2807:, argued that Kuzari was never intended to be a true description of the events but merely an allegory using the supposed discussion to explain Jewish philosophy. According to Stampfer, there are no Jewish graveyards, buildings, writings or references in the writings of others to suggest that there was ever any significant Jewish community among the Khazars or their leadership. However, Stampfer's assessment regarding a lack of writings is contradicted by numerous other scholars who have cited wide-ranging medieval documents, some written contemporaneous with Khazaria's existence, beginning in the 860s, that claimed that the conversion was widespread, whether among the ruling classes or the population at large.
4233:
3062:
4652:
108:
2894:
68:
3128:
86:
3031:
began to settle in Crimea. Compared with these
Ashkenazim the Krymchaks seemed somewhat backward; their illiteracy rates, for example, were quite high, and they held fast to many superstitions. Intermarriage with the Ashkenazim reduced the numbers of the distinct Krymchak community dramatically. By
2976:
According to anthropologist S.Vaysenberg, "The origin of
Krymchaks is lost in the darkness of the ages. Only one thing can be said, that they carry less Turkic blood than the Karaites, although certain kinship between both peoples and the Khazars can hardly be denied. But Krymchaks during the
2666:, but later began to lose their linguistic identity. Now they are making efforts to revive their language. Many of the linguistic characteristics of the Krymchak language could be found in the Crimean Tatar language. In addition, it contains numerous Hebrew and
3000:
data has been collected from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but does not cover earlier periods, for which archival material does exist. The study of each of these groups of sources can shed light on the ethnogenesis of the
Krymchak ethnic minority.
2810:
During the period of Khazar rule, some degree of intermarriage between
Crimean Jews and Khazars could have occurred, but suggestions that the Krymchaks absorbed numerous Khazar refugees during the decline and fall of the Khazar kingdom (or during the Khazar
2696:
in the region during the late classic period. Recently excavated inscriptions in Crimea have revealed a Jewish presence at least as early as the 1st century BC. In some
Crimean towns, monotheistic pagan cults called
4343:
2685:
The
Krymchaks are likely a result of diverse origins whose ancestors probably included Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews, and Jews from the Byzantine empire, Genoa, Georgia, and other places.
2853:
occupation of southern Crimea (1315–1475) saw rising degrees of Jewish settlement in the region. The Jewish community was divided among those who prayed according to the
1182:
3363:
3731:
4135:
3065:
Rabbi Chaim
Chizkiyahu Medini, the "chacham" of the Krymchaki Jews, with his wife, daughters, sons-in-law, and grandchildren. Taken shortly before he left to
1760:
3419:
Islamic peoples of the Soviet Union : with an appendix on the non-Muslim Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union : an historical and statistical handbook
2861:
rites. In 1515 the different traditions were united into a distinctive
Krymchak prayer book, which represented the Romaniote rite by Rabbi Moshe Ha-Golah, a
1415:
1110:
1302:
4623:
2600:, but in the second half of the 19th century this name was adopted by the Krymchaks themselves. Before this their self-designation was "Срель балалары" (
5940:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former
2510:
4206:
274:
2796:. Since then, this theory has reemerged, including by antisemites who seek to deny continuity between ancient Jews with modern Jewish populations.
1297:
2872:
In the 18th century the community was headed by David Ben
Eliezer Lehno (d. 1735), author of the introduction to the "Kaffa" rite prayer book and
4150:
3238:
The
Krymchaks considered themselves a distinct group and rarely intermarried with Karaites or the Crimean Tatars. The Krymchaks used to practice
1545:
2838:
settled there. These newcomers were in most cases merchants from Constantinople and brought with them Romaniote Jewish practices (Bonfil 2011).
2784:, in which he placed a learned Jew in a long discussion with the Khazar king, who was searching for the religion he would take up. According to
4197:
1799:
2788:
and certain other written sources, some or all of his people followed him into Judaism. In the 20th century, a Jewish writer by the name of
3724:
4232:
2835:
784:
747:
4618:
3013:
2688:
Other more speculative theories include that the Krymchaks are probably partially descended from Jewish refugees who settled along the
1723:
4688:
2711:
but remained uncircumcised and retained certain pagan customs. Eventually, these sects disappeared as their members adopted either
1746:
4013:
3717:
3172:
2793:
1096:
3107:, the Krymchaks were forbidden to write in Hebrew and were ordered to employ the Cyrillic alphabet to write their own language.
5986:
4415:
4378:
4165:
2503:
1673:
1608:
1490:
3206:. Some 600–700 Krymchaks still clinging to their Crimean identity live in Israel, and others in the United States and Canada.
5981:
3642:
3557:
3392:
794:
3648:
3116:
2827:
converts to Judaism existed, and it is possible that from these converts the Krymchaks adopted their distinctive language.
1232:
3700:
3360:
4393:
1500:
1317:
1307:
547:
2985:
from the time of the Genoeses with the arrival of the Lombroso, Pyastro and other families. Cases of intermarriage with
4613:
4405:
4323:
4222:
4125:
3690:
3532:
1896:
1846:
1811:
1505:
1370:
1237:
3308:
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or prayer book, known as Nusah Kaffa, emerged during the 16th century. Kaffa was a former name of the Crimean city of
5971:
4155:
3426:
3180:
2941:
2496:
1588:
1550:
1525:
1445:
1430:
1277:
1217:
1172:
2923:
4337:
2876:("Abode of David"), devoted to Hebrew grammar. He was also the author of a monumental Hebrew historical chronicle,
2658:
in 1917, the Krymchaks were at least bilingual: they spoke the Krymchak ethnolect and at the same time mostly used
1881:
1863:
1769:
1663:
1515:
1510:
1435:
1400:
1267:
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1598:
1535:
1485:
1465:
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1380:
1354:
1329:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1167:
1162:
3061:
5991:
4383:
4217:
4192:
3834:
2919:
2804:
1872:
1858:
1826:
1806:
1774:
1718:
1693:
1668:
1648:
1638:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1593:
1583:
1578:
1555:
1470:
1455:
1375:
1334:
1287:
1282:
1202:
1147:
4630:
4373:
4177:
4049:
3058:, the largest Krymchak community in Crimea, Rabbi Medini spent his life raising their educational standards.
3017:
2986:
2293:
1831:
1816:
1779:
1741:
1713:
1703:
1698:
1683:
1678:
1658:
1643:
1628:
1603:
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1425:
1349:
1339:
1257:
1227:
1152:
1138:
5502:
4681:
4160:
2662:
for their religious life and for written communication. The Krymchaks adhered to their Turkic patois up to
1901:
1821:
1784:
1708:
1653:
1520:
1495:
1420:
1395:
1385:
1324:
1247:
1242:
1222:
1212:
1192:
1177:
1070:
774:
538:
533:
4369:
4044:
4006:
1891:
1886:
1841:
1794:
1480:
1450:
1410:
1405:
1262:
568:
3333:
2758:
region during this period, and probably maintained close relations with the proto-Krymchak communities.
5966:
5568:
4187:
4170:
4145:
4034:
2915:
2365:
2210:
1918:
1312:
508:
498:
234:
4303:
3265:
3020:. Unlike their Karaite neighbors, the Krymchaks suffered the full brunt of anti-Jewish restrictions.
2846:
2479:
2172:
2023:
1964:
855:
3016:
in 1783. The Krymchaks were thereafter subjected to the same religious persecution imposed on other
5900:
5859:
5027:
4429:
4331:
4212:
4202:
3923:
3865:
2904:
2182:
2162:
1272:
752:
293:
3235:
The dress and customs of the Krymchaks resembled that of the nearby Karaites and Crimean Tatars.
5976:
5067:
4992:
4756:
4749:
4674:
4388:
4308:
4120:
4072:
3870:
3704:
3371:
2970:
2908:
2323:
2313:
2278:
2157:
2147:
1930:
1101:
1043:
877:
556:
513:
228:
2981:
and modern times constantly mixed with their European counterparts. There was an admixture with
5890:
4576:
4510:
4496:
3999:
3802:
3216:
3088:. More still died in the famines of the early 1920s and the early 1930s. Many emigrated to the
3073:
By 1897, the Krymchaks stopped being "the majority of Talmudic Jews on the Crimean Peninsula".
2720:
2639:
2442:
2177:
2091:
1157:
709:
328:
298:
3156:
of Crimea in 1941. Six thousand Krymchaks, almost 75% of their population, were killed during
5996:
5546:
4841:
3812:
3807:
3740:
3138:
3039:
2333:
2328:
2273:
2061:
976:
704:
691:
586:
303:
119:
3709:
5885:
5222:
4846:
4726:
4530:
4276:
3954:
3875:
3839:
3822:
3817:
3270:
2404:
2356:
2096:
1954:
767:
632:
621:
579:
8:
5749:
5037:
4772:
4540:
4182:
4110:
3775:
3601:
3169:
2457:
2152:
830:
697:
600:
593:
523:
411:
286:
97:
5961:
5430:
5232:
5142:
5042:
4605:
4591:
4525:
4465:
4357:
4298:
3928:
3916:
3893:
3459:
2774:
In the late 7th century most of Crimea fell to the Khazars. In the 12th century, Rabbi
2655:
2308:
2258:
2205:
2200:
2114:
1984:
1252:
1081:
840:
760:
614:
180:
33:
5588:
5487:
4948:
4806:
4581:
4455:
4288:
4059:
3903:
3888:
3880:
3849:
3844:
3638:
3553:
3528:
3463:
3422:
3388:
3195:
3161:
3077:
2996:
of Krymchaks. The available summary of folklore materials is not complete. Extensive
2850:
2763:
2728:
2643:
2633:
2528:
2452:
2394:
2374:
2191:
1751:
1390:
850:
721:
651:
528:
441:
308:
136:
3115:
were closed by government decree. Krymchaks were compelled to work in factories and
5895:
5541:
5388:
5257:
5189:
5118:
5062:
5047:
5032:
5017:
4987:
4977:
4953:
4889:
4796:
4586:
4545:
4082:
3969:
3959:
3949:
3933:
3829:
3451:
3260:
3153:
2831:
2667:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2422:
2303:
2263:
2227:
1925:
1475:
986:
742:
646:
561:
451:
243:
168:
148:
132:
2734:
The late classical era saw great upheaval in the region as Crimea was occupied by
5905:
5512:
5423:
5262:
5242:
5147:
5137:
5123:
5052:
5012:
5007:
4972:
4873:
4827:
4801:
4656:
4635:
4424:
4130:
4115:
4077:
3632:
3485:
Pritsak, Omeljan (September 1978). "The Khazar Kingdom's Conversion to Judaism".
3367:
3145:
Unlike the Crimean Karaites, the Krymchaks were targeted for annihilation by the
2955:
2812:
2789:
2674:
2659:
2617:
2578:
2384:
2343:
2338:
2318:
2240:
2234:
2167:
2119:
1959:
1940:
1091:
820:
732:
715:
259:
3455:
3042:, also known by the name of his work the Sedei Chemed, a Sephardi rabbi born in
5941:
5824:
5573:
5328:
5252:
5194:
5113:
5057:
5022:
4997:
4982:
4913:
4740:
4705:
4697:
4560:
4535:
4460:
3898:
3770:
3334:"ВПН 2020 | Официальный сайт | Всероссийская перепись населения 2021"
3255:
3085:
3010:
2967:
2824:
2800:
2693:
2651:
2605:
2593:
2589:
2484:
2283:
2138:
2018:
1997:
1974:
1969:
1947:
1935:
1530:
1011:
945:
910:
888:
825:
663:
641:
503:
482:
458:
224:
206:
160:
5710:
5108:
2766:
is considered to have had at least a partial impact on Krymchak demographics.
5955:
5869:
5674:
5644:
5578:
5517:
5409:
5402:
5349:
5237:
5227:
5002:
4822:
4550:
4258:
4100:
3677:
3157:
3104:
3093:
3066:
3051:
2854:
2816:
2699:
2597:
2432:
2427:
1633:
1560:
1086:
935:
930:
925:
915:
893:
845:
607:
446:
351:
313:
264:
5917:
5784:
5769:
5583:
5522:
5492:
5456:
5416:
5280:
5152:
5129:
4897:
4833:
4720:
4293:
4281:
4067:
3467:
3312:
3187:
3176:
3165:
2997:
2982:
2775:
2712:
2663:
2462:
2288:
2129:
2124:
2082:
2035:
1129:
996:
981:
940:
905:
518:
360:
3127:
3080:
tore apart Crimea. Many Krymchaks were killed in the fighting between the
5921:
5804:
5799:
5743:
5247:
5163:
5090:
4959:
4940:
4763:
4263:
4253:
4241:
4140:
3548:
Brook, Kevin A. (2018). "Chapter 6: The Khazars' Conversion to Judaism".
3229:
3150:
2993:
2978:
2862:
2708:
2704:
2673:
and was traditionally written in Hebrew characters (now it is written in
2447:
2389:
2054:
960:
955:
950:
920:
5604:
4851:
4443:
4400:
4039:
3754:
3228:
Traditional occupations for the Krymchaks included farming, trade, and
3203:
2858:
2751:
2670:
2105:
1119:
1048:
1006:
835:
815:
374:
281:
201:
5789:
4933:
3910:
3525:
Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture
3471:
3032:
1900 there were 60,000 Ashkenazim and only 6,000 Krymchaks in Crimea.
5819:
5809:
5756:
5723:
5609:
5395:
5357:
5338:
5318:
5293:
4733:
4268:
3108:
3089:
3055:
3043:
3028:
2755:
2689:
2647:
2268:
2253:
1343:
1291:
1053:
1001:
672:
668:
658:
573:
333:
2893:
1021:
5929:
5774:
5718:
5704:
5689:
5664:
5654:
5624:
5313:
5300:
5286:
4867:
4105:
4090:
3634:
Indigenous, Aboriginal, Fugitive and Ethnic Groups Around the Globe
3243:
3239:
3222:
3081:
3047:
2613:
2437:
2047:
1979:
810:
318:
269:
3991:
3214:
The Krymchaks practice Orthodox or Talmudic Judaism. Their unique
2592:
coreligionists, as well as other Jewish communities in the former
5864:
5814:
5764:
5738:
5733:
5694:
5684:
5639:
5634:
5619:
5536:
5482:
5445:
5440:
5333:
5323:
5308:
5157:
4926:
4880:
4791:
4666:
4095:
3981:
3790:
3191:
3168:
authority to the region in 1944, many Krymchaks found themselves
3112:
3024:
2759:
2747:
2743:
2724:
2716:
2413:
2379:
2248:
2042:
1031:
1026:
898:
789:
684:
680:
676:
425:
420:
397:
379:
254:
249:
239:
217:
192:
113:
3581:
Glazer, S. M. Piyyut and Pesah: Poetry and Passover, p. 11, 2013
2880:("Utterance the mouth"), on the history of the Crimean Khanate.
2588:
was a Russian descriptive used to differentiate them from their
5839:
5829:
5779:
5728:
5679:
5669:
5649:
5629:
5614:
5528:
5464:
5450:
5382:
5367:
5362:
5343:
5171:
5085:
4313:
4022:
3795:
3785:
3780:
3442:
Stampfer, Shaul (2013). "Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?".
3199:
3146:
3097:
2959:
2842:
2780:
2562:
2073:
2068:
2028:
2013:
1124:
1016:
436:
402:
388:
323:
91:
73:
3572:
Bernstein, S. "S. K. Mirsky Memorial Volume" pp. 451–538. 1970
5937:
5834:
5794:
5699:
5659:
5377:
5372:
5204:
4919:
3739:
3337:
3135:
3036:
2963:
2820:
2735:
1036:
465:
369:
338:
3695:
2966:). A limited judicial autonomy was granted according to the
2692:
in ancient times. Jewish communities existed in many of the
5933:
5925:
2866:
2739:
188:
164:
3035:
In the mid-19th century the Krymchaks became followers of
2573:. They have historically lived in close proximity to the
3309:"Михаил Кизилов. Крымчаки: современное состояние общины"
2973:
system. Overt, violent persecution was extremely rare.
39:
3590:
Ueber das Maḥsor nach Ritus Kaffa. Isaac Markon, 1909.
3186:
By 2000, only about 600 Krymchaks lived in the former
2727:, those Jews who were not executed were exiled to the
2556:
2541:
3691:
Official Krymchak's community "Krymchahlar" in Crimea
3552:(3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
2052:
2033:
456:
3387:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. IX–XIV.
2707:") existed. These quasi-proselytes kept the Jewish
2750:, and other peoples. Jewish merchants such as the
2719:. Another theory is that after the suppression of
3504:Golden, Peter B. (1983). "Khazaria and Judaism".
2958:the Jews lived in separate quarters and paid the
5953:
25:
2550:
2535:
4682:
4007:
3725:
3602:"The Ottawa Jewish Bulletin, vol. 57 iss. 11"
3527:. Vol. 3. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1097–1104.
3023:During the 19th century many Ashkenazim from
2849:were promoters of religious freedom, and the
2504:
3292:Krymchaks: Modern situation of the community
2561:) are Jewish ethno-religious communities of
3356:
3354:
2922:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2754:began to develop extensive contacts in the
2703:("Worshippers of the All-Highest God," or "
2638:The Krymchaks speak a modified form of the
748:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4689:
4675:
4014:
4000:
3732:
3718:
3421:(2nd ed.). London: KPI. p. 433.
3050:. His followers accorded him the title of
3004:
2794:Ashkenazi Jews descended from this episode
2511:
2497:
3741:Ethnic and national minorities of Ukraine
3523:Shapira, Dan (2008). "Jews in Khazaria".
3303:
3301:
2942:Learn how and when to remove this message
2830:In times when the Crimea belonged to the
2823:), seem to be fanciful. It is known that
3441:
3351:
3126:
3060:
2778:wrote a philosophical work known as the
2604:) – literally "Children of Israel". The
3599:
3522:
3484:
5954:
4203:Supreme Council of Crimea (until 2014)
3637:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 161.
3630:
3503:
3416:
3382:
3298:
3122:
3076:After the Russian Revolution of 1917,
16:Jewish ethno-religious group in Crimea
4670:
4489:
4213:Prime Minister of Crimea (until 2014)
3995:
3713:
3547:
3131:Krymchak, Crimean Jew (author of the
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
2920:adding citations to reliable sources
2887:
60:Regions with significant populations
4021:
3674:Jewish Communities in Exotic Places
13:
4696:
4223:Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People
4126:Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689
14:
6008:
4218:Council of Ministers (until 2014)
3684:
3631:Gabbay, Liat Klain (2019-09-11).
3401:
2803:of the history department of the
539:Historical population comparisons
5932:, distinct from Levantine (i.e.
4651:
4650:
4231:
4183:President of Crimea (historical)
3295:. "Eurasian Jewish Annual". 2008
2992:There is no general work on the
2892:
2616:") to distinguish them from the
1183:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1097:Historical population by country
106:
84:
66:
3984:of over 1,000 people are shown.
3651:from the original on 2022-05-09
3624:
3593:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3541:
3516:
2762:dominance of Crimea during the
4156:1944 Crimean Tatar deportation
3600:Wolfish, Dan (12 March 1993).
3497:
3478:
3435:
3376:
3326:
3283:
2805:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
2769:
2646:. It is the Jewish patois, or
1:
5987:Indigenous peoples of Ukraine
4374:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
4178:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
4050:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
3980:National or ethnic groups in
3680:Inc., 2000. pp. 115–130.
3276:
3181:their Crimean Tatar neighbors
2883:
2869:, who had settled in Crimea.
2650:of Crimean Tatar, which is a
754:Christianity and Judaism
5982:Indigenous peoples of Europe
4161:Renaming of Crimean toponyms
3506:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
3046:who had come to Crimea from
2557:
2542:
7:
4394:2014 parliamentary election
4045:Republic of Crimea (Russia)
3456:10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1
3249:
2627:
2053:
2034:
1761:Latin America and Caribbean
457:
40:
10:
6013:
4188:2003 Tuzla Island conflict
4171:Crimean Tatar repatriation
3666:
3606:The Ottawa Jewish Bulletin
3246:by the late 19th century.
3209:
2989:occurred in recent times.
2680:
2631:
2551:
2536:
2366:Jewish political movements
2063:Conversion to Judaism
5914:
5878:
5852:
5597:
5555:
5501:
5473:
5271:
5213:
5180:
5099:
5076:
5033:Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks
4906:
4860:
4815:
4784:
4713:
4704:
4648:
4604:
4569:
4518:
4509:
4485:
4478:
4451:
4442:
4365:
4356:
4322:
4249:
4240:
4229:
4198:2014 annexation by Russia
4136:1783 annexation by Russia
4058:
4030:
3978:
3942:
3858:
3763:
3747:
3487:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
2834:and after then, waves of
2700:sebomenoi theon hypsiston
769:Hinduism and Judaism
159:
154:
147:
142:
131:
126:
104:
82:
64:
59:
52:
47:
26:
5972:Jewish Ukrainian history
5901:Turkish Cypriot diaspora
5569:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars
4430:Crimean Federal District
4166:1954 transfer to Ukraine
2624:("Jews without pe'ot").
595:Temple in Jerusalem
288:Bar and bat mitzvah
5058:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman
4714:Azerbaijani communities
4073:Crimea in the Roman era
3705:Encyclopedia of Ukraine
3417:Akiner, Shirin (1986).
3372:Encyclopedia of Ukraine
3005:Russian and Soviet rule
2569:-speaking adherents of
557:Twelve Tribes of Israel
5891:Crimean Tatar diaspora
5068:Western Thracian Turks
5003:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman
4497:Crimean Premier League
4344:Urban-type settlements
4193:2014 status referendum
4151:Crimea in World War II
3142:
3070:
2640:Crimean Tatar language
5992:Romaniote Jews topics
5598:Extinct Turkic groups
5556:Turkic minorities in
5503:Turkic minorities in
5474:Turkic minorities in
5272:Turkic minorities in
4750:Georgian Azerbaijanis
4624:Ukrainian Catholicism
4304:Pontic–Caspian steppe
3444:Jewish Social Studies
3383:Ianbay, Iala (2016).
3194:and the remainder in
3160:. Moreover, upon the
3139:Chaim Hezekiah Medini
3130:
3064:
3040:Chaim Hezekiah Medini
2847:Pontic–Caspian steppe
2654:language. Before the
1303:São Tomé and Príncipe
1298:Republic of the Congo
692:Second Temple Judaism
563:Kingdom of Judah
534:Modern historiography
155:Related ethnic groups
5916:Central Asian (i.e.
5886:Azerbaijani diaspora
5223:Iranian Azerbaijanis
4861:Turkmen communities
4757:Western Azerbaijanis
4727:Iranian Azerbaijanis
4406:Legislative Assembly
3550:The Jews of Khazaria
3271:Viktoriya Baginskaya
2916:improve this section
2608:referred to them as
2405:World Agudath Israel
1546:United Arab Emirates
633:Second Temple period
623:Babylonian captivity
4907:Turkish communities
4773:Javanshir Qizilbash
4121:Genoese–Mongol Wars
4111:Empire of Trebizond
3385:Krymchak Dictionary
3123:Holocaust and after
2799:In 2013, Professor
2721:Bar Kokhba's revolt
698:Hellenistic Judaism
276:Land of Israel
235:Principles of faith
44:
5431:Siberian Bukharans
5233:Chaharmahali Turks
5214:Turkic minorities
5181:Turkic minorities
5100:Turkic minorities
4816:Kyrgyz communities
4785:Kazakh communities
4466:Crimean Trolleybus
4370:Republic of Crimea
3366:2014-06-22 at the
3143:
3071:
2845:conquerors of the
2656:Russian Revolution
2620:, who were called
2259:Jewish Koine Greek
1801:Dominican Republic
1082:Judaism by country
761:Jews and Christmas
616:Assyrian captivity
22:
5967:History of Crimea
5949:
5948:
5848:
5847:
5759:
5752:
5713:
5589:Tatars of Romania
5562:
5531:
5488:Mongolian Kazakhs
5459:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5166:
5132:
5043:Palestinian Turks
5038:Montenegrin Turks
4962:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4892:
4883:
4876:
4836:
4807:Mongolian Kazakhs
4775:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4664:
4663:
4644:
4643:
4619:Roman Catholicism
4600:
4599:
4505:
4504:
4474:
4473:
4438:
4437:
4352:
4351:
4289:Crimean Mountains
3989:
3988:
3676:Northvale, N.J.:
3644:978-1-78985-431-2
3559:978-1-5381-0342-5
3468:Project MUSE
3394:978-3-447-10541-5
3242:but then adopted
2952:
2951:
2944:
2764:Early Middle Ages
2729:Crimean peninsula
2644:Krymchak language
2634:Krymchak language
2622:zulufsız çufutlar
2521:
2520:
2470:
2469:
2218:
2217:
1965:Reconstructionist
1909:
1908:
1061:
1060:
868:
867:
705:Jewish–Roman wars
653:Hasmonean dynasty
569:Kingdom of Israel
473:
472:
174:
173:
54:1,200–1,500 (est)
6004:
5896:Turkish diaspora
5755:
5748:
5709:
5560:
5542:Karategin Uzbeks
5527:
5455:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5389:Astrakhan Tatars
5387:
5352:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5258:Iranian Turkmens
5190:Crimean Karaites
5162:
5128:
5028:Macedonian Turks
4993:Dodecanese Turks
4958:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4890:Iranian Turkmens
4888:
4879:
4872:
4832:
4771:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4711:
4710:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4668:
4667:
4654:
4653:
4516:
4515:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4449:
4448:
4363:
4362:
4247:
4246:
4235:
4083:Bosporan Kingdom
4035:Political status
4016:
4009:
4002:
3993:
3992:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3414:
3399:
3398:
3380:
3374:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3336:. Archived from
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3311:. Archived from
3305:
3296:
3287:
3261:Crimean Karaites
3190:, about half in
3117:collective farms
2947:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2896:
2888:
2857:, Ashkenazi and
2832:Byzantine Empire
2610:zuluflı çufutlar
2590:Ashkenazi Jewish
2575:Crimean Karaites
2571:Rabbinic Judaism
2560:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2362:
2361:
2243:
2064:
2058:
2039:
2003:
2002:
1950:
1897:New Zealand
1849:
1812:El Salvador
1802:
1734:Northern America
1726:
1320:
1076:
1075:
987:Crimean Karaites
883:
882:
861:
859:
780:
778:
770:
764:
755:
743:Rabbinic Judaism
724:
718:
712:
700:
688:
654:
647:Maccabean Revolt
624:
617:
611:
603:
596:
590:
582:
564:
488:
487:
462:
357:
356:
289:
277:
176:
175:
169:Crimean Karaites
149:Orthodox Judaism
112:
110:
109:
90:
88:
87:
72:
70:
69:
48:Total population
45:
43:
37:
29:
28:
21:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5910:
5906:Kazakh diaspora
5874:
5844:
5593:
5559:
5557:
5551:
5513:Afghan Turkmens
5504:
5497:
5475:
5469:
5424:Siberian Tatars
5348:
5273:
5267:
5263:Iranian Kazakhs
5243:Khorasani Turks
5215:
5209:
5182:
5176:
5119:Chinese Kazakhs
5101:
5095:
5078:
5077:Turkic peoples
5072:
4973:Bulgarian Turks
4949:Abkhazian Turks
4902:
4874:Afghan Turkmens
4856:
4811:
4802:Iranian Kazakhs
4797:Chinese Kazakhs
4780:
4700:
4695:
4665:
4660:
4640:
4596:
4565:
4501:
4470:
4434:
4425:Black Sea Fleet
4348:
4318:
4299:Perekop Isthmus
4236:
4227:
4131:Crimean Khanate
4078:Cherson (theme)
4054:
4026:
4020:
3990:
3985:
3974:
3938:
3854:
3759:
3743:
3738:
3687:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3654:
3652:
3645:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3521:
3517:
3502:
3498:
3483:
3479:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3415:
3402:
3395:
3381:
3377:
3368:Wayback Machine
3359:
3352:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3318:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3252:
3212:
3125:
3007:
2956:Crimean Khanate
2948:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2913:
2897:
2886:
2813:successor state
2792:suggested that
2790:Arthur Koestler
2772:
2723:by the emperor
2683:
2675:Cyrillic script
2636:
2630:
2579:Karaite Judaism
2547:
2532:
2517:
2472:
2471:
2359:
2349:
2348:
2339:Judeo-Malayalam
2319:Judaeo-Georgian
2239:
2230:
2220:
2219:
2120:Yiddish theatre
2062:
2000:
1990:
1989:
1948:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1847:
1800:
1724:
1318:
1102:Genetic studies
1073:
1063:
1062:
880:
870:
869:
857:
856:
776:
775:
768:
758:
753:
735:and Middle Ages
733:Rabbinic period
720:
714:
707:
695:
666:
652:
622:
615:
606:
598:
594:
585:
580:in Judaism
577:
562:
485:
475:
474:
354:
344:
343:
287:
275:
220:
107:
105:
85:
83:
67:
65:
38:
31:
24:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6010:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5977:Turkic peoples
5974:
5969:
5964:
5947:
5946:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5825:Yenisei Kyrgyz
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5753:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5574:Finnish Tatars
5571:
5565:
5563:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5507:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5479:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5277:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5195:Crimean Tatars
5192:
5186:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5138:Chinese Uzbeks
5135:
5134:
5133:
5124:Chinese Kyrgyz
5121:
5116:
5114:Chinese Tatars
5111:
5105:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5063:Tunisian Turks
5060:
5055:
5050:
5048:Romanian Turks
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5018:Lebanese Turks
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4998:Egyptian Turks
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4978:Croatian Turks
4975:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4954:Algerian Turks
4951:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4828:Chinese Kyrgyz
4825:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4753:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4737:
4717:
4715:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4698:Turkic peoples
4694:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4671:
4662:
4661:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4610:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4561:Crimea Germans
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4536:Crimean Tatars
4533:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4461:Crimean Bridge
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4408:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4309:Southern Coast
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4116:Genoese Crimea
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4080:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025: articles
4019:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3917:Transcarpathia
3914:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3778:
3773:
3771:Crimean Tatars
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3748:Dominant group
3745:
3744:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3698:
3693:
3686:
3685:External links
3683:
3682:
3681:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3643:
3623:
3592:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3558:
3540:
3534:978-1851098736
3533:
3515:
3496:
3477:
3434:
3427:
3400:
3393:
3375:
3350:
3325:
3297:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3266:Meir Ashkenazi
3263:
3258:
3256:Jews in Russia
3251:
3248:
3211:
3208:
3149:following the
3124:
3121:
3086:White Movement
3054:. Settling in
3018:Jews in Russia
3014:annexed Crimea
3011:Russian Empire
3006:
3003:
2950:
2949:
2900:
2898:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2878:Devar sefataim
2836:Byzantine Jews
2819:, centered in
2801:Shaul Stampfer
2771:
2768:
2694:Greek colonies
2682:
2679:
2652:Kypchak Turkic
2632:Main article:
2629:
2626:
2606:Crimean Tatars
2594:Russian Empire
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2400:Territorialism
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2284:Judaeo-Spanish
2281:
2279:Judaeo-Iranian
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1725:United Kingdom
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1158:Bilad-el-Sudan
1155:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1111:Land of Israel
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
971:
970:
969:Related groups
966:
965:
964:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
902:
901:
896:
881:
876:
875:
872:
871:
866:
865:
864:
863:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
826:Jewish atheism
823:
818:
813:
805:
804:
800:
799:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:Islamic–Jewish
772:
765:
750:
745:
737:
736:
729:
728:
727:
726:
702:
689:
661:
656:
649:
644:
642:Yehud Medinata
636:
635:
629:
628:
627:
626:
619:
612:
604:
591:
583:
571:
566:
559:
551:
550:
548:Ancient Israel
544:
543:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
504:Land of Israel
501:
493:
492:
486:
481:
480:
477:
476:
471:
470:
469:
468:
463:
459:Shulchan Aruch
454:
449:
444:
439:
431:
430:
429:
428:
423:
415:
414:
408:
407:
406:
405:
400:
392:
391:
385:
384:
383:
382:
377:
372:
364:
363:
355:
350:
349:
346:
345:
342:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
284:
279:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
237:
232:
225:God in Judaism
221:
216:
215:
212:
211:
210:
209:
204:
196:
195:
185:
184:
172:
171:
161:Crimean Tatars
157:
156:
152:
151:
145:
144:
140:
139:
129:
128:
124:
123:
116:
102:
101:
94:
80:
79:
76:
62:
61:
57:
56:
50:
49:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6009:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5944:territories).
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5712:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5645:Black Klobuks
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5561:(exc. Russia)
5554:
5548:
5547:Afghan Kyrgyz
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5500:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5403:Mishar Tatars
5400:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:in Uzbekistan
5075:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5053:Serbian Turks
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:Kosovan Turks
5011:
5009:
5008:Israeli Turks
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4988:Cypriot Turks
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4968:Bosnian Turks
4966:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4842:Afghan Kyrgyz
4840:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4687:
4685:
4680:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4659:
4658:
4647:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4577:Crimean Tatar
4575:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4551:Pontic Greeks
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4417:
4416:2017 election
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:State Council
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4146:Soviet period
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:Crimean Goths
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4024:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4005:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3679:
3678:Jason Aronson
3675:
3671:
3670:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3627:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3587:
3578:
3569:
3561:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3493:(2): 261–281.
3492:
3488:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3428:0-7103-0188-X
3424:
3420:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3396:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3340:on 2023-01-30
3339:
3335:
3329:
3315:on 2015-10-17
3314:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3158:the Holocaust
3155:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3105:Joseph Stalin
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:United States
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3067:Eretz Yisrael
3063:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3002:
2999:
2998:anthroponimic
2995:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2946:
2943:
2935:
2932:November 2022
2925:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2901:This section
2899:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:Mishkan David
2870:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:Georgius Tzul
2814:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2776:Yehuda haLevi
2767:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2715:or normative
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2642:, called the
2641:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:Srel balalary
2599:
2598:Georgian Jews
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2577:, who follow
2576:
2572:
2568:
2565:derived from
2564:
2559:
2544:
2530:
2526:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:Judeo-Aramaic
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Judeo-Italian
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Ghardaïa Sign
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:Denominations
1915:
1914:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1747:United States
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1233:Guinea-Bissau
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Lists of Jews
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
973:
972:
968:
967:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
890:
887:
886:
885:
884:
879:
874:
873:
862:
854:
852:
849:
847:
846:The Holocaust
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
807:
806:
802:
801:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
773:
771:
766:
762:
756:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
739:
738:
734:
731:
730:
723:
717:
711:
706:
703:
699:
693:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
638:
637:
634:
631:
630:
625:
620:
618:
613:
609:
605:
602:
597:
592:
588:
584:
581:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
552:
549:
546:
545:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
495:
494:
490:
489:
484:
479:
478:
467:
464:
461:
460:
455:
453:
450:
448:
447:Mishneh Torah
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
433:
432:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
417:
416:
413:
410:
409:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
394:
393:
390:
387:
386:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
366:
365:
362:
359:
358:
353:
348:
347:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
285:
283:
280:
278:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
245:
241:
238:
236:
233:
230:
226:
223:
222:
219:
214:
213:
208:
207:Who is a Jew?
205:
203:
200:
199:
198:
197:
194:
190:
187:
186:
182:
178:
177:
170:
167:, especially
166:
162:
158:
153:
150:
146:
141:
138:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
115:
103:
99:
95:
93:
81:
77:
75:
63:
58:
55:
51:
46:
42:
35:
5997:Crimean Jews
5584:Lipka Tatars
5457:Tozhu Tuvans
5417:Volga Tatars
5199:
5130:Akto Turkmen
5023:Libyan Turks
4983:Cretan Turks
4898:Akto Turkmen
4847:Tajik Kyrgyz
4834:Akto Turkmen
4721:Azerbaijanis
4655:
4614:Christianity
4555:
4511:Demographics
4379:Constitution
4336:
4324:Subdivisions
4294:Kerch Strait
4068:Greek Crimea
3964:
3871:Azerbaijanis
3859:Under 50,000
3673:
3672:Blady, Ken.
3653:. Retrieved
3633:
3626:
3614:. Retrieved
3609:
3605:
3595:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3549:
3543:
3524:
3518:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3418:
3384:
3378:
3342:. Retrieved
3338:the original
3328:
3317:. Retrieved
3313:the original
3290:
3289:Kizilov, M.
3285:
3237:
3234:
3227:
3215:
3213:
3188:Soviet Union
3185:
3177:Central Asia
3144:
3132:
3102:
3075:
3072:
3056:Karasubazaar
3034:
3022:
3008:
2991:
2987:Russian Jews
2983:Italian Jews
2975:
2953:
2938:
2929:
2914:Please help
2902:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2840:
2829:
2809:
2798:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2733:
2713:Christianity
2709:commandments
2698:
2687:
2684:
2664:World War II
2637:
2621:
2612:("Jews with
2609:
2601:
2596:such as the
2585:
2583:
2524:
2522:
2463:Post-Zionism
2334:Judeo-Berber
2329:Judeo-Arabic
2289:Judeo-Gascon
2036:Pidyon haben
1955:Conservative
1501:Saudi Arabia
1319:South Africa
1308:Sierra Leone
1130:Israeli Jews
1044:Mosaic Arabs
997:Kaifeng Jews
991:
858:Arab–Israeli
831:Emancipation
710:Great Revolt
519:Anti-Judaism
514:Antisemitism
509:Name "Judea"
304:Baal teshuva
53:
19:Ethnic group
5805:Toquz Oghuz
5744:Oghuz Turks
5711:Sir-Kıvchak
5505:Afghanistan
5248:Qarai Turks
5164:Tor Uyghurs
5143:Fuyu Kyrgyz
5091:Karakalpaks
4960:Kouloughlis
4764:Karapapakhs
4254:Arabat Spit
4141:Crimean War
3943:under 5,000
3803:Belarusians
3764:Over 50,000
3696:Türk Dirlik
3616:22 November
3450:(3): 1–72.
3230:viticulture
3179:along with
3133:Sdei Hemed,
2994:ethnography
2979:Middle Ages
2863:Chief Rabbi
2815:, ruled by
2770:Middle Ages
2705:God-Fearers
2537:кърымчахлар
2458:Revisionist
2448:Neo-Zionism
2055:Zeved habat
1848:Puerto Rico
1674:Netherlands
1506:South Korea
1491:Philippines
1371:Afghanistan
1238:Ivory Coast
1012:Crypto-Jews
977:Bnei Anusim
956:Bene Israel
921:Beta Israel
878:Communities
785:Middle Ages
524:Persecution
299:Bereavement
5956:Categories
4852:Van Kyrgyz
4734:Shahsevans
4531:Ukrainians
4401:Sevastopol
4259:Arabat Bay
4040:Sevastopol
3904:Mennonites
3894:Bessarabia
3813:Hungarians
3808:Bulgarians
3755:Ukrainians
3655:2020-10-23
3512:: 127–156.
3344:2023-01-15
3319:2015-10-17
3277:References
3204:Uzbekistan
3109:Synagogues
2962:-tax (the
2954:Under the
2884:Tatar rule
2752:Radhanites
2671:loan-words
2543:qrımçahlar
2443:Maximalism
2395:Secularism
2375:Autonomism
2192:Literature
1985:Humanistic
1589:Azerbaijan
1551:Uzbekistan
1526:Tajikistan
1446:Kyrgyzstan
1431:Kazakhstan
1278:Mozambique
1253:Madagascar
1173:Cape Verde
1125:New Yishuv
1120:Old Yishuv
1071:Population
1049:Subbotniks
1007:Samaritans
946:Romanyotim
889:Ashkenazim
836:Old Yishuv
816:Sabbateans
803:Modern era
795:Golden Age
722:Bar Kokhba
442:Beit Yosef
309:Philosophy
5962:Krymchaks
5879:Diasporas
5820:Xueyantuo
5810:Uriankhai
5757:Pechenegs
5750:Turkomans
5724:Kutrigurs
5396:Kryashens
5358:Kumandins
5339:Karachays
5319:Besermyan
5294:Telengits
5200:Krymchaks
5183:in Crimea
5148:Ili Turks
4741:Küresünni
4592:Ukrainian
4570:Languages
4556:Krymchaks
4541:Armenians
4269:Black Sea
4242:Geography
3965:Krymchaks
3955:Albanians
3913:(Olęders)
3911:Holenders
3889:Black Sea
3876:Georgians
3840:Armenians
3823:Moldovans
3818:Romanians
3701:Krymchaks
3464:161320785
3361:Krymchaks
3090:Holy Land
3078:civil war
3044:Jerusalem
3029:Lithuania
2903:does not
2859:Romaniote
2690:Black Sea
2648:ethnolect
2584:At first
2548:singular:
2525:Krymchaks
2453:Religious
2309:Zarphatic
2299:Bukharian
2269:Judeo-Tat
2254:Yeshivish
2228:Languages
2183:Sephardic
2173:Israelite
2163:Ethiopian
2153:Ashkenazi
2092:Religious
1882:Australia
1864:Venezuela
1770:Argentina
1752:Greenland
1664:Lithuania
1516:Sri Lanka
1511:Singapore
1436:Kurdistan
1401:Indonesia
1391:Hong Kong
1344:Abayudaya
1268:Mauritius
1002:Igbo Jews
992:Krymchaks
911:Sephardim
779:relations
673:Sadducees
669:Pharisees
659:Sanhedrin
574:Jerusalem
334:Synagogue
202:Etymology
127:Languages
41:Krymchaky
34:Ukrainian
23:Krymchaks
5930:Turkmens
5918:Turkmeni
5775:Saragurs
5719:Kurykans
5705:Kipchaks
5690:Keraites
5675:Göktürks
5665:Dughlats
5655:Dingling
5625:Berendei
5476:Mongolia
5446:Tofalars
5410:Nağaybäk
5314:Bashkirs
5301:Tubalars
5287:Chelkans
5281:Altaians
5102:in China
4934:Tahtacıs
4927:Muhacirs
4868:Turkmens
4657:Category
4606:Religion
4582:Krymchak
4546:Karaites
4526:Russians
4411:Governor
4358:Politics
4264:Azov Sea
4207:Chairman
4106:Kipchaks
4091:Akatziri
3960:Karaites
3885:Germans
3776:Russians
3649:Archived
3612:(11): 18
3364:Archived
3250:See also
3244:monogamy
3240:polygamy
3223:Feodosia
3173:deported
3170:forcibly
3113:yeshivas
3084:and the
3082:Red Army
3048:Istanbul
2855:Sephardi
2628:Language
2618:Karaites
2586:krymchak
2552:кърымчах
2529:Krymchak
2480:Category
2438:Kahanism
2385:Feminism
2357:Politics
2241:Biblical
2211:American
2158:Bukharan
2148:American
2048:Shidduch
2024:Clothing
1980:Haymanot
1926:Orthodox
1854:Suriname
1837:Paraguay
1790:Colombia
1689:Portugal
1599:Bulgaria
1536:Thailand
1486:Pakistan
1466:Mongolia
1461:Malaysia
1381:Cambodia
1355:Zimbabwe
1330:Tanzania
1208:Eswatini
1198:Ethiopia
1188:Djibouti
1168:Cameroon
1163:Botswana
1092:Diaspora
1054:Noahides
1027:Marranos
951:Cochinim
936:Bukharim
926:Gruzinim
916:Teimanim
906:Mizrahim
894:Galician
860:conflict
821:Hasidism
811:Haskalah
716:Diaspora
587:timeline
499:Timeline
412:Rabbinic
319:Kabbalah
294:Marriage
270:Tzedakah
260:Holidays
218:Religion
181:a series
179:Part of
163:, other
143:Religion
137:Krymchak
27:Кримчаки
5942:Ottoman
5926:Iranian
5922:Afghani
5870:Mughals
5865:Hazaras
5815:Utigurs
5790:Türgesh
5765:Onogurs
5739:Nushibi
5734:Naimans
5695:Khazars
5685:Karluks
5640:Chigils
5635:Bulgars
5620:Barsils
5558:Europe
5537:Ansarlu
5483:Khotons
5441:Teleuts
5334:Dolgans
5329:Chuvash
5324:Chulyms
5309:Balkars
5253:Qashqai
5238:Khalajs
5216:in Iran
5158:Uyghurs
4881:Ansarlu
4792:Kazakhs
4706:Peoples
4631:Judaism
4587:Russian
4519:Peoples
4479:Society
4456:Tourism
4444:Economy
4282:Vyalova
4096:Khazars
4060:History
3982:Ukraine
3929:Koreans
3791:Hutsuls
3703:at the
3667:Sources
3370:at the
3210:Culture
3196:Georgia
3192:Ukraine
3154:capture
3025:Ukraine
2968:Ottoman
2924:removed
2909:sources
2851:Genoese
2825:Kipchak
2748:Khazars
2744:Bulgars
2725:Hadrian
2717:Judaism
2681:Origins
2668:Aramaic
2558:qrımçah
2533:plural:
2423:General
2414:Zionism
2390:Leftism
2380:Bundism
2304:Knaanic
2264:Yevanic
2249:Yiddish
2206:Yiddish
2201:Israeli
2178:Mizrahi
2168:Israeli
2139:Cuisine
2115:Ancient
2097:Secular
2043:Kashrut
2019:Wedding
2006:Customs
1998:Culture
1975:Science
1970:Renewal
1960:Karaite
1941:Hasidic
1873:Oceania
1859:Uruguay
1827:Jamaica
1807:Ecuador
1775:Bolivia
1719:Ukraine
1694:Romania
1669:Moldova
1649:Hungary
1639:Germany
1634:Georgia
1624:Finland
1619:Estonia
1614:Denmark
1609:Czechia
1594:Belarus
1584:Austria
1579:Armenia
1556:Vietnam
1471:Myanmar
1456:Lebanon
1376:Bahrain
1335:Tunisia
1313:Somalia
1288:Nigeria
1283:Namibia
1273:Morocco
1203:Eritrea
1148:Algeria
1032:Neofiti
941:Italkim
931:Juhurim
841:Zionism
790:Khazars
685:Sicarii
681:Zealots
677:Essenes
664:Schisms
529:Leaders
491:General
483:History
426:Tosefta
421:Midrash
398:Mishnah
380:Ketuvim
375:Nevi'im
324:Customs
255:Shabbat
250:Halakha
242: (
240:Mitzvot
227: (
193:Judaism
133:Russian
114:Ukraine
5938:Syrian
5860:Abdals
5853:Others
5840:Yabaku
5830:Yueban
5780:Shatuo
5770:Sabirs
5729:Merkit
5680:Kangly
5670:Esegel
5650:Cumans
5630:Bulaqs
5615:Basmyl
5579:Gagauz
5529:Timuri
5523:Aimaqs
5518:Afshar
5465:Yakuts
5451:Tuvans
5383:Tatars
5378:Soyots
5368:Nogais
5363:Kumyks
5350:Koibal
5344:Khakas
5274:Russia
5228:Afshar
5172:Yugurs
5086:Uzbeks
4941:Yörüks
4823:Kyrgyz
4490:Sports
4338:Raions
4332:Cities
4314:Syvash
4277:Marble
4273:Caves
4023:Crimea
3924:Gagauz
3899:Crimea
3881:Czechs
3850:Tatars
3845:Greeks
3796:Lemkos
3786:Boykos
3781:Rusyns
3641:
3556:
3531:
3472:547127
3470:
3462:
3425:
3391:
3202:, and
3200:Russia
3166:Soviet
3162:return
3103:Under
3098:Turkey
3092:, the
2971:millet
2960:dhimmi
2843:Mongol
2786:Kuzari
2781:Kuzari
2760:Khazar
2756:Pontic
2660:Hebrew
2567:Turkic
2563:Crimea
2485:Portal
2344:Domari
2274:Shassi
2235:Hebrew
2130:Humour
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2014:Minyan
1949:Reform
1936:Haredi
1931:Modern
1832:Mexico
1817:Guyana
1780:Brazil
1742:Canada
1714:Sweden
1704:Serbia
1699:Russia
1684:Poland
1679:Norway
1659:Latvia
1644:Greece
1629:France
1604:Cyprus
1570:Europe
1541:Turkey
1531:Taiwan
1441:Kuwait
1426:Jordan
1416:Israel
1350:Zambia
1340:Uganda
1258:Malawi
1228:Guinea
1218:Gambia
1153:Angola
1139:Africa
1022:Dönmeh
1017:Anusim
961:Berber
899:Litvak
851:Israel
757:
694:
608:Second
576:
437:Targum
403:Gemara
389:Talmud
361:Tanakh
314:Ethics
265:Prayer
111:
92:Russia
89:
74:Israel
71:
30:
5934:Iraqi
5835:Yagma
5800:Torks
5795:Tuhsi
5785:Tiele
5700:Kimek
5660:Duolu
5493:Dukha
5373:Shors
5205:Urums
5153:Salar
4920:Gajal
4914:Turks
4636:Islam
3970:Kurds
3950:Serbs
3934:Turks
3830:Poles
3460:S2CID
3217:nusah
3147:Nazis
3136:Rabbi
3037:Rabbi
2964:Jizya
2821:Kerch
2736:Goths
2614:pe'ot
2433:Labor
2428:Green
2125:Dance
2083:Music
1902:Palau
1822:Haiti
1785:Chile
1709:Spain
1654:Italy
1561:Yemen
1521:Syria
1496:Qatar
1476:Nepal
1421:Japan
1396:India
1386:China
1325:Sudan
1248:Libya
1243:Kenya
1223:Ghana
1213:Gabon
1193:Egypt
1178:Benin
1037:Xueta
982:Lemba
601:First
466:Zohar
370:Torah
352:Texts
339:Rabbi
329:Rites
229:names
118:406 (
96:954 (
78:1,200
5936:and
5924:and
5605:Alat
5109:Äynu
4384:Head
3866:Roma
3835:Jews
3639:ISBN
3618:2018
3554:ISBN
3529:ISBN
3423:ISBN
3389:ISBN
3151:Axis
3111:and
3096:and
3052:gaon
3027:and
3009:The
2907:any
2905:cite
2867:Kiev
2841:The
2740:Huns
2523:The
1892:Guam
1887:Fiji
1842:Peru
1795:Cuba
1481:Oman
1451:Laos
1411:Iraq
1406:Iran
1363:Asia
1292:Igbo
1263:Mali
282:Brit
191:and
189:Jews
165:Jews
120:2001
98:2021
3452:doi
3175:to
3164:of
2918:by
2865:of
2677:).
2106:Art
452:Tur
244:613
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