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348:(a country formerly colonized by Belgium, whose primary colonial language was French) in the 1930s. Moreover, the AFC's cylinder recording of H. Wylie shows that we have no need of such a story. In Wylie's dialect, which is most likely a form of Gullah, the word "here" is pronounced as "yah," rendering the song's most repeated line "come by yah," a phrase that can be phonetically rendered as either "Kum Ba Yah" or "Kumbaya."
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327:, a lyric sheet printed in that city in 1939. In an interview at the Library of Congress quoted by Winick, Frey said the change of the title to "Kum Ba Yah" came about in 1946, when a missionary family named Cunningham returned from Africa. where they had sung Frey's version. According to Frey, they brought back a partly translated version, and "Kum Ba Yah" was an African phrase from
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According to Frey, then, the pronunciation "Kum Ba Yah" originated when Luvale-speaking people in Angola and Zaire translated "Come by Here" into their language. That strains credibility on several levels, primarily that "Come by Here" translated into Luvale would not be "Kum Ba Yah"; indeed, for
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would unite around a single individual by saying, "there's not going to be some magic moment at which three or four of these people sit around a campfire toasting marshmallows, singing 'Kumbaya' and giving the nod to one of their competitors." Businessman and political candidate
392:, for introducing him to "Kumbaya". Saletan had learned it from Lynn Rohrbough, co-proprietor with his wife Katherine of the camp songbook publisher Cooperative Recreation Service, predecessor to World Around Songs. (Hickerson later succeeded Gordon and Lomax at the
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The story of an
African origin for the phrase circulated in several versions, spread also by the revival group the Folksmiths, whose liner notes for the song stated that "Kum Ba Yah" was brought to America from Angola. As Winick points out, however:
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songwriter
Reverend Marvin V. Frey (1918–1992), who claimed to have written the song circa 1936 under the title "Come By Here", inspired, he said, by a prayer he heard delivered by "Mother Duffin", a storefront evangelist in
215:
version emerged early in its history, even if the song did not originate in that dialect. The two oldest versions whose year of origin is known for certain were both collected in 1926, and both reside in the
Library's
220:. No precise month or day was recorded for either version, so either may be the earliest known version of the song. One was submitted as a high-school collecting project by a student named Minnie Lee to her teacher,
296:. It is possible this is the earliest version, if it was collected before 1926. Because the individual songs in this society's publications are not dated, however, it cannot be dated with certainty to before 1931.
344:"Come by Here" to translate to "Kum Ba Yah," the target language would have to be a creole with English as one of its main components, and no such language was common in Angola (then still a Portuguese colony) or
149:. Originally an appeal to God to come to the aid of those in need, the song is thought to have spread from the islands to other Southern states and the North, as well as to other places outside the United States.
352:
Although it is often said that the song originated in Gullah, Winick further points out that the Boyd manuscript, which may be the earliest version of the song, was probably not collected from a Gullah speaker.
94:
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by Lum Chee-Hoo, some time between 1922 and 1931, members of the
Society for the Preservation of Spirituals collected a version from the South Carolina coast. "Come by Yuh", as they called it, was sung in
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473:" Many other high-profile political figures have similarly referred derisively to the singing of the song as a way of expressing doubt or disparagement for potential compromise. Former
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has characterized these references to the song as sarcastic criticism of consensus "that allegedly does not examine the issues or is revelatory of cockeyed optimism."
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commented that the substantive disagreements between the parties "can't be reduced to somehow a matter of let's all hold hands and sing 'Kumbaya.
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Beginning in the 1990s and increasing in the following decades, references to "Kumbaya" or "singing 'Kumbaya
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of that decade. For example, there is a recording of marchers singing the song as "Come By Here" during the
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with the refrain "come by here" or "come by heah". One of these is a different song concerning the story of
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style was released in 1958 by Little Sugar and the
Hightower Brothers as "Come by Here", on the
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Additional stanzas by Barry Moore (1973), in "Sing and
Rejoice" songbook, Herald Press (1979):
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335:). Frey said the Cunninghams then toured America singing the song with the text "Kum Ba Yah".
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editor
Stephen Winick, the song almost certainly originated among African Americans in the
396:, successor to the Archive of Folk Song.) The song enjoyed newfound popularity during the
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spoken by the formerly enslaved
Africans and their descendants living on the
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42:"Come By Here", transcribed by J. Cutting from the singing of H. Wylie, 1926
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1098:. Midwest Folklore 7 (4, Winter): 202–6. ISSN 0737-7037. OCLC 51288821.
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explained his skepticism that ideologically aligned candidates in the
20:
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2862:
2847:
401:
311:
897:"The World's First 'Kumbaya' Moment: New Evidence about an Old Song"
2752:
1249:"How "Kumbaya" Went From Sincere Protest Song to Drippy Punch Line"
956:"'Kumbaya': How did a sweet simple song become a mocking metaphor?"
371:
172:
4369:
4012:
3903:
421:
4149:
3880:
3409:
924:
332:
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138:
404:'s 1962 recording of the song, and became associated with the
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2144:
444:
345:
160:
1300:"Mike Huckabee Says Mitt Romney May Run Table to Nomination"
191:," denoting unrealistic, excessively optimistic attempts at
48:
3594:
3372:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
3618:
African
American founding fathers of the United States
1971:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
1836:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
1409:
Library of Congress research on the origins of Kumbaya
1274:"Obama says Netanyahu differences go beyond 'Kumbaya'"
1443:
1070:"Pete Seeger and Sonny Terry at Carnegie Hall (1958)"
1011:""Kumbaya, My Lord:" Why we sing it; why we hate it"
163:
voice identified only as "H. Wylie," singing in the
3666:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
1004:
1002:
244:, founder of what began as the Library of Congress
137:of disputed origin, known to have been sung in the
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945:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
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2202:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1404:Kumbaya: History of an Old Song | Folklife Today
1096:Cooperative Recreation Service: A unique project
999:
781:In the Mornin' - morning, won't you come by here
777:In the morning - morning, won't you come by here
372:Folk music revival and the civil rights movement
2192:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
2125:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
2016:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
942:
3671:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
1297:
929:The Society for the Preservation of Spirituals
869:
3865:
3579:List of lynching victims in the United States
1917:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
1429:
1220:"When Did 'Kumbaya' Become Such A Bad Thing?"
482:2012 Republican Party presidential primaries
2046:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
3912:A House Divided: Denmark Vesey's Rebellion
3872:
3858:
2095:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
1436:
1422:
1384:
1298:Stephanopoulos, George (January 8, 2012).
400:of the early to mid-1960s, largely due to
368:label (backed with "At the Golden Gate").
187:, the song title gave rise to the phrase "
179:and enjoyed broader popularity during the
36:
4089:Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor
3651:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
779:Mornin' - morning, won't you come by here
749:Oh, Sinners need you, Lord, come by here,
3879:
3686:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
1726:University of Georgia desegregation riot
857:Civil rights movement in popular culture
565:Someone's laughing, my Lord, kum bay ya,
563:Someone's laughing, my Lord, kum bay ya;
561:Someone's laughing, my Lord, kum bay ya;
508:
505:
502:
499:
410:1965 Selma-to-Montgomery (Alabama) march
314:and authorship attribution to the white
310:These facts contradict the longstanding
3600:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
3337:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
3332:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
1246:
953:
809:In his banquet, Lord, we find strength.
807:In his banquet, Lord, we find strength.
805:In his banquet, Lord, we find strength.
703:Someone's singing, my Lord, kum bay ya,
701:Someone's singing, my Lord, kum bay ya;
699:Someone's singing, my Lord, kum bay ya;
679:In the mornin' see, Lord, come by here,
677:In the mornin' see, Lord, come by here,
675:In the mornin' see, Lord, come by here,
657:Someone's praying, my Lord, kum bay ya,
655:Someone's praying, my Lord, kum bay ya;
653:Someone's praying, my Lord, kum bay ya;
323:. It first appeared in this version in
4515:
3514:African-American women in the movement
1966:White House Conference on Civil Rights
1797:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
894:
692:For all that's real, for all we feel.
686:For the second on this world you made,
611:Someone's crying, my Lord, kum bay ya,
609:Someone's crying, my Lord, kum bay ya;
607:Someone's crying, my Lord, kum bay ya;
436:or to criticize their superficiality.
159:in 1926. It features an unaccompanied
152:The first known recording was made by
143:islands off South Carolina and Georgia
3853:
1955:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
1417:
1332:
1242:
1240:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1008:
852:Christian child's prayer § Spirituals
829:Fill our mind, Lord, with Your peace.
827:Fill our mind, Lord, with Your peace.
825:Fill our mind, Lord, with Your peace.
753:Sinners need you, Lord, come by here,
751:Sinners need you, Lord, come by here,
668:Hear me praying, my Lord, kum bay ya,
666:Hear me praying, my Lord, kum bay ya;
664:Hear me praying, my Lord, kum bay ya;
622:Hear me singing, my Lord, kum bay ya,
620:Hear me singing, my Lord, kum bay ya;
618:Hear me singing, my Lord, kum bay ya;
554:For all that's true, for all you do.
4262:Timeline of African-American history
3723:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
2187:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
2135:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
2081:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
1558:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
1483:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
1162:"Joan Baez in Concert, Pt. 1 (1962)"
1133:
1067:
954:Jeffery, Weiss (November 12, 2006).
895:Winick, Stephen (Summer–Fall 2010).
755:Oh my Lord, won't you come by here.
725:I gon' need you, Lord, come by here,
723:I gon' need you, Lord, come by here,
721:I gon' need you, Lord, come by here,
714:Oh, I need you, my Lord, kum bay ya,
712:Oh, I need you, my Lord, kum bay ya;
710:Oh, I need you, my Lord, kum bay ya;
633:Come by here, my Lord, come by here,
631:Come by here, my Lord, come by here,
629:Come by here, my Lord, come by here,
587:Sinners need you, Lord, come by here
585:Sinners need you, Lord, come by here
576:Hear me crying, my Lord, kum bay ya,
574:Hear me crying, my Lord, kum bay ya;
572:Hear me crying, my Lord, kum bay ya;
541:Someone need you, Lord, come by here
539:Someone need you, Lord, come by here
537:Someone need you, Lord, come by here
420:The title of the song is often used
380:, recorded the song in 1957, as did
2130:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
2066:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
1736:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
1159:
819:Draw us nearer, Lord, each to each.
817:Draw us nearer, Lord, each to each.
815:Draw us nearer, Lord, each to each.
13:
4538:Songs of the civil rights movement
3574:African-American churches attacked
2140:Montgomery Improvement Association
2115:Georgia Council on Human Relations
2100:Council of Federated Organizations
2071:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
1829:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
1787:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
1593:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
1497:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
1337:(in English and Persian). YouTube.
1237:
1218:Weeks, Linton (January 13, 2012).
1206:
1136:"Someone's dissin', Lord, kumbaya"
688:For the love that will never fade,
583:Now I need you, Lord, come by here
550:For the rhythm of the falling rain
548:For the sun, that rises in the sky
415:
325:Revival Choruses of Marvin V. Frey
224:, later a professor of history at
88:Come By Here / Kum Ba Ya / Kumbaya
76:
14:
4549:
3963:Bruh Rabbit and the Tar Baby Girl
3646:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
3519:Jews in the civil rights movement
1397:
1109:"World Around Songs: Our History"
4533:African-American spiritual songs
4497:
4496:
4148:
4142:
4068:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
3840:Civil rights movement portal
3833:
3681:Freedom Riders National Monument
3423:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
1935:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
1894:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
1781:Second Emancipation Proclamation
1247:Waldman, Katy (March 29, 2016).
839:Undivided, Lord, we shall stand.
837:Undivided, Lord, we shall stand.
835:Undivided, Lord, we shall stand.
764:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya,
762:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya;
760:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya;
736:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya,
734:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya;
732:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya;
644:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya,
642:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya;
640:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya;
598:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya,
596:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya;
594:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya;
530:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya,
528:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya;
526:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya;
519:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya,
517:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya;
515:Kum bay ya, my Lord, kum bay ya;
111:Problems playing this file? See
92:
3708:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
3696:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
2172:National Council of Negro Women
2110:Deacons for Defense and Justice
1369:
1341:
1317:
1291:
1266:
1192:Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
1188:"Freedom Songs: Selma, Alabama"
1180:
1153:
1127:
799:In Your Body, Lord, we are one.
797:In Your Body, Lord, we are one.
795:In Your Body, Lord, we are one.
458:For example, in discussing the
230:American Historical Association
103:Earliest known recording (1926)
16:African American spiritual song
1588:Mansfield school desegregation
1134:Zorn, Eric (August 31, 2006).
1101:
1088:
1061:
1025:
978:
917:
167:. The piece became a standard
1:
3718:National Voting Rights Museum
3661:Civil Rights Movement Archive
3460:Lynching in the United States
3347:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
1802:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1775:University of Chicago sit-ins
1542:Davis v. Prince Edward County
1385:Sacro Capo (March 11, 2009).
1009:Stern, Gary (June 27, 2009).
862:
690:For a heart beating with joy,
449:politics of the United States
232:. This version, collected in
4347:Slavery in the United States
4342:History of the United States
3713:National Civil Rights Museum
3569:March on Washington Movement
3554:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
2023:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
1035:We've Got Some Singing to Do
775:
758:
747:
745:
743:
730:
719:
708:
697:
684:
673:
662:
651:
638:
627:
616:
605:
592:
581:
570:
559:
552:For all life, great or small
546:
535:
524:
513:
496:
460:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
360:recording in a contemporary
7:
4099:Michael Row the Boat Ashore
3357:"This Little Light of Mine"
2105:Dallas County Voters League
2051:Atlanta Negro Voters League
1814:Letter from Birmingham Jail
1521:Brown v. Board of Education
1333:Mitra (September 6, 2009).
986:"Mama Lisa'a World-Kumbaya"
845:
434:interpersonal relationships
398:American folk music revival
388:, then a songleader at the
384:in 1958. Hickerson credits
267:According to an article in
183:of the 1950s and 1960s. In
10:
4554:
3691:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
3559:Holt Street Baptist Church
3529:16th Street Baptist Church
2513:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
2157:Nashville Student Movement
2087:An Appeal for Human Rights
426:English-speaking countries
376:The Folksmiths, including
262:Daniel in the den of lions
209:Southeastern United States
198:
18:
4494:
4357:
4249:
4241:South Carolina Lowcountry
4195:
4164:
4157:
4140:
4117:
4076:
3995:
3979:
3954:
3895:
3888:
3829:
3731:
3633:
3447:
3380:
3322:
3301:
3188:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
3158:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
2230:
2222:Women's Political Council
2217:Wednesdays in Mississippi
2212:United Auto Workers (UAW)
2197:Southern Regional Council
2167:Northern Student Movement
2076:Committee for Freedom Now
2036:
1983:Memphis sanitation strike
1949:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1871:
1692:Savannah Protest Movement
1654:
1512:
1473:Journey of Reconciliation
1465:
1452:
1194:. Smithsonian Institution
811:O Lord, we find strength.
492:
130:" ("Come by here") is an
72:
62:
54:
47:
35:
30:
4523:American Christian hymns
4294:History of Guinea-Bissau
4257:African-American history
4203:Beaufort, South Carolina
4125:African-American culture
2056:Atlanta Student Movement
2005:Civil Rights Act of 1968
1930:1964–1965 Scripto strike
1911:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1809:1963 Birmingham campaign
1702:Civil Rights Act of 1960
1626:Civil Rights Act of 1957
902:. Folklife Center News,
831:O Lord, with Your peace.
783:Oh, Lord, come by here.
727:Oh, Lord, come by here.
681:Oh, Lord, come by here.
635:Oh, Lord, come by here.
589:Oh, Lord, come by here.
543:Oh, Lord, come by here.
428:, either to make fun of
394:American Folklife Center
390:Shaker Village Work Camp
250:American Folklife Center
234:Alliance, North Carolina
218:American Folklife Center
145:, with ties to enslaved
19:Not to be confused with
4330:History of Sierra Leone
4223:Golden Isles of Georgia
3608:Voter Education Project
3362:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
3023:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
2458:Josephine Dobbs Clement
1884:Chester school protests
1879:Twenty-fourth Amendment
1841:Detroit Walk to Freedom
1583:Tallahassee bus boycott
1504:Baton Rouge bus boycott
1094:Amy, Ernest F. (1957).
1033:"Smithsonian Folkways,
960:The Dallas Morning News
841:O Lord, we shall stand.
4003:Afro-American religion
3821:Movement photographers
3063:Bernice Johnson Reagon
2783:Martin Luther King Sr.
2778:Martin Luther King Jr.
2348:William Holmes Borders
2120:Highlander Folk School
2010:Poor People's Campaign
1863:St. Augustine movement
1713:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
1636:Katz Drug Store sit-in
1607:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
1569:Montgomery bus boycott
821:O Lord, each to each.
350:
81:
4358:Related ethnic groups
4323:History of the Gambia
4182:Port Royal Experiment
3996:Religion and folklore
3936:Daughters of the Dust
3656:Civil Rights Memorial
3544:Bethel Baptist Church
3193:Charles Kenzie Steele
2638:Audrey Faye Hendricks
2543:Myrlie Evers-Williams
2523:Patricia Stephens Due
2493:Abraham Lincoln Davis
2428:Colia Lafayette Clark
2182:Operation Breadbasket
2177:National Urban League
1924:Katzenbach v. McClung
1792:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
1445:Civil rights movement
966:on September 14, 2008
406:civil rights movement
341:
242:Robert Winslow Gordon
228:and president of the
157:Robert Winslow Gordon
80:
4269:Atlantic slave trade
3944:Gullah Gullah Island
3701:other King memorials
3676:Freedom Rides Museum
3613:1960s counterculture
3564:Edmund Pettus Bridge
3243:Walter Francis White
3148:Alexander D. Shimkin
1662:New Year's Day March
1631:Ministers' Manifesto
1478:Executive Order 9981
801:O Lord, we are one.
766:O Lord, kum bay ya.
738:O Lord, kum bay ya.
716:O Lord, kum bay ya.
705:O Lord, kum bay ya.
670:O Lord, kum bay ya.
659:O Lord, kum bay ya.
646:O Lord, kum bay ya.
624:O Lord, kum bay ya.
613:O Lord, kum bay ya.
600:O Lord, kum bay ya.
578:O Lord, kum bay ya.
567:O Lord, kum bay ya.
532:O Lord, kum bay ya.
521:O Lord, kum bay ya.
246:Archive of Folk Song
226:Princeton University
4084:Charleston red rice
3896:Film and television
3439:Mary McLeod Bethune
3400:Sermon on the Mount
3367:"We Shall Overcome"
2948:William Lewis Moore
2728:Frank Minis Johnson
2703:Richie Jean Jackson
2658:Donald L. Hollowell
2463:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
2268:Gwendolyn Armstrong
2263:William G. Anderson
2243:Victoria Gray Adams
2207:The Freedom Singers
2061:Black Panther Party
1846:March on Washington
1759:Garner v. Louisiana
1720:Boynton v. Virginia
1115:on December 8, 2013
1068:Ruhlmann, William.
925:"Gullah Spirituals"
904:Library of Congress
412:for voting rights.
248:, which became the
205:Library of Congress
4318:History of Senegal
4304:History of Nigeria
4299:History of Liberia
4053:John the Conqueror
3756:Michael Eric Dyson
3641:In popular culture
3524:Fifth Circuit Four
3508:Loving v. Virginia
3501:Hernandez v. Texas
3480:Buchanan v. Warley
3472:Separate but equal
3466:Plessy v. Ferguson
3429:Frederick Douglass
3263:Robert F. Williams
3173:Kelly Miller Smith
3153:Fred Shuttlesworth
3078:Frederick D. Reese
3058:George Raymond Jr.
3048:A. Philip Randolph
3028:Fay Bellamy Powell
2943:Queen Mother Moore
2828:Z. Alexander Looby
2773:Coretta Scott King
2718:Barbara Rose Johns
2698:Jimmie Lee Jackson
2623:William E. Harbour
2403:Stokely Carmichael
2318:Randolph Blackwell
1988:King assassination
1977:Loving v. Virginia
1961:March Against Fear
1941:How Long, Not Long
1819:Children's Crusade
1770:Cambridge movement
1707:Ax Handle Saturday
1672:Greensboro sit-ins
1599:Give Us the Ballot
1349:"Kumbaya, my Lord"
1013:. The Journal News
82:
4510:
4509:
4490:
4489:
4365:African Americans
4274:History of Angola
4230:(protected site)
4138:
4137:
4130:Culture of Africa
4109:Robot Hive/Exodus
4077:Music and culture
3970:Vibration Cooking
3920:A Soldier's Story
3847:
3846:
3624:Eyes on the Prize
3539:A.G. Gaston Motel
3534:Kelly Ingram Park
3494:Sweatt v. Painter
3178:Mary Louise Smith
3138:Cleveland Sellers
3123:Michael Schwerner
3088:Gloria Richardson
2868:Thurgood Marshall
2788:Bernard Lafayette
2518:John Wesley Dobbs
2032:
2031:
1751:Birmingham attack
1731:Rock Hill sit-ins
1682:Sibley Commission
1677:Nashville sit-ins
1549:Gebhart v. Belton
1535:Briggs v. Elliott
1528:Bolling v. Sharpe
1489:Sweatt v. Painter
1387:"Kumbaya my Lord"
790:
789:
475:Arkansas Governor
331:(specifically in
185:American politics
122:
121:
98:
68:Gospel, spiritual
4545:
4500:
4499:
4289:History of Ghana
4284:History of Congo
4279:History of Benin
4213:Eulonia, Georgia
4208:Daufuskie Island
4162:
4161:
4152:
4146:
3893:
3892:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3851:
3850:
3838:
3837:
3801:Charles M. Payne
3786:Steven F. Lawson
3776:David Halberstam
3746:Clayborne Carson
3487:Hocutt v. Wilson
3434:W. E. B. Du Bois
3283:Sammy Younge Jr.
3268:Q. V. Williamson
3233:Wyatt Tee Walker
3098:Bernice Robinson
3043:Lincoln Ragsdale
3033:Rodney N. Powell
2928:Douglas E. Moore
2803:Sanford R. Leigh
2738:J. Charles Jones
2613:Fannie Lou Hamer
2528:Joseph Ellwanger
2488:Jonathan Daniels
2478:Claudette Colvin
2468:Annie Lee Cooper
2453:Kathleen Cleaver
2448:Eldridge Cleaver
2423:Shirley Chisholm
2313:Gloria Blackwell
1904:workers' murders
1851:"I Have a Dream"
1746:Anniston bombing
1697:Greenville Eight
1612:Little Rock Nine
1575:Browder v. Gayle
1463:
1462:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1391:
1390:
1373:
1367:
1366:
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1234:
1232:
1230:
1215:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1168:. Netaktion, LLC
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1111:. Archived from
1105:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1076:. Netaktion, LLC
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1049:on March 3, 2016
1048:
1042:. Archived from
1041:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1006:
997:
996:
994:
992:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
962:. Archived from
951:
940:
939:
937:
935:
921:
915:
914:
912:
910:
901:
892:
497:
472:
442:
321:Portland, Oregon
305:Raiford, Florida
147:Central Africans
132:African American
100:
99:
79:
40:
28:
27:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4486:
4353:
4250:Related history
4245:
4191:
4187:Stono Rebellion
4172:Bilali Document
4153:
4147:
4134:
4118:Related culture
4113:
4072:
4048:Hot foot powder
4018:Flying Africans
3991:
3987:Gullah language
3975:
3950:
3884:
3878:
3848:
3843:
3832:
3825:
3806:Thomas E. Ricks
3796:Diane McWhorter
3781:Vincent Harding
3766:Adam Fairclough
3733:
3727:
3629:
3584:Freedom Schools
3443:
3376:
3324:
3318:
3309:Omaha, Nebraska
3297:
3213:Hartman Turnbow
3203:Dorothy Tillman
3163:Glenn E. Smiley
3143:Charles Sherrod
3103:Jo Ann Robinson
2978:Charles Neblett
2968:Elijah Muhammad
2933:Harriette Moore
2893:Floyd McKissick
2878:Franklin McCain
2813:Stanley Levison
2678:T. R. M. Howard
2628:Vincent Harding
2558:Walter Fauntroy
2443:Xernona Clayton
2393:John H. Calhoun
2378:Aurelia Browder
2368:Stanley Branche
2363:Raylawni Branch
2343:Joseph E. Boone
2328:Ezell Blair Jr.
2323:Unita Blackwell
2298:Harry Belafonte
2238:Ralph Abernathy
2226:
2162:Nation of Islam
2038:
2028:
1867:
1824:Birmingham riot
1765:Albany Movement
1687:Atlanta sit-ins
1667:Sit-in movement
1650:
1646:Biloxi wade-ins
1618:Cooper v. Aaron
1508:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1381:Wayback Machine
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1329:Wayback Machine
1322:
1318:
1308:
1306:
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1238:
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1216:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1140:Chicago Tribune
1132:
1128:
1118:
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1107:
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1093:
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418:
416:Political usage
374:
278:creole language
254:Darien, Georgia
201:
141:culture of the
118:
117:
109:
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105:
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101:
93:
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83:
77:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4551:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4528:Gullah culture
4525:
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4507:
4495:
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4168:
4166:
4165:History topics
4159:
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4127:
4121:
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4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4033:Black cat bone
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3983:
3981:
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3869:
3862:
3854:
3845:
3844:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3816:Akinyele Umoja
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
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3457:
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3449:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3405:Mahatma Gandhi
3402:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3314:South Carolina
3311:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3253:Hosea Williams
3250:
3245:
3240:
3238:Hollis Watkins
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3168:A. Maceo Smith
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3118:Bernie Sanders
3115:
3110:
3108:Angela Russell
3105:
3100:
3095:
3093:David Richmond
3090:
3085:
3083:Walter Reuther
3080:
3075:
3070:
3068:Cordell Reagon
3065:
3060:
3055:
3053:George Raymond
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:Charles Person
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:Huey P. Newton
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2938:Harry T. Moore
2935:
2930:
2925:
2923:Cecil B. Moore
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2903:James Meredith
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
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2755:
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2745:
2740:
2735:
2733:Clarence Jones
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2673:Zilphia Horton
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2643:Lola Hendricks
2640:
2635:
2633:Dorothy Height
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2603:Lawrence Guyot
2600:
2595:
2593:Jack Greenberg
2590:
2585:
2580:
2578:Andrew Goodman
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:Joseph DeLaine
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Dorothy Cotton
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:J. L. Chestnut
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2353:Amelia Boynton
2350:
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3352:"Oh, Freedom"
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2150:Youth Council
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2020:
2018:
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2013:
2011:
2008:
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1466:Prior to 1954
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4335:Bunce Island
4196:Demographics
4177:Igbo Landing
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3968:
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3955:Publications
3942:
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3751:John Dittmer
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3549:Brown Chapel
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3273:Andrew Young
3228:A. T. Walden
3223:C. T. Vivian
3183:Maxine Smith
3018:Homer Plessy
2998:James Orange
2953:Irene Morgan
2908:William Ming
2888:Ralph McGill
2823:Viola Liuzzo
2808:Jim Letherer
2793:James Lawson
2723:Vernon Johns
2713:Esau Jenkins
2668:Myles Horton
2618:Fred Hampton
2608:Prathia Hall
2598:Dick Gregory
2568:Marie Foster
2563:James Forman
2553:James Farmer
2538:Medgar Evers
2498:Angela Davis
2433:Ramsey Clark
2413:James Chaney
2408:Johnnie Carr
2388:Ralph Bunche
2383:H. Rap Brown
2373:Ruby Bridges
2333:Joanne Bland
2308:Claude Black
2288:Marion Barry
2258:Muhammad Ali
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2014:
1975:
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1377:Ghostarchive
1375:Archived at
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
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1325:Ghostarchive
1323:Archived at
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1044:the original
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419:
386:Tony Saletan
375:
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351:
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298:
269:Kodaly Envoy
268:
266:
238:wax cylinder
202:
189:sing Kumbaya
181:folk revival
177:summer camps
151:
126:
125:
123:
110:
31:"Kum ba yah"
25:
4234:Hog Hammock
4104:Ranky Tanky
4038:Goofer dust
3947:(1994–2000)
3791:Doug McAdam
3761:Chuck Fager
3388:Nonviolence
3293:James Zwerg
3288:Bob Zellner
3248:Roy Wilkins
3198:Hank Thomas
3133:Pete Seeger
3128:Bobby Seale
2993:Jack O'Dell
2988:Edgar Nixon
2918:Amzie Moore
2913:Jack Minnis
2853:Mae Mallory
2838:Clara Luper
2798:Bernard Lee
2688:Cecil Ivory
2683:Ruby Hurley
2653:Oliver Hill
2648:Aaron Henry
2548:Chuck Fager
2508:Dave Dennis
2398:Guy Carawan
2338:Julian Bond
2303:James Bevel
2293:Daisy Bates
1564:Emmett Till
1447:(1954–1968)
1361:December 2,
1172:January 31,
1145:January 11,
1080:January 31,
1017:February 1,
991:November 1,
487:Herman Cain
382:Pete Seeger
294:The Bahamas
282:Sea Islands
4517:Categories
4482:Toucouleur
4313:Senegambia
4063:Ring shout
4043:Haint blue
3734:historians
3415:Satyagraha
3381:Influences
3073:James Reeb
3008:James Peck
3003:Rosa Parks
2973:Diane Nash
2843:Danny Lyon
2818:John Lewis
2763:A. D. King
2663:James Hood
2278:Ella Baker
2248:Zev Aelony
1389:. YouTube.
1053:January 4,
1037:, FW02407"
863:References
443:" entered
301:John Lomax
258:spirituals
193:compromise
154:folklorist
127:Kum ba yah
113:media help
3393:Padayatra
3342:"Kumbaya"
3302:By region
2958:Bob Moses
2863:Bob Mants
2848:Malcolm X
2768:C.B. King
2588:Fred Gray
2231:Activists
1872:1964–1968
1655:1960–1963
1513:1954–1959
1335:"Kumbaya"
1278:USA TODAY
445:idiomatic
402:Joan Baez
312:copyright
135:spiritual
4503:Category
4460:Niominka
4415:Mandinka
3980:Language
3323:Movement
2753:Tom Kahn
2037:Activist
1457:timeline
1379:and the
1327:and the
1309:July 19,
1304:ABC News
1283:July 19,
1258:July 19,
1229:July 19,
1198:July 10,
1166:AllMusic
1074:AllMusic
970:July 17,
909:March 1,
846:See also
173:Scouting
55:Recorded
4370:Ambundu
4218:Georgia
4158:History
4094:Kumbaya
4013:Boo Hag
3904:Conrack
3889:Culture
3448:Related
3038:Al Raby
1993:funeral
1856:Big Six
1224:NPR.org
1119:July 5,
290:Georgia
199:Origins
21:Cumbayá
4450:Laalaa
4405:Kpelle
4023:Hoodoo
3939:(1991)
3931:(1989)
3923:(1984)
3915:(1982)
3907:(1974)
3883:topics
3634:Legacy
3410:Ahimsa
2039:groups
1500:(1950)
1492:(1950)
1453:Events
493:Lyrics
362:gospel
358:45-rpm
333:Luvale
329:Angola
276:, the
274:Gullah
213:Gullah
139:Gullah
4475:Saafi
4470:Palor
4445:Serer
4440:Wolof
4430:Temne
4420:Mende
4410:Limba
4400:Kongo
4395:Kissi
4309:Sahel
3928:Glory
3732:Noted
3325:songs
2145:NAACP
1998:riots
1352:(PDF)
1047:(PDF)
1040:(PDF)
900:(PDF)
366:Savoy
346:Zaire
161:tenor
64:Genre
4465:Noon
4455:Ndut
4425:Susu
4390:Jola
4385:Igbo
4380:Fula
4375:Baga
4028:Mojo
1363:2015
1311:2019
1285:2019
1260:2019
1231:2019
1200:2020
1174:2021
1147:2008
1121:2012
1082:2021
1055:2015
1019:2010
993:2008
972:2008
936:2018
911:2014
432:and
288:and
211:. A
175:and
49:Song
4435:Vai
424:in
284:of
240:by
171:in
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