Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)

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Hemachandra predicted that Kumarapala would succeed him as the king. He had Kumarapala's father Tribhuvanapala murdered. Kumarapala sought advice from his brother-in-law Krishna-deva, who told him to leave Dadisthali in a mendicant's disguise. Kumarapala followed the advice, but returned to the capital sometime later. When Jayasimha learned about this, he invited all the mendicants to his father's shraddha ceremony, and recognized Kumarapala while washing his feet. Kumarapala managed to escape. He was saved by a farmer named Bhimasimha, took money from a mouse, was given food by a woman named Devashri, and was again saved by a potter named Sajjana. Next, he met his friend Bosari and the two went to the monastery at Khambhat. At the monastery, Hemachandra told Udayana that Kumarapala would become the king one day. He also saved Kumarapala from Jayasimha's spies. With help from Udayana, Kumarapala then traveled to

38: 1347: 376:. Sometime later, Jayasimha's spies told him that Kumarapala had returned to the capital disguised as an ascetic. Jayasimha then invited 300 ascetics to a feast, and washed their feet in order to identify Kumarapala (who had royal marks on his feet). Kumarapala was recognized, but fled to Hemachandra's house before he could be arrested. Jayasimha's men followed him, but Hemachandra hid him under palm leaves. After leaving Hemachandra's house, Kumarapala was similarly saved by a farmer named Āli. He then went to 406:(a ceremony for the deceased ancestors). Kumarapala was recognized, but managed to escape. He was saved by a potter named Āliga, took 20 silver coins from a mouse, and was given food by an unnamed rich lady. Later, Kumarapala reached Khambhat, planning to seek resources from the royal minister Udayana. He learned that Udayana had gone to a Jain monastery, and followed him there. At the monastery, he met Hemachandra, who prophesied that Kumarapala will become a monarch in 1199 1336: 172:. The information about him largely come from two sources – the numerous Sanskrit and Apabhramasa-Prakrit language inscriptions and the Jain texts. These provide a highly inconsistent historical profile in some respects, and corroborate each other in some. Both portray Kumarapala as a keen and generous patron of arts and architecture, one who supported the divergent religious Indian traditions in Western India, particularly Gujarat and Rajasthan region. 237: 950:, Ballala had agreed to join Arnoraja's invasion of Gujarat. However, Hemachandra does not describe him as actually participating in Arnoraja's battle against Kumarapala. It is possible that Ballala had to change his plans because of the matrimonial alliance between Arnoraja and Kumarapala. Two of Kumarapala's generals - Vijaya and Krishna - betrayed him, and joined Ballala. Kumarapala then sent an army against Ballala around 1150-51 CE. 926:

Kumarapala's favour. Alhana, the Chahamana ruler of Naddula, also issued an inscription from Kiradu in 1152 CE. It is possible he was temporarily appointed as the governor of Kiradu during this period. In 1161 CE, Someshvara captured two forts from a man named Jajjaka, as a result of which he gained a considerable wealth, including 1,700 horses. Jajjaka managed to get back his territories after acknowledging Kumarapala's suzerainty.

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informed Ajayapala about the king's plan. Sometime later, Hemachandra died, and Kumarapala fell ill with grief. Before the king could appoint Pratapamalla as his heir, Ajayapala mixed poison in his milk. When Kumarapala realized that he had been poisoned, he asked for an antidote from the royal store. However, Ajayapala had already hidden this antidote, and as a result, Kumarapala died of poisoning.

414:. In Malava, Kumarapala saw an inscription at the Kudangeshvara temple, predicting his ascension to the throne in 1199 VS. After Jayasimha's death, Kumarapala returned to Anahilapataka, and visited his sister's husband Kanhada-deva. The next morning, he arrived at the royal palace, accompanied by Kanhada's army. After rejecting two princes, Kanhada appointed Kumarapala as the new king. 505:. Someshvara was too young to become a king at that time, and Kumarapala may have seized the throne with the support of powerful persons, including his brother-in-law Krishna-deva (Kanhada-deva) and rich Jains such as Udayana. There might be some truth to Kumarapala's wanderings during his early years as well. But the greater part of the legendary narratives appears to be fanciful. 881:. During this time, in the 1150s CE, Kumarapala appointed his own governors at Naddula. In 1156 CE, Kumarapala's governor Pratapasimha was ruling at Naddula. In 1159 CE, another governor Vayajaladeva was in charge of Naddula. This governor is also known as Vaijalladeva and Vaijaka in historical records. However, by 1161 CE, Kumarapala had restored Alhanadeva's rule in Naddula. 993:("grandfather of kings"). However, the earlier writers such as Hemachandra do not mention any such reason for Kumarapala's aggression. This claim appears to be an invention of the later writers. It is possible that Kumarapala simply wanted to expand his kingdom, or was forced to take action against Mallikarjuna after a Shilhara raid in southern Gujarat. 1031:. Later chroniclers such as Merutunga, Jayasimha Suri and Jina-Mandana state that Kumarapala's army was led by Udayana, who was mortally wounded during this campaign. However, this claim appears to be incorrect, as the earlier writer Prabachandra states that Udayana died fighting Navaghana of Saurashtra during the reign of Jayasimha Siddharaja. 839:. Kumarapala passed through Abu during his march against Arnoraja. Vikramasimha considered Kumarapala an usurper, and made a plan to assassinate him. He invited Kumarapala to dinner at his palace, but Kumarapala sent his officers instead. One of these officers told Kumarapala about Vikramasimha's treacherous plan. 555:

in his ascension, started making fun of him by divulging secrets from his days as a mendicant. Kumarapala warned him to stop doing this, but Kanhada didn't comply with this request. As a result, Kumarapala had his limbs paralyzed by wrestlers and also blinded him. After this incident, all the officers and

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In view of these evidences, historian H. C. Ray theorizes that Kumarapala leaned towards Jainism because of financial considerations: he simply wanted to win over the support of rich Jain merchants, who controlled the economy of Gujarat. Historian Ashoke Kumar Majumdar criticizes this theory, arguing

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at some point in life. The later Jain accounts portray him as the last great royal patron of Jainism, and as a righteous Jain king. During his reign, Jainism became prominent in Gujarat. It is not certain when exactly Kumarapala adopted the Jain faith. While several legendary chronicles state that he

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Sometime around 1150 CE, there was a second war between Arnoraja and Kumarapala. According to the Jain chroniclers of Gujarat (such as Jayasimha Suri, Rajashekhara and Jina-Mandana), Arnoraja once insulted Jains while playing chess with his wife Devalladevi. Devalladevi, a devout Jain and a sister of

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According to Merutunga, the ministers who had served Jayasimha tried to have the newly crowned Kumarapala assassinated. But Kumarapala survived after being forewarned by a loyal servant, and had the conspirators killed. Sometime later, his brother-in-law Kanhada-deva, who had played an important role

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Jayasimha Suri also provides a similar genealogy. He mentions some additional details: Kshemaraja and Karna were Bhima's sons by different women; and Kumarapala was the eldest son of Tribhuvanapala and Kashmiradevi. The genealogy given by Somaprabha and Prabhachandra is similar to the one provided by

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ascetic, before being joined by his wife Bhopaladevi and their children. When Jayasimha died, Kumarapala returned to the capital and met Hemachandra. The next day, he arrived at the royal palace, accompanied by his brother-in-law Krishna-deva, who commanded 10,000 horses. There, he was proclaimed as

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inscription corroborates Hemachandra's genealogy. However, historian A. K. Majumdar notes that the voluntary rejections of thrones are very rare, and therefore, Hemachandra's claim of Kshemaraja having voluntary give up his throne is doubtful. Hemachandra, who was a royal courtier, probably invented

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states that Chahada felt insulted by Kumarapala, and went to Sapdalaksha, where he instigated the king and his feudatories to attack Kumarapala by bribing them. Chahada also managed to win over a large part of Kumarapala's army. As a result, Kumarapala was betrayed by several of his own soldiers on

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mentioned a king called Rai Gurpal (of Nahrawala), who surpassed all other kings of Hindustan in good qualities. According to Aufi, Gurpal spent many years as a mendicant and suffered "all the miseries of travel", before he became a king. Historian Ashoke Majumdar identifies Gurpal with Kumarapala.

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Three sons of Udayana, who is said to have helped Kumarapala during his early years, became highly influential and powerful politicians during Kumarapala's reign. These were Vagabhata, Amrabhata and Charubhata. Vagabhata-deva was made a minister, and a man named Āliga was made the chief of council

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Jayasimha Suri provides a slightly different account: Kumarapala lived at Dadhisthali, where his great-grandfather had retired. Once, he came to Anahilapataka, where he received a sermon from Hemachandra, before returning to Dadhisthali. Jayasimha Siddharaja, who was childless, was devastated when

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named Bosari. There, he sought shelter with a rich man named Udayana, who turned him away to avoid enmity with the king Jayasimha. Fortunately for Kumarapala, Hemachandra had also arrived at a Jain monastery in Khambhat. Hemachandra gave him food and shelter, and predicted that he would become the

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does not mention anything about the king's life before his ascension to the throne. This is unusual, because Hemachandra's narratives about other kings of the dynasty describe their early lives. Historian Ashoke Majumdar theorizes that this might be because Hemachandra played a significant role in

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principle. Multiple legendary biographies by medieval Jain chroniclers present him as the last great royal patron of Jainism. However, the inscriptions and the evidence from rulers who succeeded Kumarapala do not corroborate the Jain texts. Furthermore, the Jaina chronicles differ substantially in

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succeeded their father on the throne. Karna sent Keshmaraja's son Devaprasada to look after him at Dadhisthali. After Karna's death, his own son Jayasimha ascended the throne. When Devaprasada learned about Karna's death, he sent his son Tribhuvanapala to Jayasimha's court, and committed suicide.

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The information about him largely come from two sources – the numerous Sanskrit and Apabhramasa-Prakrit language inscriptions and the Jain texts. These provide a highly inconsistent historical profile in some respects, and corroborate each other in some. Both portray Kumarapala as a patron of all

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Merutunga states that Kumarapala's army was led by Amrabhata (alias Ambada), the son of Udayana. Amrabhata's first march against Mallikarjuna was unsuccessful: the Shilaharas attacked him while his army was crossing the Kalavini river. Amrabhata was forced to retreat, and lived in seclusion as a

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against Kumarapala. As a result, Kumarapala appointed his own governors at Naddula. Later, Alhanadeva came back to Kumarapala, and helped him defeat Arnoraja. Kumarapala restored Alhanadeva's rule in a part of his former kingdom, but retained control of Naddula through his own governors. Later,

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The first war appears to have been caused by Arnoraja's opposition to Kumarapala's ascension to the Gujarat throne. According to historian A. K. Majumdar, Arnoraja may have planned to replace Kumarapala with his son Someshvara. Jayasimha's nominee and adopted son Chahada (also called Bahada or

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Jina-Mandana Suri's account of Kumarapala's early life is largely borrowed from the earlier chroniclers. But it does contain some original elements: for example, Kumarapala does not go to Hemachandra; rather, Hemachandra realizes that he is nearby, by sensing some signs indicating presence of a

1560:. His brother Vagbhatta replaced old temple of Adinatha with new magnificent temple. Siddhapala, son of poet Shripala, built Siddhapala-vasati at Anahilapataka. Governor Muluka built Sahajigeshwara temple in 1146 CE in memory of his father, as mentioned in the inscription in Sodhli stepwell in 1205:

Even after his conversion to Jainism, Kumarapala did not stop patronizing Shaivism. Hemachandra himself states that Kumarapala restored the temples of Shiva-Kedaranatha and Somanatha, and also erected the Kumareshvara temple after being told to do so by Shiva in a dream. Although Jain accounts

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or his grandson Pratapamalla. One day, he asked Hemachandra for advice. Hemachandra recommended Pratapamalla's name, and declared that Ajayapala was not fit to be a king. This conversation was overheard by Hemachandra's disciple Balachandra, who was a childhood friend of Ajayapala. Balachandra

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Merutunga mentions a similar legend: Some astrologers told Jayasimha that Kumarapala would succeed him. To escape Jayasimha's anger, Kumarapala spent many years in foreign lands, disguised as an ascetic. Subsequently, he returned to the capital Anahilapataka, and lived in a monastery. One day,

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with his family. As the date of his prophesied kingship (1199 VS) came closer, he returned to Anahilapataka. Shortly after, Jayasimha died, and Kumarapala reached the palace with Krishna-deva. There, he was made the king after two other claimants were found unsuitable. His sister Premaladevi

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continued to acknowledge the Chaulukya suzerainty during Kumarapala's reign, as it had done under Jayasimha. The Kiradu inscription of the Paramara ruler Someshvara states that he gained control of Sindhurajapura with Jayasimha's help in 1141 CE, and made it secure in 1148 CE after gaining

1084:, nor the Kalachuris were in a position to attack the powerful Gujarat Chaulukya kingdom during Kumarapala's reign. Therefore, these legends appear to have been invented by the Jain chroniclers to glorify Hemachandra and to prove that Kumarapala's adoption of Jainism did not weaken him. 728:, Devalladevi is a fictional character created by either Rajashekhara or another Jain writer, as none of the chronicles written before 14th century mention her. According to Majumdar, Arnoraja invaded the Chaulukya kingdom taking advantage of Kumarapala's involvement in other conflicts. 1198:, alcohol, gambling and adultery after his conversion to Jainism. However, no extant inscriptions issued by the king announce any such ban. Two inscriptions issued by his feudatories ban animal slaughter on certain days of the month. These are the Ratanpur inscription and the 1152 CE 1604:

The earliest extant temple of his period is small temple of Sarvamangala Devi at Khandoran. Other extant temples include Khandeshwari-mata Temple at Math near Kasangadh near Idar, the Mata temple (1146 CE) at Kanoda, the triple shrine at Parbadi in Saurashtra, Kumbheshwara Temple at

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subdued Alhanadeva. As a result, Kumarapala placed Naddula under his own governors, and restored Alhanadeva's rule when Vigraharaja turned his attention away from Naddula to focus on northern campaigns. Historian R. B. Singh theorizes that Alhanadeva joined Vigraharaja's predecessor

1210:. Even the Ratanpur inscription of his feudatory, which bans animal slaughter in accordance with Jain principles, begins with an invocation to Shankara (Shiva). The Kiradu inscription also states that Kumarapala achieved his conquests by the grace of Shankara. The 1169 CE 1008:

of Tejapala states that Yashodhavala performed well in a battle that made the wives of the Kunkuna (Konkana) ruler cry. According to Hemachandra, Mallikarjuna fell from his elephant during the battle, and was beheaded by the Gujarat soldiers. The Chahamana chronicle

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Jina-Mandana Suri attempted to reconcile Merutunga's account with Jayasimha Suri's account. According to him, Kshemaraja's mother was Bakuladevi and Karna's mother was Udayamati. Bhima gave his kingdom to his younger son Karna, to please his younger wife Udayamati.

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appeared in the dream of the local king Pratapasimha, and ordered him to help Kumarapala. After spending some days in Kollambapattana, Kumarapala returned to Ujjain, where he read the prophecy about his future kingship at the Kundageshvara temple. Next, he visited

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result of this embarrassment. But Kumarapala dispatched him to Konkana with another army. During this second invasion, Amrabhata defeated Mallikarjuna. Jayasimha Suri and Jina-Mandana state that the Chaulukya army defeated Mallikarjuna during the first invasion.

1175:, but remained unsatisfied with their discussions. One day, his minister Vahada noticed this and told him about Hemachandra. The king requested a meeting with the Jain monk, who later converted him to Jainism. Hemachandra himself gives a similar account in his 1601:, built the Mahavira temple known as Undira-vasahika at Padra which was consecrated by Jinabhadrasuri. Minister Vadhuyana's son Kapardi built the Adinath temple at Vatesara. A mutilated Junagdh inscription mentions many temples built by Minister Dhavala. 724:

Kumarapala, asked her brother to avenge this insult. Historian A. K. Majumdar points out that Kumarapala converted to Jainism at a later date, so the legend about his sister getting offended by Arnoraja appears to be historically inaccurate. According to

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there. After this, he visited Hemachandra and listen to his teachings. At noon, the king had lunch only after he offered food to the Jain deities. Next, he discussed religion and philosophy with an assembly of learned men, and then attended his

823:(probably the designation of a subordinate officer). This is obviously an exaggeration, but it does appear that Vigraharaja conquered some of Kumarapala's territories. The Chahamana-Chaulukya relations probably became normal when Arnoraja's son 334:

According to Merutugna, Kumarapala was a descendant of Bhima I through Haripala and Tribhuvanapala. Haripala was a son of Bhima and a concubine named Bakuladevi. Merutunga's genealogy seems to be historically inaccurate, as the fragmentary

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Multiple chroniclers state that Kumarapala's brother-in-law Krishna-deva served as Jayasimha's general. According to Prabhachandra, Kumarapala's brother Kirtipala also served as Jayasimha's general, in an expedition against Navaghana.

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and adopted Jainism towards the end of his reign. The Jain texts composed after his death, additionally state that after his conversion, Kumarapala banned all killing of animals in his kingdom – a law that would be consistent with the

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for the merits of his maternal grandmother. He also built Shantinath temple in Shayanvadapura in Rohamandal for the merits of his maternal grandfather. These two were between 1150-60. Minister Amrabhatta, son of Udayana, replaced old

294:), Jayasimha Suri, and Jina-Mandana Suri, among others. Of all the Indian kings, the largest number of chronicles have been written about Kumarapala. However, these chronicles differ substantially in important details about his life. 1299:(1554) claims that Hemachandra was defeated in a debate and sentenced to death, after which Kumarapala became a Shaivite. Such stories, which appear to be imaginary, conceded that at some point, Kumarapala believed in Jainism. 1248:. Thus, Hemachandra's writings indicate that Kumarapala did not give up Brahaminical rituals completely. However, the writings of the later Jain writers suggest that Kumarapala was completely devoted to Jainism. For example: 475:

The historicity of these legendary narratives is debatable, but it is known that Kumarapala seized the throne after sudden death of Jayasimha. This is known from two inscriptions dated to Kumarapala's reign: the 1145 CE

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Kumarapala had constructed many temples; Brahminical temples as well as Jain temples due to his leaning towards it. According to the Jain texts, he was responsible for building a large number of temples in his capital

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his father rebuilt after the plunder and destruction by Mahmud of Ghazni. The inscriptions suggest that he was a Hindu and participated in Brahmanic rituals, at least till the last known inscriptions that mention him.

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mentions his excavation of Jivantaswami Mahavira image from Vitabhayapura and its installation in the temple at Anahilapataka. Karmba-vihara, Yuka-vihara and the Mushaka-vihara are mentioned with a bizarre story in

1187:. Shiva told Kumarapala that Hemachandra was an incarnation of all the gods. On Hemachandra's advice, Kumarapala gave up the consumption of meat and wine. After return to his capital, Kumarapala took the 1625:

style temple of Chalukyan style, devoid of any Paramara influence. There is a temple of Shashibhushana (c. 1169 CE) at Prabhas which is mentioned as one of five sacred temples of the town according to

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Other Jain chroniclers such as Rajashekhara and Jina-Mandana give similar accounts of Kumarapala's death. However, these accounts do not appear to be historically accurate. Ajayapala was a follower of

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through Kshemaraja, Devaprasada and Tribhuvanapala. Kshemaraja, who was the elder son of Bhima, renounced his rights to the throne, and retired to Dadhisthali as an ascetic. His younger brother

870:, which was used in the present-day Gujarat region. Based on this, historian R. B. Singh believes that he captured Naddula with help of Kumarapala. Katukaraja's younger brother and successor 261:

sites. These different sources of information also present him as a king who supported the divergent religious Indian traditions in Western India, particularly Gujarat and Rajasthan region.

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the battlefield. Despite this, he won the battle. Chahada was captured, after he fell to ground while trying to jump on Kumarapala's elephant. Kumarapala also wounded Arnoraja with an iron

195:. He ascended the throne after Jayasimha's death, with help of his brother-in-law. He ruled for nearly three decades, during which he subdued a number of neighbouring kings, including the 598:(Bhilsa). The Jain chroniclers provide highly exaggerated accounts of the territorial extent of Kumarapala's kingdom. For example, Udayaprabha claims that Kumarapala's empire included 1417:(VS 1361, 1305 CE). Though it may be not be true explanation, he had constructed large number of temples himself or were constructed by his governors, administrators and officers. 1444:

built by Kumarapala still survives while most of his other temples no longer exists. He also built temples at several sites, many of which are already Jain sites of pilgrimage:

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claims that it Amrabhata killed Mallikarjuna. It appears that the Amrabhata was the nominal leader of the second campaign, which was actually led by Someshvara and Dharavarsha.

691:, and captured the horses of the Chahamana generals. The accounts of Prabhachandra, Jayasimha Suri, Rajashekhara and Jina-Mandana are similar to that of Merutunga. According to 365:. In this play, a character states that Kumarapala "wandered alone through the whole world", suggesting that the king spent his early life wandering away from the royal court. 191:

According to Jain texts such as those written by Hemachandra and Prabhachandra, Kumarapala spent his early life in exile to avoid persecution by his relative and predecessor

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rituals during the last years of his life. Another possibility is that the later Jain writers made concerted attempts to falsely portray him as a completely devout Jain.

1104:, because of which the later Jain chroniclers portrayed him in a negative light. The early Jain chroniclers do not mention him as the murderer of Kumarapala. Moreover, 1206:

unanimously state that Kumarapala converted to Jainism, none of the king's extant inscriptions invoke Jain deities. Most of his inscriptions began with invocations to

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Kumarapala inscriptions predominantly invoke Shiva – a Hindu god, and they do not mention any Jain Tirthankara or Jaina deity. The major Veraval inscription calls him

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The historicity of these legends is doubtful, as they claim that Hemachandra had the supernatural power to predict the invader's death on a certain day. Neither the

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that Kumarapala would be his successor. This made Jayasimha very angry, because he hated Kumarapala. Fearing for his life, Kumarapala fled the kingdom in form of a

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prayer after waking up. After meditating and taking a bath, he worshipped Jain images. Time permitting, he visited the Kumarapala-Vihara and performed the Jain

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inscription of Kumarapala boasts that the head of the lord of Malwa hung at the gates of the Chaulukya palace. This "lord of Malwa" is identified with Ballala.

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After defeating Arnoraja, Kumarapala returned to Abu, and had Vikramasimha imprisoned. He appointed Vikramasimha's nephew Yashodhavala as the new chief of Abu.

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feet which is the largest known in India. He built Kumarapaleshwar temple and renovated Kedareshwar temples at Anahilapataka (now Patan). He replaced Phase II

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assured him that the Jain deities would protect him. Hemachandra also correctly predicted that the invading king would die on a specific day during the march.

1179:. The later legendary accounts of Kumarapala's conversion to Jainism are too fanciful to be true. For example, Merutunga claims that Hemachandra made the god 361:

Kumarapala's early life, as mentioned by later chroniclers. Yashahpala, another contemporary writer, provides a hint about the king's early life in his drama

1552:) with new grand temple. The relics of it are reused in extant Jami mosque at Bharuch. Minister Amarabhatta built Shakuni-chaitya (1166 CE) at Bhrigukutch ( 1034:

The later writers seem to have confused Jayasimha's Saurashtra campaign with that of Kumarapala. Kumarapala's Saurashtra campaign was probably against the

714:, Kumarapala's sister also married Arnoraja. Despite the conflict, Kumarapala treated Arnoraja's son Someshvara well. According to the Chahamana chronicle 695:, Arnoraja suffered from an arrow shot in his face during the war. Prabachandra states that Kumarapala's army unsuccessfully besieged Arnoraja's capital 1630: 1578:

hill. On its foothill, he established the Vagbhattapura town and built Tribhuvana-vihara. Dholka inscription mentions that minister Vagbhatta added 24

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also states that Kumarapala lived in exile fearing for his life, and returned to the capital only after the death of Jai Singh (that is, Jayasimha).

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s (shrines) in Anahilapataka. He built Trivihara and Tribhuvana-vihara (1160 CE) at Anahilapataka in merit of his father Tribhuvanpla which had 72

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a fictional narrative to avoid mentioning the illegitimate son Haripala. This also explains why Karna's son Jayasimha Siddharaja hated Kumarapala.

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states that after being defeated, Arnoraja concluded a peace treaty by arranging the marriage of his daughter Jahlana to Kumarapala. According to

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inscription also states that he defeated the king of Shakambhari, devastated the Sapadalaksha country and then set up a camp at Shalipura. The

410:. Kumarapala was astonished at this prophecy, and promised to become a Jain if it came true. Udayana then arranged for Kumarapala to travel to 1217:

inscription issued by the Shaivite priest Bhava Brihaspati describes Kumarapala as the leader of the rulers who worship Maheshvara (Shiva).

179:(worshipper of Shiva), and even Jain texts state that he worshipped Somanatha (Somesvara, Shiva). He rebuilt a spectacular Somanatha-Patan 662:

king, ruled the Sapadalaksha country to the north of Kumarapala's kingdom. His wife was a daughter of Jayasimha Siddharaja, and their son

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king of the Dahala country. When he was sleeping on his elephant, his gold chain got caught in a tree branch, strangling him to death.

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stone inscription states that he appointed one Gumadeva to control the Abhiras, and that Gumadeva's sword frightened the Abhiras. The

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Charubhatta) formed an alliance with Arnoraja, and instigated him to fight Kumarapala. This is attested by several sources, including

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The writings of Prabhachandra, Jayasimha Suri, and Jina-Mandana Suri mention Kumarapala's conflict with Vikramasimha, a ruler of the

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The Jain chronicles state a rival king decided to invade Gujarat, taking advantage of Kumarapala's conversion to the non-violent

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According to Merutunga, Kumarapala ordered an attack against Mallikarjuna, because the Shilahara king bore the pompous title

858:, a former king of Naddula, had accepted Chaulukya suzerainty during Jayasimha's reign, after being dislodged by his nephew 512:(1042 CE). However, this is known to be inaccurate: a 1200 VS (1043 CE) inscription of Jayasimha has been found at Bali in 1721:

V Ozha and G Buhler (1889), The Somnathpattan Prasasti of Bhava Brihaspati, Vienna Oriental Journal, Volume 3, pp. 14–17

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site with many Hindu temples, bathing ghats and pilgrim facilities, according to one inscription, thereby expanding the

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s, he built 32 Jain temples as the repentance of his non-vegetarianism in early life. This is mentioned in Yashapala's

792:, who were feudatories of Kumarapala. The Bijolia inscription boasts that he destroyed the enemy cities of Javalipura ( 368:

Prabhachandra provides the following account of Kumarapala's early life: One day, Jayasimha Siddharaja learned through

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given by Hanuman resulted in the destruction of Kumarapala's capital, and ultimately, his re-conversion. Gadadhara's

808:. Vigraharaja also defeated one Kuntapala, who can be identified with a Naddula Chahamana subordinate of Kumarapala. 516:

of Rajasthan. The inaccuracy appears to have resulted from the later chroniclers' misinterpretation of Hemachandra's

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on his minister's advice. This time, he defeated Arnoraja, whose ally included Jayasimha's adopted son Charubhata.

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by Someshvara (the priest of Ajayapala's son Bhima) suggests that Ajayapala was a son (not nephew) of Kumarapala.

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and the Abu Paramara prince Dharavarsha (son of Yashodhavala) appear to have participated in this battle. The Abu

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had been brought up at the Chaulukya court. There appear to have been two wars between Arnoraja and Kumarapala.

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The coins attributed to Kumarapala has his name on reverse and seated goddess, probably Lakshmi, on obverse.

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This second war also ended with Arnoraja's defeat. Kumarapala's victory over Arnoraja is corroborated by the

84: 946:

regained control of his kingdom. However, his reign was cut short by an usurper named Ballala. According to

1188: 615: 1590:

mentions that Vairisimha, a friend or a relative of Minister Vagbhatta, built the Parshwanatha temple in

720:, Kumarapala (literally "Boy Protector") became worthy of his name through his treatment of Someshvara. 264:

Kumarapala is the subject of several major chronicles by medieval Jain scholars. These scholars include

3197: 2927: 2834:(1998), "Who is a King? Jain Narratives of Kingship in Medieval Western India", in John E. Cort (ed.), 894:

Alhanadeva served him in a southern campaign, as a result of which Kumarapala restored Naddula to him.

1346: 1171:

According to Kumarapala's near-contemporary Somaprabha, the king used to hold religious meetings with

905:

king (that is, Kumarapala) sought Alhanadeva's assistance in establishing peace in the hilly areas of

781:. While Vigraharaja was busy fighting at Chittor, Kumarapala tried to create a diversion by besieging 3177: 3042: 2678: 878: 751:

also states that Kumarapala defeated the king of Jangala (another name for the Chahamana territory).

659: 498: 461: 323: 196: 2659: 763:

launched several expeditions against the Chaulukyas to avenge his father's defeat. According to the

866:

seized the throne of Naddula around 1145 CE. His inscriptions of Katukaraja are dated in the Simha

836: 1255:

Somaprabha, writing around a decade after Kumarapala's death, claims that the king recited Jain

3192: 877:

After becoming Kumarapala's feudatories, the Chahamanas of Naddula suffered an invasion by the

219:

to his kingdom by defeating Ballala. Kumarapala, state the Jain text, became a disciple of the

19: 2899: 2725: 2698: 1069:

According to Prabhachandra, the invading king was the ruler of Kalyanakataka (identified with

953:

Kumarapala's Abu Paramara feudatory Yashodhavala killed Ballala in a battle, as attested by a

2700:

Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel

1653: 1074: 1043: 851: 789: 497:

priest Bhava Brihaspati. Jayasimha's only known male descendant was his daughter's son, the

3059: 1528: 1092:

According to Jayasimha Suri, Kumarapala planned to pass on the throne to either his nephew

1081: 308: 290: 192: 74: 1131:, his uncle and royal priest Sarva-deva II immersed the remains of Kumara-pala in Ganges. 8: 2776:] (in Gujarati). Ahmedabad: Sresthi Kasturbhai Lalbhai Smaraknidhi. pp. 151–168. 1695:

Ray, Nisith Ranjan (1958). "A Note on the Decline of Chalukya Power under Bhimadeva II".

1441: 1339: 1028: 906: 591: 529: 481: 1050:

inscription boasts that he put down disturbances in Saurashtra at Kumarapala's request.

161:(Solanki) dynasty. He ruled present-day Gujarat and surrounding areas, from his capital 2857: 2684: 2507: 1704: 1614: 1561: 1481: 1266: 1047: 1011: 898: 716: 611: 477: 154: 402:

Jayasimha invited several monks and washed their feet on the occasion of his father's

2950: 2905: 2886: 2865: 2845: 2817: 2798: 2731: 2704: 1741: 1659: 777:). The Jain author Somatilaka Suri states that Vigraharaja's army captured Sajjana's 725: 2767: 1281:

The Shaivite texts claim that Kumarapala converted back to Shaivism. For example, a

1225:

Kumarapala's conversion to Jainism, and because of his attempts to promote Jainism.

2763: 2655: 1571: 1388:

with large Kailash-Meru temple on the place. He also constructed Somnath Temple in

1195: 935: 393:, and gave them to Kumarapala. Subsequently, Kumarapala spent years traveling as a 257:

arts and architecture, leaving behind a legacy of major Hindu and Jain temples and

212: 2513:

Literary Circle of Mahāmātya Vastupāla and its Contribution to Sanskrit Literature

1678: 2880: 2859: 2835: 2811: 2792: 2540: 2511: 1735: 1508:

His Jain ministers built large number of temples. His minister Prithvipala built

1477: 1389: 827:

became the Chahamana king in later years, possibly with support from Kumarapala.

797: 56: 1629:. Kumarapala's Somanatha inscription mentions its renovation by Pashupatacharya 3144: 1618: 1473: 1381: 1363: 1320: 1261: 1184: 885: 760: 688: 599: 587: 509: 407: 184: 1307:

The Vadnagar inscription (1152 CE) mentions that Kumarapala built the fort of

1252:

Jina-Mandana states that Kumarapala stopped worshipping the Brahmanical idols.

785:, but lifted the siege after learning about Vigraharaja's victory at Chittor. 3171: 1461: 1385: 1356: 1283: 627: 513: 468: 277: 162: 2890: 2766:(2002). "કુમારપાળ અને કુમારવિહારો" [Kumarapala and Kumara-viharas]. 2995: 2831: 2802: 1737:

In Praise of Kings: Rajputs, Sultans and Poets in Fifteenth-century Gujarat

1245: 1070: 1035: 867: 778: 741: 623: 607: 403: 390: 336: 2606: 2604: 2088: 2086: 2044: 2042: 2040: 524:

tells Hemachandra that Kumarapala will become a king when 1669 years have

3110: 1575: 1557: 1540: 1484:). He built Jholika-vihara (1163 CE) at the birthplace of Hemachandra in 1421: 1316: 1165: 1063: 947: 910: 902: 575: 357: 315: 265: 241: 224: 1834: 1832: 1708: 1456:), Prabhas (of Parshwanatha). He also built Kumaravihara at Tharapadra ( 1335: 1015:

claims that Someshvara personally beheaded Mallikarjuna. Balachandra's

854:

were the northern neighbours and longstanding rivals of the Chaulukyas.

508:

The Jain chronicles mention that Kumarapala ascended the throne in 1199

2841: 2601: 2476: 2464: 2416: 2251: 2083: 2037: 1972: 1469: 1366:

in 1169 CE which the grandest and the most beautiful of his time. It's

1275: 1101: 1073:). According to Merutunga and Jina-Mandana, the invader was Karna, the 884:

Historian A. K. Majumdar theorizes that the Shakambhari Chahamana king

871: 863: 805: 700: 369: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2562: 2560: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2372: 2370: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2268: 2266: 2193: 2191: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1754: 1168:

early in his life, the historical accuracy of this claim is doubtful.

1938: 1936: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1892: 1880: 1868: 1844: 1829: 1819: 1817: 1532: 1485: 1449: 1437: 1433: 1401: 1393: 1112: 979: 962: 954: 736: 579: 567: 546: 489: 439: 373: 285: 245: 236: 204: 158: 112: 2919: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 562:

Historical evidence suggests that Kumarapala's empire extended from

3127: 2961: 2769:નિર્ગ્રંથ ઐતિહાસિક લેખ સમુચ્ચય (Nirgranth Aetihasik Lekh Samucchay) 2584: 2572: 2557: 2488: 2445: 2428: 2399: 2382: 2367: 2338: 2263: 2188: 2149: 2125: 2066: 2013: 1996: 1984: 1960: 1948: 1591: 1453: 1445: 1308: 1292: 1172: 1156: 958: 890: 855: 732: 655: 631: 521: 494: 427: 394: 377: 200: 135: 99: 2239: 2227: 2178: 2176: 1933: 1921: 1904: 1856: 1814: 1613:

was added to Akhada Mahadeva temple at Vasai during his time. The

3025: 1785: 1766: 1553: 1549: 1324: 1288: 1233: 1211: 1160: 1059: 1046:

chief Alhana seems to have participated in this campaign, as his

983: 774: 769: 764: 745: 619: 595: 583: 571: 563: 556: 485: 444: 419: 381: 319: 220: 169: 131: 107: 43: 2837:

Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History

699:

11 times. Before launching the 12th campaign, Kumarapala prayed

2671: 2621: 2619: 2173: 2161: 2137: 1583: 1465: 1457: 1256: 1237: 1199: 1120: 1111:

Kumarapala's body was cremated, and his ashes were immersed at

1039: 922: 816: 793: 782: 639: 635: 435: 431: 423: 229: 2355: 2054: 327:

Kumarapala was Tribhuvanapala's son, and succeeded Jayasimha.

18:

This article is about King of Gujarat. For the Pala king, see

2103: 2101: 1409:(VS 1229-32, 1173-76 CE) as well as in Prabhachandracharya's 1207: 1180: 1116: 939: 801: 696: 411: 331:

Hemachandra, but Prabhachandra omits the name of Kshemaraja.

216: 2685:

The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective 1981

2616: 318:, Kumarapala was a descendant of the earlier Chaulukya king 2520: 1315:

mentions that he ordered a tank to be built at Bhadravati (

603: 2538: 2326: 2314: 2302: 2290: 2278: 2215: 2203: 2113: 2098: 2025: 559:(feudatories) started treating the new king with respect. 1802: 532:. This implies that Kumarapala became the king after the 1221:

that the rich merchants in Gujarat probably became Jain

460:

prince, such as "a lizard dancing on a serpent's head".

2861:

The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective

1323:

was built during Kumarapala's reign. Ganga stepwell at

1240:. Later in the day, he visited a Jain temple (named as 307:

All sources state that Kumarapala was the successor of

934:

Jayasimha Siddharaja had captured a large part of the

909:. An 1171 CE inscription proves that Alhanadeva's son 767:

rock inscription, he killed one Sajjana, a feudatory (

398:

the new king after two other claimants were rejected.

549:

of inscriptions issued during the reign of Kumarapala

385:

king after 7 years. The Jain scholar also took 3,200

2790: 2610: 2595: 2578: 2566: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2439: 2422: 2410: 2393: 2376: 2349: 2272: 2257: 2197: 2155: 2131: 2092: 2077: 2048: 2019: 2007: 1990: 1978: 1966: 1954: 1942: 1927: 1915: 1898: 1886: 1874: 1862: 1850: 1838: 1823: 1796: 1779: 1760: 1232:, Kumarapala began his day with blessings from the 2660:"The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat" 986:. This campaign resulted in Mallikarjuna's death. 819:) boasts that Vigraharaja reduced Kumarapala to a 804:). The Naddula ruler subdued by him may have been 452:ceremony, and Udayana's son Vagabhata was made an 168:Kumarapala was a descendant of the Chaulukya king 2809: 2696: 2245: 2233: 2182: 2167: 2143: 1633:. Some older parts of the temple still survives. 1194:The Jain chronicles state that Kumarapala banned 3169: 1244:by a commentator). At the temple, he worshipped 2774:Nirgrantha (Jain) Historical Article Collection 2674:: Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad: 55–62, 79–80. 2506: 1740:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–41. 1539:the Ninnaya's temple built by his ancestor at 1291:for Kumarapala's re-conversion to Shaivism: a 1053: 913:continued to serve Kumarapala as a feudatory. 642:. Such claims are of little historical value. 2935: 2897: 2664:Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad 2625: 2830: 2723: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2526: 2119: 1808: 645: 539: 2878: 2361: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2221: 2209: 2107: 2060: 2031: 1570:mentions that Minister Vagbhatta built the 1370:(shrine proper) had the ceiling of about 34 1274:It is possible that Kumarapala gave up the 1000:Apart from Amrabhata, the Chahamana prince 351: 2942: 2928: 2690: 2532: 1697:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 594:; in the east, it extended up to at least 36: 2730:. India Guide Publications. p. 227. 2717: 2631: 1729: 1727: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1327:has been dated to 1169 CE (Samvat 1225). 536:of the year 1199 VS, that is in 1200 VS. 251: 2864:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 19–24. 1658:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 84–86. 1345: 1334: 1027:Kumarapala waged war against a ruler of 845: 235: 1733: 1582:s to Udayana-vihara (about 1167 CE) in 1287:story states that Brahmins appealed to 1062:. This greatly worried Kumarapala, but 578:in the south (ignoring his raid of the 3170: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2697:Michael C. Howard (23 February 2012). 1724: 1683: 1642: 916: 311:, who was his relative and hated him. 42:Coin of Kumarapala featuring a seated 2949: 2923: 2762: 2654: 1342:in Gujarat, constructed by Kumarapala 942:. After his death, the Paramara king 356:Kumarapala's contemporary chronicler 1420:He built Kumara-vihara dedicated to 2751: 2539:Bhanwarlal Nathuram Luniya (1978). 1694: 1413:(VS 1334, 1278 CE) and Merutunga's 929: 830: 13: 2816:. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. 2542:Life and culture in medieval India 1703:. Indian History Congress: 83–86. 467:The contemporary Muslim historian 233:important details about his life. 14: 3209: 2516:. Singhi Jain Series. p. 46. 1476:), Karkarapuri (Kakar), Mandali ( 1134: 754: 1302: 1183:appear before Kumarapala at the 1159:family, but started patronizing 974:Kumarapala sent an army against 240:Representative Image of Acharya 2783: 2500: 1516:at Anahilapatak and the extant 969: 773:) of Kumarapala at Chitrakuta ( 151: 1143 – 1172 CE 148: 2545:. Kamal Prakashan. p. 385 1715: 1672: 1319:). The stepwell at Vayad near 874:ruled as Kumarapala's vassal. 422:. From there, he proceeded to 98:Dadhisthali (now Dethali near 1: 3148: 3131: 3114: 3097: 3080: 3063: 3046: 3029: 3012: 2999: 2982: 2965: 2791:Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1956). 2658:(1961). Deva, Krishna (ed.). 1655:The Coinage of Northern India 1636: 1521: 1350:Adinath temple on Shatrunjaya 1087: 1022: 788:Vigraharaja also subdued the 297: 3188:12th-century Indian monarchs 2858:Jutta Jain-Neubauer (1981). 2703:. McFarland. pp. 189–. 1503:Kumarapala-charitra-sangraha 586:). In the west, it included 7: 1556:) which was consecrated by 1228:According to Hemachandra's 1150: 1054:After conversion to Jainism 650: 484:feudatory, and the 1169 CE 389:s (gold coins) from a Jain 302: 10: 3214: 2810:Dasharatha Sharma (1959). 2797:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 1499:Puratan-prabandha-sangraha 1330: 493:inscription issued by the 480:inscription issued by his 17: 3183:12th-century Indian Jains 2957: 2882:History of the Chāhamānas 2611:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2596:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2579:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2567:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2495:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2483:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2471:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2459:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2440:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2423:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2411:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2394:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2377:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2350:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2273:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2258:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2198:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2156:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2132:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2093:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2078:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2049:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2020:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2008:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1991:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1979:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1967:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1955:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1943:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1928:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1916:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1899:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1887:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1875:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1863:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1851:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1839:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1824:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1797:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1780:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1761:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 1597:Kavi Vagbhatta who wrote 1155:Kumarapala was born in a 740:inscription. His 1150 CE 646:Chahamanas of Shakambhari 540:Reign and military career 127: 119: 106: 94: 90: 80: 70: 62: 55: 35: 30: 352:Early life and ascension 2904:. Penguin Books India. 2813:Early Chauhān Dynasties 1568:Anchalagaccha-pattavali 1432:s and was dedicated to 1384:(Bhima II's temple) at 1115:, at the confluence of 921:The Paramara branch at 2898:Romila Thapar (2008). 2246:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2234:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2183:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2168:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 2144:Dasharatha Sharma 1959 1351: 1343: 1129:Surathotsava Mahakavya 879:Shakambhari Chahamanas 837:Paramara branch of Abu 252:Sources of information 248: 211:. He also annexed the 177:Mahesvara-nripa-agrani 50:written on other side. 48:Shrimat-Kumarapaladeva 20:Kumarapala (Pala king) 2794:Chaulukyas of Gujarat 2724:Anjali Desai (2006). 1349: 1338: 1164:met the Jain scholar 852:Chahamanas of Naddula 846:Chahamanas of Naddula 790:Chahamanas of Naddula 660:Shakambhari Chahamana 282:Kumarapala-Pratibodha 239: 153:) was a ruler of the 3060:Jayasimha Siddharaja 2879:R. B. Singh (1964). 2656:Dhaky, Madhusudan A. 1734:Kapadia, A. (2018). 1615:temple at Galteshwar 1490:Kumarapalapratibodha 684:Prabandha Chintamani 680:Prabandha Chintamani 582:kingdom of northern 570:in the north to the 309:Jayasimha Siddharaja 291:Prabandha-Chintamani 193:Jayasimha Siddharaja 75:Jayasimha Siddharaja 66:1143–1172 (29 years) 2727:India Guide Gujarat 2613:, pp. 123–124. 2425:, pp. 113–114. 2364:, pp. 255–257. 2260:, pp. 109–110. 2063:, pp. 134–135. 2051:, pp. 107–108. 1981:, pp. 499–501. 1495:Prabandhachintamani 1468:, 1165 CE), Dwipa ( 1415:Prabandhachintamani 1407:Mohaparajaya-nataka 1364:temple at Somanatha 1340:Taranga Jain temple 1191:and became a Jain. 917:Paramaras of Kiradu 438:. There, the deity 380:, accompanied by a 2626:Romila Thapar 2008 2485:, p. 125-127. 2473:, p. 124-125. 2095:, p. 105-106. 1763:, p. 120-125. 1652:P. C. Roy (1980). 1574:(1155-1157 CE) on 1535:. He also built a 1480:) and Mangalpura ( 1452:), Stambhatirtha ( 1399:According to Jain 1352: 1344: 1297:Sampradaya Pradipa 1267:eight-fold worship 1012:Prithviraja Vijaya 717:Prithviraja Vijaya 712:Kumarapala Charita 693:Kumarapala Charita 676:Kumarapala Charita 249: 155:Kingdom of Gujarat 3198:Chaulukya dynasty 3165: 3164: 2951:Chaulukya dynasty 2911:978-0-14-306468-8 2871:978-0-391-02284-3 2737:978-0-9789517-0-2 2710:978-0-7864-9033-2 2527:John E. Cort 1998 2248:, pp. 58–59. 2236:, pp. 57–58. 2120:John E. Cort 1998 1901:, pp. 94–96. 1889:, pp. 93–94. 1877:, pp. 91–93. 1853:, pp. 55–56. 1809:John E. Cort 1998 1747:978-1-108-22606-6 1665:978-81-7017-122-5 1411:Prabhavakacharita 1242:Kumarapala-Vihara 1082:Kalyani Chalukyas 1044:Naddula Chahamana 982:king of northern 957:inscription. The 901:inscription, the 862:. Asharaja's son 726:Dasharatha Sharma 363:Maharaja-Parajaya 141: 140: 3205: 3178:Kings of Gujarat 3157: 3153: 3150: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3004: 3001: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2944: 2937: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2894: 2875: 2854: 2827: 2806: 2778: 2777: 2760: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2652: 2629: 2623: 2614: 2608: 2599: 2593: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2443: 2437: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2397: 2391: 2380: 2374: 2365: 2362:R. B. Singh 1964 2359: 2353: 2347: 2336: 2333:R. B. Singh 1964 2330: 2324: 2321:R. B. Singh 1964 2318: 2312: 2309:R. B. Singh 1964 2306: 2300: 2297:R. B. Singh 1964 2294: 2288: 2285:R. B. Singh 1964 2282: 2276: 2270: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2222:R. B. Singh 1964 2219: 2213: 2210:R. B. Singh 1964 2207: 2201: 2195: 2186: 2180: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2108:R. B. Singh 1964 2105: 2096: 2090: 2081: 2075: 2064: 2061:R. B. Singh 1964 2058: 2052: 2046: 2035: 2032:R. B. Singh 1964 2029: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1841:, p. 89-90. 1836: 1827: 1821: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1783: 1777: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1731: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1692: 1681: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1649: 1631:Bhava Brihaspati 1599:Vagbhattalankara 1588:Dholka-prashasti 1548:at Bhrigukutch ( 1546:Shakunika-vihara 1526: 1523: 1512:in front of the 1464:), Jabaliputra ( 1379: 1378: 1374: 1359:(modern Patan). 1262:Pancha Namaskara 1196:animal slaughter 1185:Somanatha temple 1177:Mahavira-Charita 1142:jyayana-pradhana 930:Ballala of Malwa 831:Paramaras of Abu 520:. In this text, 165:(modern Patan). 152: 150: 46:on one side and 40: 28: 27: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3203: 3202: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3138: 3134: 3121: 3117: 3104: 3100: 3087: 3083: 3070: 3066: 3053: 3049: 3036: 3032: 3019: 3015: 3002: 2989: 2985: 2972: 2968: 2953: 2948: 2918: 2912: 2872: 2852: 2824: 2786: 2781: 2761: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2653: 2632: 2624: 2617: 2609: 2602: 2594: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2446: 2438: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2400: 2392: 2383: 2375: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2228: 2220: 2216: 2208: 2204: 2196: 2189: 2181: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2099: 2091: 2084: 2076: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2006: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1885: 1881: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1830: 1822: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1786: 1778: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1748: 1732: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1693: 1684: 1677: 1673: 1666: 1650: 1643: 1639: 1524: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1333: 1305: 1236:and accepted a 1153: 1137: 1123:. According to 1090: 1056: 1025: 972: 932: 919: 897:According to a 848: 833: 800:) and Naddula ( 759:Arnoraja's son 757: 653: 648: 552: 551: 550: 542: 518:Mahaviracharita 354: 305: 300: 274:Mahaviracharita 254: 147: 57:King of Gujarat 51: 26: 25:King of Gujarat 23: 12: 11: 5: 3211: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3145:Tribhuvanapala 3142: 3125: 3108: 3091: 3074: 3057: 3040: 3023: 3006: 2993: 2976: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2947: 2946: 2939: 2932: 2924: 2917: 2916: 2910: 2895: 2885:. N. Kishore. 2876: 2870: 2855: 2850: 2828: 2822: 2807: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2750: 2736: 2716: 2709: 2689: 2677: 2630: 2628:, p. 116. 2615: 2600: 2598:, p. 121. 2583: 2581:, p. 122. 2571: 2569:, p. 120. 2556: 2531: 2529:, p. 100. 2519: 2508:B.J. Sandesara 2499: 2497:, p. 125. 2487: 2475: 2463: 2461:, p. 116. 2444: 2442:, p. 115. 2427: 2415: 2413:, p. 114. 2398: 2396:, p. 113. 2381: 2379:, p. 112. 2366: 2354: 2352:, p. 111. 2337: 2335:, p. 257. 2325: 2323:, p. 256. 2313: 2311:, p. 254. 2301: 2299:, p. 253. 2289: 2287:, p. 249. 2277: 2275:, p. 110. 2262: 2250: 2238: 2226: 2224:, p. 148. 2214: 2212:, p. 149. 2202: 2200:, p. 109. 2187: 2172: 2160: 2158:, p. 106. 2148: 2136: 2134:, p. 108. 2124: 2112: 2110:, p. 135. 2097: 2082: 2080:, p. 104. 2065: 2053: 2036: 2034:, p. 134. 2024: 2022:, p. 118. 2012: 2010:, p. 119. 1995: 1993:, p. 103. 1983: 1971: 1969:, p. 102. 1959: 1957:, p. 100. 1947: 1932: 1920: 1903: 1891: 1879: 1867: 1855: 1843: 1828: 1813: 1801: 1784: 1765: 1753: 1746: 1723: 1714: 1682: 1671: 1664: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1619:Kheda district 1572:Adinath temple 1525: 1150 CE 1472:), Latapalli ( 1448:, Arbudagiri ( 1382:Somnath Temple 1332: 1329: 1304: 1301: 1272: 1271: 1253: 1152: 1149: 1136: 1135:Administration 1133: 1089: 1086: 1055: 1052: 1024: 1021: 971: 968: 931: 928: 918: 915: 886:Vigraharaja IV 847: 844: 832: 829: 779:elephant force 761:Vigraharaja IV 756: 755:Vigraharaja IV 753: 706:Hemachandra's 682:. Merutunga's 652: 649: 647: 644: 545: 544: 543: 541: 538: 448:performed the 436:Kolambapattana 434:, and finally 353: 350: 304: 301: 299: 296: 280:, Somaprabha ( 253: 250: 185:Somnath temple 139: 138: 129: 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 110: 104: 103: 96: 92: 91: 88: 87: 82: 78: 77: 72: 68: 67: 64: 60: 59: 53: 52: 41: 33: 32: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3210: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3193:Jain monarchs 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3146: 3143: 3129: 3126: 3112: 3109: 3095: 3092: 3078: 3075: 3061: 3058: 3044: 3041: 3027: 3024: 3010: 3007: 2997: 2994: 2980: 2977: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2851:0-7914-3785-X 2847: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2823:9780842606189 2819: 2815: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2739: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2720: 2712: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2693: 2687:, p. 21. 2686: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2580: 2575: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2544: 2543: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2503: 2496: 2491: 2484: 2479: 2472: 2467: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2424: 2419: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2363: 2358: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2334: 2329: 2322: 2317: 2310: 2305: 2298: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2259: 2254: 2247: 2242: 2235: 2230: 2223: 2218: 2211: 2206: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2185:, p. 57. 2184: 2179: 2177: 2170:, p. 56. 2169: 2164: 2157: 2152: 2146:, p. 51. 2145: 2140: 2133: 2128: 2122:, p. 97. 2121: 2116: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2062: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2033: 2028: 2021: 2016: 2009: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1992: 1987: 1980: 1975: 1968: 1963: 1956: 1951: 1945:, p. 99. 1944: 1939: 1937: 1930:, p. 98. 1929: 1924: 1918:, p. 96. 1917: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1900: 1895: 1888: 1883: 1876: 1871: 1865:, p. 92. 1864: 1859: 1852: 1847: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1826:, p. 90. 1825: 1820: 1818: 1811:, p. 87. 1810: 1805: 1799:, p. 91. 1798: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1782:, p. 89. 1781: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1762: 1757: 1749: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1730: 1728: 1718: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1680: 1675: 1667: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1648: 1646: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1627:Prabhas-kanda 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529:Vimala Temple 1519: 1515: 1514:Vanrajavihara 1511: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1460:), Iladurga ( 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1424:which had 24 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1369: 1365: 1362:He built the 1360: 1358: 1357:Anahilapataka 1348: 1341: 1337: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1313:Jagaducharita 1310: 1303:Constructions 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1284:Skanda Purana 1279: 1277: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1203: 1202:inscription. 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1095: 1085: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1020: 1018: 1017:Vasantavilasa 1014: 1013: 1007: 1003: 998: 994: 992: 991:raja-pitamiha 987: 985: 981: 977: 967: 965: 964: 960: 956: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 927: 924: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 892: 887: 882: 880: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 843: 840: 838: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 771: 766: 762: 752: 750: 747: 743: 739: 738: 734: 729: 727: 721: 719: 718: 713: 709: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 685: 681: 677: 673: 667: 665: 661: 657: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 560: 558: 548: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 514:Pali district 511: 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 491: 487: 483: 479: 473: 470: 469:Muhammad Aufi 465: 463: 457: 455: 451: 446: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 415: 413: 409: 405: 399: 396: 392: 388: 383: 379: 375: 371: 366: 364: 359: 349: 345: 341: 338: 332: 328: 325: 321: 317: 314:According to 312: 310: 295: 293: 292: 287: 283: 279: 278:Prabhachandra 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 247: 244:and Maharaja 243: 238: 234: 231: 226: 222: 218: 215:territory of 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 189: 186: 182: 178: 173: 171: 166: 164: 163:Anahilapataka 160: 156: 145: 137: 133: 130: 126: 123:Tribhuvanpala 122: 118: 114: 111: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 86: 83: 79: 76: 73: 69: 65: 61: 58: 54: 49: 45: 39: 34: 29: 21: 16: 3076: 3009:Durlabharaja 2996:Vallabharaja 2979:Chamundaraja 2900: 2881: 2860: 2836: 2832:John E. Cort 2812: 2793: 2784:Bibliography 2773: 2768: 2764:Dhaky, M. A. 2741:. Retrieved 2726: 2719: 2699: 2692: 2680: 2667: 2663: 2574: 2547:. Retrieved 2541: 2534: 2522: 2512: 2502: 2490: 2478: 2466: 2418: 2357: 2328: 2316: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2253: 2241: 2229: 2217: 2205: 2163: 2151: 2139: 2127: 2115: 2056: 2027: 2015: 1986: 1974: 1962: 1950: 1923: 1894: 1882: 1870: 1858: 1846: 1804: 1756: 1736: 1717: 1700: 1696: 1674: 1654: 1626: 1622: 1610: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1587: 1579: 1567: 1566: 1545: 1536: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1436:. The large 1429: 1425: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1400: 1398: 1368:gudhamandapa 1367: 1361: 1353: 1312: 1306: 1296: 1282: 1280: 1273: 1260: 1246:Parshvanatha 1241: 1229: 1227: 1222: 1219: 1214: 1204: 1193: 1176: 1170: 1154: 1146: 1141: 1138: 1128: 1110: 1106:Surathotsava 1105: 1099: 1091: 1079: 1068: 1057: 1033: 1026: 1016: 1010: 1005: 999: 995: 990: 988: 976:Mallikarjuna 973: 970:Mallikarjuna 961: 952: 944:Jayavarman I 933: 920: 896: 883: 876: 868:calendar era 849: 841: 834: 821:karavalapala 820: 812: 811:A Chahamana 810: 796:), Pallika ( 787: 768: 758: 748: 735: 730: 722: 715: 711: 707: 705: 692: 683: 679: 675: 671: 668: 654: 561: 553: 533: 525: 517: 507: 488: 474: 466: 458: 456:(minister). 453: 449: 416: 400: 386: 367: 362: 355: 346: 342: 333: 329: 313: 306: 289: 281: 273: 269: 263: 258: 255: 209:Mallikarjuna 190: 180: 176: 174: 167: 143: 142: 47: 15: 3156: 1244 3152: 1240 3139: 1240 3135: 1178 3122: 1178 3118: 1175 3111:Mularaja II 3105: 1175 3101: 1171 3088: 1171 3084: 1142 3071: 1142 3067: 1092 3054: 1092 3050: 1064 3037: 1064 3033: 1022 3020: 1022 3016: 1008 3003: 1008 2990: 1008 1576:Shatrunjaya 1558:Hemachandra 1541:Chandravati 1446:Shatrunjaya 1422:Parshwanath 1317:Bhadreshwar 1276:Brahminical 1189:twelve vows 1166:Hemachandra 1064:Hemachandra 1048:Sundha Hill 948:Hemachandra 938:kingdom of 911:Kelhanadeva 899:Sundha Hill 742:Chittorgarh 576:Tapti river 358:Hemachandra 337:Chittorgarh 316:Hemachandra 266:Hemachandra 242:Hemachandra 225:Hemachandra 71:Predecessor 3172:Categories 3154: – c. 3137: – c. 3120: – c. 3103: – c. 3086: – c. 3077:Kumarapala 3069: – c. 3052: – c. 3035: – c. 3018: – c. 2988: – c. 2986: 996 2973: 995 2971: – c. 2969: 940 2842:SUNY Press 1637:References 1621:is a rare 1607:Kumbhariya 1580:devakulika 1440:temple at 1230:Dvyashraya 1125:Someshvara 1102:Brahmanism 1088:Last years 1029:Saurashtra 1023:Saurashtra 1002:Someshvara 907:Saurashtra 872:Alhanadeva 864:Katukaraja 825:Someshvara 806:Alhanadeva 708:Dvyashraya 701:Ajitanatha 672:Dvyashraya 664:Someshvara 592:Saurashtra 547:Find spots 503:Someshvara 370:divination 298:Background 270:Dvyashraya 144:Kumarapala 31:Kumarapala 3094:Ajayapala 2901:Somanatha 1679:CNG Coins 1533:Mount Abu 1527:) at the 1486:Dhandhuka 1438:Ajitnatha 1434:Neminatha 1430:devkulika 1426:devkulika 1402:prabandha 1394:Rajasthan 1094:Ajayapala 1075:Kalachuri 1060:Jain fath 1006:prashasti 980:Shilahara 963:prashasti 955:Mount Abu 860:Ratnapala 813:prashasti 749:prashasti 737:prashasti 697:Ajayameru 580:Shilahara 568:Jaisalmer 530:his death 499:Chahamana 490:prashasti 462:Abul Fazl 450:mangalika 440:Somanatha 428:Kollapura 374:mendicant 286:Merutunga 246:Kumarpala 205:Shilahara 197:Chahamana 159:Chaulukya 157:from the 115:(Solanki) 113:Chaulukya 85:Ajayapala 81:Successor 3128:Bhima II 2962:Mularaja 2891:11038728 2510:(1953). 1709:44145171 1592:Khambhat 1454:Khambhat 1309:Vadnagar 1293:talisman 1259:and the 1234:Brahmins 1215:prasasti 1173:Brahmins 1157:Shaivite 1151:Religion 959:Vadnagar 936:Paramara 891:Arnoraja 856:Asharaja 733:Vadnagar 656:Arnoraja 651:Arnoraja 632:Medapata 588:Kachchha 574:and the 572:Vindhyas 557:samantas 522:Mahavira 495:Shaivite 404:shraddha 395:Kapalika 378:Khambhat 303:Ancestry 223:scholar 213:Paramara 203:and the 201:Arnoraja 136:Shaivism 128:Religion 100:Siddhpur 3026:Bhima I 2803:4413150 1623:Bhumija 1611:mandapa 1562:Mangrol 1554:Bharuch 1550:Bharuch 1537:mandapa 1518:mandapa 1510:mandapa 1482:Mangrol 1442:Taranga 1386:Prabhas 1375:⁄ 1331:Temples 1325:Wadhwan 1289:Hanuman 1257:mantras 1212:Veraval 1161:Jainism 1071:Kalyani 1036:Abhiras 984:Konkana 903:Gurjara 775:Chittor 770:samanta 765:Bijolia 746:Veraval 678:), and 620:Karnata 616:Kalinga 596:Vidisha 584:Konkana 564:Chittor 501:prince 486:Veraval 478:Mangrol 445:Chittor 420:Bharuch 382:Brahmin 320:Bhima I 170:Bhima I 132:Jainism 108:Dynasty 44:Lakshmi 2908: 2889: 2868: 2848: 2820: 2801: 2743:26 May 2734: 2707: 2672:Bhopal 2549:26 May 1744: 1707: 1662: 1609:. The 1584:Dholka 1478:Mandal 1466:Jalore 1458:Tharad 1270:court. 1238:tilaka 1200:Kiradu 1121:Yamuna 1113:Prayag 1040:Prachi 1038:. His 978:, the 923:Kiradu 817:eulogy 794:Jalore 783:Nagaur 658:, the 638:, and 608:Chauda 600:Andhra 528:after 526:passed 482:Guhila 454:amatya 432:Kanchi 424:Ujjain 412:Malava 391:layman 387:dramma 259:tirtha 230:Ahimsa 181:tirtha 120:Father 3043:Karna 2772:[ 1705:JSTOR 1474:Ladol 1321:Patan 1223:after 1208:Shiva 1181:Shiva 1117:Ganga 940:Malwa 802:Nadol 640:Vanga 612:Gauda 324:Karna 217:Malwa 207:king 199:king 63:Reign 2906:ISBN 2887:OCLC 2866:ISBN 2846:ISBN 2818:ISBN 2799:OCLC 2745:2011 2732:ISBN 2705:ISBN 2551:2011 1742:ISBN 1660:ISBN 1501:and 1462:Idar 1390:Pali 1119:and 850:The 798:Pali 689:dart 636:Maru 628:Lata 624:Kuru 604:Anga 590:and 566:and 272:and 221:Jain 95:Born 1617:in 1531:on 1470:Diu 1450:Abu 1144:). 1127:'s 534:end 284:), 276:), 3174:: 3149:c. 3132:c. 3115:c. 3098:c. 3081:c. 3064:c. 3047:c. 3030:c. 3013:c. 3000:c. 2983:c. 2966:c. 2844:, 2840:, 2753:^ 2670:. 2666:. 2662:. 2633:^ 2618:^ 2603:^ 2586:^ 2559:^ 2447:^ 2430:^ 2401:^ 2384:^ 2369:^ 2340:^ 2265:^ 2190:^ 2175:^ 2100:^ 2085:^ 2068:^ 2039:^ 1998:^ 1935:^ 1906:^ 1831:^ 1816:^ 1787:^ 1768:^ 1726:^ 1701:21 1699:. 1685:^ 1644:^ 1594:. 1586:. 1564:. 1522:c. 1505:. 1497:, 1488:. 1396:. 1392:, 1311:. 634:, 630:, 626:, 622:, 618:, 614:, 610:, 606:, 602:, 510:VS 430:, 426:, 408:VS 149:r. 134:, 3158:) 3147:( 3141:) 3130:( 3124:) 3113:( 3107:) 3096:( 3090:) 3079:( 3073:) 3062:( 3056:) 3045:( 3039:) 3028:( 3022:) 3011:( 3005:) 2998:( 2992:) 2981:( 2975:) 2964:( 2943:e 2936:t 2929:v 2914:. 2893:. 2874:. 2826:. 2805:. 2747:. 2713:. 2668:3 2553:. 1750:. 1711:. 1668:. 1520:( 1377:2 1373:1 1140:( 815:( 674:( 288:( 268:( 146:( 102:) 22:.

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Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)

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