Korean Wave - Knowledge

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forms. While both Korean manhwa and Japanese manga share an Asian traditional way of drawing, the text emphasizes subtle but culturally significant differences. Mainstream Korean manhwa tends to prioritize drama and narrative, reflecting a cultural emphasis on societal and historical forces, whereas Japanese manga often focuses more on building individual characters and personalities.Despite regulatory efforts, manga continued to dominate the comics market in South Korea. Reasons for this preference included factors such as readability, superior graphics, superhero emphasis, and cost-effectiveness. Resistance efforts by cartoonists and associations aimed at promoting Korean comics, known as manhwa, focused on initiatives like Koreanization, crackdowns on Japanese comics dealers, and government interventions.

1594: 1141: 497: 2009:, who aimed to foster a "future-oriented relationship" between the two countries. As part of this initiative, South Korea lifted its unilateral restrictions on the import of Japanese cultural products in 1998, leading to increased cultural exchanges between the two nations. A relevant policies, which was the Open Door Policy implemented by South Korea from 1998 to 2004 played a significant role in facilitating the spread of hallyu in Japan. This policy aimed to liberalize South Korea's cultural industry and promote cultural exports. In November 2, 2021, data released by 1159: 799: 1549:

intervention, driven by concerns for political stability, resulted in censorship and negative societal views, limiting the industry's growth during that period.Fast forward to the 2000s-2010s, a notable shift occurred with the rise of webtoons and educational manhwa. Webtoons, thriving on digitization and online platforms, gained international acclaim. Educational manhwa also played a positive role in children's education, reducing business risks and reshaping the industry.

2309: 37: 1857: 1287: 2295: 2013:, underscores a remarkable surge in the export of Korean video content to Japan. In 2021, the export value soared to $ 1.81 billion (approximately 2.46 trillion won), representing a substantial 50 percent increase from the previous year's figure of $ 1.21 billion (approximately 1.64 trillion won). This significant growth reflects the escalating popularity and demand for Korean video content within the Japanese market. 2127: 2031:

falling 32 percent, a loss of $ 230 million. On 31 October 2017, the two governments announced a settlement regarding the THAAD dispute. Following the agreement, many large Chinese online video platforms began importing Korean dramas again, Chinese travel agencies restarted group tours to South Korea, and Korean bands made appearances in Chinese TV shows.

731:, South Korean mass media underwent a process of rapid expansion, despite facing increasing control and censorship from the government. As part of Park's development plans, the first commercial radio and television stations opened in the early 1960s and were subject to strict censorship under the Broadcasting Ethics Committee (Korean: 1733:, CDs and DVDs were commonly smuggled in from China. A 2012 survey by the institute of 100 North Korean defectors reported that South Korean media was prevalent among the North Korean elite. It also re-affirmed that North Koreans living near the northern border had the highest degree of access to South Korean entertainment. 1860: 1755:-commissioned study earlier that year concluded that North Korea was "increasingly anxious" to restrict the flow of information, but were struggling to contain the "substantial demand" for South Korean movies and television programs and the "intensely entrepreneurial" smugglers on the Chinese side of the border. 1859: 1864: 1863: 1858: 2110:, one of the earliest Korean dramas brought over to the Middle East, was broadcast after five months of "persistent negotiations" between the South Korean embassy and an Egyptian state-run broadcasting company. Perceptions of South Korea in Egypt, which were undermined by the country's involvement in the 1865: 4694:

The Korean wave, or hallyu, has also made significant forays into Iran. Korean period dramas, 'Jumong' in particular, were smash hits. Jumong – the founding monarch of Korea's ancient Goguryeo kingdom (37 B.C.–A.D. 668) – has become the most popular TV drama representing

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The Korean Wave, or Hallyu, has significantly influenced the global popularity of South Korean culture, particularly through K-dramas and K-pop, driving increased tourism to South Korea. The strategic initiatives implemented by the South Korean government and tourism industry have capitalized on this

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The comparison between Korean manhwa and Japanese manga has been a longstanding topic of discussion within the realm of comics. Historically, Korean manhwa creators often emulated the drawing style, format, and narrative elements of Japanese manga, leading to challenges in differentiating the two art

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During the first generation of the Korean Wave, Korean films that were exported abroad were primarily consumed in other Asian countries. Through online streaming services like Netflix, the South Korean entertainment industry has been able to expand outside of East Asia. The 2019 black comedy thriller

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By the late 2000s, K-dramas became part of the daily programming of local television channels across East Asia and in China, Korean programs made up more than all other foreign programming combined. During the period between 1997 and 2007, television exports from South Korea would increase from $ 8.3

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Hallyu-related sectors such as cosmetics, fashion, tourism, and education have seen substantial economic contributions, with cultural exports contributing to a 0.2% increase in South Korea's GDP in 2004, escalating remarkably to $ 12.3 billion by 2019. These figures underscore the profound impact of

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Korean television dramas reinforce traditional values of Confucianism that Iranians find more closely aligned to Islamic culture, implying that cultural proximity contributes to the Islamic Korean wave. 'Reflecting traditional family values, Korean culture is deemed "a filter for Western values" in

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Globalization and digitization further boosted success, allowing Korean animation series and webtoons to capture diverse audiences worldwide. The need for a business-friendly environment with less government intervention, coupled with a shift in societal perceptions to recognize manhwa as a dynamic

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Hallyu 2.0 or the New Korean Wave refers to the second generation of the Korean Wave, beginning in 2008. This generation is characterized by the spread of Korean popular culture through social media and the transition to K-pop as the primary South Korean cultural export. The period marked the rapid

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in China are generally considered the start of the Korean Wave. Compounding the foreign interest in Korean television programs, countries throughout East Asia began opening their television markets to foreign countries in the 1980s and 1990s. In the early 1970s, imported television programs made up

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As a part of the decolonization process in South Korea, imports of all Japanese media were banned in 1945. Despite this ban, Japanese media was still widely distributed and pirated in South Korea, with both state broadcasters and individual bootleggers being found guilty of illegal importation. The

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and the liberalization of the culture industry. The term primarily refers to the spread of Korean television, pop music, film, and fashion, but can also include animation, video games, technology, literature, cosmetics, and food. While the first generation of Hallyu in the late 1990s to early 2000s

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missile defense system, which it considers a risk to its national security. During this time, many Chinese-Korean television productions were paused and Korean television programs, the streaming of K-pop videos, and imports of various Korean cosmetics were restricted by the government. A number of

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In 2021, Kim Jong Un called K-pop a vicious cancer that serves to undermine the North Korean government. Kim further warned that South Korean entertainment was having a grave influence on young North Koreans and emphasized the necessity of stamping out "capitalist tendencies". In December 2020 the

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Recognizing the global appeal of Hallyu, the South Korean government launched the "Visit Korea Year 2023-2024." This initiative features a series of events and promotions to attract tourists, including K-pop concerts, cultural festivals, and significant discounts on travel and accommodations. The

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has been credited for having the greatest impact on the popularity of Korean television programs in Chinese-speaking countries, including Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and China. In May 2005, the show's final episode became the highest-rated television episode in Hong Kong history at more than 40

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issued a ban on group tours to South Korea by Chinese travel agencies. These bans resulted in significant financial losses for the South Korean entertainment industry with share prices of SM Entertainment falling 18 percent, a loss of $ 150 million, and share prices of YG Entertainment

1028:, and the success of the film led to a 1999 revision of the Motion Picture Promotion Law to allow individuals to finance film productions. This influx of capital would fund hundreds of Korean films and dramatically increase their budgets, with average costs per production rising from 0.9 billion 1847:

Digital technologies also play a crucial role in tourism strategies. Live streaming, for example, has emerged as a strategic tool, significantly influencing viewer engagement through parasocial interactions, where viewers feel a sense of friendship and trust with streamers. This enhances viewer

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to young Japanese women. South Korea's tourism industry has been greatly influenced by the increasing popularity of its media. According to Korean Culture and Information Service (Kocis), yearly tourism figures have increased from 5.32 million visitors in 2000 to 11.03 million visitors in 2023.

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to provide permits to twenty prospective cable television program providers. The providers were selected in August 1993, and cable television services began in March, 1995. With the liberalization of the South Korean television market, a greater number of Korean programs started to be exported

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Since the 2000s, the Korean Wave has transformed from a phenomenon driven primarily by satellite broadcasts to one driven by social media and the Internet. Foreign-language subtitles of K-dramas and real-time translations of K-pop performances on the Internet broadened the scope of Korean pop

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Prior to the 1990s, the Korean government prioritized funding traditional forms of Korean culture over contemporary Korean pop culture. However in 1993, the government shifted to a policy of cultural commercialization, incorporating cultural products as economic exports. In 1999, the National

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The success of South Korean cultural products in Asia has led some governments to pass measures to protect their own cultural industries. China made specific efforts to stem the flow of Korean films and dramas into their countries, hurting their sales. This motivated the South Korean cultural

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The 1997 Asian financial crisis led broadcasters throughout East Asia to seek cheaper programs as an alternative to the expensive, but popular broadcasts from Japan. In 2000, K-dramas were a quarter of the price of Japanese television programs and a tenth of the price of Hong Kong television

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The Korean Tourism Organization has recognized the Korean Wave as a significant pull factor for tourists, and launched a tourism campaign in 2014 entitled "Imagine your Korea" that highlighted Korean entertainment. Many fans of Korean television dramas are also motivated to travel to Korea,

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The Korean Manhwa industry has undergone significant changes from 1910 to the present, facing various challenges along the way. In the early years, the impact of Japanese colonial rule and the aftermath of the Korean War led to heavy government intervention from the 1950s to the 1970s. This

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article posted in February 2014, "Experts and observers in Korea and Japan say while attendance at the rallies is still small and such extreme actions are far from entering the mainstream of Japanese politics, the hostile demonstrations have grown in size and frequency in recent months."

695:'Korean wave') in an article describing the "zeal of Chinese audiences for Korean TV dramas and pop songs." Other terms used at the time included "Korean tide", "Korean heat", and "Korean wind". In China, the term "Han fever" was also used, comparing the phenomenon to the ongoing 789:

The first generation of the Korean Wave, also called Hallyu 1.0, was the initial rise in popularity of Korean popular culture within nearby Asian countries. The first generation began in China during the late 1990s, and consisted primarily of the spread of Korean television programming.

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to look like lead actress Lee Young-ae. The United States Modern Language Association reported that the number of university students learning Korean doubled between 2006 and 2016. In 2020, Korean became the fastest growing foreign language in Mexico and United States. The South Korean

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the Korean Wave on the economy, largely driven by tourism. This growth is supported by a study showing a robust correlation coefficient of 0.89 for Hallyu products, significantly higher than 0.44 for non-Hallyu products, indicating the strong economic influence of cultural exports.

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remained confined to Asia and referred to the popularity of Korean dramas and film on the continent, the second generation, or Hallyu 2.0, was driven primarily by the popularity of K-pop distributed on online platforms like YouTube. Both "Hallyu" and "Korean wave", were added to the

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regarding the restrictions imposed by the South Korean government. Under US pressure and despite fierce opposition from the domestic film industry, in 1988, the Korean government lifted restrictions that required foreign films to be distributed by domestic companies. In 1988,

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available with Arabic subtitles and the program was broadcast on several state-run Egyptian television networks. The Korean government's support for the Korean cultural exports in the Middle East are part of greater efforts to improve the country's image in the region.

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Egypt and Iran has been the center of the 'hallyu' phenomena in the Middle East for a few years now. While Egypt went crazy after the dramas 'Autumn in my Heart' and 'Winter Sonata,' Iran went gaga when its state television aired 'Emperor of the Sea' and 'Jewel in the

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received a substantial budget increase, allowing for the creation of hundreds of culture industry departments in universities nationwide. It has justified its financial support for Hallyu, estimated to be worth US$ 83.2 billion in 2012, by linking it to South Korea's

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K-pop boy bands and their fans have been the targets of a variety of racist, misogynistic, and homophobic attacks purporting that the bands promote homosexuality and feminine men. In February 2021, Matthias Matuschik, a radio presenter for the German radio station

5651: 2162:. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem reported that some Israeli and Palestinian K-pop fans see themselves as "cultural missionaries" and actively introduce K-pop to their friends and relatives, further spreading the Korean Wave within their communities. 1844:

Korea Tourism Organization (KTO) also hosts international roadshows and eco-friendly activities to promote cultural and environmental awareness. More details are available on the VISITKOREA website, which provides updates on upcoming events and offers.

1132:(2002), following the fall of barriers that had restricted the import and export of entertainment between the countries since the end of World War II. During the 2008 fiscal year, 68 percent of all K-pop exports from South Korea were exported to Japan. 2252:. In November 2021, group calling themselves "Team Copyright" based in Bangladesh took down a number of Twitter accounts associated with the BTS fandom through false copyright claims over allegations that the band promotes "atheism and homosexuality." 1977:

The Korean Wave positively impacted perceptions of South Korea in Taiwan. Taiwanese people's favorable impression of South Korea continues to increase significantly, which also makes the relationship between South Korea and Taiwan very close.

1427:, have faced increasing competition from comprehensive television networks with integrated production teams. The second generation of the Korean Wave produced a number of innovative television programs, including the absurd romantic comedy 747:

dictatorial rule. The enactment of the Yushin Constitution coincided with a broad crackdown on the South Korean culture industry against what Park alleged was the influence of "foreign decadent culture". Following Park's death and the 1979

4747: 4094: 2150:. In October 2012, representatives for the IRIB visited South Korea to visit filming locations in an effort to strengthen "cultural affinities" between the two countries and to seek avenues for further cooperation between KBS and IRIB. 894:

to exclaim in 2004 that "Bae Yong-joon is more popular than I am in Japan." Following the broadcast, stereotypes of Korea in Japan changed dramatically and tourism from Japan to South Korea would spike, primarily among Japanese women.

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in August 2005, a musician performed the racist and misogynistic rap "The Invasion of the Korean Wave" attacking actor Bae Yong-joon, female Taiwanese musicians, and the Korean Wave. In addition, backlash to K-pop is common on the

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North Korean government extended the punishment for possessing illegal entertainment from five to fifteen years of hard labor. In a leaked document obtained by Asia Press, Kim Jong Un deemed North Korean women who call their date

1990:, where people feel somewhat alienated from the rest of India and have some similarities to Koreans. India and Korea have hosted cultural events at each other's embassies, with their leaders looking to increase cultural ties. 2971:

the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism is nonetheless convinced of Hallyu's monetary contribution to Korea's "export-led economic development," a catchphrase that the economic ministries use to justify their budgetary

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had expanded into the South Korean music industry during the mid-1990s, under similar circumstances to the South Korean film industry, the 1997 Asian financial crisis abruptly ended these ventures. This vacuum was filled by

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is directly influenced by Japanese Manga comics. It encompasses a wide range of genres and styles, similar to its Japanese counterpart, manga. During the 2010s, the format would undergo a revitalization as a result of

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and creative industry was the key to this change. Recognizing historical challenges was crucial for crafting effective policies to propel the Korean manhwa industry into a vibrant and globally competitive landscape.

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entertainment industry has faced repeated claims of mistreatment towards its musical artists. A series of high-profile suicides by Korean actors and idols highlighted the industry's harsh working conditions.

819:(SBS), becoming the first private television station since the forced nationalization of private broadcasters in 1980. In December 1991, the National Assembly passed the Cable Television Act which directed the 7961: 1861: 4401: 982:

in 1993. By 1994, domestic films reached a record low market share of just 15.4 percent, with commentators predicting the demise of the Korean film industry in the near-future. As well, negotiations for the

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and the end of military censorship over the South Korean entertainment industry, South Korea emerged as a major exporter of popular culture. The Korean Wave was first driven by the spread of K-dramas and

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attributed this rise in interest in the Korean language as a product of the Korean Wave. The Korean Wave has influenced a large number of British university students to pursue Korean language degrees.

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less than 1 percent of all airtime on CCTV, while by the late 1990s, that number would rise to 20–30 percent. In Vietnam, Korean television made up more than half of all imported programming in 1988.

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and the Internet, which played key roles in allowing the Korean entertainment industry reach overseas audiences, as well as the endorsement of the phenomenon by the South Korean government.

7837: 3018: 2174:. In China and Japan, the Korean Wave has frequently been described as a "cultural invasion" and restrictions have limited the number of Korean TV dramas shown to Chinese audiences. At the 1827:. The majority of these tourists were women. According to the KTO, more than 100,000 Indians traveled to South Korea in 2018, with the number of Indian tourists rising steadily each year. 1190:

into other parts of Asia, while the mid-2010s marked the Korean Wave's expansion outside of Asia into Europe, the Americas, and Africa. During this period, social media and platforms like

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programs. K-dramas first entered the Taiwanese market during the early 1990s, but the shift to Korean television programming following the financial crisis and the successful airing of

1670:, a common feature of K-dramas, has fueled interest in India into a variety of brands featured on these shows. Korean fashion, music, and television have been adopted by teenagers in 1369:" went viral and became the first YouTube video to reach one billion views in December of that year. The release of "Gangnam Style" helped push K-pop into mainstream Indian culture. 4570: 8261:(30 June 2015), "New Perspectives on the Creative Industries in the Hallyu 2.0 Era: Global-Local Dialectics in Intellectual Properties", in Lee, Sangjoon; Nornes, Abé Mark (eds.), 1662:

The Korean Wave popularized Korean snacks in Kazakhstan, Pakistan, China, Vietnam, Russia, India, and the United States. The Korean Wave has resulted in the rise in popularity of

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culture. YouTube has enabled fans to connect with K-pop through their own content, such as dance covers and reaction videos/channels. The creation of remakes on YouTube acted as

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Backlash against the Korean Wave can be rooted in nationalism or historical conflicts. The K-pop industry has been criticized for its promotion of sexualized Asian stereotypes.

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Korean artists had their visas denied and appearances canceled, although the Chinese government officially stated that their visa policy had not changed. In March 2017, the

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percent. In the years following its release, the program was exported to over 80 countries around the world. At the same time, the 2003–2004 airing of the romance K-drama

2075:) played a major role in increasing the Korean Wave's popularity in the Middle East and North Africa. Beginning in 2012, MBC4 hosted a series of Korean dramas, including 1778:

found that "entertainment shows from South Korea are particularly popular and have served to undermine the North Korean government's negative portrayals of South Korea".

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Lee, Claire Seungeun; Kuwahara, Yasue (20 February 2014), ""Gangnam Style" as Format: When a Localized Korean Song Meets a Global Audience", in Kuwahara, Yasue (ed.),

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were first became available on the Internet. The term "manhwa" is derived from the Korean words "manhwa" (만화), which can be translated to "comics" or "cartoons.

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expansion of the South Korean music, animation, and online gaming industries and a shift in government policy, from indifference to enthusiastic support, under the

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La culture populaire coréenne connaît un succès grandissant à travers le monde. Ce phénomène porte le nom de « Hallyu », ou « vague coréenne ».

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Since the mid-2010s, the rising success of K-pop groups abroad have become characteristic of the Korean Wave. These successes were led by the meteoric rise of the

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that host webtoons have expanded globally and have begun to offer their titles in different languages. These comics have branched outside of Korea by access of

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fear that the learning rituals embedded in the show would lead Kuwaiti youth to abandon their traditions wholesale in order to adopt Western morality wholesale.

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in 2007 were major breakthroughs for K-pop in Asia. BoA became the first South Korean pop star to break into the Japanese market with the release of her album

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in Japan led to a rise in tourism to South Korea and dramatically shifted the demographics of Japanese tourism to South Korea, from primarily Japanese men on

1760:...My happiest moments when I was in North Korea were watching South Korean TV shows. I felt like I was living in that same world as those actors on the show. 1407:. For many Korean artists, domestic popularity no longer correlates to overall success abroad as South Korea is no longer the world's largest K-pop consumer. 998:

and passed the Motion Picture Promotion Law in 1995, providing tax incentives for film production. These incentives were successful in attracting a number of

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wrote that Korean music content began to receive attention in the global pop culture world starting with Wonder Girls in the late 2000s, with BigBang,

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ended this ban, and it was gradually lifted across four stages between 1998 and 2004. To protect the South Korean culture industry, the South Korean

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Throughout 2016 and 2017, China implemented various restrictions on Korean cultural and economic imports as retaliation for the installation of the

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played a significant role in shaping the decision of the defectors to flee to the South. The institute also stated that some North Koreans near the

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The Korean Wave, began to gain traction in Japan around the late 1990s and early 2000s. This initial surge was largely due to efforts by Japanese

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Oh, Chuyun (20 February 2014), "The Politics of the Dancing Body: Racialized and Gendered Femininity in Korean Pop", in Kuwahara, Yasue (ed.),

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abroad. These media exports were first exported to China, after the two countries formally established diplomatic relations in 1992. Although

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Korean pop culture is very popular in Taiwan, and an increasing number of Taiwanese are learning Korean language. In Taiwan, where the drama

6017: 4612: 9111: 7339: 2146:(IRIB) in prime-time slots. Unlike Western productions, South Korean programs tend to satisfy the conservative criteria set by the Iranian 1893: 995: 7994: 5914:

Kim, M. (2023). "Parasocial Interactions in Digital Tourism: Attributes of Live Streamers and Viewer Engagement Dynamics in South Korea".

4560: 3982: 2099:. The imports of these programs were sometimes criticized out of the fear they would lead to Islamic youth to abandon traditional values. 10341: 10251: 10220: 10107: 9116: 8941: 6142: 4645: 408: 7206: 1794:" instead of comrade "perverted". The documents warned that those who were caught using the language would be expelled from their city. 10980: 8020:

Anderson, Crystal S. (20 February 2014), "That's My Man! Overlapping Masculinities in Korean Popular Music", in Kuwahara, Yasue (ed.),

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from BTS was taken down in Pakistan after the billboard purportedly received complaints for promoting homosexuality and using the word

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Mōri, Yoshitaka. "Winter Sonata and Cultural Practices of Active Fans in Japan: Considering Middle-Aged Women as Cultural Agents". In

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have emerged as major consumers of Korean culture. Following the success of Korean dramas in the Middle East & North Africa, the

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enacted additional restrictions over the media. In 1980, Chun forced the merger of all 29 private broadcasters into the state-owned

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has hosted the exhibition "Hallyu! The Korean Wave," showcasing the history of the Korean Wave in fashion, music, dance, and art.

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in 2021. Since the 2010s, there have been a greater number of collaborations between K-pop and foreign artists, such as BTS with

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Assembly passed the Basic Law for Promoting Cultural Industries which provided government support for Korean cultural products.

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was hugely successful in Turkey, Romania, and Iran, where it achieved nationwide ratings of 80 to 90 percent. The 2019 K-drama

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The hit Korean drama 'Jumong' was broadcast in Romania earlier this year, attracting some 800,000 viewers to the small screen.

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Some commentators have hoped that the popularity of Korean culture across Israel and Palestine may serve as a bridge over the

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million to $ 151 million, mostly to other Asian markets. As the volume of Korean cultural imports rapidly increased, China's

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Leung, Lisa. "Mediating Nationalism and Modernity: The Transnationalization of Korean Dramas on Chinese (Satellite) TV". In

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were the three most popular television programs internationally. In the United States, the Korean Wave spread outwards from

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Fahrisa, T. R. (2022). "Exports Driven by Hallyu Increasing South Korea's Economic Growth - Cultural Diplomacy Approach".

5356:"Parents in Kashmir Worry That K-pop's Influence Will Lead to Cultural Erasure. Teens Are Fully Embracing the Hallyu Wave" 4370: 4116: 4053: 914:

responded with a decision to restrict and limit the number of Korean TV dramas shown to Chinese audiences. In Taiwan, the

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as a Government Construct: The Korean Wave in the Context of Economic and Social Development", in Kuwahara, Yasue (ed.),

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Wong, Tze Chin (2010). "South Korea–China Mutual Perceptions: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly". In Straub, David (ed.).

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set box office records in South Korea and achieved commercial success in Hong Kong and Japan, a rare feat for the time.

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has dramatically risen since the 1990s. Worldwide interest in Korean culture has been led primarily by the spread of

2893: 562:, following the rise of satellite media in the late 1990s. Chinese journalists first coined the term "Korean Wave" ( 11355: 10954: 10600: 10277: 10151: 9950: 9946: 8869: 8864: 7606: 5582: 2419: 2159: 2068: 1932: 1455: 2255:

K-pop and K-pop idols have been criticized for promoting unhealthy attitudes around weight in Indian adolescents.

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Kim, Youna (5 November 2013), "Introduction: Korean media in a digital cosmopolitan world", in Kim, Youna (ed.),

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and otherwise inaccurate portrayals of Korean history, leading to boycotts and the cancellation of shows such as

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street protests demonstrating against the import of South Korean entertainment products. The anti-Korean comic,

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that restricted the number of foreign films shown in cinemas, intended to protect the Korean film industry from

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In India, millennials and members of Generation Z are the most interested in the Korean Wave. On May 31, 2022,

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YouTube and other online video platforms have been vital in the increasing international popularity of K-pop.

1217:". According to a poll conducted by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic, 10605: 10361: 10297: 10097: 10064: 10059: 9475: 8963: 7767: 4529: 2010: 413: 5452: 1848:

loyalty and encourages more visits, illustrating the shift towards digital engagement in tourism marketing.

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Transnational Cultural Traffic in Northeast Asia: The "Presence" of Japan in Korea's Popular Music Culture

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and as an important economic asset for South Korea, generating revenue through both exports and tourism.

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Lee, Keehyeung. "Mapping Out the Cultural Politics of “the Korean Wave” in Contemporary South Korea". In

7076: 6648:"[INTERVIEW] Korean culture becomes part of daily life in Japan as hallyu marks 20th anniversary" 6415:(2014). "'Korean Wave' in Taiwan: The Cultural Representation of Identities and Food in Korean TV Drama, 4809: 4709:"Led by BTS, 'Parasite,' '#Alive' and More, South Korea's Entertainment Biz Is Taking the World by Storm" 1914: 1225: 1206: 1115: 1003: 1002:

to the film industry, but these ventures were financially unsuccessful, and most disbanded following the

954: 951: 834: 546: 10767: 10437: 10210: 10092: 10011: 9762: 9689: 9618: 8902: 8080: 7024: 6740: 6316: 5674: 5102: 3553: 1461: 1416: 1251: 851: 757: 329: 214: 8117:; Iwabuchi, Koichi. "Introduction: East Asian TV Dramas: Identifications, Sentiments and Effects". In 5482: 2276:("Hating the Korean Wave") was published on 26 July 2005 and was widely sold in Japan. According to a 10883: 10827: 10287: 10161: 9905: 9757: 9752: 9578: 9517: 9412: 8977: 8055: 6312: 6261:(in French). Ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Développement international. n.d. Archived from 5419: 3382: 1751:

in which he vowed to "extend the fight against the enemy's ideological and cultural infiltration." A

1726: 1424: 1140: 1038:

achieved box office success in Hong Kong and Japan, and was the subject of multiple foreign remakes.

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also made history as the first non-English language film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.

11275: 10888: 10845: 10795: 10729: 10538: 10528: 10500: 10424: 10351: 10319: 10292: 10198: 10079: 10046: 10001: 9823: 6647: 6168: 5644:"Streaming: From Unstable Worlds Come a Love Story, Civil War with Zombies and Government Thriller" 4146: 2866: 2560: 2323: 1878: 1824: 1729:

reportedly tampered with their televisions to receive signals from South Korean stations, while on

1516:, the Korean term for comics, first gained popularity outside of Korea during the early 2000s when 1240: 1231: 829: 809: 709: 17: 7039: 6199: 3810: 1885:

The Korean Wave has been acknowledged by various heads of state and government, including Chinese

970:

became the first American film studio to set up a distribution office in South Korea, followed by

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Hallyu refers to the international diffusion of South Korean culture since the 1990s, following

11320: 11290: 11265: 11240: 11192: 11033: 10855: 10837: 10805: 10787: 10495: 10467: 10419: 10396: 10356: 10176: 10069: 10031: 10006: 9941: 9937: 9407: 9250: 9190: 8388: 7984: 3954: 2465: 2382: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2212: 1954: 1763: 1714: 1464:, streaming services in India saw a dramatic rise in interest for Korean-language programming. 1377: 987:

concluded in 1994, requiring South Korea to liberalize its communications and culture markets.

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trend to enhance South Korea's economic landscape and cultural diplomacy on the global stage.

10485: 10452: 10409: 9682: 9638: 9522: 9400: 9338: 9257: 8897: 8859: 8392: 5168: 4882: 4336: 4117:"Inside 'Hallyu!', The V&A's Playful Exhibition Celebrating Korean Fashion & Culture" 3955:"The Evolution of the Korean Wave: How Is the Third Generation Different from Previous Ones?" 3004: 2414: 1429: 1384: 1372:

BTS and other groups have sustained success globally, with world tours and appearances at US

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and have created an impact that has resulted in some movie and television show adaptations.

10860: 10810: 10595: 9870: 9434: 9309: 9292: 9143: 9008: 8907: 8521: 7450: 7277:"From Holy Land to 'Hallyu Land': The Symbolic Journey Following the Korean Wave in Israel" 6836:"Promises, Promises ... but Still No End to China's Ban on Group Tours to South Korea" 6348: 4565: 4214:

Oh, David C. (2017). "K-pop Fans React: Hybridity and the White Celebrity-fan on YouTube".

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In parts of China and Japan, the Korean Wave has been met with backlash and comparisons to

1474: 1219: 1151: 1144: 1123: 962: 534: 388: 224: 219: 5938:"Remarks by President Obama and President Park of South Korea in a Joint Press Conference" 5069: 3124:"Nation-branding and Transnational Consumption: Japan-mania and the Korean Wave in Taiwan" 1158: 699:

in the country. The term entered common usage following the airing of the romance K-drama

8: 10747: 10724: 10691: 10442: 9598: 9465: 9343: 9326: 9220: 8813: 8750: 7861:"Xenophobic German Presenter's Comments About BTS Are Just the Tip of the Racist Iceberg" 6595: 6460:

Hahm, Sung Deuk (2021). "The Impact of the Korean Wave on South Korea–Taiwan Relations".

6048: 4671: 4020: 3508: 3270: 3202: 2409: 1706: 1480: 1046:

Prior to the mid-1990s, South Korean music was largely devoid of foreign interest. While

866: 804: 738: 675: 310: 116: 10815: 10752: 10021: 9973: 9795: 9659: 9628: 9613: 9588: 9583: 9573: 9568: 9527: 9262: 9138: 8694: 8644: 8592: 8557:; Kim, Youna (5 November 2013), "Soft power and the Korean Wave", in Kim, Youna (ed.), 8543: 8494: 8464: 8414: 8339: 8298: 8217: 8195: 8102: 8025: 7573: 7478: 7424: 7296: 7255: 7176: 6991: 6745: 6477: 6442: 6392: 5787: 5746: 5679: 5551: 5518: 5038: 4989: 4910: 4501: 4475: 4456: 4276: 4223: 3974: 3899: 3875: 3145: 2898: 2718: 2314: 1907: 1775: 1767: 1675: 1659:

to eight Asian countries during its pre-production stage two years before its release.

1450: 1199: 1103: 1076: 857: 638: 6284: 6022:[Premier Wen Jiabao Accepts a Joint Interview with South Korean News Media]. 4740:"How K-pop and Korean drama had their biggest breakthrough in India amid the pandemic" 586:'Korean wave') in 1999, referring to the success of Korean popular culture in 11135: 10762: 10706: 10701: 9917: 9593: 9563: 9500: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9331: 9321: 9277: 9210: 9205: 9158: 8989: 8706: 8672: 8660: 8648: 8634: 8604: 8574: 8533: 8506: 8476: 8442: 8404: 8370: 8358: 8329: 8288: 8245: 8221: 8207: 8092: 8059: 8037: 7830:"How Self-appointed Vigilantes are Exploiting Policy Loopholes to 'Police' BTS' ARMY" 7677: 7611: 7300: 7260: 7181: 6995: 6981: 6543: 6482: 6446: 6432: 6412: 6397: 6118: 5792: 5750: 5207: 5042: 5030: 4994: 4946: 4914: 4902: 4460: 4448: 4438: 4280: 4058: 3978: 3879: 3867: 3857: 3738: 3150: 3008: 2958: 2935:"K-pop in Korea: How the Pop Music Industry Is Changing a Post-Developmental Society" 2903: 2723: 2620: 2487:"Korea's cultural exports and soft power: Understanding the true scale of this trend" 2360: 1667: 1606: 1080: 975: 922:

hours allocated to Korean programming. In addition, in response to the popularity of

891: 353: 160: 100: 8366: 8343: 8302: 7429: 5386: 4228: 798: 590:. During the 2000s, Hallyu evolved into a global phenomenon, expanding rapidly into 11196: 10696: 10658: 10505: 10429: 10026: 9847: 9734: 9623: 9485: 9422: 9385: 9378: 9282: 9225: 9056: 8928: 8698: 8664: 8626: 8596: 8566: 8547: 8498: 8468: 8434: 8396: 8362: 8321: 8278: 8270: 8237: 8199: 8084: 8029: 7288: 7245: 7166: 6973: 6676:"South Korea's 'K-pop' Stars Caught in the Crossfire of Diplomatic Spat with China" 6469: 6424: 6384: 5777: 5738: 5199: 5026: 5022: 4979: 4894: 4676: 4430: 4268: 4025: 3966: 3849: 3513: 3458: 3439: 3207: 3135: 3000: 2950: 2460: 1969:

found that the Korean Wave was a key factor in global perceptions of South Korea.

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in February of that year. But despite the withdrawal of Samsung from the industry,

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Yang, Fang-chih Irene. "Rap(p)ing Korean Wave: National Identity in Question". In

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Korean historical dramas have been increasingly scrutinized by Korean viewers for

1186:

administrations. The mid-2000s marked the expansion of the Korean Wave outside of

11215: 10970: 10772: 10676: 10622: 10036: 9427: 9215: 8843: 8622: 7989: 7044: 6652: 6428: 6204: 6080:"'Australia and Korea: Partners and Friends', Speech to Yonsei University, Seoul" 5782: 5765: 5546: 5513: 5424: 5266: 5233: 5074: 4898: 4640: 4496: 4151: 3970: 3815: 3705: 2565: 2441: 2372: 2277: 2272: 2223: 1910: 1691: 1663: 1618: 1415:

Since the mid-2000s, the three major South Korean broadcast television networks,

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Shim, Doobo. "The Growth of Korean Cultural Industries and the Korean Wave". In

4021:"Hallyu Fans Consume More Korean Content amid COVID-19 Pandemic in 2020: Survey" 2002: 11147: 10681: 9235: 8833: 8787: 8743: 8114: 8072: 7892:"Billboard for BTS' Jungkook Removed in Pakistan for 'Promoting Homosexuality'" 7706:"I have reported on 30 Korean celebrity suicides. The blame game never changes" 7334: 5766:"Assessment of TV Drama/Film Production Towns as a Rural Tourism Growth Engine" 4362: 2456: 2446: 2399: 2300: 1999: 1958: 1166: 1088: 943: 880: 728: 599: 559: 529: 305: 252: 95: 45: 8619:

Understanding Hallyu: The Korean Wave Through Literature, Webtoon, and Mukbang

8526:

K-Pop: Popular Music, Cultural Amnesia, and Economic Innovation in South Korea

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Cho, Hae-Joang (2005). "Reading the 'Korean Wave' as a Sign of Global Shift".

6774:"The Surprising Reason Why China Is Blocking South Korean Music Videos and TV" 5742: 5165:"K-Pop stars BTS went to the White House to talk about anti-Asian hate crimes" 4452: 4434: 4272: 3871: 3853: 1297:

holding up a South Korean-Polish flag, as well as banners for Korean boybands

1091:

in 1997). K-pop first gained popularity in China after the 1997 radio program

815:

In 1990, the National Assembly granted a broadcasting license to the regional

11209: 11188: 11180: 11168: 11163: 11142: 11093: 11008: 9900: 9783: 9368: 9287: 9150: 9044: 9032: 8948: 8782: 8472: 6977: 6707:"Why South Korean Companies, Entertainers Are Getting Cold Shoulder in China" 6547: 6511:"How the Korean culture wave is submerging Indian audiences - ET BrandEquity" 6473: 6388: 5134:"From K-Pop To K-Drama: How Indian Teens Can't Get Enough Of The Korean Wave" 5034: 4984: 4967: 4906: 3140: 3123: 2962: 2907: 2727: 2451: 2249: 1917: 1870: 1666:

overseas, with the noodles being prominently featured in K-dramas and films.

1602: 1388: 1366: 1214: 1183: 1179: 1072: 1034: 947: 884: 883:

in Japan among women in their 30s, particularly around the show's lead actor

753: 701: 175: 8702: 8600: 8502: 8418: 8033: 7954:"Alarm over kids' obsession with looking thin, finger at Korean pop culture" 5389:[North Korean Markets Grow...and Hallyu Content Spreads in Secret]. 11105: 11098: 11081: 11056: 11023: 10757: 10719: 9879: 9859: 9791: 9470: 9395: 9304: 9297: 9133: 9080: 9020: 8797: 8350: 8309: 8258: 8106: 7644: 6741:"South Korean Missile Defense Deal Appears to Sour China's Taste for K-pop" 5764:

Kim, Seongseop (Sam); Kim, Sangkyun (Sean); Heo, Cindy (Yoonjoung) (2015).

4424: 3843: 2966: 2431: 2131: 2006: 1903: 1874: 1655: 1392: 1119: 1111: 1012: 971: 603: 515: 204: 138: 8668: 8630: 8570: 8438: 8241: 7250: 7229: 7171: 7154: 5547:"Spread of Portable EVD Players Fueling 'Korean Wave' in N. Korea: Expert" 5203: 4497:"From 'Squid Game' to BTS, 2021 Is Most Memorable Year for Korean Culture" 4394:"K-Pop in India: Sriya Lenka's success has been a long time in the making" 2954: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11076: 11061: 11038: 11018: 10998: 10990: 10975: 10639: 9787: 9719: 9714: 9608: 9480: 9450: 9245: 9195: 8984: 8828: 8823: 8792: 8400: 8274: 7923:"BTS Fan Twitter Accounts Say They're Being Targeted by Copyright Trolls" 7607:"Death of K-pop star shines a spotlight on South Korea's suicide problem" 7512:"Factbox: South Korea's K-pop Industry Hit by Tragedies, Scandal in 2019" 7107:"IRIB Director Visits Location of South Korean TV Series Popular in Iran" 2404: 2328: 2199: 1924: 1744: 1638: 1581: 1441: 1396: 1255: 1064: 931: 927: 595: 297: 36: 8314:

New Korean Wave: Transnational Cultural Power in the Age of Social Media

8283: 7292: 6421:

Reading Asian Television Drama: Crossing Borders and Breaking Boundaries

5196:

Reading Asian Television Drama: Crossing Borders and Breaking Boundaries

4771:""Parasite" becomes the first foreign-language film to win Best Picture" 4561:"As K-pop goes global, Koreans fall behind when it comes to consumption" 4426:

Korean Wave in South Asia : Transcultural Flow, Fandom and Identity

3845:

Diasporic Hallyu : the Korean wave in Korean Canadian youth culture

2714:"From BTS to 'Squid Game': How South Korea Became a Cultural Juggernaut" 1202:

played a key role in the dissemination of South Korean popular culture.

11184: 11130: 11071: 11066: 10946: 10938: 10739: 10447: 9930: 9815: 9507: 9085: 9037: 8655:

Shin, Haerin (2014), "Hallyu (Korean Wave)", in Danico, Mary Yu (ed.),

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Hirata, Yukie. "Touring 'Dramatic Korea': Japanese Women as Viewers of

8052:

The South Korean Film Renaissance: Local Hitmakers, Global Provocateurs

3392:. Vol. 42. International Institute for Asian Studies. p. 15. 2377: 2184: 2089: 1962: 1935: 1896: 1404: 1400: 1290: 919: 902:, Hindi-language movies and television channels were banned in 2000 by 591: 539: 524: 121: 6375:

Sung, Sang-Yeon (2010). "Constructing a New Image. Hallyu in Taiwan".

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published the first known use of the term "Korean wave" (Chinese:

613:, which have been popular for a long time, are not considered Hallyu. 11048: 11013: 11003: 10617: 9460: 9417: 9373: 8562: 8430: 8385:

Hegemonic Mimicry: Korean Popular Culture of the Twenty-First Century

8233: 7737:"The Dark Side of K-Pop: Assault, Prostitution, Suicide, and Spycams" 6111:"The United Nations and Korea: Together, Building the Future We Want" 5325:"K-dramas and Now K-products: Indian Viewers Get 'K' Brand Conscious" 4695:

Korea here, with its viewer ratings hovering around 80 to 90 percent.

2175: 1889: 1634: 1577: 1354: 1187: 634: 610: 555: 315: 8353:(22 October 2020), "Korean Wave (Hallyu)", in Ritzer, George (ed.), 7276: 5295:"Latest Chart Topper in the Korean Wave: Ramyeon or Instant Noodles" 4256: 3455:

Between Local and Global: The Hong Kong Film Syndrome in South Korea

1790: 1783: 9835: 9778: 9512: 9490: 9390: 9363: 9272: 9267: 8972: 8818: 7578: 7483: 7201: 6902: 6596:"Indian Embassy holds Sarang festival to promote cultural exchange" 5890:"[KTO] Visit Korea Year 2023-2024 Begins : VISITKOREA" 5809:"Korea Festival in Mumbai is Offering a Window into Korean Culture" 5675:"Kim Jong-un Calls K-pop a 'Vicious Cancer' in the New Culture War" 5486: 5011:"Hallyu and Korean Language Learning: Gender and Ethnicity Factors" 4147:"'Pachinko' author Min Jin Lee credits Korean Wave for her success" 2241: 2237: 2180: 2111: 1816: 1526: 1479:

won several awards at international film festivals, including four

1047: 743: 8230:

Globalization and Popular Music in South Korea: Sounding Out K-Pop

7673:"K-pop's innocent image is shattered by the 'Burning Sun' scandal" 6867:"China's Blockade of Cultural Korea Marks Troublesome Anniversary" 4257:"When Gangnam Hits the Middle East: Re-makes as Identity Practice" 2294: 2142:

A number of K-dramas have been aired by Iran's state broadcaster,

10711: 10580: 10513: 9875: 9532: 9495: 9200: 8923: 6622:"How Has the 'Korean Wave' Impacted Japan-South Korea Relations?" 5418:

Lee, Chang-Kyun; Bonny, Jinhee; Choi, Young Yoon (17 July 2007).

3929: 3927: 3647: 3645: 2052: 2044: 1807: 1671: 1542: 1195: 1191: 1055: 1007: 999: 899: 393: 377: 365: 346: 321: 262: 187: 78: 7768:"This K-Drama Is One Of The Most Controversial Shows On Disney+" 7155:"Hallyu Across the Desert: K-pop Fandom in Israel and Palestine" 6805:"Lee Kwang Soo, BTS, EXO in Trouble After China–Korean Conflict" 5721:

Han, Hee-Joo; Lee, Jae-Sub (2008). "A Study on the KBS TV Drama

5514:"Cheap Chinese EVD Player Spreads S. Korean Culture in N. Korea" 4945:(1. print ed.). Jackson, Miss: Univ. Press of Mississippi. 2245: 10627: 9895: 9890: 9863: 9839: 9819: 9230: 8953: 7148: 7146: 6970:

Reality Television and Arab Politics: Contention in Public Life

2135: 2126: 1538: 1512: 1294: 1051: 673:) meaning "flow", "wave", or "trend". On 19 November 1999, the 571: 290: 257: 182: 8459:: Korean Popular Culture in Japan", in Kuwahara, Yasue (ed.), 6169:"Video Recording for the Republic of Korea's Independence Day" 5976:. U.S.–Korea Institute at SAIS. pp. 11–27. Archived from 3924: 3657: 3642: 10907: 10873: 10821: 10632: 10233: 9996: 9883: 9843: 9811: 9807: 9073: 9049: 8766: 3322:"Korean, English movies welcome in Manipur, Bollywood is not" 2048: 2022: 1734: 1534: 1530: 1340: 1298: 1162: 737:). This brief expansion ended in 1972, when Park enacted the 587: 511: 506:) is a cultural phenomenon in which the global popularity of 471: 229: 62: 8192:

The Sociology of Hallyu Pop Culture: Surfing the Korean Wave

7543:"Singer Goo Hara's Death Shines Light on Dark Side of K-pop" 7446:"Anti-Korean Wave Backlash Has Political, Historical Causes" 7230:"Fan Entrepreneurship: Fandom, Agency, and the Marketing of 7143: 6141:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan. 2005. pp. 18–61. 5840:"An Emerging Market for Hallyu: The Growing Indian Fan Base" 5716: 5714: 3052: 1674:, despite concerns by older generations over the erasure of 9240: 9025: 9013: 9001: 5229:"Korean Snacks Boom Around the World Thanks to K-pop Craze" 2072: 2040: 1830: 1350: 1302: 1107: 934:

both called on domestic audiences to "resist Korean Wave".

861:(2000) marked the start of the Korean Wave in the country. 8194:, Translated by Sarah-Louise Raillard, Cham, Switzerland: 5699: 4968:"Hybridity and the Rise of Korean Popular Culture in Asia" 3232: 3230: 2824: 2822: 875:

in Japan marked the entrance of the Korean Wave to Japan.

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