Hippin (2 August 2005).
8248:Choi, Jeong-yoon (7 June 2024).
7907:日本外交文書デジタルアーカイブ 昭和期I第1部 第5巻 p248
7740:"Korea: A Tussle Over Treasures"
7608:from the original on 19 May 2016
7430:"왕실묘→골프장→유원지→독립투사 묘지 '영욕의 232년'"
7154:. Pyongyang. 1974. pp. 6–7.
7132:from the original on 21 May 2023
7005:"韓日 지식인 "1910년 한일병합조약 무효"..공동선언"
6985:from the original on 16 May 2023
6696:"The emperor is crowned: Part 1"
6694:Neff, Robert (15 October 2022).
6333:Young, Sek-won (November 2010).
6307:Cultural Heritage Administration
5572:from the original on 19 May 2022
5542:from the original on 18 May 2016
5433:
5356:
5342:
4673:Korean Language Society Incident
4196:Chinese border at short notice.
4061:Groundbreaking ceremony for the
3957:
3611:
2208:The Japanese minister to Korea,
1600:
729:
611:
597:
583:
565:
536:
175:
126:
93:
79:
15819:1945 disestablishments in Korea
15330:Slovak Expeditionary Army Group
14820:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
11806:. 29 March 2001. Archived from
10848:Lee, Jeong-Kyu (7 March 2002).
10168:
10122:
9101:, The Boston Globe, 2006-10-15.
8863:Morgan, Jason (24 March 2018).
8297:
8183:
8122:
8066:
8057:
8029:
7995:
7901:
7851:
7775:Journal of Contemporary History
7762:
7702:
7640:
7620:
7581:
7514:
7489:
7463:"'옷소매' 성덕임과 그의 아들의 묘가 '효창공원'에?"
7216:
7187:
7172:
7144:
7114:
7075:
7049:
7023:
6997:
6967:
6948:
6914:
6893:
6874:
6847:
6822:
6813:
6787:
6765:
6715:
6634:
6553:
6422:Marius B. Jansen (April 1989).
6349:
6326:
6294:
6257:
6125:
6095:
6064:
6034:
5972:
5938:
5919:Florick, Davis (18 June 2017).
5912:
5881:
5843:
5797:The Journal of Economic History
5750:
5706:
5414:
2992:
2797:National Palace Museum of Korea
2701:. Koreans also migrated to the
2066:
1841:Korean collaborators with Japan
15849:Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan
15075:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
14188:Imperial Rescript on Education
13423:Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan
13326:List of independence activists
12591:, University of Hawaii Press,
11692:, Greenwood, pp. 10, 13,
11505:(in Korean). 26 October 2005.
10483:The Archives of Korean History
10453:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
10445:
10359:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
10070:The Rise of the Korean Economy
9656:"우리역사넷 :: 한국 근ㆍ현대사 사진 모음"
9627:A New History of Korea (韓国史新論)
9580:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
9544:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
9509:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
9424:A New History of Korea (韓国史新論)
9363:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
9331:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
8526:朝鮮總督府(1941.12), 「第79回帝國議會說明資料」
8220:Lee, Hyeong-Ju (8 June 2024).
7223:Grajdanzev, Andrew J. (1944).
6647:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
6616:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
6424:The Cambridge History of Japan
6271:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
5499:
5486:
5473:
5460:
4822:forced to move to Central Asia
4714:Palace was demolished and the
4683:Taking of historical artifacts
4498:Imperial Rescript on Education
3904:American forces under General
3733:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
3566:, author Gaven Daws wrote, "n
3511:defense of the Pusan Perimeter
3013:Forcing of labor and migration
2451:Battle of Namdaemun in 1907 –
2105:
1966:
1960:
1944:
1938:
1926:
1920:
1904:
1894:
1866:
696:According to Korean Christians
670:
13:
1:
15829:Japanese military occupations
15794:Military occupations of Korea
15391:Collaborationist Chinese Army
14521:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
14427:Imperial General Headquarters
14018:Foreign commerce and shipping
13621:Former external territories (
10768:10.1080/00309230.2016.1224262
10351:
9703:"Surrender of Japan in Korea"
9613:, V. 13, 1989. pp. 1–21.
9572:
9536:
9501:
9355:
9323:
9286:American Journal of Sociology
8041:(in Japanese). Archived from
7471:Seoul Metropolitan Government
7122:"토지 조사 사업(土地調査事業) – 부산역사문화대전"
6860:. Columbia University Press.
6608:
6528:일본인 폭도가 가슴을 세 번 짓밟고 일본도로 난자했다
6389:, Retrieved on 22 July 2007.
6263:
5986:. 7 July 2015. Archived from
5888:Fisher, Max (3 August 2015).
5427:
4728:French campaign against Korea
4460:) and three years for girls (
4232:
4188:transportation infrastructure
3825:Korean Patriotic Organization
2578:was not an illegal movement.
2494:General power of attorney to
1998:
1803:Beginning in 1939 and during
1676:tributary state of Qing China
15804:1910 establishments in Korea
14853:Hirohito surrender broadcast
14248:Greater East Asia Conference
13920:Civil Affairs Bureau |
13916:Civil Affairs Bureau |
13912:Civil Affairs Bureau |
13908:Civil Affairs Bureau |
13057:Oriental Development Company
12751:Resources in other libraries
12663:, Cornell University Press,
12420:10.1080/00309230.2010.534104
12254:Korea Old and New: A History
10988:South Korea: A Country Study
10792:The Journal of Asian Studies
10052:, Harvard University Press,
9882:"Summer Institute Summaries"
8814:에賣渡 金神通 팔아먹은 男女檢擧 判明 된誘引魔手段"
8063:朝鮮総督府法務局「第79回朝鮮総督府帝国議会説明資料」」
6537:(in Korean) (508): 472–485.
6335:"일제 암흑기 만보산사건과 소설적 재현 양상 연구"
5509:. Tokyo: PHP Kenkyūjo, 2003.
5328:Tale of the Nine-Tailed 1938
5309:, 2019 webtoon by Na Yoonhee
5170:, 2012 South Korean TV drama
5151:The Good, the Bad, the Weird
4344:
3895:Soviet invasion of Manchuria
3714:Korean independence movement
3708:Korean independence movement
3235:(front row, right to left):
3110:effects of the atomic bomb.
2778:Chōsen Industrial Exhibition
2662:, the government recognized
2636:Oriental Development Company
2618:Oriental Development Company
2608:, the first Governor-General
2306:Hague Secret Emissary Affair
1990:Nippon Tōchi-jidai no Chōsen
1839:role of the numerous ethnic
1774:Korean independence movement
1723:ruled the country indirectly
1090:Northern and Southern period
7:
15232:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan
14233:Supreme Court of Judicature
13443:Japan–South Korea relations
13438:Japan–North Korea relations
13316:Korean National Association
13306:Declaration of Independence
13123:Slavery during World War II
11444:Kōji, Suga; 𨀉𠄈 (2010).
11337:(in Korean). Archived from
10387:Neff, Robert (2 May 2010).
10198:"정치 지도자의 잘못된 역사관이 나라 망치고있다"
10020:Kimura (1995), p. 564.
10011:Kimura (1995), p. 557.
9972:The Economic History Review
9944:"Korea Under Japanese Rule"
9840:The Economic History Review
8013:(in Korean). Archived from
7769:Christine Kim (July 2017).
7288:The Economic History Review
6235:"Japan's Progress in China"
5634:. No. 29 August 1910.
5335:
5290:The Battle: Roar to Victory
5285:, 2019 South Korean TV show
5277:, 2018 South Korean TV show
5258:, 2018 South Korean TV show
5234:, 2017 South Korean TV show
5146:, 2008 South Korea TV drama
4771:Evangelicalism § Korea
4737:
4436:gukmin hakgyo/kokumin gakkō
4253:
3790:declaration of independence
3660:of the Allied occupation".
2676:
1989:
1972:
1950:
1932:
1914:
1663:), the Japanese reading of
1647:was ruled as a part of the
1153:Later Three Kingdoms period
903:Proto–Three Kingdoms period
690:
680:
660:
593:Soviet Civil Administration
492:Japanese claim relinquished
440:• Annexation by Japan
61:
47:
10:
15865:
15421:First Indian National Army
14944:Second Philippine Republic
14717:Manchuria–Mongolia problem
13488:Independence Hall of Korea
12924:Governor-General of Chōsen
12578:
11611:Princeton University Press
11558:Kenneth Scott Latourette,
11430:Kenneth Scott Latourette,
11314:Vol. 68 (Seoul: RAS, 1993)
11125:Hopfner, Jonathan (2009).
11034:Pratt, Rutt, Hoare, 1999.
10674:Inoue, Kaoru (June 1997).
10538:Princeton University Press
10293:Jennings, John M. (1995).
9800:Cambridge University Press
9716:Fukuoka, Yasunori (1996).
9605:Wells, Kenneth M. (1989).
9297:Kenneth Scott Latourette,
9215:Hayashi, Hirofumi (2008).
8759:Jacobs, Eugene C. (1985).
8728:The Tokyo Trial and Beyond
8560:초기 육군 총장들은 일본 육사 출신, 여야 설전
8422:. NUS Press. p. 115.
8416:Kratoska, Paul H. (2006).
7627:Metropolitan Museum of Art
7496:Atkins, E. Taylor (2010).
7100:10.1177/000271620903400222
6783:Willard Dickerman Straight
6772:Cornell University Library
5528:. SUNY Press. p. 62.
5397:Taiwan under Japanese rule
5119:Femme Fatale: Bae Jeong-ja
5022:
5001:
4956:
4897:Result of the name changes
4835:
4815:A number of groups in the
4800:
4768:
4765:Christianity and communism
4699:. In 1965, as part of the
4262:
4191:the southern port city of
4052:
3947:
3882:
3833:military rally in Shanghai
3811:
3754:
3711:
3615:
3493:, who became president of
3001:
2866:
2821:
2818:Anti-Chinese riots of 1931
2713:
2571:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
2542:Governor-General of Chōsen
2534:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
2526:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907
2522:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904
2486:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
2483:
2440:
2387:to transfer all rights of
2350:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
2302:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
2291:
2248:
2201:
2198:Assassination of Queen Min
2171:Donghak Peasant Revolution
2150:Donghak Peasant Revolution
2147:
2109:
2099:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882
2077:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882
2070:
2037:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
2015:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
2012:
2009:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
2004:Political turmoil in Korea
1855:, which declared "already
1739:Governor-General of Chōsen
1735:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
1719:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
1699:Donghak Peasant Revolution
1688:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
579:People's Republic of Korea
15769:Korea under Japanese rule
15490:
15370:
15186:
15176:
15172:
15052:
15025:
14967:
14921:
14878:
14871:
14825:Japan during World War II
14780:Pacification of Manchukuo
14750:
14680:
14672:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
14667:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
14605:
14598:
14549:
14536:Control Faction (Tōseiha)
14489:
14415:
14408:
14355:
14273:
14266:
14258:Imperial Japanese Airways
14165:
14112:
14077:
14066:
13970:
13891:
13841:
13785:
13702:
13633:
13410:
13397:Keijō Imperial University
13343:
13294:
13232:
13136:
13095:
13069:
13047:Chōsen Government Railway
13042:Chōsen Anthracite Company
13011:Bank of Korea (1909–1950)
13003:
12951:
12940:
12916:
12905:
12899:Korea under Japanese rule
12746:Resources in your library
12732:Korea under Japanese rule
12680:Korea's Fight for Freedom
12650:Ireland, Alleyne (1926).
12324:Saitama University Review
11746:. SaKyejul. p. 173.
11609:, Princeton, New Jersey:
11528:Grayson, James H (1993).
11388:15 September 2011 at the
11200:Retrieved 3 December 2023
11058:. Seoul: Ch'angbi, 2010.
10867:10.14507/epaa.v10n14.2002
10805:10.1017/s0021911814000837
10458:Academy of Korean Studies
10364:Academy of Korean Studies
10311:10.1017/S0026749X00016188
9585:Academy of Korean Studies
9549:Academy of Korean Studies
9514:Academy of Korean Studies
9368:Academy of Korean Studies
9336:Academy of Korean Studies
8988:10.2979/his.1999.11.2.129
8972:10.2979/his.1999.11.2.129
8590:Philip S. Jowett (2004).
8092:. In Ryang, Sonia (ed.).
8003:
7563:Naver/Doosan Encyclopedia
7461:신, 병주 (8 February 2023).
7406:10.3390/buildings11110561
7031:"'한일병합 무효' 입증 문건 처음으로 확인"
6621:Academy of Korean Studies
6517:
6355:Kim Jeong-in ed. (2005).
6302:"특집 – 일제시대 문화재 수난사를 되새기다"
6276:Academy of Korean Studies
5809:10.1017/S0022050700021148
5468:The Invention of Religion
5451:Federal Research Division
5315:, 2021 novel by Juhea Kim
5114:, 1972 North Korean opera
5098:, 1971 North Korean opera
4921:
4915:
4791:
4634:mixed Hanja–Korean script
4430:
4424:
4406:
4400:
4381:Keijō Imperial University
4354:Keijō Imperial University
4219:Seoul National University
3737:Pacification of Manchukuo
3564:Prisoners of the Japanese
3050:National Mobilization Law
2998:National Mobilization Law
2876:
2670:
2504:
2328:Alice Roosevelt Longworth
2265:
2222:Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky
2035:On 27 February 1876, the
1983:
1875:
1853:Treaty on Basic Relations
1660:
649:
641:
627:
515:
505:
501:
488:
475:
461:
448:
438:
422:
409:
405:
395:
391:
376:
361:
357:
345:
341:
329:
317:
305:
301:
291:
279:
217:
196:
168:
156:
138:
115:
75:
70:
54:
40:
34:
15824:Former Japanese colonies
15340:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
15285:National Republican Army
15280:Latvian Auxiliary Police
15205:Albanian Fascist Militia
14800:Second Sino-Japanese War
14742:Racial Equality Proposal
14322:Agriculture and Commerce
13854:Civil Affairs Bureau of
13674:Motodomari Subprefecture
12977:Office of the Yi Dynasty
12971:Colored Clothes Campaign
12703:Harvard University Press
12615:25.1/2 (1970): 155–195.
12219:
11326:
11256:12 November 2012 at the
10833:: CS1 maint: location (
10727:The Developing Economies
9233:10.1177/0002716208314191
8559:
8478:11 February 2022 at the
8096:. Taylor & Francis.
8073:Myers, Brian R. (2011).
8037:
8009:
7961:
7787:10.1177/0022009417692410
7648:
7557:
7523:
7227:. New York. p. 118.
7194:McCune, Shannon (1974).
7179:McCune, Shannon (1964).
6777:13 November 2023 at the
6527:
6483:
5946:
5407:
5301:, 2019 South Korean film
5293:, 2019 South Korean film
5250:, 2017 South Korean film
5242:, 2017 South Korean film
5226:, 2016 South Korean film
5218:, 2016 South Korean film
5210:, 2016 South Korean film
5202:, 2016 South Korean film
5194:, 2016 South Korean film
5186:, 2015 South Korean film
5178:, 2015 South Korean film
5162:, 2011 South Korean film
5138:, 2008 South Korean film
5130:, 1986 South Korean film
5122:, 1973 South Korean film
5106:, 1972 North Korean film
5090:, 1965 South Korean film
4710:The primary building of
4547:Middle & high school
3944:Administrative divisions
3693:University of Manchester
2776:as well as the colonial
2514:Minister of War of Japan
1829:rule of the Soviet Union
993:Four Commanderies of Han
15789:Former colonies in Asia
15458:Royal Thai Armed Forces
15448:Manchukuo Imperial Army
15433:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
15381:Burma Independence Army
15313:Russian Liberation Army
15275:Kalmykian Cavalry Corps
15237:Belarusian Home Defence
15201:Albanian collaborators
14712:Washington Naval Treaty
14657:Anglo–Japanese Alliance
14642:First Sino-Japanese War
14461:Nuclear weapons program
14203:Great Japan Youth Party
14130:National seals of Japan
13682:Tomarioru Subprefecture
13539:Wednesday demonstration
13476:Treaty of San Francisco
12688:Stucke, Walter (2011).
12677:McKenzie, F.A. (1920).
12048:Oxford University Press
11742:Kim Seong-hwan (2004).
11657:"Stateless in Sakhalin"
11411:21 October 2012 at the
11054:14 January 2014 at the
10633:朝鮮総督府 (31 March 1944).
10592:朝鮮総督府 (31 March 1938).
10551:朝鮮総督府 (31 March 1929).
10481:[Keijo Nippo].
10415:Han, Jeon (June 2019).
10068:Song, Byung-Nak (1997)
10048:Suh, Sang-Chul (1978),
9288:(2009) 115#2 pp 365–404
7890:13 October 2013 at the
7859:"history of the museum"
7634:3 December 2008 at the
7198:. Pyongyang. p. 7.
6829:Hulbert, H. B. (1999).
6393:31 October 2007 at the
6132:Hook, Glenn D. (2001).
5313:Beasts of a Little Land
5154:, 2008 South Korea film
4874:crimes against humanity
4654:Korean Language Society
4638:Japanese writing system
4569:temporary school &
4495:and instruction in the
4493:Imperial House of Japan
4394:During colonial times,
3855:Resistance within Korea
3765:Korean Christians were
3735:in 1932 and subsequent
2358:Second Peace Conference
2186:, and China signed the
2184:First Sino-Japanese War
2164:First Sino-Japanese War
2154:First Sino-Japanese War
2061:Ganghwa Island incident
2049:extraterritorial rights
2045:a protectorate of China
1825:was immediately divided
1703:First Sino–Japanese War
695:
644:
197:Official languages
15443:Malayan Volunteer Army
15309:Russian collaborators
15257:Finnish Defence Forces
14790:Motherland controversy
14760:Shōwa financial crisis
14552:Imperial Japanese Navy
14492:Imperial Japanese Army
14223:Peace Preservation Law
13658:Toyohara Subprefecture
13331:Provisional Government
13187:Shinano River incident
12851:37.57750°N 126.97694°E
12824:Walter Stucke (2011),
11688:Pohl, J. Otto (1999),
11605:Suh, Dae-sook (1967),
10187:Registration required.
10152:"일제 토지ㆍ식량 수탈론은 상상된 신화"
10141:Registration required.
9749:Cite journal requires
9682:"The Power to Mystify"
9660:contents.history.go.kr
9389:"March First Movement"
9142:www.europarl.europa.eu
9035:9 January 2021 at the
8592:Rays of the Rising Sun
8142:Rummel, R. J. (1999).
7126:busan.grandculture.net
6961:6 October 2023 at the
6908:6 October 2023 at the
6887:6 October 2023 at the
6724:; London, October 1904
6722:Anglo-Japanese Gazette
6521:) former professor at
6239:The Gazette (Montreal)
6175:"Treaty of Annexation"
5850:Lee, Jong-won (2001).
5323:, 2022 Apple TV+ drama
5016:
4985:South Korean president
4953:Atomic bomb casualties
4781:Peace Preservation Law
4438:has recently become a
4377:Japanese school system
4372:
4364:
4356:
4242:
4169:
4150:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
3994:
3841:Korean Liberation Army
3809:
3770:
3677:Imperial Japanese Army
3627:
3519:Korean Liberation Army
3486:
3257:Imperial Japanese Army
3252:
3231:Korean royalty of the
3048:the provisions of the
3036:
3025:
2833:
2729:
2621:
2609:
2509:
2455:
2433:on 26 September 1910.
2336:Taft–Katsura agreement
2315:
2298:Taft–Katsura agreement
2176:Convention of Tientsin
2166:
2032:
1794:Shinano River incident
1697:and intervened in the
1568:World Heritage Sites (
1559:Science and technology
1337:Provisional Government
18:Korea, Empire of Japan
15784:Japan–Korea relations
15463:Russian Fascist Party
15252:Croatian Armed Forces
14702:Siberian Intervention
14511:Railways and Shipping
14327:Commerce and Industry
14023:Industrial production
13876:Torakku Subprefecture
13690:Esutoru Subprefecture
13670:Shikuka Subprefecture
13662:Ōtomari Subprefecture
13527:Futsukaichi Rest Home
13344:Places and structures
13297:Independence movement
13211:Hongkou Park Incident
12959:Chōsen Art Exhibition
12538:28 April 2018 at the
12408:Paedagogica Historica
11956:on 13 February 2009.
11624:Moon, Rennie (2010).
11192:Kim, Jongsok (2018).
10756:Paedagogica Historica
10721:ABE, Hiroshi (1971).
10098:Pratt, Keith (2007).
10030:Cyhn, Jin W. (2002).
9624:Lee, Ki-Baik (1999).
9421:Lee, Ki-Baik (1999).
8088:Ryang, Sonia (2000).
7714:The Los Angeles Times
7428:노, 형석 (31 May 2018).
7294:(3). Wiley: 564–566.
6468:13 April 2009 at the
6449:13 April 2009 at the
5925:Human Security Centre
5713:Mori, Mayuko (2012).
5661:"Aero Meet for Fleet"
5247:Anarchist from Colony
5011:
4891:The National Archives
4705:Tōkyō National Museum
4485:Shiritsu gakko kisoku
4440:politically incorrect
4370:
4362:
4352:
4240:
4164:
4145:
4139:According to scholar
4108:
4100:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4060:
3992:
3807:
3764:
3699:Religion and ideology
3625:
3507:1st Infantry Division
3481:
3230:
3031:
3020:
2883:cultural assimilation
2863:Order to change names
2831:
2723:
2615:
2604:
2493:
2450:
2313:
2288:Prelude to annexation
2188:Treaty of Shimonoseki
2161:
2055:signed under duress (
2031:which is near Ganghwa
2022:
1060:(Tributary of Baekje)
1006:Three Kingdoms period
413:Japanese protectorate
15428:Inner Mongolian Army
15416:Indian National Army
15300:Royal Hungarian Army
15295:Romanian Land Forces
15120:Political dissidence
14969:Occupied territories
14707:General Election Law
14531:Taiwan Army of Japan
13924:Civil Affairs Bureau
13884:Yarūto Subprefecture
13880:Ponape Subprefecture
13864:Saipan Subprefecture
13804:Shinchiku Prefecture
13694:Ushiro Subprefecture
13666:Rūtaka Subprefecture
13433:Japan–Korea disputes
13175:Battle of Qingshanli
13162:Battle of Fengwudong
13150:March First Movement
12934:Japanese Korean Army
12697:Uchida, Jun (2011).
12659:Hildi, Kang (2001),
12521:Panminnja Choesanggi
12220:강제동원 ‘조선인 전범’ 오명 벗었다
12091:Taylor & Francis
12050:. pp. 548–549.
11832:. 29 December 2015.
11810:on 22 September 2006
11723:on 28 September 2013
10299:Modern Asian Studies
9794:Kohli, Atul (2004).
8565:CBS Nocut News/Naver
8017:on 28 September 2007
7746:. 20 February 2005.
7467:mediahub.seoul.go.kr
6362:6 March 2023 at the
6357:왜정시대, 일제식민지시대, 일제강점기
6209:Reno Gazette-Journal
5700:4 April 2023 at the
5632:Brooklyn Times Union
5392:Japan–Korea disputes
4866:crimes against peace
4272:The Korea Daily News
4259:Newspaper censorship
3919:spheres of influence
2642:, having lost their
2616:Headquarters of the
2343:Treaty of Portsmouth
2218:Karl Ivanovich Weber
2169:The outbreak of the
2097:In August 1882, the
1833:of the United States
1372:North-South division
1362:Military governments
1135:(Tributary of Silla)
15473:Takasago Volunteers
15401:Gando Special Force
15325:Security Battalions
14939:Wang Jingwei regime
14849:Potsdam Declaration
14840:Soviet–Japanese War
14795:Anti-Comintern Pact
14785:January 28 incident
14770:London Naval Treaty
14647:Triple Intervention
14476:Supreme War Council
14360:deliberative bodies
13872:Yappu Subprefecture
13868:Parao Subprefecture
13686:Honto Subprefecture
13678:Maoka Subprefecture
13654:Karafuto Prefecture
13244:Five Eulsa Traitors
13199:June Tenth Movement
12856:37.57750; 126.97694
12847: /
12772:Horace Newton Allen
12613:Monumenta Nipponica
12453:on 13 November 2011
12318:Fukuoka, Yasunori.
12299:on 31 December 2004
11591:10.3390/rel13090824
11404:Yoshihiro Makino. "
10688:Hokkaido University
8701:Gavan Daws (1994).
8462:on 18 October 2015.
8130:Death by Government
7883:Ohashi Toshihiro. "
7716:. 5 December 2010.
6930:10.7591/j.ctt1xx4cs
6598:Columbia University
6241:. 13 October 1937.
6185:on 11 February 2007
6109:. 15 January 2023.
5878:, pp. 119–120.
5667:. 29 October 1910.
5522:Wi Jo Kang (1997).
5377:Japanese war crimes
5191:Spirits' Homecoming
5111:Tell O' The Forest!
5037:Hasegawa Yoshimichi
4907:Library of Congress
4826:former Soviet Union
4697:occupation of Japan
4642:Heungbujeon/Kōfuden
4510:
4141:Donald S. Macdonald
3921:, which led to the
3831:and a bombing at a
3579:Japanese war crimes
3542:Gando Special Force
3530:Gando Special Force
3269:
3120:
3081:, where during the
3068:Karafuto Prefecture
2899:
2824:Wanpaoshan Incident
2742:Doosan Encyclopedia
2502:on 22 August 1910 (
2437:Militant resistance
2332:William Howard Taft
2280:at the royal altar
2214:Empress Myeongseong
1643:From 1910 to 1945,
1327:Japanese occupation
181:Keijō (Gyeongseong)
148:National Geographic
15335:Slovene Home Guard
14662:Russo-Japanese War
14632:Two Lords Incident
14287:Imperial Household
13824:Karenkō Prefecture
13799:Taihoku Prefecture
13551:Asian Women's Fund
13494:Murayama Statement
13351:Altteureu Airfield
13217:Battle of Pochonbo
13168:Battle of Samdunja
12761:Isabella Lucy Bird
12387:on 4 February 2007
12379:Stearns, Peter N.
12015:The New York Times
11869:on 17 October 2006
11715:(21 August 2012).
11626:"Koreans in Japan"
11421:. 8 December 2011.
11232:on 26 January 2007
10949:"Statistics Korea"
10504:"조선총독부 관보: 일자별 보기"
10102:. Reaktion Books.
9824:Randall S. Jones.
9722:Saitama University
9467:[Kim Ku],
9326:"2·8독립선언 (二八獨立宣言)"
9172:9 May 2021 at the
9118:on 3 November 2009
9097:2016-03-03 at the
9082:, CNN, 2001-03-29.
9078:2006-09-22 at the
8960:History and Memory
8791:on 28 August 2008.
8282:Yonhap News Agency
8158:Available online:
7920:Em, Henry (2013).
7896:Sogo Seisaku Ronso
7522:"Hakoishi report"
7342:Far Eastern Survey
7260:on 25 January 2007
6854:Keene, D. (2005).
6568:on 1 February 2016
6525:(1 January 2002).
6491:on 16 January 2015
6484:国立公文書館 アジア歴史資料センター
5601:. 29 August 1910.
5364:South Korea portal
5231:Chicago Typewriter
5215:The Age of Shadows
5080:In popular culture
4786:atheist components
4689:cultural artifacts
4636:influenced by the
4508:
4474:enmon gakko kisoku
4396:elementary schools
4373:
4365:
4357:
4277:Daehan Maeil Sinbo
4243:
4172:the foundation of
4111:
4103:
4095:
4087:
4079:
4071:
3995:
3969:. You can help by
3837:Chinese government
3810:
3771:
3757:March 1st Movement
3751:March 1st Movement
3665:Asian Women's Fund
3628:
3591:Bataan Death March
3487:
3267:
3253:
3118:
3100:Altteureu Airfield
3037:
3026:
2897:
2891:Korean family name
2834:
2755:Liaodong Peninsula
2730:
2622:
2610:
2576:March 1st Movement
2510:
2456:
2356:In June 1907, the
2321:Russo-Japanese War
2316:
2294:Russo-Japanese War
2167:
2033:
1821:surrender of Japan
1711:Russo-Japanese War
1270:(Vassal of Goryeo)
880:4th–2nd century BC
754:700,000 BC-8000 BC
741:Prehistoric period
479:Surrender of Japan
452:March 1st Movement
104:Government-General
15756:
15755:
15752:
15751:
15735:
15591:
15486:
15485:
15374:collaborationists
15350:Wehrmacht foreign
15345:Waffen-SS foreign
15261:
15195:collaborationists
15128:
15127:
15100:Socialist thought
15048:
15047:
14987:Dutch East Indies
14949:Empire of Vietnam
14867:
14866:
14637:Satsuma Rebellion
14617:Meiji Restoration
14594:
14593:
14404:
14403:
14342:Greater East Asia
14228:Political parties
14183:Foreign relations
13930:
13929:
13860:Nan'yō Government
13814:Tainan Prefecture
13809:Taichū Prefecture
13588:
13587:
13584:
13583:
13557:Shimonoseki Trial
13458:Division of Korea
13387:Keijō Post Office
13339:
13338:
13311:Independence Club
13065:
13064:
12965:Chosun Exhibition
12952:Cultural policies
12911:from 1910 to 1945
12727:Library resources
12712:978-0-674-06253-5
12670:978-0-8014-7270-1
12638:978-0-295-97533-7
12623:Eckert, Carter J.
12598:978-0-8248-3174-5
12440:Michio Miyasaka,
12250:Eckert, Carter J.
12198:on 4 October 2012
12172:on 4 October 2012
12057:978-0-1987-4462-7
11753:978-89-5828-032-3
11358:Los Angeles Times
11179:978-0-295-98900-6
11142:978-1-59880-250-4
11133:Moon Publications
11111:978-0-8047-5408-8
11086:978-0-295-98900-6
10925:978-0-295-98900-6
10900:978-0-295-98900-6
10354:"대한매일신보 (大韓每日申報)"
10109:978-1-86189-335-2
9888:on 12 August 2013
9852:10.1111/ehr.12535
9641:978-0-674-61575-5
9454:, pp. 52–53.
9438:978-0-674-61575-5
9053:978-0-231-12033-3
8929:hrlibrary.umn.edu
8770:978-0-8062-2300-1
8763:. Carlton Press.
8712:978-0-688-11812-9
8153:978-3-8258-4010-5
8103:978-1-136-35312-3
7984:on 3 January 2007
7844:978-1-350-09146-7
7662:978-89-89524-05-2
7601:978-0-520-94768-9
7507:978-0-520-26674-2
6867:978-0-231-12340-2
6840:978-0-7007-0700-3
6387:The Asahi Shimbun
6048:. November 2017.
5665:Los Angeles Times
5274:The Hymn of Death
5239:Battleship Island
5207:The Last Princess
5031:Terauchi Masatake
4604:
4603:
4558:elementary school
4536:Vocational school
4217:, a professor at
3987:
3986:
3923:division of Korea
3885:Division of Korea
3476:
3475:
3225:
3224:
2990:
2989:
2852:Republic of China
2768:The royal palace
2606:Terauchi Masatake
2518:Terauchi Masatake
2512:In May 1910, the
2459:Japanese army at
2431:Terauchi Masatake
2261:Independence Club
2251:Independence Club
2227:chargé d'affaires
2057:gunboat diplomacy
1684:Meiji Restoration
1641:
1640:
1402:
1401:
1345:
1344:
1310:
1309:
1240:
1239:
1143:
1142:
1080:
1079:
893:
892:
810:
809:
703:
702:
658:
623:
622:
619:
618:
549:
548:
427:Annexation treaty
381:
378:• 1944–1945
371:Terauchi Masatake
366:
363:• 1910–1916
331:• 1926–1945
319:• 1912–1926
307:• 1910–1912
131:
16:(Redirected from
15856:
15733:
15589:
15305:Royal Iraqi Army
15259:
15184:
15183:
15174:
15173:
15155:
15148:
15141:
15132:
15131:
15090:Shinmin no Michi
15080:Internment camps
14992:French Indochina
14876:
14875:
14722:Taishō Democracy
14603:
14602:
14526:Japanese holdout
14413:
14412:
14337:Colonial Affairs
14271:
14270:
14198:Yokusan Sonendan
14104:
14096:
14088:
14072:
14071:
13998:Economic history
13957:
13950:
13943:
13934:
13933:
13901:Governor-General
13829:Taitō Prefecture
13819:Takao Prefecture
13794:Governor-General
13711:Governor-General
13615:
13608:
13601:
13592:
13591:
13519:
13513:
13512:
13464:Koreans in Japan
13402:Seodaemun Prison
13298:
13236:
13144:105-Man Incident
13093:
13092:
13087:Sakhalin Koreans
13032:
13031:
12946:
12945:
12892:
12885:
12878:
12869:
12868:
12862:
12861:
12859:
12858:
12857:
12852:
12848:
12845:
12844:
12843:
12840:
12716:
12693:
12684:
12673:
12655:
12646:
12641:, archived from
12601:
12572:
12571:
12555:
12546:
12530:
12524:
12517:
12511:
12510:
12508:
12506:
12491:
12485:
12469:
12463:
12462:
12460:
12458:
12449:. Archived from
12438:
12432:
12431:
12403:
12397:
12396:
12394:
12392:
12376:
12370:
12369:
12367:
12365:
12346:
12340:
12339:
12337:
12335:
12315:
12309:
12308:
12306:
12304:
12295:. Archived from
12289:
12283:
12282:
12280:
12278:
12263:
12257:
12247:
12241:
12240:
12238:
12236:
12227:/ Seoul Sinmun.
12214:
12208:
12207:
12205:
12203:
12194:. Archived from
12188:
12182:
12181:
12179:
12177:
12168:. Archived from
12162:
12156:
12155:
12153:
12151:
12139:9-7807-3916-9414
12123:
12117:
12116:
12114:
12112:
12100:9-7811-3409-1317
12080:
12074:
12073:
12071:
12069:
12037:
12031:
12030:
12028:
12026:
12006:
12000:
11999:
11997:
11995:
11967:
11961:
11960:
11946:
11940:
11939:
11937:
11935:
11916:
11910:
11909:
11907:
11905:
11885:
11879:
11878:
11876:
11874:
11865:. Archived from
11852:
11846:
11845:
11843:
11841:
11826:
11820:
11819:
11817:
11815:
11796:
11790:
11789:
11787:
11785:
11764:
11758:
11757:
11744:일제의 침략 전쟁과 병참기지화
11739:
11733:
11732:
11730:
11728:
11709:
11703:
11702:
11685:
11679:
11678:
11676:
11674:
11652:
11646:
11645:
11643:
11641:
11621:
11615:
11614:
11613:, pp. 66–68
11602:
11596:
11595:
11593:
11569:
11563:
11556:
11550:
11549:
11547:
11545:
11525:
11519:
11518:
11516:
11514:
11495:
11486:
11485:
11483:
11481:
11441:
11435:
11428:
11422:
11402:
11396:
11380:
11374:
11373:
11371:
11369:
11349:
11343:
11342:
11321:
11315:
11308:
11302:
11301:
11299:
11297:
11267:
11261:
11260:14 November 2010
11248:
11242:
11241:
11239:
11237:
11228:. Archived from
11207:
11201:
11190:
11184:
11183:
11165:
11159:
11158:
11156:
11154:
11131:. Berkeley, CA:
11122:
11116:
11115:
11097:
11091:
11090:
11072:
11066:
11045:
11039:
11032:
11026:
11023:
11017:
11016:
11014:
11012:
10997:
10991:
10984:
10978:
10971:
10965:
10964:
10962:
10960:
10945:
10939:
10936:
10930:
10929:
10911:
10905:
10904:
10886:
10880:
10879:
10869:
10845:
10839:
10838:
10832:
10824:
10786:
10780:
10779:
10751:
10745:
10744:
10742:
10718:
10712:
10711:
10709:
10707:
10671:
10665:
10664:
10662:
10660:
10649:10.11501/1454691
10630:
10624:
10623:
10621:
10619:
10608:10.11501/1452382
10589:
10583:
10582:
10580:
10578:
10567:10.11501/1443598
10548:
10542:
10541:
10529:
10523:
10522:
10520:
10518:
10508:db.history.go.kr
10500:
10494:
10493:
10491:
10489:
10475:
10469:
10468:
10466:
10464:
10443:
10434:
10433:
10431:
10429:
10412:
10406:
10405:
10403:
10401:
10384:
10375:
10374:
10372:
10370:
10349:
10343:
10342:
10340:
10338:
10290:
10269:
10266:
10260:
10254:
10248:
10247:
10245:
10243:
10234:. January 1997.
10224:
10218:
10217:
10215:
10213:
10194:
10188:
10186:
10184:
10182:
10169:Lee, Yong Hoon.
10166:
10160:
10159:
10158:on 18 June 2013.
10148:
10142:
10140:
10138:
10136:
10123:Lee, Yong Hoon.
10120:
10114:
10113:
10095:
10089:
10086:
10080:
10066:
10060:
10046:
10040:
10039:
10027:
10021:
10018:
10012:
10009:
10003:
9996:
9966:
9960:
9959:
9957:
9955:
9939:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9925:
9909:
9898:
9897:
9895:
9893:
9884:. Archived from
9878:
9872:
9871:
9835:
9829:
9822:
9816:
9815:
9791:
9785:
9784:
9782:
9780:
9765:
9759:
9758:
9752:
9747:
9745:
9737:
9735:
9733:
9713:
9707:
9706:
9699:
9693:
9692:
9677:
9671:
9670:
9668:
9666:
9652:
9646:
9645:
9621:
9615:
9614:
9602:
9596:
9595:
9593:
9591:
9570:
9564:
9563:
9562:
9560:
9534:
9525:
9524:
9522:
9520:
9499:
9488:
9487:
9486:
9484:
9465:"김구[金九]"
9461:
9455:
9449:
9443:
9442:
9418:
9409:
9408:
9406:
9404:
9385:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9374:
9353:
9347:
9346:
9344:
9342:
9321:
9315:
9308:
9302:
9301:(1945) 7:401–407
9295:
9289:
9282:
9273:
9272:
9270:
9268:
9212:
9206:
9205:
9203:
9201:
9182:
9176:
9164:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9153:
9134:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9114:. Archived from
9108:
9102:
9089:
9083:
9070:
9064:
9061:
9055:
9045:
9039:
9026:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9015:
8951:
8945:
8944:
8942:
8940:
8921:
8915:
8914:
8912:
8910:
8893:
8887:
8886:
8884:
8882:
8860:
8854:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8830:
8824:
8821:
8815:
8808:
8802:
8799:
8793:
8792:
8781:
8775:
8774:
8756:
8750:
8749:
8738:
8732:
8731:
8723:
8717:
8716:
8698:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8687:
8668:
8662:
8661:
8659:
8657:
8642:
8636:
8635:
8629:
8621:
8619:
8617:
8612:on 13 April 2016
8608:. Archived from
8602:
8596:
8595:
8587:
8581:
8580:
8578:
8576:
8555:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8544:
8533:
8527:
8524:
8518:
8515:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8504:
8489:
8483:
8470:
8464:
8463:
8452:
8446:
8445:
8443:
8441:
8413:
8407:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8393:
8371:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8357:
8336:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8322:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8285:. 5 October 2010
8273:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8255:The Korea Herald
8245:
8239:
8238:
8236:
8234:
8217:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8206:
8187:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8176:
8157:
8139:
8133:
8126:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8115:
8085:
8079:
8078:
8070:
8064:
8061:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8050:
8033:
8027:
8026:
8024:
8022:
8006:
8005:
7999:
7993:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7983:
7977:, archived from
7975:Kyoto University
7972:
7956:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7945:
7917:
7908:
7905:
7899:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7870:
7855:
7849:
7848:
7828:
7819:
7818:
7816:
7814:
7766:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7736:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7686:. 16 July 2020.
7676:
7667:
7666:
7649:평양일대 락랑무덤에 대한 연구
7644:
7638:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7585:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7553:
7544:
7543:
7538:
7536:
7518:
7512:
7511:
7493:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7458:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7425:
7419:
7418:
7408:
7384:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7333:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7319:
7279:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7265:
7256:. Archived from
7249:
7243:
7242:
7236:
7228:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7207:
7199:
7191:
7185:
7184:
7181:Korea's Heritage
7176:
7170:
7169:
7163:
7155:
7148:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7118:
7112:
7111:
7079:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7068:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7027:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7016:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6971:
6965:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6918:
6912:
6897:
6891:
6878:
6872:
6871:
6851:
6845:
6844:
6831:History of Korea
6826:
6820:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6791:
6785:
6769:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6758:
6738:
6725:
6719:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6691:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6680:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6606:
6600:
6591:
6585:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6564:. Archived from
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6520:
6519:
6512:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6487:. Archived from
6479:
6473:
6460:
6454:
6441:
6435:
6420:
6397:
6380:
6371:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6181:. Archived from
6171:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6157:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6077:The Conversation
6068:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5990:on 2 August 2015
5976:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5856:
5847:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5788:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5768:
5757:
5751:Lee, J ong-Wha.
5748:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5710:
5704:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5657:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5624:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5591:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5519:
5510:
5503:
5497:
5490:
5484:
5477:
5471:
5464:
5454:
5437:
5436:
5421:
5418:
5402:History of Korea
5366:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5352:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5282:Different Dreams
5266:, 2017 novel by
4924:
4923:
4918:
4917:
4902:discrimination.
4807:Sakhalin Koreans
4803:Zainichi Koreans
4514:Academic ability
4511:
4507:
4446:primary school (
4433:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4304:official gazette
3982:
3979:
3961:
3954:
3938:Koreans in Japan
3783:
3689:Hirofumi Hayashi
3669:Yoshimi Yoshiaki
3657:Kyoto University
3557:Battle of Tarawa
3270:
3266:
3121:
3117:
3083:Battle of Tarawa
3008:Sakhalin Koreans
3004:Koreans in Japan
2900:
2896:
2879:
2878:
2857:Kijūrō Shidehara
2794:
2759:Japanese control
2683:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2660:Second World War
2507:
2506:
2453:Le Petit Journal
2268:
2267:
2029:Yeongjong Island
1994:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1915:Ilje Gangjeom-gi
1907:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1680:Perry Expedition
1662:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1607:Korea portal
1605:
1604:
1579:
1573:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1465:
1358:
1357:
1323:
1322:
1253:
1252:
1174:(Later Goguryeo)
1158:
1157:
1095:
1094:
1046:Gaya confederacy
1011:
1010:
969:
962:
955:
936:
929:
867:
855:
843:
833:
823:
822:
746:
745:
733:
723:
705:
704:
693:
683:
673:
672:
663:
653:
651:
615:
614:
601:
600:
587:
586:
569:
568:
553:
552:
540:
539:
533:
532:
517:
516:
484:2 September 1945
471:10 November 1939
430:
418:17 November 1905
379:
364:
348:Governor-General
179:
171:and largest city
143:
133:
132:
97:
83:
65:
64:
57:
56:
51:
50:
43:
42:
32:
31:
21:
15864:
15863:
15859:
15858:
15857:
15855:
15854:
15853:
15759:
15758:
15757:
15748:
15511:Italian Albania
15482:
15366:
15191:
15168:
15159:
15129:
15124:
15110:Yasukuni Shrine
15044:
15021:
14963:
14917:
14863:
14815:Tripartite Pact
14810:Rape of Nanking
14746:
14732:Tapani incident
14676:
14652:Boxer Rebellion
14610:
14590:
14554:
14545:
14494:
14485:
14420:
14400:
14394:Representatives
14362:
14359:
14358:Legislative and
14351:
14317:Foreign Affairs
14280:
14277:
14262:
14161:
14140:Government Seal
14125:Rising Sun Flag
14108:
14102:
14094:
14086:
14073:
14064:
13966:
13964:Empire of Japan
13961:
13931:
13926:
13887:
13837:
13834:Hōko Prefecture
13781:
13698:
13629:
13619:
13589:
13580:
13517:
13511:
13406:
13335:
13296:
13290:
13281:Song Byeong-jun
13234:
13228:
13156:Jeamri Massacre
13132:
13091:
13061:
13030:
12999:
12988:Shinto in Korea
12947:
12938:
12912:
12909:Empire of Japan
12901:
12896:
12865:
12855:
12853:
12849:
12846:
12841:
12838:
12836:
12834:
12833:
12757:
12756:
12755:
12735:
12734:
12730:
12723:
12713:
12671:
12645:on 30 July 2013
12639:
12608:
12606:Further reading
12599:
12581:
12576:
12575:
12556:
12549:
12540:Wayback Machine
12531:
12527:
12518:
12514:
12504:
12502:
12497:. 12 May 2016.
12493:
12492:
12488:
12481:5 June 2012 at
12470:
12466:
12456:
12454:
12445:
12439:
12435:
12404:
12400:
12390:
12388:
12377:
12373:
12363:
12361:
12348:
12347:
12343:
12333:
12331:
12316:
12312:
12302:
12300:
12291:
12290:
12286:
12276:
12274:
12265:
12264:
12260:
12248:
12244:
12234:
12232:
12221:
12215:
12211:
12201:
12199:
12190:
12189:
12185:
12175:
12173:
12164:
12163:
12159:
12149:
12147:
12140:
12124:
12120:
12110:
12108:
12101:
12093:. p. 116.
12081:
12077:
12067:
12065:
12058:
12038:
12034:
12024:
12022:
12007:
12003:
11993:
11991:
11968:
11964:
11948:
11947:
11943:
11933:
11931:
11924:The Seoul Times
11918:
11917:
11913:
11903:
11901:
11886:
11882:
11872:
11870:
11862:The Chosun Ilbo
11853:
11849:
11839:
11837:
11828:
11827:
11823:
11813:
11811:
11798:
11797:
11793:
11783:
11781:
11773:The Japan Times
11766:
11765:
11761:
11754:
11740:
11736:
11726:
11724:
11717:"Korean carrot"
11710:
11706:
11700:
11686:
11682:
11672:
11670:
11662:The Korea Times
11653:
11649:
11639:
11637:
11622:
11618:
11603:
11599:
11570:
11566:
11557:
11553:
11543:
11541:
11526:
11522:
11512:
11510:
11497:
11496:
11489:
11479:
11477:
11442:
11438:
11429:
11425:
11413:Wayback Machine
11403:
11399:
11390:Wayback Machine
11381:
11377:
11367:
11365:
11350:
11346:
11341:on 8 July 2011.
11333:The Chosun Ilbo
11328:
11322:
11318:
11309:
11305:
11295:
11293:
11268:
11264:
11258:Wayback Machine
11249:
11245:
11235:
11233:
11212:"A Legacy Lost"
11208:
11204:
11191:
11187:
11180:
11166:
11162:
11152:
11150:
11143:
11123:
11119:
11112:
11098:
11094:
11087:
11073:
11069:
11056:Wayback Machine
11047:Hyŏng-gyu Pak.
11046:
11042:
11033:
11029:
11024:
11020:
11010:
11008:
10999:
10998:
10994:
10985:
10981:
10972:
10968:
10958:
10956:
10947:
10946:
10942:
10937:
10933:
10926:
10912:
10908:
10901:
10887:
10883:
10846:
10842:
10826:
10825:
10787:
10783:
10752:
10748:
10719:
10715:
10705:
10703:
10682:(in Japanese).
10672:
10668:
10658:
10656:
10636:朝鮮総督府統計年報 昭和17年
10631:
10627:
10617:
10615:
10595:朝鮮総督府統計年報 昭和11年
10590:
10586:
10576:
10574:
10549:
10545:
10530:
10526:
10516:
10514:
10502:
10501:
10497:
10487:
10485:
10477:
10476:
10472:
10462:
10460:
10444:
10437:
10427:
10425:
10413:
10409:
10399:
10397:
10394:The Korea Times
10385:
10378:
10368:
10366:
10350:
10346:
10336:
10334:
10291:
10272:
10267:
10263:
10257:Alleyne Ireland
10255:
10251:
10241:
10239:
10226:
10225:
10221:
10211:
10209:
10204:. 31 May 2007.
10202:The Chosun Ilbo
10196:
10195:
10191:
10180:
10178:
10167:
10163:
10150:
10149:
10145:
10134:
10132:
10121:
10117:
10110:
10096:
10092:
10087:
10083:
10067:
10063:
10047:
10043:
10028:
10024:
10019:
10015:
10010:
10006:
9985:10.2307/2598181
9967:
9963:
9953:
9951:
9940:
9933:
9923:
9921:
9910:
9901:
9891:
9889:
9880:
9879:
9875:
9836:
9832:
9823:
9819:
9792:
9788:
9778:
9776:
9767:
9766:
9762:
9750:
9748:
9739:
9738:
9731:
9729:
9714:
9710:
9701:
9700:
9696:
9678:
9674:
9664:
9662:
9654:
9653:
9649:
9642:
9622:
9618:
9603:
9599:
9589:
9587:
9575:"독수리작전 (禿수리作戰)"
9571:
9567:
9558:
9556:
9539:"한국광복군 (韓國光復軍)"
9535:
9528:
9518:
9516:
9504:"한인애국단 (韓人愛國團)"
9500:
9491:
9482:
9480:
9462:
9458:
9452:Robinson (2007)
9450:
9446:
9439:
9419:
9412:
9402:
9400:
9387:
9386:
9382:
9372:
9370:
9354:
9350:
9340:
9338:
9322:
9318:
9309:
9305:
9296:
9292:
9283:
9276:
9266:
9264:
9213:
9209:
9199:
9197:
9192:. August 2007.
9184:
9183:
9179:
9174:Wayback Machine
9165:
9161:
9151:
9149:
9136:
9135:
9131:
9121:
9119:
9110:
9109:
9105:
9099:Wayback Machine
9090:
9086:
9080:Wayback Machine
9071:
9067:
9062:
9058:
9046:
9042:
9037:Wayback Machine
9027:
9023:
9013:
9011:
8952:
8948:
8938:
8936:
8923:
8922:
8918:
8908:
8906:
8895:
8894:
8890:
8880:
8878:
8861:
8857:
8847:
8845:
8832:
8831:
8827:
8822:
8818:
8809:
8805:
8800:
8796:
8783:
8782:
8778:
8771:
8757:
8753:
8740:
8739:
8735:
8724:
8720:
8713:
8699:
8695:
8685:
8683:
8670:
8669:
8665:
8655:
8653:
8644:
8643:
8639:
8623:
8622:
8615:
8613:
8606:"Archived copy"
8604:
8603:
8599:
8588:
8584:
8574:
8572:
8571:on 12 July 2012
8561:
8557:
8556:
8552:
8542:
8540:
8535:
8534:
8530:
8525:
8521:
8516:
8512:
8502:
8500:
8491:
8490:
8486:
8480:Wayback Machine
8471:
8467:
8454:
8453:
8449:
8439:
8437:
8430:
8414:
8410:
8405:
8401:
8391:
8389:
8381:The Japan Times
8372:
8365:
8355:
8353:
8348:. 1 June 2001.
8338:
8337:
8330:
8320:
8318:
8303:
8302:
8298:
8288:
8286:
8275:
8274:
8270:
8260:
8258:
8246:
8242:
8232:
8230:
8227:The Dong-A Ilbo
8218:
8214:
8204:
8202:
8195:www.ibiblio.org
8189:
8188:
8184:
8174:
8172:
8159:
8154:
8140:
8136:
8128:Rummel, R. J.,
8127:
8123:
8113:
8111:
8104:
8086:
8082:
8071:
8067:
8062:
8058:
8048:
8046:
8045:on 4 March 2016
8039:
8035:
8034:
8030:
8020:
8018:
8011:
8000:
7996:
7987:
7985:
7981:
7970:
7963:
7959:Mizuno, Naoki,
7957:
7953:
7943:
7941:
7934:
7918:
7911:
7906:
7902:
7892:Wayback Machine
7882:
7878:
7868:
7866:
7865:on 3 March 2016
7857:
7856:
7852:
7845:
7829:
7822:
7812:
7810:
7767:
7763:
7753:
7751:
7738:
7737:
7733:
7723:
7721:
7708:
7707:
7703:
7693:
7691:
7684:The Korea Times
7678:
7677:
7670:
7663:
7655:]. 서울: 중심.
7650:
7645:
7641:
7636:Wayback Machine
7625:
7621:
7611:
7609:
7602:
7586:
7582:
7572:
7570:
7559:
7555:
7554:
7547:
7534:
7532:
7525:
7520:
7519:
7515:
7508:
7494:
7490:
7480:
7478:
7459:
7455:
7445:
7443:
7426:
7422:
7385:
7381:
7371:
7369:
7354:10.2307/3021667
7334:
7327:
7317:
7315:
7300:10.2307/2598181
7280:
7273:
7263:
7261:
7250:
7246:
7230:
7229:
7221:
7217:
7201:
7200:
7192:
7188:
7177:
7173:
7157:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7145:
7135:
7133:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7080:
7076:
7066:
7064:
7059:. 12 May 2010.
7055:
7054:
7050:
7040:
7038:
7029:
7028:
7024:
7014:
7012:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6988:
6986:
6973:
6972:
6968:
6963:Wayback Machine
6953:
6949:
6939:
6937:
6920:
6919:
6915:
6910:Wayback Machine
6898:
6894:
6889:Wayback Machine
6879:
6875:
6868:
6852:
6848:
6841:
6827:
6823:
6818:
6814:
6804:
6802:
6797:. 2 July 2014.
6793:
6792:
6788:
6779:Wayback Machine
6770:
6766:
6756:
6754:
6739:
6728:
6720:
6716:
6706:
6704:
6701:The Korea Times
6692:
6688:
6678:
6676:
6670:"환구단에서 황제에 오르다"
6668:
6667:
6663:
6653:
6651:
6640:
6639:
6635:
6625:
6623:
6607:
6603:
6579:
6578:
6571:
6569:
6562:"Archived copy"
6560:
6558:
6554:
6544:
6542:
6529:
6515:Park Jong-hyo (
6513:
6504:
6494:
6492:
6485:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6470:Wayback Machine
6461:
6457:
6451:Wayback Machine
6442:
6438:
6421:
6400:
6395:Wayback Machine
6381:
6374:
6364:Wayback Machine
6354:
6350:
6331:
6327:
6317:
6315:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6285:
6283:
6266:"일제강점기 (日帝强占期)"
6262:
6258:
6248:
6246:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6218:
6216:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6188:
6186:
6173:
6172:
6168:
6155:
6153:
6146:
6130:
6126:
6116:
6114:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6086:
6084:
6069:
6065:
6055:
6053:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6025:
6023:
6018:. 7 July 2015.
6008:
6007:
6003:
5993:
5991:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5963:
5961:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5929:
5927:
5917:
5913:
5903:
5901:
5886:
5882:
5874:
5870:
5854:
5848:
5844:
5834:
5832:
5789:
5782:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5755:
5749:
5742:
5732:
5730:
5711:
5707:
5702:Wayback Machine
5688:
5684:
5674:
5672:
5659:
5658:
5651:
5641:
5639:
5626:
5625:
5618:
5608:
5606:
5599:Washington Post
5593:
5592:
5585:
5575:
5573:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5545:
5543:
5536:
5520:
5513:
5505:Hitoshi Nitta.
5504:
5500:
5491:
5487:
5478:
5474:
5465:
5461:
5446:Country Studies
5443:
5434:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5415:
5410:
5362:
5357:
5355:
5348:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5143:Capital Scandal
5103:The Flower Girl
5082:
5055:Yamanashi Hanzō
5049:Kazushige Ugaki
5027:
5021:
5006:
5000:
4977:
4961:
4955:
4938:Prevention Laws
4931:
4899:
4868:, conventional
4840:
4834:
4817:Korean diaspora
4813:
4801:Main articles:
4799:
4797:Korean diaspora
4794:
4773:
4767:
4740:
4685:
4662:Korean alphabet
4625:
4623:Korean language
4420:chodeung hakgyo
4347:
4334:The Dong-a Ilbo
4328:The Chosun Ilbo
4306:, entitled the
4299:The Seoul Press
4267:
4261:
4256:
4235:
4227:Alleyne Ireland
4201:Kazushige Ugaki
4174:Korean in China
4055:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3967:needs expansion
3952:
3946:
3887:
3881:
3857:
3816:
3802:
3777:
3759:
3753:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3701:
3620:
3614:
3249:Yasukuni Shrine
3136:
3131:
3116:
3104:Songak Mountain
3043:as a result of
3041:labor shortages
3015:
3010:
3000:
2995:
2871:
2865:
2826:
2820:
2788:
2718:
2712:
2686:command economy
2680:
2667:
2589:
2584:
2532:Korea with the
2488:
2482:
2473:Akashi Motojiro
2469:
2467:Military police
2445:
2439:
2416:Austria-Hungary
2308:
2292:Main articles:
2290:
2257:
2249:Main articles:
2247:
2206:
2200:
2156:
2148:Main articles:
2146:
2118:
2110:Main articles:
2108:
2079:
2071:Main articles:
2069:
2041:Commodore Perry
2017:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:has been used.
1980:
1973:Wae-jeong Sidae
1872:
1869:
1790:Jeamni massacre
1651:under the name
1649:Empire of Japan
1637:
1599:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1461:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1320:
1319:Colonial period
1312:
1311:
1250:
1249:Dynastic period
1242:
1241:
1207:Dongdan Kingdom
1155:
1145:
1144:
1121:Little Goguryeo
1101:(Unified Silla)
1092:
1082:
1081:
1008:
998:
997:
989:
965:
958:
951:
932:
925:
905:
895:
894:
865:
853:
841:
820:
812:
811:
802:Liaoning dagger
764:8000 BC–1500 BC
743:
721:
714:
699:
634:
612:
598:
584:
578:
566:
560:
537:
494:
481:
468:
454:
441:
431:
425:
415:
400:Empire of Japan
382:
367:
350:
332:
320:
308:
275:
272:
213:
183:
172:
162:Empire of Japan
152:
134:
127:
124:
111:
110:
109:
107:
105:
103:
98:
90:
89:
84:
66:
59:
58:
52:
45:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15862:
15852:
15851:
15846:
15841:
15836:
15831:
15826:
15821:
15816:
15811:
15806:
15801:
15796:
15791:
15786:
15781:
15776:
15771:
15754:
15753:
15750:
15749:
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15736:
15728:
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15726:
15721:
15716:
15715:
15714:
15699:
15694:
15689:
15684:
15679:
15674:
15669:
15664:
15659:
15654:
15649:
15644:
15639:
15634:
15633:
15632:
15627:
15622:
15612:
15607:
15602:
15597:
15592:
15584:
15579:
15574:
15573:
15572:
15567:
15557:
15552:
15547:
15542:
15537:
15536:
15535:
15530:
15525:
15515:
15514:
15513:
15508:
15506:German Albania
15497:
15495:
15493:Axis countries
15488:
15487:
15484:
15483:
15481:
15480:
15478:Vanguard Youth
15475:
15470:
15465:
15460:
15455:
15450:
15445:
15440:
15435:
15430:
15425:
15424:
15423:
15413:
15408:
15403:
15398:
15393:
15388:
15383:
15377:
15375:
15368:
15367:
15365:
15364:
15363:
15362:
15357:
15347:
15342:
15337:
15332:
15327:
15322:
15321:
15320:
15315:
15307:
15302:
15297:
15292:
15287:
15282:
15277:
15272:
15267:
15262:
15254:
15249:
15244:
15239:
15234:
15229:
15227:Armistice Army
15224:
15219:
15218:
15217:
15212:
15210:Balli Kombëtar
15207:
15198:
15196:
15181:
15170:
15169:
15166:Imperial Japan
15158:
15157:
15150:
15143:
15135:
15126:
15125:
15123:
15122:
15117:
15112:
15107:
15102:
15097:
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15087:
15082:
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15067:
15062:
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15049:
15046:
15045:
15043:
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15027:
15023:
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15020:
15019:
15014:
15009:
15004:
14999:
14994:
14989:
14984:
14979:
14973:
14971:
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14964:
14962:
14961:
14956:
14954:State of Burma
14951:
14946:
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14936:
14931:
14925:
14923:
14919:
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14862:
14861:
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14832:
14827:
14822:
14817:
14812:
14807:
14802:
14797:
14792:
14787:
14782:
14777:
14775:Musha Incident
14772:
14767:
14765:Jinan incident
14762:
14756:
14754:
14748:
14747:
14745:
14744:
14739:
14734:
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14724:
14719:
14714:
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14674:
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14659:
14654:
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14624:
14622:Beipu uprising
14619:
14613:
14611:
14606:
14600:
14596:
14595:
14592:
14591:
14589:
14588:
14586:Treaty Faction
14583:
14578:
14573:
14568:
14563:
14557:
14555:
14550:
14547:
14546:
14544:
14543:
14538:
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14528:
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14516:Imperial Guard
14513:
14508:
14503:
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14490:
14487:
14486:
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14478:
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14309:
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14276:Administration
14274:
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13968:
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13960:
13959:
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13945:
13937:
13928:
13927:
13925:
13904:Kantō Bureau:
13897:
13895:
13889:
13888:
13886:
13847:
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13554:
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13545:Kono Statement
13542:
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13510:
13509:
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13328:
13323:
13318:
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13308:
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13292:
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13288:
13283:
13278:
13277:
13276:
13274:Park Jung-yang
13266:
13264:Park Yeong-hyo
13261:
13256:
13251:
13246:
13240:
13238:
13230:
13229:
13227:
13226:
13220:
13214:
13208:
13202:
13196:
13193:Kantō Massacre
13190:
13184:
13181:Gando Massacre
13178:
13172:
13171:
13170:
13159:
13153:
13147:
13140:
13138:
13134:
13133:
13131:
13130:
13125:
13120:
13115:
13110:
13108:Hashima Island
13105:
13099:
13097:
13090:
13089:
13084:
13073:
13071:
13067:
13066:
13063:
13062:
13060:
13059:
13054:
13052:Chosen Railway
13049:
13044:
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13023:
13018:
13013:
13007:
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12907:Colony of the
12906:
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12894:
12887:
12880:
12872:
12831:
12830:
12822:
12812:
12807:
12805:, 14(2): 37–53
12798:
12789:
12787:, 13(1): 40–56
12780:
12769:
12754:
12753:
12748:
12743:
12737:
12736:
12725:
12724:
12722:
12721:External links
12719:
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12694:
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12607:
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12547:
12545:, 14 July 2010
12525:
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12433:
12414:(3): 377–397.
12398:
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11791:
11759:
11752:
11734:
11713:Lankov, Andrei
11704:
11698:
11680:
11647:
11616:
11597:
11564:
11551:
11520:
11487:
11436:
11423:
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11303:
11262:
11243:
11202:
11185:
11178:
11160:
11141:
11135:. p. 25.
11117:
11110:
11092:
11085:
11067:
11064:978-8936471866
11040:
11027:
11018:
10992:
10979:
10966:
10940:
10931:
10924:
10906:
10899:
10881:
10840:
10781:
10762:(6): 614–628.
10746:
10713:
10666:
10625:
10584:
10554:朝鮮総督府統計年報 昭和2年
10543:
10524:
10495:
10470:
10446:정, 진석; 최, 진우.
10435:
10407:
10376:
10344:
10305:(4): 795–815.
10270:
10261:
10249:
10219:
10189:
10161:
10143:
10115:
10108:
10090:
10081:
10061:
10041:
10022:
10013:
10004:
9979:(3): 555–574.
9961:
9931:
9899:
9873:
9846:(2): 593–616.
9830:
9817:
9786:
9760:
9751:|journal=
9708:
9694:
9672:
9647:
9640:
9616:
9611:Korean Studies
9597:
9565:
9526:
9489:
9456:
9444:
9437:
9410:
9380:
9358:"3·1운동 (三一運動)"
9348:
9316:
9310:French, Paul.
9303:
9290:
9274:
9207:
9177:
9159:
9129:
9103:
9084:
9065:
9056:
9040:
9021:
8966:(2): 129–152.
8946:
8916:
8888:
8855:
8825:
8816:
8803:
8794:
8776:
8769:
8751:
8748:on 6 May 2008.
8733:
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8510:
8484:
8465:
8447:
8429:978-9971693336
8428:
8408:
8399:
8363:
8328:
8296:
8268:
8240:
8212:
8182:
8152:
8146:. Lit Verlag.
8134:
8121:
8102:
8080:
8065:
8056:
8028:
7994:
7951:
7933:978-0822353720
7932:
7909:
7900:
7876:
7850:
7843:
7820:
7781:(3): 607–624.
7761:
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7271:
7244:
7215:
7186:
7171:
7143:
7113:
7094:(2): 183–189.
7074:
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6502:
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6455:
6436:
6398:
6372:
6348:
6325:
6293:
6256:
6226:
6211:. 8 May 1940.
6196:
6166:
6145:978-0415240970
6144:
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6063:
6033:
6001:
5971:
5937:
5911:
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5868:
5842:
5780:
5740:
5705:
5689:Donald Keene,
5682:
5649:
5616:
5583:
5553:
5535:978-0791432488
5534:
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5384:
5382:Hashima Island
5379:
5374:
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5337:
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5203:
5199:The Handmaiden
5195:
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5147:
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5023:Main article:
5020:
5017:
4999:
4996:
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4973:
4957:Main article:
4954:
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4927:
4898:
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4852:sexual slavery
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4522:
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4515:
4470:jitsugyo gakkō
4346:
4343:
4318:Gyeongnam Ilbo
4281:Ernest Bethell
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4234:
4231:
4215:Lee Young-hoon
4205:heavy industry
4054:
4051:
3985:
3984:
3964:
3962:
3948:Main article:
3945:
3942:
3889:Following the
3883:Main article:
3880:
3877:
3856:
3853:
3812:Main article:
3801:
3798:
3755:Main article:
3752:
3749:
3729:Primorsky Krai
3720:
3717:
3712:Main article:
3709:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3681:European Union
3648:United Nations
3616:Main article:
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3491:Park Chung Hee
3483:Park Chung Hee
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3112:
3070:, present-day
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2867:Main article:
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2640:tenant farmers
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2484:Main article:
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2441:Main article:
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2389:Korea to Japan
2366:refused access
2289:
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2246:
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2202:Main article:
2199:
2196:
2145:
2142:
2138:tsarist Russia
2107:
2104:
2068:
2065:
2053:unequal treaty
2013:Main article:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1951:Ilje Amheuk-gi
1868:
1865:
1849:Park Chung Hee
1786:Kantō Massacre
1782:Gando Massacre
1639:
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1448:Historiography
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1021:
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871:
869:
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857:
848:
847:
845:
836:
835:
829:
821:
819:Ancient period
818:
817:
814:
813:
808:
807:
805:
796:
795:
793:
786:
785:
784:1500 BC–300 BC
782:
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766:
765:
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756:
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739:
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735:
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715:
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629:
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621:
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550:
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541:
529:
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444:29 August 1910
442:
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436:
435:
434:22 August 1910
432:
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396:Historical era
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343:
342:
339:
338:
333:
330:
327:
326:
321:
318:
315:
314:
309:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
289:
288:
283:
277:
276:
274:
273:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
234:
228:
221:
219:
215:
214:
212:
211:
206:
200:
198:
194:
193:
173:
170:
166:
165:
158:
154:
153:
144:
136:
135:
125:
113:
112:
101:
99:
92:
91:
85:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
68:
67:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15861:
15850:
15847:
15845:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15835:
15832:
15830:
15827:
15825:
15822:
15820:
15817:
15815:
15812:
15810:
15807:
15805:
15802:
15800:
15797:
15795:
15792:
15790:
15787:
15785:
15782:
15780:
15777:
15775:
15772:
15770:
15767:
15766:
15764:
15745:
15742:
15740:
15737:
15732:
15729:
15725:
15722:
15720:
15717:
15713:
15710:
15709:
15708:
15705:
15704:
15703:
15700:
15698:
15695:
15693:
15690:
15688:
15685:
15683:
15680:
15678:
15675:
15673:
15670:
15668:
15665:
15663:
15660:
15658:
15655:
15653:
15650:
15648:
15645:
15643:
15640:
15638:
15635:
15631:
15628:
15626:
15623:
15621:
15618:
15617:
15616:
15613:
15611:
15608:
15606:
15603:
15601:
15598:
15596:
15593:
15588:
15585:
15583:
15580:
15578:
15575:
15571:
15568:
15566:
15563:
15562:
15561:
15558:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15548:
15546:
15543:
15541:
15538:
15534:
15531:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15520:
15519:
15518:Baltic states
15516:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15504:
15503:
15502:
15499:
15498:
15496:
15494:
15489:
15479:
15476:
15474:
15471:
15469:
15466:
15464:
15461:
15459:
15456:
15454:
15451:
15449:
15446:
15444:
15441:
15439:
15436:
15434:
15431:
15429:
15426:
15422:
15419:
15418:
15417:
15414:
15412:
15409:
15407:
15406:Golden Square
15404:
15402:
15399:
15397:
15394:
15392:
15389:
15387:
15384:
15382:
15379:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15369:
15361:
15358:
15356:
15353:
15352:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15326:
15323:
15319:
15316:
15314:
15311:
15310:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15265:Golden Square
15263:
15258:
15255:
15253:
15250:
15248:
15245:
15243:
15242:Blue Division
15240:
15238:
15235:
15233:
15230:
15228:
15225:
15223:
15220:
15216:
15215:Cham Albanian
15213:
15211:
15208:
15206:
15203:
15202:
15200:
15199:
15197:
15194:
15189:
15185:
15182:
15180:
15175:
15171:
15167:
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15156:
15151:
15149:
15144:
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15137:
15136:
15133:
15121:
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15116:
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15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15066:
15065:Fukoku kyōhei
15063:
15061:
15058:
15057:
15055:
15051:
15039:
15036:
15035:
15034:
15031:
15030:
15028:
15024:
15018:
15015:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14993:
14990:
14988:
14985:
14983:
14980:
14978:
14975:
14974:
14972:
14970:
14966:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14940:
14937:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14926:
14924:
14922:Puppet states
14920:
14914:
14911:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14893:
14892:
14887:
14884:
14883:
14881:
14877:
14874:
14870:
14860:
14857:
14854:
14850:
14846:
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14841:
14838:
14836:
14833:
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14828:
14826:
14823:
14821:
14818:
14816:
14813:
14811:
14808:
14806:
14803:
14801:
14798:
14796:
14793:
14791:
14788:
14786:
14783:
14781:
14778:
14776:
14773:
14771:
14768:
14766:
14763:
14761:
14758:
14757:
14755:
14753:
14749:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14713:
14710:
14708:
14705:
14703:
14700:
14696:
14693:
14692:
14691:
14688:
14687:
14685:
14683:
14679:
14673:
14670:
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14663:
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14655:
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14650:
14648:
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14635:
14633:
14630:
14628:
14625:
14623:
14620:
14618:
14615:
14614:
14612:
14609:
14604:
14601:
14597:
14587:
14584:
14582:
14581:Fleet Faction
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14567:
14564:
14562:
14561:General Staff
14559:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14548:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14534:
14532:
14529:
14527:
14524:
14522:
14519:
14517:
14514:
14512:
14509:
14507:
14504:
14502:
14501:General Staff
14499:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14488:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14455:
14454:military code
14453:
14449:
14448:
14447:
14446:
14442:
14438:
14435:
14433:
14430:
14429:
14428:
14425:
14424:
14422:
14419:
14414:
14411:
14407:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14387:
14386:
14385:
14384:Imperial Diet
14382:
14380:
14377:
14375:
14374:Privy Council
14372:
14370:
14367:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14354:
14348:
14345:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14333:
14330:
14328:
14325:
14323:
14320:
14318:
14315:
14313:
14310:
14308:
14305:
14303:
14300:
14298:
14295:
14293:
14292:Home Ministry
14290:
14288:
14285:
14284:
14282:
14279:
14272:
14269:
14265:
14259:
14256:
14254:
14251:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14236:
14234:
14231:
14229:
14226:
14224:
14221:
14219:
14216:
14214:
14211:
14209:
14206:
14204:
14201:
14199:
14196:
14194:
14191:
14189:
14186:
14184:
14181:
14179:
14176:
14174:
14171:
14170:
14168:
14164:
14158:
14155:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14136:
14135:Imperial Seal
14133:
14132:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14120:Flag of Japan
14118:
14117:
14115:
14111:
14105:
14099:
14097:
14091:
14089:
14083:
14082:
14080:
14076:
14061:
14058:
14056:
14053:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14043:
14039:
14036:
14035:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13975:
13973:
13969:
13965:
13958:
13953:
13951:
13946:
13944:
13939:
13938:
13935:
13923:
13919:
13915:
13911:
13907:
13903:
13902:
13898:
13896:
13894:
13890:
13885:
13881:
13877:
13873:
13869:
13865:
13861:
13857:
13853:
13852:
13851:
13846:
13844:
13840:
13835:
13832:
13830:
13827:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13815:
13812:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13797:
13796:
13795:
13790:
13788:
13784:
13778:
13777:Kankyōhoku-dō
13775:
13773:
13770:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13747:Keishōhoku-dō
13745:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13733:
13730:
13728:
13727:Chūseihoku-dō
13725:
13723:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13714:
13713:
13712:
13707:
13705:
13701:
13695:
13691:
13687:
13683:
13679:
13675:
13671:
13667:
13663:
13659:
13655:
13651:
13648:
13647:
13645:
13642:
13641:
13636:
13632:
13628:
13624:
13616:
13611:
13609:
13604:
13602:
13597:
13596:
13593:
13576:
13573:
13570:
13567:
13564:
13561:
13558:
13555:
13552:
13549:
13546:
13543:
13540:
13537:
13534:
13531:
13528:
13525:
13524:
13522:
13520:
13518:Comfort women
13514:
13507:
13504:
13501:
13498:
13495:
13492:
13489:
13486:
13483:
13480:
13477:
13474:
13471:
13468:
13465:
13462:
13459:
13456:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13415:
13413:
13409:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13385:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13371:Hyochang Park
13369:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13356:Gyeongbokgung
13354:
13352:
13349:
13348:
13346:
13342:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13317:
13314:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13303:
13301:
13299:
13293:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13275:
13272:
13271:
13270:
13267:
13265:
13262:
13260:
13257:
13255:
13252:
13250:
13247:
13245:
13242:
13241:
13239:
13237:
13235:Collaborators
13231:
13224:
13221:
13218:
13215:
13212:
13209:
13206:
13203:
13200:
13197:
13194:
13191:
13188:
13185:
13182:
13179:
13176:
13173:
13169:
13166:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13157:
13154:
13151:
13148:
13145:
13142:
13141:
13139:
13135:
13129:
13126:
13124:
13121:
13119:
13116:
13114:
13111:
13109:
13106:
13104:
13101:
13100:
13098:
13094:
13088:
13085:
13082:
13078:
13077:Comfort women
13075:
13074:
13072:
13070:Controversies
13068:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13045:
13043:
13040:
13039:
13037:
13033:
13027:
13024:
13022:
13019:
13017:
13014:
13012:
13009:
13008:
13006:
13002:
12994:
12991:
12990:
12989:
12986:
12983:
12980:
12978:
12975:
12972:
12969:
12966:
12963:
12960:
12957:
12956:
12954:
12950:
12935:
12932:
12929:
12925:
12922:
12921:
12919:
12915:
12910:
12904:
12900:
12893:
12888:
12886:
12881:
12879:
12874:
12873:
12870:
12866:
12863:
12860:
12829:
12828:
12823:
12821:
12820:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12804:
12799:
12797:
12796:, 20(1): 1–19
12795:
12790:
12788:
12786:
12781:
12779:
12778:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12767:
12762:
12759:
12758:
12752:
12749:
12747:
12744:
12742:
12739:
12738:
12733:
12728:
12714:
12708:
12704:
12700:
12695:
12691:
12686:
12682:
12681:
12675:
12672:
12666:
12662:
12657:
12653:
12652:The New Korea
12648:
12644:
12640:
12634:
12630:
12629:
12624:
12620:
12618:
12614:
12610:
12609:
12600:
12594:
12590:
12589:
12583:
12582:
12569:
12565:
12561:
12554:
12552:
12544:
12543:The Telegraph
12541:
12537:
12534:
12529:
12522:
12516:
12500:
12496:
12490:
12484:
12483:archive.today
12480:
12477:
12473:
12468:
12452:
12448:
12443:
12437:
12429:
12425:
12421:
12417:
12413:
12409:
12402:
12386:
12382:
12375:
12359:
12355:
12351:
12345:
12329:
12325:
12321:
12314:
12298:
12294:
12288:
12272:
12269:. June 1993.
12268:
12262:
12255:
12251:
12246:
12230:
12226:
12222:
12213:
12197:
12193:
12187:
12171:
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11884:
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11863:
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11851:
11835:
11831:
11825:
11809:
11805:
11801:
11795:
11779:
11775:
11774:
11769:
11763:
11755:
11749:
11745:
11738:
11722:
11718:
11714:
11708:
11701:
11699:0-313-30921-3
11695:
11691:
11684:
11668:
11664:
11663:
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11651:
11635:
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11627:
11620:
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11561:
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11524:
11508:
11504:
11500:
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11492:
11475:
11471:
11467:
11463:
11459:
11455:
11451:
11447:
11440:
11433:
11427:
11420:
11419:
11418:Asahi Shimbun
11414:
11410:
11407:
11401:
11394:
11393:Business Week
11391:
11387:
11384:
11379:
11363:
11359:
11355:
11348:
11340:
11336:
11334:
11329:
11320:
11313:
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11291:
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11129:
11121:
11113:
11107:
11103:
11096:
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11065:
11061:
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11037:
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11022:
11006:
11002:
10996:
10989:
10983:
10976:
10970:
10954:
10950:
10944:
10935:
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10921:
10917:
10910:
10902:
10896:
10892:
10885:
10877:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10859:
10855:
10851:
10844:
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10822:
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10810:
10806:
10802:
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10773:
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10677:
10670:
10654:
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10642:
10638:
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10629:
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10609:
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10597:
10596:
10588:
10572:
10568:
10564:
10560:
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10555:
10547:
10539:
10535:
10528:
10513:
10509:
10505:
10499:
10484:
10480:
10474:
10459:
10456:(in Korean).
10455:
10454:
10449:
10442:
10440:
10424:
10423:
10418:
10411:
10396:
10395:
10390:
10383:
10381:
10365:
10362:(in Korean).
10361:
10360:
10355:
10348:
10332:
10328:
10324:
10320:
10316:
10312:
10308:
10304:
10300:
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10203:
10199:
10193:
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10172:
10165:
10157:
10153:
10147:
10130:
10126:
10119:
10111:
10105:
10101:
10094:
10085:
10079:
10078:0-19-590049-9
10075:
10071:
10065:
10059:
10058:0-674-36439-2
10055:
10051:
10045:
10037:
10033:
10026:
10017:
10008:
10001:
9994:
9990:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9973:
9965:
9949:
9945:
9938:
9936:
9919:
9915:
9908:
9906:
9904:
9887:
9883:
9877:
9869:
9865:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9849:
9845:
9841:
9834:
9827:
9821:
9814:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9798:. Cambridge:
9797:
9790:
9774:
9770:
9764:
9756:
9743:
9727:
9723:
9719:
9712:
9704:
9698:
9691:
9687:
9683:
9676:
9661:
9657:
9651:
9643:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9628:
9620:
9612:
9608:
9601:
9586:
9583:(in Korean).
9582:
9581:
9576:
9569:
9554:
9550:
9547:(in Korean),
9546:
9545:
9540:
9533:
9531:
9515:
9512:(in Korean).
9511:
9510:
9505:
9498:
9496:
9494:
9478:
9474:
9471:(in Korean),
9470:
9466:
9460:
9453:
9448:
9440:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9425:
9417:
9415:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9384:
9369:
9366:(in Korean).
9365:
9364:
9359:
9352:
9337:
9334:(in Korean).
9333:
9332:
9327:
9320:
9313:
9307:
9300:
9294:
9287:
9281:
9279:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9211:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9181:
9175:
9171:
9168:
9163:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9133:
9117:
9113:
9107:
9100:
9096:
9093:
9088:
9081:
9077:
9074:
9069:
9060:
9054:
9050:
9044:
9038:
9034:
9031:
9025:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8950:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8920:
8904:
8900:
8899:
8892:
8876:
8872:
8871:
8866:
8859:
8843:
8839:
8835:
8829:
8820:
8813:
8807:
8798:
8790:
8786:
8780:
8772:
8766:
8762:
8755:
8747:
8743:
8737:
8729:
8722:
8714:
8708:
8704:
8697:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8667:
8651:
8647:
8641:
8633:
8627:
8611:
8607:
8601:
8593:
8586:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8554:
8538:
8532:
8523:
8514:
8498:
8494:
8488:
8481:
8477:
8474:
8469:
8461:
8457:
8451:
8435:
8431:
8425:
8421:
8420:
8412:
8403:
8387:
8383:
8382:
8377:
8370:
8368:
8351:
8347:
8346:
8341:
8335:
8333:
8316:
8312:
8311:
8310:The Hankyoreh
8306:
8300:
8284:
8283:
8278:
8272:
8257:
8256:
8251:
8244:
8229:
8228:
8223:
8216:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8186:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8155:
8149:
8145:
8138:
8131:
8125:
8109:
8105:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8084:
8076:
8069:
8060:
8044:
8040:
8032:
8016:
8012:
7998:
7980:
7976:
7968:
7964:
7955:
7939:
7935:
7929:
7925:
7924:
7916:
7914:
7904:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7886:
7880:
7864:
7860:
7854:
7846:
7840:
7836:
7835:
7827:
7825:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7765:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7735:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7705:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7675:
7673:
7664:
7658:
7654:
7647:리순진 (2001).
7643:
7637:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7623:
7607:
7603:
7597:
7593:
7592:
7584:
7568:
7565:(in Korean).
7564:
7560:
7552:
7550:
7542:
7530:
7526:
7517:
7509:
7503:
7499:
7492:
7476:
7472:
7469:(in Korean).
7468:
7464:
7457:
7441:
7438:(in Korean).
7437:
7436:
7435:The Hankyoreh
7431:
7424:
7416:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7383:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7332:
7330:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7278:
7276:
7259:
7255:
7248:
7240:
7234:
7226:
7219:
7211:
7205:
7197:
7190:
7182:
7175:
7167:
7161:
7153:
7147:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7117:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7078:
7062:
7058:
7052:
7036:
7032:
7026:
7010:
7006:
7000:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6970:
6964:
6960:
6957:Jongjun Kim.
6956:
6951:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6917:
6911:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6896:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6877:
6869:
6863:
6859:
6858:
6850:
6842:
6836:
6833:. Routledge.
6832:
6825:
6816:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6773:
6768:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6741:Hadar, Oren.
6737:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6723:
6718:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6690:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6642:"독립협회 (獨立協會)"
6637:
6622:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6605:
6599:
6595:
6589:
6583:
6567:
6563:
6556:
6540:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6524:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6490:
6486:
6478:
6471:
6467:
6464:
6459:
6452:
6448:
6445:
6440:
6433:
6432:0-521-22356-3
6429:
6425:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6379:
6377:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6352:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6329:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6297:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6260:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6230:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6170:
6163:
6151:
6147:
6141:
6137:
6136:
6128:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6015:The Hankyoreh
6011:
6005:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5941:
5926:
5922:
5915:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5876:Robinson 2007
5872:
5864:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5787:
5785:
5765:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5745:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5709:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5654:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5621:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5588:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5518:
5516:
5508:
5502:
5495:
5489:
5482:
5476:
5469:
5463:
5459:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5441:
5440:public domain
5432:
5431:
5417:
5413:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5387:Comfort women
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5354:
5351:
5340:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5175:Assassination
5172:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5067:Kuniaki Koiso
5065:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4937:
4926:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4894:
4892:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4862:
4860:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4848:Comfort women
4845:
4839:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4789:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4755:Chōsen Shrine
4751:
4749:
4745:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4712:Gyeongbokgung
4708:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4680:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4610:
4609:human capital
4599:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4506:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4412:kokumin gakkō
4397:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4369:
4361:
4355:
4351:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4293:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4266:
4251:
4249:
4239:
4230:
4228:
4225:According to
4223:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4168:
4163:
4160:
4159:laissez-faire
4155:
4154:Suh Sang-chul
4149:
4144:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4107:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4050:
4048:
4047:Kankyōhoku-dō
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4023:Keishōhoku-dō
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4007:Chūseihoku-dō
4004:
4000:
3991:
3981:
3972:
3968:
3965:This section
3963:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:38th parallel
3932:south of the
3931:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3915:38th parallel
3912:
3907:
3906:John R. Hodge
3902:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3869:
3867:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3845:Eagle Project
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3806:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3776:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3715:
3705:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3636:comfort women
3633:
3624:
3619:
3618:Comfort women
3612:Comfort women
3609:
3607:
3603:
3602:Burma Railway
3599:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3572:at their back
3569:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3526:Kwantung Army
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3499:Chung Il-kwon
3496:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3033:Kuniaki Koiso
3030:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3005:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2877:朝鮮人ノ姓名改称ニ関スル件
2870:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2830:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2801:Gyeongbokgung
2798:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2770:Gyeongbokgung
2766:
2764:
2760:
2757:, then under
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2726:Hyochang Park
2722:
2717:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2678:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2614:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2477:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:Ryohei Uchida
2417:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2393:Ahn Jung-geun
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:Homer Hulbert
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:Korean Empire
2275:
2270:
2262:
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2255:Korean Empire
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2220:'s report to
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2016:
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1857:null and void
1854:
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1813:comfort women
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1809:Fumio Kishida
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1707:Korean Empire
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1183:Unified Silla
1181:
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628:Today part of
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544:Korean Empire
542:
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74:
69:
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33:
30:
19:
15702:Soviet Union
15651:
15590:(until 1944)
15355:Afrika Korps
15260:(until 1944)
15053:Other topics
14897:
14889:
14727:Taishō Roman
14481:Conscription
14451:
14443:
14418:Armed Forces
14278:(ministries)
14178:Charter Oath
14173:Constitution
14055:State Shinto
14038:Essentialism
13988:Demographics
13899:
13848:
13792:
13772:Kankyōnan-dō
13762:Heianhoku-dō
13757:Heian'nan-dō
13752:Keishōnan-dō
13737:Zenrahoku-dō
13732:Chūseinan-dō
13709:
13703:
13638:
13622:
13392:Keijō Shrine
13366:Heijō Shrine
13269:Refrain Club
13096:Forced labor
13016:Hwacheon Dam
12993:State Shinto
12982:Sōshi-kaimei
12898:
12864:
12832:
12826:
12817:
12802:
12793:
12784:
12776:
12765:
12741:Online books
12731:
12698:
12689:
12679:
12660:
12651:
12643:the original
12627:
12612:
12587:
12567:
12563:
12542:
12528:
12520:
12519:Ko Wŏn-Sŏp.
12515:
12503:. Retrieved
12489:
12471:
12467:
12455:. Retrieved
12451:the original
12441:
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12212:
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12121:
12109:. Retrieved
12085:
12078:
12066:. Retrieved
12042:
12035:
12023:. Retrieved
12014:
12004:
11992:. Retrieved
11976:The Guardian
11975:
11965:
11957:
11954:the original
11944:
11932:. Retrieved
11923:
11914:
11902:. Retrieved
11893:
11883:
11871:. Retrieved
11867:the original
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11812:. Retrieved
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11782:. Retrieved
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11762:
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11725:. Retrieved
11721:the original
11707:
11689:
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11671:. Retrieved
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11640:23 September
11638:. Retrieved
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11619:
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11581:
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11559:
11554:
11542:. Retrieved
11537:
11533:
11523:
11513:17 September
11511:. Retrieved
11502:
11480:27 September
11478:. Retrieved
11456:(1): 47–74.
11453:
11449:
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11416:
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11392:
11378:
11366:. Retrieved
11357:
11347:
11339:the original
11331:
11319:
11311:
11306:
11294:. Retrieved
11275:
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11234:. Retrieved
11230:the original
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11195:restitution.
11193:
11188:
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11151:. Retrieved
11127:
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11009:. Retrieved
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10969:
10957:. Retrieved
10943:
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10890:
10884:
10857:
10853:
10843:
10829:cite journal
10796:
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10755:
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10704:. Retrieved
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10616:. Retrieved
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10515:. Retrieved
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10498:
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10426:. Retrieved
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10410:
10398:. Retrieved
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10367:. Retrieved
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10347:
10335:. Retrieved
10302:
10298:
10264:
10252:
10240:. Retrieved
10232:hdr.undp.org
10231:
10222:
10210:. Retrieved
10192:
10179:. Retrieved
10164:
10156:the original
10146:
10133:. Retrieved
10118:
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9952:. Retrieved
9922:. Retrieved
9890:. Retrieved
9886:the original
9876:
9843:
9839:
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9825:
9820:
9811:
9795:
9789:
9777:. Retrieved
9763:
9742:cite journal
9730:. Retrieved
9711:
9697:
9689:
9686:Sthele Press
9685:
9675:
9663:. Retrieved
9659:
9650:
9626:
9619:
9606:
9600:
9588:. Retrieved
9578:
9568:
9557:, retrieved
9542:
9517:. Retrieved
9507:
9481:, retrieved
9468:
9459:
9447:
9423:
9401:. Retrieved
9392:
9383:
9371:. Retrieved
9361:
9351:
9341:28 September
9339:. Retrieved
9329:
9319:
9311:
9306:
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9265:. Retrieved
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9220:
9210:
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9189:
9180:
9162:
9150:. Retrieved
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9132:
9120:. Retrieved
9116:the original
9106:
9087:
9068:
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9043:
9024:
9012:. Retrieved
8963:
8959:
8949:
8937:. Retrieved
8928:
8919:
8909:15 September
8907:. Retrieved
8897:
8891:
8881:15 September
8879:. Retrieved
8868:
8858:
8846:. Retrieved
8838:sdh-fact.com
8837:
8828:
8819:
8806:
8797:
8789:the original
8779:
8760:
8754:
8746:the original
8736:
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8721:
8702:
8696:
8684:. Retrieved
8675:
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8640:
8614:. Retrieved
8610:the original
8600:
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8573:. Retrieved
8569:the original
8564:
8553:
8541:. Retrieved
8531:
8522:
8513:
8501:. Retrieved
8487:
8482:, July 1944.
8468:
8460:the original
8450:
8438:. Retrieved
8418:
8411:
8402:
8390:. Retrieved
8379:
8356:26 September
8354:. Retrieved
8343:
8319:. Retrieved
8308:
8299:
8287:. Retrieved
8280:
8271:
8259:. Retrieved
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8231:. Retrieved
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8173:. Retrieved
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8124:
8112:. Retrieved
8093:
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8074:
8068:
8059:
8047:. Retrieved
8043:the original
8031:
8019:. Retrieved
8015:the original
7997:
7986:, retrieved
7979:the original
7966:
7962:植民地支配と「人の支配」
7954:
7942:. Retrieved
7922:
7903:
7895:
7879:
7867:. Retrieved
7863:the original
7853:
7833:
7811:. Retrieved
7778:
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7704:
7692:. Retrieved
7683:
7652:
7642:
7622:
7610:. Retrieved
7590:
7583:
7571:. Retrieved
7562:
7540:
7533:. Retrieved
7524:韓国・国史編纂委員会所蔵
7516:
7497:
7491:
7479:. Retrieved
7466:
7456:
7444:. Retrieved
7433:
7423:
7396:
7392:
7382:
7370:. Retrieved
7345:
7341:
7316:. Retrieved
7291:
7287:
7262:. Retrieved
7258:the original
7247:
7225:Modern Korea
7224:
7218:
7195:
7189:
7180:
7174:
7151:
7146:
7134:. Retrieved
7125:
7116:
7091:
7087:
7077:
7065:. Retrieved
7051:
7039:. Retrieved
7025:
7013:. Retrieved
6999:
6987:. Retrieved
6978:
6975:"(1) 헌병경찰체제"
6969:
6950:
6938:. Retrieved
6916:
6895:
6876:
6856:
6849:
6830:
6824:
6815:
6803:. Retrieved
6789:
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6755:. Retrieved
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6721:
6717:
6705:. Retrieved
6699:
6689:
6677:. Retrieved
6673:
6664:
6652:. Retrieved
6645:
6636:
6624:. Retrieved
6614:
6604:
6594:Gari Ledyard
6570:. Retrieved
6566:the original
6555:
6543:. Retrieved
6532:
6493:. Retrieved
6489:the original
6477:
6458:
6439:
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6386:
6351:
6342:
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6328:
6316:. Retrieved
6305:
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6269:
6259:
6247:. Retrieved
6238:
6229:
6217:. Retrieved
6208:
6199:
6187:. Retrieved
6183:the original
6178:
6169:
6161:
6154:. Retrieved
6134:
6127:
6115:. Retrieved
6106:
6097:
6085:. Retrieved
6076:
6066:
6054:. Retrieved
6045:
6036:
6026:13 September
6024:. Retrieved
6013:
6004:
5994:13 September
5992:. Retrieved
5988:the original
5983:
5974:
5962:. Retrieved
5951:
5940:
5928:. Retrieved
5924:
5914:
5902:. Retrieved
5893:
5883:
5871:
5865:(1): 97–118.
5862:
5858:
5845:
5833:. Retrieved
5800:
5796:
5771:. Retrieved
5759:
5733:28 September
5731:. Retrieved
5725:(1): 62–63.
5722:
5718:
5708:
5690:
5685:
5673:. Retrieved
5664:
5640:. Retrieved
5631:
5607:. Retrieved
5598:
5574:. Retrieved
5565:
5556:
5544:. Retrieved
5524:
5506:
5501:
5493:
5488:
5480:
5475:
5467:
5462:
5445:
5416:
5372:Sōshi-kaimei
5350:Japan portal
5326:
5318:
5312:
5304:
5298:A Resistance
5296:
5288:
5280:
5272:
5261:
5255:Mr. Sunshine
5253:
5245:
5237:
5229:
5221:
5213:
5205:
5197:
5189:
5183:The Silenced
5181:
5173:
5165:
5157:
5149:
5141:
5133:
5125:
5117:
5109:
5101:
5095:Sea of Blood
5093:
5085:
5073:Nobuyuki Abe
5043:Saitō Makoto
5012:
5007:
4992:
4988:Roh Moo-hyun
4978:
4962:
4949:inpatients.
4934:
4932:
4911:sōshi-kaimei
4904:
4900:
4887:
4883:
4863:
4856:
4844:World War II
4841:
4814:
4778:
4774:
4759:Heijō Shrine
4752:
4748:State Shinto
4741:
4724:
4709:
4694:
4686:
4677:
4669:Naisen ittai
4668:
4666:
4656:inaugurated
4650:
4641:
4626:
4617:
4613:
4605:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4484:
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4478:senmon gakkō
4477:
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4268:
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4213:
4198:
4184:mercantilism
4178:
4170:
4165:
4151:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4123:World War II
4112:
4043:Kankyōnan-dō
4035:Heianhoku-dō
4031:Heian'nan-dō
4027:Keishōnan-dō
4015:Zenrahoku-dō
4011:Chūseinan-dō
3996:
3975:
3971:adding to it
3966:
3927:
3903:
3888:
3870:
3858:
3823:founded the
3817:
3772:
3722:
3702:
3674:
3662:
3653:Chizuko Ueno
3640:
3632:World War II
3629:
3595:
3576:
3571:
3563:
3561:
3554:
3549:conscription
3546:
3538:Paik Sun-yup
3523:
3503:Paik Sun-yup
3488:
3262:
3254:
3108:
3079:Tarawa Atoll
3076:
3065:
3058:
3045:conscription
3038:
3021:
2993:World War II
2887:Sōshi-kaimei
2874:
2872:
2869:Sōshi-kaimei
2841:
2835:
2805:
2767:
2751:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2657:
2649:
2644:entitlements
2623:
2593:
2590:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2546:
2511:
2500:Sunjong (李坧)
2496:Lee Wan-yong
2470:
2457:
2428:
2424:Lee Wan-yong
2412:pan-Asianism
2405:
2397:Ito Hirobumi
2385:Ito Hirobumi
2381:Lee Wan-yong
2378:
2360:was held in
2355:
2347:
2340:
2325:
2317:
2271:
2258:
2236:
2225:
2207:
2168:
2129:Gapsin Coup,
2126:
2121:
2119:
2116:Gaehwa Party
2096:
2080:
2073:Imo Incident
2067:Imo Incident
2034:
2024:
1978:
1883:
1870:
1844:
1837:
1817:Nippon Kaigi
1805:World War II
1802:
1798:Yuriko Koike
1771:
1750:Japanization
1747:
1725:through the
1715:protectorate
1692:
1669:
1652:
1642:
1590:
1544:Christianity
1418:Architecture
1398:1948–present
1387:1948–present
1376:1945–present
1326:
1279:
1266:
1229:
1219:Later Balhae
1217:
1205:
1195:Later Sabeol
1193:
1162:Later Baekje
1131:
1119:
1099:United Silla
1069:
1056:
1044:
1039:57 BC–935 AD
1029:18 BC–660 AD
1019:37 BC–668 AD
800:
750:Palaeolithic
575:
557:
526:Succeeded by
525:
520:
465:Sōshi-kaimei
457:1 March 1919
386:Nobuyuki Abe
263:Christianity
243:Confucianism
238:State Shinto
230:
224:
160:Part of the
147:
116:
29:
15707:Byelorussia
15677:Philippines
15667:Netherlands
15360:Ostlegionen
15179:Axis forces
15095:Shōwa Modan
15070:Hakkō ichiu
15007:Philippines
14894:after 1943)
14872:Territories
14830:Pacific War
14690:World War I
14566:Air Service
14506:Air Service
14379:Gozen Kaigi
14095:(Yoshihito)
14087:(Mutsuhito)
14033:Nationalism
13978:Agriculture
13742:Zenranan-dō
13643:after 1943)
13529:(1946–1947)
13286:Yi Yun-yong
13183:(1920–1921)
13118:Sado Island
13026:Sup'ung Dam
12984:(1939–1945)
12973:(1920–1945)
12961:(1922–1944)
12854: /
12842:126°58′37″E
12457:28 November
12391:19 February
12364:19 February
12334:19 February
12303:19 February
12277:19 February
11934:19 February
11904:19 February
11873:19 February
11727:22 December
11673:26 November
11395:2010 08 10,
10463:11 February
9924:17 December
9732:27 November
9267:10 February
9227:: 123–132.
9200:10 February
9152:10 February
9014:10 February
8939:10 February
8575:19 February
8543:19 February
8539:(in Korean)
8321:21 November
8205:21 November
8021:19 February
8010:황국신민화정책자료해설
7988:20 February
7535:8 September
7399:(11): 561.
7264:19 February
6757:20 February
6650:(in Korean)
6534:Dong-a Ilbo
6189:19 February
5773:19 February
5268:Min Jin Lee
5167:Bridal Mask
5075:(1944–1945)
5069:(1942–1944)
5063:(1936–1942)
5061:Jirō Minami
5057:(1927–1929)
5051:(1931–1936)
5045:(1929–1931)
5039:(1916–1919)
5033:(1910–1916)
4811:Koryo-saram
4466:futsu gakko
4448:futsu gakkō
4323:Maeil Sinbo
4292:Keijō Nippō
4286:Maeil Sinbo
4019:Zenranan-dō
3899:surrendered
3794:Tapgol Park
3778: [
3745:Kim Il Sung
3583:Bert Röling
3515:Kim Suk-won
3509:during the
3495:South Korea
3233:House of Yi
3096:Pacific War
3039:From 1939,
2843:Chosun Ilbo
2789: [
2664:landlordism
2652:arable land
2627:land reform
2134:Kim Ok-gyun
2122:Gaehwa-dang
2112:Gapsin Coup
2106:Gapsin Coup
2081:The regent
1912::
1902::
1892::
1886:South Korea
1867:Terminology
1741:, based in
1721:, and then
1509:Politics (
1481:Family tree
720:History of
688::
681:Gyeongseong
678::
668::
636:North Korea
632:South Korea
521:Preceded by
190:South Korea
102:Seal of the
15799:Annexation
15763:Categories
15657:Luxembourg
14859:Occupation
14682:Taishō era
14627:Boshin War
14471:War crimes
14267:Government
14243:Tonarigumi
14150:Privy Seal
14145:State Seal
14103:(Hirohito)
14028:Militarism
13983:Censorship
13249:Hong Sa-ik
13128:Utoro, Uji
13021:Korean yen
12917:Government
12839:37°34′39″N
12235:1 December
12150:30 October
12111:30 October
12068:30 October
11584:(9): 824.
11540:(2): 13–30
11335:/ newswire
11038:Routledge.
10733:(2): 175.
10706:24 January
10696:2115/29532
10659:24 January
10618:24 January
10577:24 January
10488:26 January
10428:26 January
10400:26 January
10369:26 January
9802:. p.
9779:4 December
9665:24 January
9590:28 January
9519:28 January
9469:Historynet
9373:28 January
8870:Asia Times
8392:1 December
8114:18 October
8049:31 October
7372:28 October
7318:28 October
7067:8 November
7041:8 November
7015:8 November
6805:23 October
6654:26 January
6545:25 October
6345:: 147–173.
6156:13 January
5904:18 October
5835:27 October
5803:(3): 751.
5576:9 November
5566:Wikisource
5546:29 October
5428:References
5135:Modern Boy
5002:See also:
4942:quarantine
4878:law of war
4870:war crimes
4836:See also:
4769:See also:
4720:Sungnyemun
4658:Hangul Day
4597:22,793,766
4586:19,642,775
4583:Uneducated
4525:University
4517:Population
4263:See also:
4233:Drug trade
4119:Atul Kohli
3978:April 2022
3606:Hong Sa-ik
3279:Compulsion
3276:Applicants
3135:Acceptance
3130:Applicants
3127:Applicants
3087:Mili Atoll
3002:See also:
2782:Deoksugung
2714:See also:
2677:chūō nōkai
2538:Ye Wanyong
2536:signed by
2505:융희4년; 隆熙4年
2341:Under the
2274:Deoksugung
2266:독립협회; 獨立協會
2210:Miura Gorō
1999:Background
1933:Ilje Sidae
1827:under the
1778:militantly
1767:Korean War
1762:Deoksugung
1505:Newspapers
780:Bronze Age
510:Korean yen
281:Demonym(s)
268:Cheondoism
15734:(limited)
15637:Indonesia
15615:Indochina
15565:Manchukuo
15533:Lithuania
15491:Lists by
15396:Gakutotai
15177:Lists by
15060:Sonnō jōi
15012:Singapore
14997:Hong Kong
14959:Azad Hind
14934:Mengjiang
14929:Manchukuo
14903:Kantō-shū
14845:Surrender
14752:Shōwa era
14737:Truku War
14608:Meiji era
14576:Tokkeitai
14541:Kempeitai
14452:Senjinkun
14369:Daijō-kan
14332:Munitions
14213:Mokusatsu
14003:Education
13893:Kantō-shū
13470:Hibakusha
13035:Companies
12428:145280988
11984:0261-3077
11578:Religions
11544:12 August
11462:0304-1042
11368:5 January
11286:0028-9604
11226:0040-781X
11011:18 August
10959:6 October
10876:1068-2341
10821:162206825
10813:0021-9118
10776:151584389
10448:"신문 (新聞)"
10327:145267716
10212:8 January
10181:8 January
10135:8 January
9954:2 October
9892:5 January
9868:157334108
9860:1468-0289
9257:145678875
9241:0002-7162
8980:0935-560X
8616:20 August
8503:4 October
7944:21 August
7813:2 October
7803:159549648
7754:2 October
7724:2 October
7694:2 October
7415:2075-5309
7393:Buildings
7233:cite book
7204:cite book
7160:cite book
6940:5 October
6707:25 August
6679:25 August
6626:25 August
6611:"고종 (高宗)"
6495:5 January
6472:p. 2 left
6117:6 October
6087:6 October
6056:6 October
5984:SNA Japan
5930:12 August
5825:154798459
5223:Love Lies
4965:Hiroshima
4946:abortions
4744:Manchukuo
4732:Naoto Kan
4561:1,941,789
4416:kōkokumin
4345:Education
4248:Manchuria
4209:munitions
4115:Princeton
3911:Dean Rusk
3767:crucified
3725:Manchuria
3643:U.S. Army
3054:Manchukuo
2983:3,220,693
2972:2,153,393
2961:1,081,564
2906:household
2848:Pyongyang
2838:Changchun
2763:Pyongyang
2631:cadastral
2461:Namdaemun
2374:Yi Tjoune
2362:The Hague
2282:Hwangudan
2192:tributary
2087:Queen Min
2083:Daewongun
2063:of 1875.
2059:) of the
1984:日本統治時代の朝鮮
1717:with the
1493:Era names
1443:Geography
1438:Education
1366:1945–1948
1341:1919–1948
1331:1910–1945
1306:1897–1910
1296:1392–1897
1286:1029–1030
760:Neolithic
691:Kyŏngsŏng
655:romanized
253:Shamanism
218:Religion
106:of Chōsen
71:1910–1945
15739:Thailand
15719:Chechnya
15697:Slovakia
15620:Cambodia
15570:Mongolia
15545:Bulgaria
15438:Makapili
15386:Chinilpa
15372:Japanese
15247:Chetniks
15038:Yen bloc
15026:Ideology
15017:Thailand
14886:Karafuto
14879:Colonies
14466:Kamikaze
14409:Military
14312:Treasury
14166:Policies
14157:Kimigayo
14078:Emperors
14045:Politics
14013:Eugenics
13971:Overview
13918:Furanten
13850:Governor
13767:Kōkai-dō
13722:Kōgen-dō
13717:Keiki-dō
13635:Karafuto
13254:Iljinhoe
12774:(1908),
12763:(1898),
12625:(1996),
12536:Archived
12499:Archived
12479:Archived
12358:Archived
12328:Archived
12271:Archived
12256:, p. 318
12229:Archived
12144:Archived
12105:Archived
12062:Archived
12025:9 August
12019:Archived
11994:9 August
11988:Archived
11928:Archived
11898:Archived
11894:BBC News
11834:Archived
11778:Archived
11776:. 2005.
11667:Archived
11634:Archived
11507:Archived
11474:Archived
11470:27822899
11409:Archived
11386:Archived
11362:Archived
11290:Archived
11277:Newsweek
11254:Archived
11147:Archived
11052:Archived
11005:Archived
10953:Archived
10700:Archived
10653:Archived
10612:Archived
10571:Archived
10517:22 March
10337:25 March
10331:Archived
10242:30 March
10236:Archived
10206:Archived
10175:Archived
10129:Archived
9948:Archived
9918:Archived
9773:Archived
9726:Archived
9559:29 March
9553:archived
9477:archived
9397:Archived
9261:Archived
9249:25098017
9194:Archived
9170:Archived
9146:Archived
9122:5 August
9095:Archived
9076:Archived
9033:Archived
9008:Archived
8996:21268430
8933:Archived
8903:Archived
8875:Archived
8848:21 April
8842:Archived
8686:31 March
8680:Archived
8650:Archived
8626:cite web
8497:Archived
8476:Archived
8434:Archived
8386:Archived
8350:Archived
8345:BBC News
8315:Archived
8199:Archived
8169:Archived
8132:, pg.150
8108:Archived
7938:Archived
7898:8 (2004)
7888:Archived
7869:24 April
7807:Archived
7795:44504065
7748:Archived
7744:Newsweek
7718:Archived
7688:Archived
7632:Archived
7606:Archived
7573:4 August
7567:Archived
7529:Archived
7475:Archived
7440:Archived
7366:Archived
7312:Archived
7130:Archived
7061:Archived
7035:Archived
7009:Archived
6983:Archived
6959:Archived
6934:Archived
6906:Archived
6885:Archived
6799:Archived
6775:Archived
6751:Archived
6582:cite web
6572:3 August
6539:Archived
6466:Archived
6447:Archived
6391:Archived
6360:Archived
6312:Archived
6280:Archived
6243:Archived
6213:Archived
6150:Archived
6111:Archived
6081:Archived
6050:Archived
6020:Archived
5958:Archived
5898:Archived
5829:Archived
5764:Archived
5727:Archived
5698:Archived
5669:Archived
5636:Archived
5603:Archived
5570:Archived
5540:Archived
5336:See also
5320:Pachinko
5263:Pachinko
5127:Mulberry
5087:Madam Oh
4981:Chinilpa
4969:Nagasaki
4859:Unit 731
4738:Religion
4254:Policies
4181:colonial
4039:Kōkai-dō
4003:Kōgen-dō
3999:Keiki-dō
3866:Hwaseong
3741:Red Army
3455:145,046
3132:accepted
3072:Sakhalin
2620:in Keijō
2524:and the
2408:Iljinhoe
2092:legation
1954:), and "
1845:chinilpa
1657:Japanese
1592:Timeline
1537:Buddhism
1531:Religion
1476:Monarchs
1469:Goguryeo
1458:Military
1453:Language
1433:Currency
1411:By topic
1274:938–1105
1261:918–1392
1015:Goguryeo
975:Goguryeo
827:Gojoseon
711:a series
709:Part of
646:Japanese
506:Currency
248:Buddhism
231:De facto
204:Japanese
164:(colony)
121:Kimigayo
15724:Ukraine
15712:Belarus
15687:Romania
15630:Vietnam
15605:Hungary
15587:Finland
15582:Denmark
15577:Croatia
15540:Belgium
15523:Estonia
15501:Albania
15193:Italian
14599:History
14571:Marines
14208:Kokutai
14113:Symbols
14093:Taishō
14050:Statism
13993:Economy
13922:Hishika
13882:|
13878:|
13874:|
13870:|
13866:|
13692:|
13688:|
13684:|
13680:|
13676:|
13672:|
13668:|
13664:|
13660:|
13541:(1992–)
13535:(1990–)
13508:(2018–)
13490:(1987–)
13472:(1945–)
13466:(1945–)
13460:(1945–)
13383:(Seoul)
13164:(1920)
13004:Economy
12579:Sources
12505:13 July
12202:4 April
12176:4 April
11840:13 June
11814:1 March
11804:CNN.com
11784:1 March
11236:27 June
11001:"KOSIS"
10690:: 111.
9993:2598181
9573:윤, 시원.
9537:박, 성수,
9502:윤, 상원.
9483:24 June
9403:1 March
9356:김, 진봉.
9324:박, 성수.
9004:1765052
8289:29 June
8261:29 June
8233:29 June
8175:1 March
7612:4 March
7481:17 July
7446:17 July
7362:3021667
7308:2598181
7108:1011225
6880:統監府文書7
6609:이, 원순.
6318:5 March
6286:5 March
6264:신, 용하.
6249:20 July
6219:20 July
5817:2566622
5695:p. 517.
5675:20 July
5642:20 July
5609:20 July
4936:Leprosy
4842:During
4648:/興夫伝).
4575:980,122
4571:Seodang
4550:199,642
4389:Kōminka
4069:railway
4053:Economy
3691:at the
3630:During
3534:Jiandao
3404:11,779
3387:15,689
3370:18,932
3353:21,560
3336:22,206
3319:20,044
3302:16,943
3241:Yi Geon
3215:303,294
3201:254,273
3187:144,743
2950:500,840
2939:157,074
2530:annexed
2180:Incheon
1428:Cuisine
1281:Heungyo
1236:938–986
1231:Jeongan
1224:927–935
1212:926–936
1200:919–927
1188:892–935
1177:901–918
1172:Taebong
1166:892–936
1139:662–925
1126:699–820
1114:698–926
1104:668–892
1076:512–930
1064:498–660
985:Nakrang
927:Eastern
834:–108 BC
832:2333 BC
771:Jeulmun
657::
490:•
477:•
463:•
450:•
424:•
411:•
365:(first)
293:Emperor
225:De jure
169:Capital
119: "
117:Anthem:
15744:Taiwan
15692:Serbia
15682:Poland
15672:Norway
15662:Malaya
15600:Greece
15595:France
15555:Ceylon
15528:Latvia
15188:German
15002:Malaya
14977:Borneo
14913:Taiwan
14908:Nan'yō
14898:Chōsen
14891:naichi
14101:Shōwa
14085:Meiji
14060:Kazoku
14008:System
13914:Kinshū
13910:Ryojun
13906:Dairen
13843:Nan'yō
13787:Taiwan
13640:naichi
13623:gaichi
13577:(2015)
13571:(2007)
13565:(2000)
13559:(1998)
13553:(1994)
13547:(1993)
13502:(2005)
13496:(1995)
13484:(1965)
13478:(1952)
13411:Legacy
13225:(1942)
13219:(1937)
13213:(1932)
13207:(1929)
13201:(1926)
13195:(1923)
13189:(1922)
13177:(1920)
13158:(1919)
13152:(1919)
13146:(1911)
13137:Events
12967:(1929)
12729:about
12709:
12667:
12635:
12617:online
12595:
12426:
12354:SAHRDC
12136:
12097:
12054:
11982:
11750:
11696:
11534:Diskus
11468:
11460:
11296:14 May
11284:
11224:
11176:
11139:
11108:
11083:
11062:
10922:
10897:
10874:
10860:: 14.
10819:
10811:
10774:
10479:"京城日報"
10352:최, 준.
10325:
10319:312805
10317:
10106:
10076:
10056:
10000:gaimai
9991:
9866:
9858:
9638:
9435:
9255:
9247:
9239:
9051:
9002:
8994:
8986:
8978:
8767:
8709:
8656:9 July
8426:
8150:
8100:
7969:]
7930:
7841:
7801:
7793:
7659:
7598:
7558:조선사편수회
7504:
7413:
7360:
7306:
7136:21 May
7106:
6989:16 May
6928:
6864:
6837:
6430:
6142:
5964:4 July
5823:
5815:
5532:
5442:.
5331:, 2023
5159:My Way
4872:, and
4809:, and
4792:Legacy
4589:86.2%
4539:22,064
4531:0.03%
4442:term.
4045:, and
3873:Kim Ku
3821:Kim Ku
3568:Tinian
3513:, and
3452:15,190
3449:79,672
3446:50,184
3438:9,706
3421:8,187
3364:10,704
3347:11,844
3330:12,117
3313:11,089
3251:, 1938
3173:84,443
3159:12,348
2986:80.3%
2975:53.7%
2964:27.0%
2953:12.5%
2928:61,579
2917:15,746
2747:Mimana
2703:naichi
2699:naichi
2694:naichi
2595:nikkei
2401:Harbin
2304:, and
1970:;
1964:;
1948:;
1942:;
1930:;
1924:;
1908:;
1898:;
1890:Korean
1792:, and
1731:Gojong
1672:Joseon
1665:Joseon
1653:Chōsen
1512:Joseon
1292:Joseon
1257:Goryeo
1110:Balhae
1051:42–562
1025:Baekje
947:Samhan
916:Dongye
886:Yemaek
842:Dangun
713:on the
684:;
674:;
666:Korean
467:order
429:signed
380:(last)
353:
324:Taishō
297:
286:Korean
258:Taoism
227:: None
209:Korean
157:Status
62:Chosŏn
48:Chōsen
15731:Spain
15652:Korea
15647:Italy
15610:India
15560:China
15550:Burma
15411:Heiho
14982:Burma
14695:Entry
14389:Peers
14253:Senbu
14238:Tokkō
13704:Korea
13627:Japan
13625:) of
13381:Keijō
12570:(44).
12424:S2CID
12225:Naver
11466:JSTOR
11153:4 May
10817:S2CID
10772:S2CID
10639:[
10598:[
10557:[
10323:S2CID
10315:JSTOR
9989:JSTOR
9864:S2CID
9253:S2CID
9245:JSTOR
9000:S2CID
8984:JSTOR
8440:4 May
7982:(PDF)
7971:(PDF)
7965:[
7799:S2CID
7791:JSTOR
7651:[
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