Kumyks - Knowledge

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Turkic. It must be held in mind that with the intensification of economic life, the use of "international" languages acquires such importance that it displaces native languages: many auls of the southern districts of Dagestan have already become completely "Azerbaijanified". It is hardly in Russia's interests to allow such a Turkification of Dagestan. After all, if the whole of Dagestan becomes Turkic, then there will be a continuous mass of Turks from Kazan to Anatolia and Northern Persia, which will create the most favorable conditions for the development of Pan-Turan ideas with a separatist,

57: 777:. There is an opinion that people of Kami, Kamaks, mentioned as long ago as by Ptolemaeus, are historically related to Kumyks. Their turkization started at the times of Khazars already, in the second half of the first millennium... Arrival of Cumans extended Turkic element further. That time point, marked by dissolution of the Khazar Kaghanate, is likely to be the period of the core formation for Kumyks, although some researchers (Bartold) linked their appearance to the latter period, when remains of Cumans defeated by Mongols fled to the lands of Dagestan. 1845:Пилипчук Я.В. КИН, Взаимоотношения Крымского Ханства с Тюрко-Татаркскими Государствами Северного Кавказа, Астраханским ханством и Ираном. Известия Национального Центра Археографии и Источниковедения, Астана, 2017 Цитаты: 1. "освещены взаимоотношения Крымского ханства с ногайцами, Астраханским ханством, Кумыкским шамхальством" 2. Однако куда большим было влияние Кумыкского шамхальства 3. Он женился на дочери кумыкского шамхала. 4. Крымский хан Гази-Гирей в 1591 г. местью русским за тюменского князя и 66 кумыкского шамхала мотивировал свой поход на Москву 1189: 2354:(along with karachays), Yavu, Çermik, Artova (along with dargins and avars), Çirdağ (along with dargins and avars), Gültepe, Erbaa (along with dargins and avars), Yeniderbent, Zile (along with lezgins), Turhal (along with karachays, Culture Centre is present); Çanakkale province — Akköprü, Biga (Culture Centre is present), Aziziye, Doğancı, Geyikkırı, Kalafat, Biga (Bozna). Many Kumyk districts and villages, for instance in the town of Samsun, de-kumykised due to assimilation into Turkish culture and resettling. 1344:"Firstly, it was necessary to do this for economic reasons. If it were decided to grant national autonomy to at least the main peoples of Dagestan (Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks, Tabasarans), then the main wealth of Dagestan (arable land, pastures) would go to the Kumyks, because they were located on their territory... Secondly, political and ethnic considerations were taken into account. So, the Avars in the entire history of their existence did not have a unified state entity..." 969: 182: 140: 657: 8055: 203: 161: 224: 122: 104: 1076:

the Caucasian resistance, Gazi-Muhammad, but at the last moment declared the true reason "to use the opportunity to attack the city of Endirey and plunder Kumyks' cattle". However, the troops disbanded in disappointment. Gazi-Muhammad himself tried to make Kumyks resettle higher in the mountains from the plains and join his resistance by destroying Kumyk settlements, as stated in the Russian military archives:

89: 1065:): the Anti-Russian revolt, resulting in the defeat of Northern Kumyks (Endirey and Aksay principalities) and the then-disestablished Mekhtula Khanate, the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1823, participation in Beybulat Taymiyev's revolt (who though recently had pledged allegiance to Russia), the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1831, the revolt at the Kumyk plains in 1831 and the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1843. 1854:Гусейнов Гарун-Рашид Абдул-Кадырович Тюменское княжество в контексте истории взаимоотношений Астраханского ханства и Кумыкского государства с Русским в XVI в., Институт Истории АН РТ, Казань, 2012 Цитата: И в дальнейшем, о более северных затеречных, включавших и Тюменское княжество, ареальных пределах Кумыкского государства – шамхальства свидетельствуют сведения А.Олеария (1635-1639 гг.) 2518:Казиханова (Гусейнова), Асият Абдурагимовна. Этапы расселения тюркоязычных народов на территории Приморского Дагестана в раннесредневековую эпоху : диссертация ... кандидата исторических наук : 07.00.02 Махачкала, 2000 186 c. : 61 01-7/82-5 For instance, in "The Cry of the Heroine" from the story "Petrified Aymesedu," there is a mention of the town of 1303:

for the agricultural needs" of mountain peoples being resettled in the region. The deportation, despite the historical record in Russian law, is still not acknowledged by the Russian government. As a result of this event, the local population lost for years their ancient capital of Tarki, which led to the permanent destruction of most of the Kumyk cultural heritage.

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only 3,000 troops, couldn't resist the overwhelming number of Russians, who had in their ranks 8,000 Cossacks and Kalmyks only, not counting the regular troops, and two infantry regiments and two cavalries; Adil-Girey left Tarki and together with the Turkish ambassador had sent letters to other mountaineer possessors, asking for help, but got a refusal.

1267:. Haydar Bammate was the Minister of Foreign Affairs and one of the ideologists of the state, Prince Rashitkhan Kaplan was the Minister of Internal Affairs, one of the major military leaders was prince Nuh-bek Tarkovskiy, and Zubair Temirhanov was the speaker of the Alliance Council ("Mejlis" - Senate) of the Republic. 1315:

Under Soviet occupation, a policy of ethnocide was implemented and leaders of the Kumyk movements were repressed, persecuted and killed. The introduction of mono-culture agriculture, the exploitation of the soil and deforestation led to an economic and ecological crisis in the area. In addition, the

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Despite the devastation brought by the Imperial Army for their attempts to rise against Russia, the Kumyk plains were also exposed to plundering forays from the neighboring tribes. For instance, in 1830, one Chechen leader, Avko, gathered forces in a call to allegedly join the troops of the leader of

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leader Choban-murza sought the protection of their allies in the Shamkhalate. Russia, at war with the Nogais, sent 8,000 men in order to force the nomadic tribe to return to Russian territory. Surkhay-Shawkhal III attacked and routed Russian troops at the Battle of Germenchik. Kumyk military success

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By the decree of Stalin's government, on the 12 of April 1944 the Kumyk population of historical Kumyk capital Tarki and adjacent villages were entirely deported to the Central Asian SSRs (Chechens, Karachays, Balkars and Crimean Tatars also were deported). The reason was stated as "freeing the area

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In October 1725 general-majors Kropotov and Sheremetev embarked to devastate the possessions of the Shamkhal and burned down twenty settlements, including Tarki, the capital of the Shamkhal, which comprised 1,000 households; the total number of destroyed households amounts to 6,110. Shamkhal, having

1426:

From the peoples speaking Tatar language I liked the most Kumyks, as for their language's distinction and precision, so for their closeness to the European civilization, but most importantly, I take in account that they live on the Left Flank of the Caucasian Front, where we're conducting military

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Kazi-mulla, trying to hold Kumyks close, came up with a strange trick: destroying their auls in order to force them to resettle in the mountains by depriving of living spaces. On the 24th of July he, in front of our troops, made the first experiment on Endirey village and burned down the third of

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intended to strengthen the Persian hold on the Kumyk lands, which didn't match with Surkhay's plans. In an alliance with Kaytag Uzmi Rustem, Surkhay III confronted Persians but was forced to withdraw. Nevertheless, the high losses disrupted the Shah's intentions of building fortresses in the Kumyk

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Bursa province — Koşuboğazı, Mustafakemalpaşa (assimilated but keeping family history); Orhangazi province — Yeniköy (along with avars and dargins); Sivaş province — Yıldızeli (Yavuzköy), Yağlıdere, Yıldızeli (Yağköy), Süleymaniye, Hafik (along with Turkish and avars); Tokat province — Doğançaylı

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In the late 1870s, the entire southern part of the Khasavyurt district, from Gerzel-aul to Endirey, was populated by Chechens, sometimes by force, by the decree of Russia. From 1870 to 1877, the number of Chechens in the region increased from 5,912 Aukh to 14,000 Chechens and continued to rise to

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It's unlikely that Kumyks might be Turkified Dagestanians, as some claim. Rather, their ancestors are considered to be Kipchaks, Khazars and, probably, other Turks of the early Middle Ages. It would be preferable to also identify whether Kamaks, who used to be settled in the North Dagestan in the

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In the 16th century, Kumyk rulers tried to balance their relationships with their three neighbouring states, and as a result the Shamkhalate established itself as a considerable regional power. The two empires and yet-to-be one Russian state considered the Caspian area as their influence domain.

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Kumyk is the "international" language of almost the entire North Caucasus (from the Caspian Sea to Kabarda inclusive), Azerbaijani dominates in most of the Transcaucasia (except the Black Sea coast) and, in addition, in Turkish Armenia, Kurdistan and Northern Persia. Both of these languages are

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Due to the continuous resettlement policies by the Russian Empire, then the Soviet government, and continuing today in the modern Republic of Dagestan of the Russian Federation, during the 19th through 21st century the native territories of Kumyks have been dramatically reduced; Kumyks became a

1904:ТЕРРИТОРИЯ И НАСЕЛЕНИЕ ШАМХАЛЬСТВА ТАРКОВСКОГО В ТРУДАХ РУССКИХ И ЗАПАДНОЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ АВТОРОВ XVIII–XIX ВВ, Абдусаламов М.-П. Б., 2012, Известия Алтайского государственного университета Цитата: ...четко выделил границы ряда кумыкских феодальных владений, в том числе шамхальства Тарковского... 1895:ТЕРРИТОРИЯ И НАСЕЛЕНИЕ ШАМХАЛЬСТВА ТАРКОВСКОГО В ТРУДАХ РУССКИХ И ЗАПАДНОЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ АВТОРОВ XVIII–XIX ВВ, Абдусаламов М.-П. Б., 2012, Известия Алтайского государственного университета Цитата: ...четко выделил границы ряда кумыкских феодальных владений, в том числе шамхальства Тарковского... 1179:

In the 1850s, the Kumyk princes of the Kumyk district of the Terek region voluntarily gave up half of their lands in favor of the Kumyk people, however, documents confirming the relevant rights were issued only to the princes and uzdens, and the rights of the rest of the population were not

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was of Kumyk descent, as well as his companion and the second pretender to the Imam's position Tashaw-Hadji. Also, Kumyks were the leaders of the earlier Dagestani revolts, such as Soltan Ahmed-Khan of the Avars, and Umalat-bek of Boynak (the heir of the Tarki throne), companion of the imam

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In 1833, rough estimations showed around 88 thousand Kumyks within the areas of influence of the Russian Empire. In 1866, after the end of the Caucasian War, some estimations showed around 78 thousand. In 1886, 1891 and 1897 accordingly — 88, 108, 83 thousand, in 1916 — 98 thousand.

2900:Кумыкские феодальные владения в контексте развития и краха теократического проекта имама Мансура в 1785—1786 годах // Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета. Серия 1: Регионоведение: философия, история, социология, юриспруденция, политология, культурология. 2012. № 4. 988:

The Tarki Shamkhalate initially took a pro-Russian stance, but after a new Russian fortress had been built they confronted Russia again. However, this time the Shamkhalate could not unite the neighboring local peoples and remained alone in their struggle. Russian historian

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There is no universal opinion regarding the origin of the Kumyks. Some scholars propose that the population of the Kumyk plains of the 8th-10th centuries were directly ancestral to modern Kumyks. A view close to that is that the Kumyks appeared in Dagestan along with the

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I had vague knowledge about Caucasia and the Caucasian war, although professor Yazikov on the lectures in the military geography used to tell about one and the other; and according to his words it turned out that the most valiant and inimical to us tribe was that of the

931:. This also failed and resulted in a significant loss for Russia at the Battle of Karaman. The united forces of the Dagestani peoples under the banners of the Kumyk Shamkhalian, Prince Soltan-Mahmud of Endirey prevailed, and according to the prominent Russian historian 2808:

Belokurov, Sergey Alekseevich (1862–1918). Russia's relations with the Caucasus: Materials, extracts. from Moscow. chapters. archive M-va inostr. Affairs Sergey Al. Belokurov. Issue. 1- . - Moscow: Univ. a type. , 1889 . - 26 cm. Issue. 1: 1578-1613 - 1889. - CLX, 584

980:. The Endirey principality was the first to oppose the Russian forces, and despite their defeat, caused great losses which shocked the Emperor. Kumyks of the Utamish Soltanate also fiercely resisted during the Battle at the River Inchge. Peter I stated afterwards: 916:. Commander Cheremisinov seized and plundered the capital of Tarki in 1560. The Tumen Khanate, allied with the Shamkhalate also resisted the invasion, but was conquered by Russia in 1588. The Russians established the Terki stronghold (Not to be mistaken for 3702: 1090:...Kazi-mulla... used all the means to push away from us the population of the Small Chechnya and Kachkalik ridge, which however remained loyal to us only by their appearance, and namely because they didn't want to get between two fires as Kumyks did. 1318:

During their UNPO membership, the Kumyk people advocated for an administrative reform in the Republic of Dagestan and seek self-determination in the form of national autonomy. They also strived to preserve their traditional way of life, culture and

920:) in its former capital. Tumen ruler Soltaney fled to the protection of Sultan-Mahmud of Endirey, recognized today as a pan-Caucasian hero. In 1594, the other campaign of Khvorostinin in Dagestan was organised, during which Russian forces and 1085:

During the Caucasian War, Kumyks found themselves between a rock and a hard place, not always supported by the insurgents on one hand, and being a target of retaliation from Russians on the other. The same archives also described that:

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Solovyov, История России с древнейших времен. Том 19. От царствования императрицы Екатерины I Алексеевны до царствования императрицы Анны Иоанновны. 1727—1730 гг ГЛАВА ПЕРВАЯ ОКОНЧАНИЕ ЦАРСТВОВАНИЯ ИМПЕРАТРИЦЫ ЕКАТЕРИНЫ I

1788:ЭТНИЧЕСКАЯ ДЕМОГРАФИЯ ДАГЕСТАНА: КУМЫКИ ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XIX – НАЧАЛЕ XXI В. М.-Р.А. Ибрагимов, А.М. Макгашарипова, Институт ИАЭ ДНЦ РАН, Махачкала Региональный центр этнополитических исследований ДНЦ РАН, Махачкала. 1656: 4209: 1883: 1872: 1211:, issued at the turn of the 19 - 20th centuries, there were 32,087 thousand Kumyks in Dagestan (which at that time did not comprised the Northern Kumykia). According to an 1891 survey, 108,800 Kumyks lived in the 2877:

Memoirs of Peter Henry Bruce, esq., a military officer in the services of Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain: Containing an account of his travels in Germany, Russia, Tartary, Turkey, the West-Indies... London,

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There is no official state census of ethnic minorities in Turkey (ethnic or racial censuses are outlawed), but according to the studies of 1994–1996, there were more than 20 settlements with Kumyk population.

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Today's Kumyk Turks, who populate North Eastern part of Dagestan, along the shore, possibly come from the basic Khazar stratum, strengthened and assimilated by the later re-settlers from the Kipchak steppes.

1863:Документ из Российского государственного архива древних актов (фонд № 121 «Кумыцкие и тарковские дела»). Документы представляют из себя журнал, фиксирующий даты прибытия шамхальского посольства в Кремль 1916:Из истории русско-кавказскои воины: документы и материалы, А. М Ельмесов, Кабардино-Балкарское отд-ние Всероссииского фонда культуры, 1991, 261 pages, стр. 60 Цитата: ...и Крымскому, и к Шевкальскому ( 3889: 858:

Until the 19th century, the Kumyks were a largely feudal, decentralized entity of strategical geographic and political importance for Russia, Persia and the Ottomans, headed by a leader called the

735:, the name Kumyk, or originally Kumuk pertained to the Kumyks only. Y. Fyodorov wrote, based on sources from the 8–19 cc., that "Gumik — Kumyk — Kumuk" is originally a Dagestani toponym from the 816:

Some of the Turkic peoples who assimilated into the Kumyk nation were those of Tumens from the Tumen Khanate (Caucasian Tumen), which emerged in the 15th century as a fragment of the dissolved

8571: 1042:. In the final battle, Mansur led the Kumyk forces himself. Despite the formal acceptance of the Russian sovereignty over the Shamkhals at the beginning of the Caucasian war (resulting from 392:

Kumyks comprise 14% of the population of the Republic of Dagestan, the third-largest population of Chechnya, and the fifth-largest population of North Ossetia, all of which are parts of the

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In 1848, a professor of the "Caucasian Tatars" (Kumyks) Timofey Makarov published a grammar of Kumyk, the first ever grammar written in Russian for a language spoken in the North Caucasus.

1824:Ярцева В. Н. и др. (ред.) Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств. Том 2. К-Р, стр. 182—183 Цитата: «До 1917 г. слово къумукъ обозначало и территорию, где живут кумыки — Кумыкия.» 1316:

Kumyk people were unable to preserve their culture, as, for example, they were denied the right to write their language in the traditional Arabic script or teach their language in schools.

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among them Dagestanian figure Aselderkhan Kazanalip (1855-1928) and his wife princess Jahbat Tarkovskaya, along with other nobility — Eldar Utsumi khan, Asadullah Utsumi and Akhmat-khan

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Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Iskandarov, Nasib; Ponomarev, Georgy; Pylev, Vladimir; Koshel, Sergey; Salaev, Vugar; Pocheshkhova, Elvira; Kagazezheva, Zhaneta; Balanovska, Elena (2023-09-09).

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The Soviet census of 1926 showed 88 thousand. Thus, there are no indications of any growth almost in a century, due to wars, emigration from Russian-conquered territories and disease.

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documented. Local authorities, using various pretexts, moved newcomers to Kumyk lands. This policy of neglecting the right of the Kumyk population was recorded as continuing in 1907.

1046:), there were numerous revolts in Kumykia. In 1825 the village of Aksay was destroyed and 300 men from the settlement were gathered for their participation in the insurgence against 1068:

There were also preparations for an insurgency on the Kumyk plains in 1844 and for a general Kumyk insurgency in 1855, which had been planned as a joined action with the advance of

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According to P. Uslar, in the 19th century the names "Kumyk" and "Kumuk" pertained to the Turkic speaking population of the Northern Caucasian lowlands. In Dagestan, Chechnya and

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Kumyk is the oldest script literary language of Dagestan. During the 20th century, the writing system of the language was changed twice: during Soviet times in 1929 traditional

1072:, but the advance didn't progress enough into the Kumyk lands. In the insurgency in Dagestan in 1877–1878, one of the major centres of conflict was the Kumyk village of Bashly. 3492: 2918:Рук. фонд ИИЯЛ, д. 659, л. 46. Перевод с арабского. В ходе военных действий в Чечне были уничтожены многие качкалыковские аулы, имевшие смешанное кумыкско-чеченское население. 1563:

also featured the Kumyk language and Kumykia in his works "Molla-nur" and "Ammalat-bek", and described in some details Russian military raids on Kumyk settlements in his

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The tsarist and Soviet government pursued a policy of settling the Kumyk lands with other peoples from the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century.

5310: 4116: 5469: 820:; those of Bothe Bogans, Sople and pre-Cuman Turks, who populated the Botheragan-Madjar region in the 7th century, which encompassed the vast North Caucasian plains. 2329: 3660: 7596: 5464: 1176:

18,128 in 1897. The possessions of the Kumyks in the Terek-Sunzha interfluve were lost, some of them along with the Kumyk population are now part of Chechnya.

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Other Kumyk states included the Endirey Principality, Utamish Sultanate, Tumen Possession, Braguny Principality, Mekhtuly Khanate, Kaytag Uzminate and others.

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In 1926 the Soviet Population Census stated that there were 94 549 Kumyks in the Russian Empire, indicating demographic crisis, compared to the 1891 data.

7616: 3125:"Origins of East Caucasus Gene Pool: Contributions of Autochthonous Bronze Age Populations and Migrations from West Asia Estimated from Y-Chromosome Data" 3810:К проблеме ориентального лексического влияния на язык русской художественной литературы 20-30-х годов XIX в.: На материале произведений М. Ю. Лермонтова. 2364: 1251:. The cause of the uprising laid in the Kumyk's unwillingness to be conscripted into the Russian Imperial Army. The uprising ended on 24 July (6 August 6920:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former 3223:История Дагестана с древнейших времен до наших дней. Т. I. История Дагестана с древнейших времен до XX века / отв. ред. А. И. Османов. М., 2004. 627 с. 1222:

Somewhat earlier, in 1867 the Tarki Shamkhalate was abolished by the Russian authorities, which might be considered as the end of the Kumyk statehood.

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In various Russian, European, Ottoman and Persian sources Kumyks were also called Dagestan Tatars (or Dagestan Turks), Circassian and Caucasus Tatars.

4223: 2865:Голиков И. И. Деяния Петра Великого, мудрого преобразителя России, собранные из достоверных источников. — Изд. 2-е, М.: Типография Н. Степанова, 1838. 3968: 3604: 1797:Валерий Александрович Тишков, Вадим Александрович Александров -Народы России: энциклопедия Науч. изд-во Большая российская энциклопедия, 1994 — С.214 1836:, Изд-во Академии наук СССР, 1953 Цитата: Отдельные селения аварцев входили в ...кумыкское шамхальство Тарковское, кумыкское ханство Мехтулинское... 3279: 1758: 1168:

Another governor of the Caucasus, Vorontsov, pursued the same policy of "colonizing" the possessions of the Kumyks, also by Chechens, arguing that

1054:

leader Taymiyev Biybolat, and murdered when Ochar-Haji, one of the Kumyks, killed two Russian generals on the spot. In the same year the people of

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In terms of administrative division in their native lands, Kumyks today are mostly divided between a few administrative regions of Russia, such as

4422: 4218: 1725: 2786: 2739:ТЕРРИТОРИЯ И НАСЕЛЕНИЕ ФЕОДАЛЬНЫХ ВЛАДЕНИЙ ДАГЕСТАНА В XVIII — НАЧАЛЕ XIX ВЕКА, АБДУСАЛАМОВ МАГОМЕД-ПАША БАЛАШОВИЧ, БУЧАЕВ МУРАД ГАДЖИЕВИЧ, 2012 2597: 1952:"Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года в отношении демографических и социально-экономических характеристик отдельных национальностей" 1699: 3300: 3055: 2799:Эвлия Челеби. Книга путешествия: (Извлечения из сочинения турецкого путешественника XVII века): Перевод и комментарии. Выпуск 2. Москва. 1979 г 2760:Тюменское княжество в контексте истории взаимоотношений Астраханского ханства и Кумыкского государства с Русским в XVI в., Г.-Р. А.-К. Гусейнов 1340:

Communist leader of Dagestan, who conducted the deportation of Kumyks, reasoned non-ethnical administrative bordering of Dagestan in this way:

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in the 8th century and stayed afterwards. Whereas others believe that the Kumyks appeared in Dagestan in the 12th-13th centuries along with

8581: 7589: 3985: 3284: 1208: 2909:А.В. Потто. «Кавказская война». («Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, легендах и биографиях»), (в 5-ти томах). 1899 г. Том 2 6953: 4411: 1932: 3028:и горцы Большого Кавказа: на пути к цивилизации|author=Блиев М. М.|publisher=Мысль|year=2004|isbn=5-244-01004-2|location=М.|pages=279} 2670:Кавказ: европейские дневники XIII—XVIII веков / Сост. В. Аталиков. — Нальчик: Издательство М. и В. Котляровых, 2010. 304 с., стр. 6-7 1278:

In 1795, the Russian Empire's estimates give a number of 100 thousand people in the lands of Shamkhal (including other than Kumyks).

5668: 3318: 2703:

SHAMKHALATE OF TARKI IN THE RUSSIAN CAUCASIAN POLITICS IN THE LATE 16TH - FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURIES. Abdusalamov, M.-P. B.

2467:Эпиграфические памятники Северного Кавказа. – М.: Наука, 1966. Ч.I. – 300с., стр. 202, приведены источники Хосров-хана Шемаханский 3584: 2522:, the capital of the Khazars. There is also a common saying present in the Kumyk language which refers to the "Khazar treasury": 898: 3104:Шамиль в истории Северного Кавказа и народной памяти - Арслан Магомедсолтанович Халилов, Мурад Магомедович Идрисов- 1998 - С. 80 2939:Н.И. Покровский Кавказские войны и имамат Шамиля. – Москва: «Российская политическая энциклопедия» (РОССПЭН), 2000. - С. 135-137 8493: 7582: 3095:Гаммер М. Шамиль. Мусульманское сопротивление царизму. Завоевание Чечни и Дагестана. — М.: КРОН-ПРЕСС, 1998. — 512 с., стр. 101 2957:Н.И. Покровский Кавказские войны и имамат Шамиля. – Москва: «Российская политическая энциклопедия» (РОССПЭН), 2000. - С.207-218 2948:Н.И. Покровский Кавказские войны и имамат Шамиля. – Москва: «Российская политическая энциклопедия» (РОССПЭН), 2000. - С.139-148 1172:

Kumyk possessions also included such areas as Kachkalyk and Aukh, gradually settled by Chechens, and the region of Salatavia.

8566: 3961: 3867: 3343: 2748:Абдусаламов М.-П. Б. Кумыкские феодальные владения в политической жизни Дагестана в первой половине XVIII в. Махачкала, 2008. 1671: 3372: 828: 2966:Н.И. Покровский Кавказские войны и имамат Шамиля. – Москва: «Российская политическая энциклопедия» (РОССПЭН), 2000. - С.318 1431:

Kumyk was an official language of communication between the Northeastern Caucasian nations and the Russian administration.

1526:, both of whom served with the Imperial Russian Army in the Caucasus. The language is present in such works of Tolstoy as 2995: 2705:

https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/shamhalstvo-tarkovskoe-v-politike-rossii-na-kavkaze-v-kontse-xvi-pervoy-polovine-xvii-v

2693:

https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/shamhalstvo-tarkovskoe-v-politike-rossii-na-kavkaze-v-kontse-xvi-pervoy-polovine-xvii-v

2333: 4897: 3668: 3268:Из стенограммы выступления члена Государственной думы второго созыва от Терской области Т. Э. Эльдорханова З мая 1907 г. 8556: 3564:Строительство социализма в Дагестане, 1921—1940: узловые проблемы, Абдурахман Даниялович Даниялов, Наука, 1975, стр. 42 2536:С. А. Токарев, Этнография народов СССР: исторические основы быта и культуры, Изд-во Московского университета, 1958, 229 924:

seized Tarki again, but were blocked by the Kumyk forces and forced to retreat to Terki, which resulted in a stampede.

368:

Territories where Kumyks have traditionally lived, and where their historical state entities used to exist, are called

2919: 2827:Д. С. Кидирниязов, Ж. К. Мусаурова -Очерки истории ногайцев XV-XVIII вв - Изд-во дом "Народы Дагестана", 2003 - С. 199 1886:— Российская академия наук, Дагестанский науч. центр, Ин-т истории, археологии и этнографии, 1998 - Всего страниц: 191 708:

The majority of researchers (Bakikhanov, S. A. Tokarev, A. I. Tamay, S. Sh. Gadzhieva) derive the name "Kumyk" from a

8453: 3614: 3200: 3080: 2403: 1038:

insurgence. Kumyk prince Chepalow, in alliance with Mansur made several attempts to attack the Russian stronghold of

977: 3482:, 2004. Современные миграционные процессы в Дагестане // Региональные аспекты социальной политики. Вып.6. Махачкала. 8576: 3954: 3232:С. М. Броневский Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе. — М. 1823. — Часть Вторая, стр. 176—177 2982:Н.И. Покровский Кавказские войны и имамат Шамиля. – Москва: «Российская политическая энциклопедия» (РОССПЭН), 2000. 1815:АДМИНИСТРАТИВНОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ШАМХАЛЬСТВА ТАРКОВСКОГО В XVII–XVIII веках, АБДУСАЛАМОВ Магомед-Паша Балашович, стр. 9 8488: 8443: 5947: 3754: 3724: 1491:

More than 90% of Kumyks in Russia, according to the 2010 census, also speak Russian, and those in Turkey and the

345:

They traditionally populate the Kumyk Plateau (northern Dagestan and northeastern Chechnya), lands bordering the

2769:Магомадова, Т. С., Брагунское княжество — феодальное владение в Чечне в XVII в. (12) /2010. — Грозный: Б/и, 2010 1806:А. Л. Нарочницкий. И90 История народов Северного Кавказа (конец XVIII в. — 1917 г.). — М.: Наука, 1988, стр. 605 8448: 6946: 5189: 2249:

KUMUK TÜRKLERİNİN KAFKASYA'DAN ANADOLU'YA GÖÇÜ (The Resettlement of Kumyk from the Caucasus to Anatolia), 2015.

1263:

During the establishment of the Soviet Union, Kumyk political elite were an active part in the creation of the

545: 8512: 7961: 7715: 7605: 5526: 5259: 4675: 4603: 2485:Смирнов К. Ф. Археологические исследованияв Дагестане в 1948—1950 гг. // Кратк. сообщ. ИМК XIV, 1952,с. 95-96 1111:

According to genetic studies in 2023, the following haplogroups are found to predominate among Kumyks :

497: 62:

Abdul-Wahab son of Mustafa — a prominent Kumyk architect of the 19th century pictured wearing a traditional

8483: 7551: 6482: 5661: 5215: 2330:""Северокавказская диаспора Сирии надеется на Россию" (North Caucasus Diaspora hopes for help from Russia)" 984:

If these people had a comprehension of the Military Science , no other nation could take arms against them.

792:

However, professor of Caucasus studies L. Lavrov doubted the "Turkification" hypothesis of Kumyk origin:

692:

Kumyks also used to move to Syria and Jordan, where a few Kumyk families still live. The Syrian village of

3784: 2435:. Махачкала: Дагестанское книжное издательство"Кумык"-по тюркски(кипчакски) "изгнанный". pp. 138–139. 5499: 1905: 1389: 1248: 990: 3540: 2837: 2691:

SHAMKHLATE of Tarki IN RUSSIAN-IRANIAN AND RUSSIAN-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE SECOND HALF OF XVI CENTURY

1750: 1618: 7477: 7430: 6548: 3181:Бирюков А. В. Российско-чеченские отношения в XVII — середине XIX вв. // Вопросы истории. — 1998. — № 2 2316: 1833: 3250:З. Х. Ибрагимова ЧЕЧЕНЦЫ В ЗЕРКАЛЕ ЦАРСКОЙ СТАТИСТИКИ (1860—1900) Монография Москва «ПРОБЕЛ-2000» 2006 1723:Распределение населения Латвии по национальному составу и государственной принадлежности на 01.01.2020 1722: 1573:

also described some areas of Kumykia and the time when he was a guest of a Kumyk prince Ali Qazanalp.

7181: 6939: 5401: 5254: 2782: 2601: 1951: 1692: 427: 3927: 1013:

Russian 19th century general Gregory Phillipson, known for his important actions in subjugating the

7726: 7020: 6880: 6839: 6007: 5564: 5229: 4232: 2509:С. Броневский, Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе, В 2 частях, Москва - 1823 1606: 1477: 1451: 1201: 762:

Kumyk verbal tradition carried through ages some proverbs and sayings coming from the times of the

3857: 411:, the largest Turkic people of the North Caucasus and the third largest ethnic group of Dagestan. 8561: 8063: 7147: 7132: 6975: 6047: 5972: 5736: 5729: 5654: 5284: 3977: 3039: 3844: 3025: 2395: 2389: 1336:

bias. Dagestan should be used as a natural barrier to the Turkification of this part of Eurasia.

1061:

In total, there were at least five revolts in Shamkhalate and on the Kumyk plateau (called also

414:

According to the Russian national census of 2010 there were more than 500,000 Kumyks in Russia.

8498: 8144: 7027: 6870: 5045: 4874: 3688:Ярцева В.Н. и др. (ред.) Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств. Том 2. К-Р, стр. 183 3070: 1693:"Перепись населения Республики Беларусь 2009 года. НАСЕЛЕНИЕ ПО НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТИ И РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ" 1481: 927:

In 1604–1605, Ivan Buturlin conducted one more campaign against the Kyumks, often known as the

2716: 2525:«Xazar getdi — xazna getdi Qumuqdan» — «Khazars are gone — and so is gone Kumukia's treasury» 1081:

it. Prince Bekovich at that time was burning Kumyks' bread at the slopes of the mountains...

8218: 7042: 6526: 5821: 5337: 5050: 5021: 4958: 1405: 1383: 905: 56: 3470:Бутков П. Г. Сведения о силах, числе душ и деревень в Дагестане. 1795 г. // ИГЭД. — М., 1958 3385:Дагестан // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — 3369:"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР" 1929: 8431: 8426: 8153: 7629: 7541: 6865: 6202: 5826: 5706: 5484: 5095: 4309: 3015:Кавказская война. Том 5. Время Паскевича, или Бунт Чечни. Глава XVIII. ЧЕЧНЯ ПОСЛЕ ЕРМОЛОВА 2600:. Народы России. Энциклопедия. Москва, Большая Россйиская Энциклопедия 1994. Archived from 2587:В.Ф.Минорский. История Ширвана и Дербенда X - XI вв. Изд-во Восточной литературы 1963 C.145 1587: 1534: 1515:

through Kumyk lands in 1633 and 1636, had dedicated to Kumykia and its towns a few verses.

871: 481: 423: 381: 335: 3072:Национально-освободительное движение горцев Северного Кавказа под предводительством Шамиля 2447: 8: 8284: 8255: 8166: 6729: 6017: 5752: 5352: 5342: 5329: 5147: 5040: 5026: 1560: 1540: 1508: 3159: 3124: 3113:Алексей Головлëв - Очерки о Чечне: природа, население, новейшая история - Вектор-С, 2007 2319:, they were later joined by Kumyks from the Northern Kumykia and many other Dagestanians 1607:Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации согласно переписи населения 2021 года 8206: 8114: 7516: 7425: 7408: 7351: 6410: 6212: 6122: 6022: 5635: 5559: 5504: 5396: 5323: 5239: 4746: 3399: 3314: 3294: 3049: 2222: 2197: 2172: 2147: 2122: 2097: 2072: 2047: 2022: 1997: 1972: 1657:

State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census

1582: 1546: 1443: 1435: 1327:

expressed opinions, which may explain the given policy of Russia with regard to Kumyks:

1324: 1161: 1043: 956: 832:

Rifle of the Kumyk Shamhal of Tarki, 19th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New-York

773:...Kumyks have very diverse ancestry. Its ancient stratum is, undoubtedly, pre-Turkic, 680: 3335:

The Central Asian Revolt of 1916: A collapsing empire in the age of war and revolution

1873:Современные проблемы и перспективы развития исламоведения, востоковедения и тюркологии 1188: 8262: 8176: 8074: 7531: 7467: 7420: 7087: 6568: 6467: 5928: 5786: 5270: 5264: 5244: 5200: 5011: 4753: 3906: 3898: 3863: 3610: 3423: 3339: 3206: 3196: 3164: 3146: 3076: 2399: 1523: 1401: 1396:, included modern Kumyk, Karachai-Balkar, Crimean Tatar, Karaim, and the language of 1364: 1145: 1133: 1127: 1115: 928: 362: 3447: 2930:Василий Потто. Кавказская война. Том 2. Ермоловское время. М.: Центрполиграф, 2008 г 2661:Пигулевская Н.В. Сирийские источники по истории народов СССР. М.-ла.1941. C.165, 166 1427:

actions, and where all the peoples, apart from their own language, speak also Kumyk.

8401: 8300: 8250: 8237: 7887: 7827: 7784: 7744: 7536: 7326: 7219: 7142: 7137: 7127: 7010: 6875: 6521: 6368: 6237: 6169: 6098: 6042: 6027: 6012: 5997: 5967: 5957: 5933: 5869: 5776: 5625: 5489: 5347: 5291: 5075: 4948: 4799: 4565: 4372: 3154: 3136: 2920:

http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Kavkaz/XIX/1820-1840/Filipson_G_I/text1.htm

1528: 1447: 1368: 932: 859: 852: 813:

The final stages of the Kumyk ethnogenesis stretched from the 12th-17th centuries.

763: 609: 593: 431: 312: 3894: 1668: 1518:

The Kumyk language was a subject of studies for Russian classical authors such as

8551: 8421: 8122: 7947: 7942: 7911: 7764: 7759: 7749: 7398: 7311: 7301: 7296: 7244: 7224: 7152: 7015: 6885: 6492: 6403: 6242: 6222: 6127: 6117: 6103: 6032: 5992: 5987: 5952: 5853: 5807: 5781: 5630: 5579: 5554: 5474: 5430: 5378: 5304: 4912: 4859: 4839: 4834: 4819: 4776: 4712: 4550: 4535: 4316: 3931: 3368: 3333: 3259:Первые русские крепости в междуречье Терека и Сунжи в 16-17 вв., Т. С. Магомадова 2421:Услар П. К. Этнография Кавказа. Языкознание. 4. Лакский язык. Тифлис, 1890, с. 2. 1936: 1729: 1675: 1570: 1485: 1470: 1393: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1212: 936: 7574: 4578: 3606:

Studies in language companion series. From linguistic areas to areal linguistics

2578:Лавров Л. И. Историко-этнографические очерки Кавказа. Ленинград. 1978. C. 37-38. 2365:"Nartajans DAĞISTAN KÖKENLİLERİN TÜRKİYE'DE YAŞADIKLARI ŞEHİRLER VE YERLEŞİM YE" 8396: 8314: 7832: 7754: 7739: 7662: 7511: 7504: 7487: 7369: 7331: 7234: 7209: 7122: 7092: 7075: 7052: 6988: 6921: 6804: 6553: 6308: 6232: 6174: 6093: 6037: 6002: 5977: 5962: 5893: 5720: 5685: 5677: 5544: 5534: 5234: 5194: 5160: 5129: 5122: 5060: 4986: 4963: 4892: 4829: 4804: 4555: 4435: 4323: 4111: 4085: 4080: 1354: 1139: 1121: 1100: 1047: 952: 921: 894: 875: 709: 673: 529: 400: 373: 354: 339: 320: 295: 271: 247: 43: 27: 6690: 6088: 1103:

Razibek of Kazanish, trusted companion of the Imam Shamil — Idris of Endirey.

8545: 8527: 8514: 8463: 8458: 8386: 8245: 8213: 8134: 7998: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7877: 7802: 7769: 7494: 7472: 7291: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7239: 7229: 7164: 7037: 7000: 6849: 6654: 6624: 6558: 6497: 6389: 6382: 6329: 6217: 6207: 5982: 5802: 5569: 5520: 5406: 5367: 5362: 5318: 5207: 5142: 5137: 5115: 5090: 5070: 4953: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4824: 4739: 4732: 4718: 4540: 4521: 4516: 4503: 4393: 4386: 4261: 4152: 4121: 3910: 3150: 2785:. Народы России. Энциклопедия. Москва, Большая Россйиская Энциклопедия 1994. 1458: 1412: 1360: 1035: 1014: 1008: 884: 805:, V. Minorsky, proposed his adjustment to the views mentioned, stating that: 665: 625: 561: 358: 350: 3210: 1884:Дагестан в эпоху великого переселения народов: этногенетические исследования 1196:

When the Caucasian War ended on 30 December 1869, the Kumyk district of the

947:

continued from 1651 to 1653, when the Kumyks, this time in an alliance with

8364: 8189: 8097: 8038: 7847: 7822: 7812: 7797: 7792: 7774: 7657: 7563: 7556: 7336: 7321: 7306: 7214: 7199: 7159: 7112: 7080: 7060: 6897: 6764: 6749: 6563: 6502: 6472: 6436: 6396: 6260: 6132: 6109: 5877: 5813: 5700: 5620: 5357: 4943: 4864: 4814: 4789: 4660: 4645: 4640: 4630: 4511: 4455: 4359: 4346: 4281: 4193: 4188: 4174: 4023: 3586:'Кодекс Куманикус' – ПАМЯТНИК ТЮРКСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ КОНЦА XIII – НАЧАЛА XIV ВЕКОВ 3168: 1619:"Кумыкский мир | Так какова же все-таки численность кумыков в Турции?" 1466: 1225: 1216: 1197: 948: 845: 817: 404: 323: 7652: 3946: 3141: 2284: 642:

the table contains regions with the population exceeding 1000 people only.

380:). All of the lands populated by Kumyks were once part of the independent 8391: 8356: 8194: 8092: 8087: 7988: 7916: 7865: 7855: 7734: 7698: 7677: 7341: 7261: 7254: 7204: 7171: 6901: 6784: 6779: 6723: 6227: 6143: 6070: 5939: 5920: 5743: 5610: 5600: 5539: 5456: 5278: 5174: 5032: 4869: 4809: 4725: 4665: 4650: 4545: 4288: 4198: 4090: 3995: 2634:История народов Северного Кавказа с древнейших времен до конца XVIII века 2391:Какого мы роду-племени? Народы России: имена и судьбы. Словарь-справочник 1643: 1519: 1439: 1333: 1095: 1069: 968: 802: 736: 714: 346: 283: 259: 8374: 8272: 8161: 8104: 8023: 8013: 7976: 7837: 7807: 7693: 7672: 7667: 7526: 7499: 7359: 7286: 7194: 6584: 5831: 5479: 5412: 5386: 5372: 5167: 5065: 5006: 4699: 4655: 4475: 4465: 4180: 4126: 2312: 913: 732: 656: 187: 145: 6769: 5913: 3762: 3732: 2646: 1906:

http://izvestia.asu.ru/2012/4-1/hist/TheNewsOfASU-2012-4-1-hist-01.pdf

1779:Руслан Хадимуллин: Кумыки — один из народов Дагестана 5-09-2016, 06:08 8379: 8336: 8184: 8082: 8054: 8028: 7684: 7642: 7637: 7482: 7377: 7097: 6983: 6799: 6789: 6736: 6703: 6589: 6375: 6337: 6318: 6298: 6273: 6179: 5713: 5615: 5445: 5420: 5299: 5153: 5016: 4981: 4688: 4573: 4527: 4379: 4275: 4267: 4141: 4136: 4036: 4008: 3573:

Baskakov N. A. Введение в изучение тюркских языков. М., 1962, с. 236.

3448:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 3424:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 2476:Т. Н. Макаров, Татарская грамматика кавказского наречия, 1848, Тифлис 2223:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 2198:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 2173:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 2148:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 2123:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 2098:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 2073:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 2048:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 2023:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 1998:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 1973:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 1252: 1239: 1022: 935:, stopped Russian expansion for the next 118 years until the rule of 909: 279: 7437: 6931: 3785:"Лев Толстой: Дневник 1847 — 1854 гг. Тетрадь Г. Март - май 1851 г." 2717:"НИЗАМ АД-ДИН ШАМИ->КНИГА ПОБЕД->ПУБЛИКАЦИЯ 1941 Г.->ТЕКСТ" 1166:"to incline the Chechens to retire from the mountains to the plane." 8323: 8277: 8267: 8033: 8018: 8008: 8003: 7860: 7608: 7462: 7249: 7070: 6995: 6909: 6754: 6698: 6684: 6669: 6644: 6634: 6604: 6293: 6280: 6266: 5847: 5440: 5249: 5055: 4935: 4928: 4683: 4635: 4617: 4588: 4490: 4460: 4302: 4296: 4240: 4096: 4066: 4056: 4029: 4015: 4001: 3833: 3332:

Morrison, Alexander; Drieu, Cloé; Chokobaeva, Aminat (2019-10-02).

3241:История Чечни с древнейших времен до наших дней. т.3, 2013, стр. 13 2519: 1512: 1234:

Haidar Bammate, one of the founders of the North Caucasian Republic

1051: 851:

The beginning of the Kumyk nation is often considered to be in the

774: 756: 719: 693: 513: 465: 408: 331: 327: 63: 2448:"ОПИСАНИЕ ПУТЕШЕСТВИЯ ГОЛШТИНСКОГО ПОСОЛЬСТВА В МОСКОВИЮ И ПЕРСИЮ" 1408:

also considered Cuman-Kipchak close to Kumyk and Karachai-Balkar.

8470: 8331: 8223: 7993: 7971: 7936: 7932: 7817: 7521: 7457: 7415: 7316: 7266: 7189: 7102: 7065: 6844: 6794: 6744: 6718: 6713: 6674: 6664: 6619: 6614: 6599: 6516: 6462: 6425: 6420: 6313: 6303: 6288: 6137: 5906: 5860: 5771: 5646: 5595: 5574: 5494: 5435: 5391: 4917: 4885: 4879: 4784: 4766: 4761: 4593: 4485: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4354: 4246: 4159: 4131: 4061: 4051: 4043: 3516: 3122: 2308: 1496: 1416: 1183: 1055: 1039: 1018: 841: 784: 752: 685: 668:, numbers of Kumyks were subject to or willingly resettled (made 369: 275: 208: 166: 66: 20: 1230: 8369: 8346: 7546: 7117: 7032: 6819: 6809: 6759: 6708: 6659: 6649: 6629: 6609: 6594: 6508: 6444: 6430: 6362: 6347: 6323: 6151: 6065: 5549: 5450: 5425: 5085: 5080: 4922: 4611: 4480: 4470: 4430: 4401: 4364: 4340: 4332: 4253: 4169: 4146: 4103: 3822: 3609:. Vol. 90. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 74. 1502: 1492: 1397: 943: 724: 577: 393: 229: 127: 109: 70: 3358:Хаджи Мурада Доного «Гайдар Баммат» – известный и неизвестный» 2560: 1058:

joined forces with mountain communities against the Russians.

689:(migrants) of that period were many prominent Kumyk nobility. 349:, areas in North Ossetia, Chechnya and along the banks of the 8572:

Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

8199: 8127: 7870: 7705: 7647: 7403: 7393: 7005: 6917: 6814: 6774: 6679: 6639: 6357: 6352: 6184: 5899: 5221: 5181: 5109: 5101: 4794: 4707: 4693: 4625: 4583: 4496: 4072: 3714:Кумыкский энциклопедический словарь. Махачкала. 2012. С. 218. 3632:

Gjennem Kaukasus til Volga (Oslo: Jacob Dybwads Forlag, 1929)

3400:""Алфавитный список народов, обитающих в Российской Империи"" 3026:

https://books.google.com/books?id=_5oiAQAAIAAJ%7Ctitle=Россия

2990: 2988: 2845: 2545: 1622: 1034:

Kumyks were one of the major forces in the late 18th century

917: 660:

Kumyk population in its native areas of the Northern Caucasus

3480:Алиева В. Ф., Гимбатов Ш. М., Эльдаров Э. М., Эфендиев И. И. 3037: 1669:Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Перепись 2009. 1094:

Kumyks during the War gave the Caucasus many common heroes.

904:

The 1560s marked the start of the numerous campaigns of the

676:

as a result of Russian deportation campaigns in the region.

440:

Russian'a territorial subject (krai, oblast, republic etc.)

8438: 7981: 7688: 6913: 6905: 5605: 3315:"Алфавитный список народов, обитающих в Российской Империи" 2499:. Махачкала: Дагестанское книжное издательство. p. 18. 1462: 1415:

of a great part of the Northern Caucasus, from Dagestan to

976:

In the 18th century, Russian Emperor Peter I organised the

972:

Roubaud, Peter I in Tarki, the Capital of Tarki Shamkhalate

837: 2985: 1021:

ethnic groups at the left flank of the Caucasian front in

885:

Expansion of the Russian state, Ottoman Empire, and Persia

683:, another emigration wave to Turkey took place. Among the 3705:. — 3-е изд. — Москва: Советская энциклопедия, 1969—1978. 2272:(in Turkish) (исследовательская статья, Стамбул ed.) 1716: 1454:. The latter two became basis for the literary language. 387: 3924: 1359:

Kumyks speak the Kumyk language, which is a part of the

1226:

1916 revolt, Russian Revolution, Soviet and modern times

3331: 1553:

Tolstoy described Kumyk village of Khamamatyurt in his

1311:

As UNPO describes the membership of Kumyks as follows:

1247:), Kumyk rebels rose up against Russian authorities in 3937:

Kumyk dictionaries, study materials and online library

1751:"Кумыкские общины за рубежом: история и современность" 836:

Kumyks historically were related to the states of the

26:"Kumik" redirects here. For the village in India, see 3941: 3287:: In 86 Volumes (82 Volumes and 4 Additional Volumes) 2838:"Кумыкский мир - Сурхай III - "падишах Дагестанский"" 2550:. Vol. 5. Изд-во Академии наук СССР. p. 44. 2494: 2430: 3041:Шамиль в истории Северного Кавказа и народной памяти 306: 3888: 3807: 1375:languages and in addition contains words from the 897:in the late 16th century, and participated in the 7604: 3661:"Kafkaz Lehçeni Tatar Grammatikası, Makarov 1848" 1392:, based on a famous 12th century scripture named 696:was established in 1878-1880 by Kumyk emigrants. 8543: 3936: 1200:(Northern Kumykia) was dissolved and renamed as 908:against Kumyks, provoked by the requests of the 3602: 2647:Аваби Мухаммад Акташи аль-Эндирави (c. 1600s). 2614: 3845:s:Герой нашего времени (Лермонтов)/Предисловие 3644: 1184:Dissolution of Shamkhalate and the Kumyk Okrug 951:forces, destroyed the Russian fortress at the 874:was mentioned as early as the 14th century by 664:In the 19th century, during and following the 7590: 6947: 5662: 3962: 3068: 2574: 2572: 2548:Кумыки: историко-этнографическое исследование 2387: 1265:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus 651: 2267: 1930:Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity 1503:In Russian and European classical literature 1434:Amongst the dialects of the Kumyk there are 1292: 797:beginning of our era, are related to Kumyks. 338:. They are the largest Turkic people in the 3976: 3338:. Manchester University Press. p. 30. 3285:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary 2682:Сочинения. — Наука, 1968. — Т. 5. — С. 213. 1944: 1209:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary 781:A modern interpretation was proposed that " 7597: 7583: 6954: 6940: 5669: 5655: 3969: 3955: 3755:"Голштинии сыны, мы здесь - не на чужбине" 3582: 3299:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3190: 3054:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2569: 2270:Türkiyedeki Kumuklar Damarlarını Arıyorlar 1306: 1170:"the Kumyks have no right to those lands." 3493:"Кумыкский мир | ХХ ВЕК В СУДЬБЕ КУМЫКОВ" 3158: 3140: 1152: 16:Turkic ethnic group in the North Caucasus 3886: 2777: 2775: 2617:Кумыки-брагунцы: история и современность 2417: 2415: 1229: 1187: 967: 963: 893:Shamkhal Chopan became a subject of the 827: 655: 2628: 2626: 2561:Василий Владимирович Бартольд. (1968). 1476:The closest languages to Kumyk are the 8544: 3803: 3801: 3667:(in Kumyk and Russian). Archived from 3541:"Николай Трубецкой: О Народах Кавказа" 2546:Сакинат Шихамедовна Гаджиева. (1961). 2381: 1743: 1192:Last Shamkhal Shamsuddin khan of Tarki 388:Population and present settlement area 7578: 6961: 6935: 5650: 3950: 3855: 3038:Халилов А. М., Идрисов М. М. (1998). 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2772: 2756: 2754: 2412: 2282: 417: 357:, which until the 1930s had been the 3925:Kumyk information portal kumukia.com 3193:Kavkazskie voĭny i imamat Shamili︠a︡ 2623: 2608: 1761:from the original on 7 February 2012 1096:Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya Shamil 96:Regions with significant populations 3798: 3244: 2951: 2818:Карамзин, 1816—1829, с. 72 / Т. 11. 2445: 1818: 1800: 1791: 1371:. It is a direct descendant of the 13: 8582:Muslim communities of the Caucasus 5676: 3880: 3629: 2969: 2751: 2590: 2565:. Vol. 5. Наука. p. 213. 2261: 1644:"Uzbekistan | Joshua Project" 870:). The Kumyk polity known as the 55: 14: 8593: 3918: 1260:), when the draft was cancelled. 1253: 1240: 1238:In mid-July 1916 (late July 1916 978:Persian campaign of the 1722–1723 8053: 6912:, distinct from Levantine (i.e. 3897:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 3849: 3838: 3827: 3816: 3777: 3747: 3717: 3708: 3691: 3682: 3653: 3638: 3623: 3596: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3533: 3509: 3485: 3473: 3464: 3440: 3416: 3392: 3379: 3375:from the original on 2011-05-22. 3361: 3352: 3325: 3321:from the original on 2011-09-16. 3307: 3271: 3262: 3253: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3184: 3175: 3116: 3107: 2898:Идрисов Ю. М., Абдусаламов М. Б. 2789:from the original on 2013-11-04. 1002: 222: 201: 180: 159: 138: 120: 102: 88: 87: 8489:Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan 3098: 3089: 3062: 3031: 3018: 3009: 2960: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2912: 2903: 2891: 2881: 2868: 2859: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2802: 2793: 2763: 2742: 2733: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2640: 2581: 2554: 2539: 2530: 2512: 2503: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2439: 2424: 2357: 2347: 2322: 2301: 2276: 2252: 2240: 2215: 2190: 2165: 2140: 2115: 2090: 2065: 2040: 2015: 1990: 1965: 1923: 1910: 1898: 1889: 1877: 1866: 1857: 1848: 1839: 1827: 1809: 1782: 1773: 1705:from the original on 2012-01-18 1511:, travelling together with the 1273: 679:In the 1910s–1920s, during the 4117:Indigenous peoples of Dagestan 3905:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 3699:Большая советская энциклопедия 2680:Василий Владимирович Бартольд. 2495:Г.С. Фёдоров-Гусейнов (1996). 2431:Г.С. Фёдоров-Гусейнов (1996). 2247:Ömer Karata Mehmed Said Arbatl 1737: 1685: 1662: 1650: 1636: 1611: 1600: 1297: 399:Kumyks are the second largest 1: 3277: 2497:История происхождения кумыков 2433:История происхождения кумыков 1680:Национальный состав населения 1593: 1289:minority in their own lands. 899:1578–1590 Ottoman-Persian War 546:Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 498:Khanty-Mansi autonomous okrug 403:-speaking ethnic group after 83: 8567:Muslim communities of Russia 8494:Ethnic minorities in Georgia 8484:Ethnic minorities in Armenia 7552:Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians 3289:. St. Petersburg. 1890–1907. 2996:"ВОЙНА НА ВОСТОЧНОМ КАВКАЗЕ" 2332:(in Russian). Archived from 1499:) speak Turkish and Arabic. 307: 7: 8499:Ethnic minorities in Russia 3887:Tsibenko, Veronika (2019). 2283:Кусов, Олег (24 May 2011). 1576: 1348: 1106: 718:, or from another name for 703: 10: 8598: 3191:Pokrovskiĭ, N. I. (2000). 3075:. Махачкала: Дагучпедгиз. 1442:(Güçük-yurt and Braguny), 1352: 1006: 823: 801:Another prominent Russian 652:Turkey and the Middle East 377: 299: 47: 25: 18: 8557:Ethnic groups in Dagestan 8479: 8414: 8355: 8322: 8313: 8293: 8236: 8175: 8152: 8143: 8113: 8073: 8062: 8051: 7960: 7925: 7886: 7846: 7783: 7725: 7714: 7628: 7615: 7450: 7386: 7368: 7350: 7180: 7051: 6974: 6967: 6894: 6858: 6832: 6577: 6535: 6481: 6453: 6251: 6193: 6160: 6079: 6056: 6013:Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks 5886: 5840: 5795: 5764: 5693: 5684: 5588: 5513: 4999: 4972: 4775: 4674: 4602: 4564: 4421: 4410: 3984: 3856:Dumas, Alexandre (1962). 1465:) was substituted by the 1323:In 1925, Russian scholar 1293:Ethnocide by Soviet Union 745: 442: 439: 428:Republic of North-Ossetia 316: 270: 265: 258: 253: 246: 241: 220: 199: 178: 157: 136: 118: 100: 95: 82: 77: 54: 41: 6881:Turkish Cypriot diaspora 6549:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars 3808:Мугумова, Анна Львовна, 3603:Pieter Muysken. (2008). 3547:(in Russian). 2013-05-27 2307:from the settlements of 19:Not to be confused with 8577:Peoples of the Caucasus 6038:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman 5694:Azerbaijani communities 3978:Ethnic groups in Russia 3645:Н. С.Трубецкой (1925), 1555:Hunting in the Caucasus 1307:Reasoning for ethnocide 1219:of the Russian Empire. 769:S. Tokarev wrote that: 6871:Crimean Tatar diaspora 6048:Western Thracian Turks 5983:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman 3942:Kumyk newspaper Yoldaş 3903:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3859:Adventures in Caucasia 3812:(диссертация ed.) 3069:Халилов А. М. (1991). 2636:. Moscow: Наука. 1988. 2527: 2388:Агеева, Р. А. (2000). 2285:"Мухаджиры (Muhajirs)" 1469:, and then in 1938 by 1429: 1346: 1338: 1321: 1235: 1193: 1153:Colonization by Russia 1092: 1083: 1044:the Treaty of Gulistan 1032: 1000: 986: 973: 833: 811: 799: 787:, Kumyks also emerged" 779: 661: 60: 6578:Extinct Turkic groups 6536:Turkic minorities in 6483:Turkic minorities in 6454:Turkic minorities in 6252:Turkic minorities in 5730:Georgian Azerbaijanis 3834:s:Казаки (Толстой)/XL 3142:10.3390/genes14091780 2615:Г.-Р. А.К. Гусейнов. 2523: 2394:. Academia. pp. 2268:İrfan Nallar (2003), 1918:Кумыкское шамхальство 1565:Letters from Dagestan 1424: 1406:Alexander Samoylovich 1342: 1329: 1313: 1233: 1191: 1088: 1078: 1027: 995: 982: 971: 964:Resistance to Peter I 906:Imperial Russian Army 831: 807: 794: 771: 659: 266:Related ethnic groups 59: 7606:Ethnic groups in the 6896:Central Asian (i.e. 6866:Azerbaijani diaspora 6203:Iranian Azerbaijanis 5841:Turkmen communities 5737:Western Azerbaijanis 5707:Iranian Azerbaijanis 5514:Unrecognized peoples 5000:Other ethnic peoples 4310:Amur-Ussuri Cossacks 3725:"Пауль Флеминг и мы" 1834:Советская Этнография 1674:May 1, 2012, at the 1588:List of Kumyk people 872:Shamkhalate of Tarki 482:North Ossetia-Alania 424:Republic of Dagestan 48:къумукълар, qumuqlar 8528:42.3873°N 47.9867°E 8524: / 5887:Turkish communities 5753:Javanshir Qizilbash 5589:Assimilated peoples 4205:Meadow-Eastern Mari 3787:tolstoy.lit-info.ru 3545:Центр Льва Гумилёва 3195:. Moskva: ROSSPĖN. 1561:Alexander Bestuzhev 1419:, until the 1930s. 866:in Russian sources 783:from the Turkified 38: 8207:Trialeti Ossetians 7431:in the Netherlands 7021:in the Netherlands 6411:Siberian Bukharans 6213:Chaharmahali Turks 6194:Turkic minorities 6161:Turkic minorities 6080:Turkic minorities 5796:Kyrgyz communities 5765:Kazakh communities 5636:Siberian Bukharans 4795:Aukhovite Chechens 4747:Siberian Bukharans 4073:Aukhovite Chechens 3930:2022-02-02 at the 3893:. In Fleet, Kate; 3697:Кумыкский язык // 2998:. www.vostlit.info 2450:. www.vostlit.info 1935:2012-04-24 at the 1728:2020-03-02 at the 1698:. belstat.gov.by. 1583:Russian-Kumyk Wars 1547:A Hero of Our Time 1544:, and Lermontov's 1325:Nikolay Trubetskoy 1236: 1194: 1164:is known to order 974: 942:In 1649 and 1650, 834: 681:Russian Revolution 662: 418:Russian Federation 394:Russian Federation 61: 36: 8507: 8506: 8410: 8409: 8309: 8308: 8232: 8231: 8049: 8048: 7956: 7955: 7572: 7571: 7532:Megleno-Romanians 7446: 7445: 6962:Muslims in Europe 6929: 6928: 6828: 6827: 6739: 6732: 6693: 6569:Tatars of Romania 6542: 6511: 6468:Mongolian Kazakhs 6439: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6146: 6112: 6023:Palestinian Turks 6018:Montenegrin Turks 5942: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5872: 5863: 5856: 5816: 5787:Mongolian Kazakhs 5755: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5644: 5643: 5273: 5271:Astrakhan Kazakhs 4995: 4994: 4754:Zabolotnie Tatars 4233:Northwestern Mari 3869:978-0-598-72218-8 3862:. Chilton Books. 3823:s:Набег (Толстой) 3649:(статья ed.) 3647:О народах Кавказа 3345:978-1-5261-2944-4 2369:www.nartajans.net 1524:Mikhail Lermontov 1363:subfamily of the 1258:Tooltip New Style 1245:Tooltip New Style 1207:According to the 929:Schevkal campaign 649: 648: 643: 382:Tarki Shamkhalate 363:Northern Caucasus 353:. They speak the 305: 289: 288: 8589: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8533:42.3873; 47.9867 8529: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8517: 8454:Azerbaijani Jews 8402:Meskhetian Turks 8320: 8319: 8150: 8149: 8071: 8070: 8057: 7723: 7722: 7626: 7625: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7576: 7575: 7148:Western Thracian 6972: 6971: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6933: 6932: 6876:Turkish diaspora 6735: 6728: 6689: 6540: 6522:Karategin Uzbeks 6507: 6435: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6369:Astrakhan Tatars 6367: 6332: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6238:Iranian Turkmens 6170:Crimean Karaites 6142: 6108: 6008:Macedonian Turks 5973:Dodecanese Turks 5938: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5870:Iranian Turkmens 5868: 5859: 5852: 5812: 5751: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5691: 5690: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5648: 5647: 5560:Crimean Italians 5529: 5459: 5415: 5381: 5348:Meskhetian Turks 5332: 5313: 5294: 5292:Sakhalin Koreans 5287: 5269: 5224: 5210: 5203: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5156: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5104: 5076:Crimean Karaites 5035: 4938: 4931: 4902: 4901: 4888: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4702: 4620: 4530: 4506: 4499: 4419: 4418: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4373:Astrakhan Tatars 4368: 4349: 4335: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4291: 4284: 4270: 4256: 4249: 4235: 4228: 4227: 4214: 4213: 4183: 4162: 4155: 4106: 4099: 4075: 4046: 4039: 4032: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3971: 3964: 3957: 3948: 3947: 3914: 3892: 3874: 3873: 3853: 3847: 3842: 3836: 3831: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3792: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3761:. Archived from 3751: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3731:. Archived from 3721: 3715: 3712: 3706: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3583:Абибуллаева С., 3580: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3458: 3452:www.demoscope.ru 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3428:www.demoscope.ru 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3404:www.demoscope.ru 3396: 3390: 3388: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3298: 3290: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3162: 3144: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3053: 3045: 3035: 3029: 3024:{{cite book|url= 3022: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3003: 2992: 2983: 2980: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2853: 2844:. Archived from 2834: 2828: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2779: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2749: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2721:www.vostlit.info 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2567: 2566: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2410: 2409: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2361: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2326: 2320: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2295: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2265: 2259: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1927: 1921: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1704: 1697: 1689: 1683: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1630: 1621:. Archived from 1615: 1609: 1604: 1513:Holstein embassy 1448:Temir-Khan-Shura 1390:Nikolay Baskakov 1369:Turkic languages 1259: 1255: 1246: 1242: 1202:Khasavyurt okrug 933:Nikolay Karamzin 764:Khazar Kaghanate 641: 610:Astrakhan oblast 594:Saint Petersburg 437: 436: 432:Chechen Republic 379: 318: 310: 304:romanized: 303: 301: 237: 228: 226: 225: 216: 207: 205: 204: 195: 186: 184: 183: 174: 165: 163: 162: 153: 144: 142: 141: 126: 124: 123: 108: 106: 105: 91: 90: 85: 78:Total population 49: 39: 35: 8597: 8596: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8586: 8542: 8541: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8503: 8475: 8406: 8351: 8305: 8289: 8228: 8171: 8139: 8123:Caucasus Greeks 8109: 8065: 8058: 8045: 7964: 7952: 7921: 7882: 7842: 7779: 7718: 7710: 7619: 7611: 7603: 7573: 7568: 7442: 7382: 7364: 7346: 7182:North Caucasian 7176: 7088:Dobrujan Tatars 7047: 6963: 6960: 6930: 6925: 6890: 6886:Kazakh diaspora 6854: 6824: 6573: 6539: 6537: 6531: 6493:Afghan Turkmens 6484: 6477: 6455: 6449: 6404:Siberian Tatars 6328: 6253: 6247: 6243:Iranian Kazakhs 6223:Khorasani Turks 6195: 6189: 6162: 6156: 6099:Chinese Kazakhs 6081: 6075: 6058: 6057:Turkic peoples 6052: 5953:Bulgarian Turks 5929:Abkhazian Turks 5882: 5854:Afghan Turkmens 5836: 5791: 5782:Iranian Kazakhs 5777:Chinese Kazakhs 5760: 5680: 5675: 5645: 5640: 5584: 5555:Caucasus Greeks 5527:Afro-Abkhazians 5525: 5509: 5455: 5411: 5379:Kola Norwegians 5377: 5328: 5309: 5290: 5283: 5220: 5206: 5199: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5100: 5031: 4991: 4968: 4934: 4927: 4895: 4891: 4884: 4771: 4752: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4713:Siberian Tatars 4698: 4670: 4616: 4598: 4560: 4526: 4502: 4495: 4413: 4406: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4362: 4345: 4331: 4322: 4317:Baikal Cossacks 4315: 4308: 4301: 4287: 4280: 4266: 4252: 4245: 4231: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4203: 4179: 4158: 4151: 4102: 4095: 4071: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3932:Wayback Machine 3921: 3899:Rowson, Everett 3883: 3881:Further reading 3878: 3877: 3870: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3817: 3806: 3799: 3790: 3788: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3674: 3672: 3665:caucasian.space 3659: 3658: 3654: 3643: 3639: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3525: 3523: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3501: 3499: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3456: 3454: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3432: 3430: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3408: 3406: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3330: 3326: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3292: 3291: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3203: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3067: 3063: 3047: 3046: 3036: 3032: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3001: 2999: 2994: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2851: 2849: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2781: 2780: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2725: 2723: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2631: 2624: 2613: 2609: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2570: 2559: 2555: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2453: 2451: 2446:Олеарий, Адам. 2444: 2440: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2413: 2406: 2386: 2382: 2373: 2371: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2348: 2339: 2337: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2306: 2302: 2293: 2291: 2281: 2277: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2056: 2054: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2006: 2004: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1937:Wayback Machine 1928: 1924: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1764: 1762: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1730:Wayback Machine 1721: 1717: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1676:Wayback Machine 1667: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1628: 1626: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1579: 1571:Alexandre Dumas 1505: 1478:Karachai-Balkar 1471:Cyrillic script 1413:a lingua-franca 1411:Kumyk had been 1398:Mamluk Kipchaks 1394:Codex Cimanicus 1357: 1351: 1317: 1309: 1300: 1295: 1276: 1257: 1244: 1228: 1186: 1155: 1109: 1036:Sheikh Mansur's 1011: 1005: 991:Sergey Solovyov 966: 887: 853:Khazar Kaganate 826: 748: 706: 654: 460: 455: 450: 420: 390: 235: 223: 221: 214: 202: 200: 193: 181: 179: 172: 160: 158: 151: 139: 137: 121: 119: 103: 101: 50: 34: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8595: 8585: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8562:Turkic peoples 8559: 8554: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8418: 8416: 8412: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8361: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8328: 8326: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8297: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8281: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8242: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8203: 8202: 8192: 8181: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8158: 8156: 8147: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8119: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8102: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8079: 8077: 8068: 8060: 8059: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7986: 7985: 7984: 7974: 7968: 7966: 7958: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7929: 7927: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7893: 7891: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7858: 7852: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7789: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7731: 7729: 7720: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7696: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7634: 7632: 7623: 7613: 7612: 7602: 7601: 7594: 7587: 7579: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7560: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7454: 7452: 7448: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7356: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7186: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7157: 7156: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7093:Finnish Tatars 7090: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7076:Crimean Tatars 7073: 7068: 7063: 7057: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6989:Cham Albanians 6980: 6978: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6958: 6951: 6944: 6936: 6927: 6926: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6805:Yenisei Kyrgyz 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6733: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6554:Finnish Tatars 6551: 6545: 6543: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6500: 6495: 6489: 6487: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6257: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6199: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6175:Crimean Tatars 6172: 6166: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6118:Chinese Uzbeks 6115: 6114: 6113: 6104:Chinese Kyrgyz 6101: 6096: 6094:Chinese Tatars 6091: 6085: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6043:Tunisian Turks 6040: 6035: 6030: 6028:Romanian Turks 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5998:Lebanese Turks 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5978:Egyptian Turks 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5958:Croatian Turks 5955: 5950: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5934:Algerian Turks 5931: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5808:Chinese Kyrgyz 5805: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5733: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5717: 5697: 5695: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5678:Turkic peoples 5674: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5545:Astrakhan Jews 5542: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5321: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5302: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5288: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5204: 5192: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5130:Siberian Finns 5126: 5123:Murmansk Finns 5119: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4987:Tver Karelians 4984: 4978: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4932: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4889: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4722: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4608: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4500: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4427: 4425: 4416: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4357: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4324:Kuban Cossacks 4320: 4313: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4285: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4250: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4215: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4172: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4112:Crimean Tatars 4109: 4108: 4107: 4100: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4012: 4005: 3992: 3990: 3982: 3981: 3974: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3920: 3919:External links 3917: 3916: 3915: 3895:Krämer, Gudrun 3882: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3868: 3848: 3837: 3826: 3815: 3797: 3776: 3746: 3716: 3707: 3703:А. М. Прохоров 3701:: / гл. ред. 3690: 3681: 3652: 3637: 3622: 3615: 3595: 3575: 3566: 3557: 3532: 3508: 3484: 3472: 3463: 3439: 3415: 3391: 3378: 3371:. «Демоскоп». 3360: 3351: 3344: 3324: 3317:. «Демоскоп». 3306: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3225: 3216: 3201: 3183: 3174: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3081: 3061: 3030: 3017: 3008: 2984: 2968: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2911: 2902: 2890: 2880: 2867: 2858: 2829: 2820: 2811: 2801: 2792: 2771: 2762: 2750: 2741: 2732: 2708: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2639: 2622: 2607: 2604:on 2013-11-04. 2589: 2580: 2568: 2553: 2538: 2529: 2511: 2502: 2487: 2478: 2469: 2460: 2438: 2423: 2411: 2404: 2380: 2356: 2346: 2321: 2317:Karabudaghkent 2300: 2275: 2260: 2251: 2239: 2214: 2189: 2164: 2139: 2114: 2089: 2064: 2039: 2014: 1989: 1964: 1943: 1922: 1909: 1897: 1888: 1876: 1865: 1856: 1847: 1838: 1826: 1817: 1808: 1799: 1790: 1781: 1772: 1757:(in Russian). 1742: 1736: 1715: 1684: 1661: 1649: 1635: 1610: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1578: 1575: 1504: 1501: 1367:family of the 1355:Kumyk language 1353:Main article: 1350: 1347: 1308: 1305: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1275: 1272: 1227: 1224: 1185: 1182: 1160:Back in 1811, 1154: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1119: 1108: 1105: 1048:Russian Empire 1007:Main article: 1004: 1001: 965: 962: 922:Terek Cossacks 895:Ottoman Empire 886: 883: 842:Cuman-Kipchaks 838:Caucasian Huns 825: 822: 747: 744: 705: 702: 674:Ottoman Empire 653: 650: 647: 646: 644: 638: 637: 634: 631: 628: 622: 621: 618: 615: 612: 606: 605: 602: 599: 596: 590: 589: 586: 583: 580: 574: 573: 570: 567: 564: 558: 557: 554: 551: 548: 542: 541: 538: 535: 532: 530:Stavropol krai 526: 525: 522: 519: 516: 510: 509: 506: 503: 500: 494: 493: 490: 487: 484: 478: 477: 474: 471: 468: 462: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 445: 444: 441: 419: 416: 389: 386: 378:Къумукъ, Qumuq 355:Kumyk language 340:North Caucasus 287: 286: 272:Crimean Tatars 268: 267: 263: 262: 256: 255: 251: 250: 248:Kumyk language 244: 243: 239: 238: 232: 218: 217: 211: 197: 196: 190: 176: 175: 169: 155: 154: 148: 134: 133: 130: 116: 115: 112: 98: 97: 93: 92: 80: 79: 75: 74: 52: 51: 42: 32: 28:Kumik, Zanskar 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8594: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8540: 8537: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8478: 8472: 8469: 8465: 8464:Mountain Jews 8462: 8460: 8459:Georgian Jews 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8449:Armenian Jews 8447: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8437: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8424: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8413: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8312: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8292: 8286: 8283: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8256:in Azerbaijan 8254: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8235: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8178: 8174: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8135:Pontic Greeks 8133: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8061: 8056: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7987: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7885: 7879: 7876: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7782: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7707: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7600: 7595: 7593: 7588: 7586: 7581: 7580: 7577: 7565: 7562: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7449: 7439: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7165:Mishar Tatars 7163: 7162: 7161: 7158: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6976:Indo-European 6973: 6970: 6966: 6957: 6952: 6950: 6945: 6943: 6938: 6937: 6934: 6924:territories). 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6857: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6625:Black Klobuks 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6541:(exc. Russia) 6534: 6528: 6527:Afghan Kyrgyz 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6443: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6383:Mishar Tatars 6380: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6192: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6150: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6059:in Uzbekistan 6055: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6033:Serbian Turks 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5993:Kosovan Turks 5991: 5989: 5988:Israeli Turks 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5968:Cypriot Turks 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5948:Bosnian Turks 5946: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5822:Afghan Kyrgyz 5820: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5667: 5665: 5660: 5658: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5570:Pontic Greeks 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5363:Mountain Jews 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5285:North Koreans 5282: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5214: 5209: 5208:Volga Germans 5205: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5190:Georgian Jews 5188: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5116:Ingrian Finns 5113: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5071:Bukharan Jews 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4740:Kalmak Tatars 4737: 4734: 4733:Eushta Tatars 4730: 4727: 4723: 4720: 4719:Baraba Tatars 4716: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4387:Mishar Tatars 4384: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4219:Mountain Mari 4216: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3988:nationalities 3983: 3979: 3972: 3967: 3965: 3960: 3958: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3852: 3846: 3841: 3835: 3830: 3824: 3819: 3811: 3804: 3802: 3786: 3780: 3765:on 2014-01-31 3764: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3735:on 2014-03-26 3734: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3711: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3685: 3671:on 2017-11-07 3670: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3648: 3641: 3633: 3626: 3618: 3616:9789027231000 3612: 3608: 3607: 3599: 3588: 3587: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3522: 3518: 3517:"UNPO: Kumyk" 3512: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3481: 3476: 3467: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3355: 3347: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3302: 3296: 3288: 3286: 3281: 3274: 3265: 3256: 3247: 3238: 3229: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3202:5-8243-0078-X 3198: 3194: 3187: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3084: 3082:9785743702282 3078: 3074: 3073: 3065: 3057: 3051: 3043: 3042: 3034: 3027: 3021: 3012: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2963: 2954: 2945: 2936: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2906: 2899: 2894: 2884: 2876: 2871: 2862: 2848:on 2018-01-03 2847: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2805: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2776: 2766: 2757: 2755: 2745: 2736: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2681: 2676: 2667: 2658: 2650: 2643: 2635: 2629: 2627: 2618: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2584: 2575: 2573: 2564: 2557: 2549: 2542: 2533: 2526: 2521: 2515: 2506: 2498: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2449: 2442: 2434: 2427: 2418: 2416: 2407: 2405:5-87444-033-X 2401: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2384: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2350: 2336:on 2017-08-01 2335: 2331: 2325: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2290: 2289:Радио Свобода 2286: 2279: 2271: 2264: 2255: 2248: 2243: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1953: 1947: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1892: 1885: 1880: 1874: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1842: 1835: 1830: 1821: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1719: 1701: 1694: 1688: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1665: 1658: 1653: 1645: 1639: 1625:on 2020-05-16 1624: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1482:Crimean Tatar 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1459:Arabic script 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1402:Cuman-Kipchak 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1361:Kipchak-Cuman 1356: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1328: 1326: 1320: 1312: 1304: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1250: 1243: 1232: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1217:Terek Oblasts 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1190: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1104: 1102: 1101:Gazi-Muhammad 1097: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1009:Caucasian War 1003:Caucasian War 999: 994: 992: 985: 981: 979: 970: 961: 958: 954: 950: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 902: 900: 896: 891: 882: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 856: 854: 849: 847: 843: 839: 830: 821: 819: 814: 810: 806: 804: 798: 793: 790: 788: 786: 778: 776: 770: 767: 765: 760: 758: 754: 743: 740: 738: 734: 729: 727: 726: 721: 717: 716: 711: 701: 697: 695: 690: 688: 687: 682: 677: 675: 671: 667: 666:Caucasian War 658: 645: 640: 639: 635: 632: 629: 627: 626:Rostov oblast 624: 623: 619: 616: 613: 611: 608: 607: 603: 600: 597: 595: 592: 591: 587: 584: 581: 579: 576: 575: 571: 568: 565: 563: 562:Moscow oblast 560: 559: 555: 552: 549: 547: 544: 543: 539: 536: 533: 531: 528: 527: 523: 520: 517: 515: 512: 511: 507: 504: 501: 499: 496: 495: 491: 488: 485: 483: 480: 479: 475: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 457: 452: 447: 446: 438: 435: 433: 429: 425: 415: 412: 410: 406: 402: 397: 395: 385: 383: 375: 371: 366: 364: 360: 359:lingua franca 356: 352: 348: 343: 341: 337: 336:North Ossetia 333: 329: 325: 322: 314: 309: 297: 293: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 261: 257: 252: 249: 245: 240: 233: 231: 219: 212: 210: 198: 191: 189: 177: 170: 168: 156: 149: 147: 135: 131: 129: 117: 113: 111: 99: 94: 81: 76: 72: 68: 65: 58: 53: 45: 40: 29: 22: 8509: 8365:Azerbaijanis 8341: 8145:Indo-Iranian 7658:Imerkhevians 7620: 7557:Crimean Roma 7160:Volga Tatars 7113:Lipka Tatars 7107: 7081:Crimean Roma 7061:Azerbaijanis 6564:Lipka Tatars 6437:Tozhu Tuvans 6397:Volga Tatars 6342: 6110:Akto Turkmen 6003:Libyan Turks 5963:Cretan Turks 5878:Akto Turkmen 5827:Tajik Kyrgyz 5814:Akto Turkmen 5701:Azerbaijanis 5358:Montenegrins 5046:Azerbaijanis 4907: 4875:Azerbaijanis 4360:Volga Tatars 4347:Tozhu Tuvans 4189:Komi-Permyak 3902: 3858: 3851: 3840: 3829: 3818: 3809: 3789:. 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7225:Bagvalals 7098:Karachays 7016:in France 6984:Albanians 6859:Diasporas 6800:Xueyantuo 6790:Uriankhai 6737:Pechenegs 6730:Turkomans 6704:Kutrigurs 6376:Kryashens 6338:Kumandins 6319:Karachays 6299:Besermyan 6274:Telengits 6180:Krymchaks 6163:in Crimea 6128:Ili Turks 5721:Küresünni 5631:Pumpokols 5626:Meshchera 5446:Spaniards 5421:Romanians 5353:Moldovans 5300:Krymchaks 5235:Hamshenis 5154:Adjarians 5148:Georgians 5096:Estonians 5041:Assyrians 5027:Armenians 5017:Americans 4982:Besermyan 4893:Kubachins 4835:Chamalals 4820:Bagvalals 4689:Kumandins 4618:Hamnigans 4574:Izhorians 4566:Northwest 4536:Nganasans 4528:Khandeyar 4423:Far North 4394:Nağaybäks 4380:Kryashens 4276:Ossetians 4268:Khandeyar 4142:Karelians 4137:Karachays 4037:Telengits 4009:Natukhajs 3911:1873-9830 3295:cite book 3151:2073-4425 3050:cite book 2563:Сочинения 1452:Xasavyurt 1025:, wrote: 1023:Circassia 910:Georgians 864:Shawkhal, 712:ethnonym 672:) to the 280:Karachays 242:Languages 64:Caucasian 8324:Kipchaks 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4551:Yukaghir 4491:Alyutors 4461:Itelmens 4436:Chukchis 4303:Cossacks 4297:Russians 4241:Mordvins 4097:Besleney 4091:Cherkess 4067:Chechens 4057:Bashkirs 4044:Tubalars 4030:Chelkans 4024:Altaians 4016:Shapsugs 4002:Bzhedugs 3928:Archived 3901:(eds.). 3890:"Kumyks" 3630:Nansen. 3521:unpo.org 3373:Archived 3319:Archived 3280:Дагестан 3211:44909551 3169:37761920 3160:10530682 2787:Archived 2783:"КУМЫКИ" 2598:"КУМЫКИ" 2520:Semender 1933:Archived 1759:Archived 1726:Archived 1700:Archived 1672:Archived 1577:See also 1535:Cossacks 1529:The Raid 1461:(called 1444:Buynaksk 1349:Language 1319:customs. 1213:Dagestan 1162:Tormasov 1107:Genetics 957:Abbas II 860:Shamkhal 775:Japhetic 757:Kipchaks 720:Kipchaks 704:Ethnonym 686:muhajirs 514:Chechnya 476:496,455 473:431,736 470:365,804 466:Dagestan 332:Chechnya 328:Dagestan 319:) are a 308:Qumuqlar 254:Religion 86:600,000 8471:Kalmyks 8332:Balkars 8301:Germans 8224:Yazidis 8177:Iranian 7994:Abzakhs 7972:Abazins 7937:Kaitags 7933:Dargins 7907:Hunzibs 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Shah 949:Safavid 937:Peter I 876:Timurid 868:Shevkal 824:History 785:Lezgins 753:Khazars 694:Dar-Ful 524:12,184 521:12,221 508:13,669 505:13,849 492:18,054 489:16,092 486:12,659 370:Kumykia 361:of the 313:Russian 276:Balkars 209:Belarus 167:Ukraine 114:565,830 67:papakha 21:Kalmyks 8552:Kumyks 8415:Others 8387:Bayats 8370:Ayrums 8347:Nogais 8342:Kumyks 8315:Turkic 8294:Others 8238:Slavic 8214:Talysh 8190:Digors 8039:Ubykhs 7926:Others 7888:Tsezic 7878:Ingush 7823:Rutuls 7798:Archin 7785:Lezgic 7775:Tindis 7547:Arlije 7542:Romani 7505:Cretan 7473:Croats 7438:Dönmeh 7370:Uralic 7337:Tindis 7322:Rutuls 7292:Karata 7282:Ingush 7277:Hunzib 7272:Hinukh 7240:Budukh 7230:Bezhta 7215:Archis 7200:Aghuls 7172:Yörüks 7138:German 7118:Nogais 7108:Kumyks 7053:Turkic 7038:Talysh 7033:Pomaks 7001:Gorani 6918:Syrian 6840:Abdals 6833:Others 6820:Yabaku 6810:Yueban 6760:Shatuo 6750:Sabirs 6709:Merkit 6660:Kangly 6650:Esegel 6630:Cumans 6610:Bulaqs 6595:Basmyl 6559:Gagauz 6509:Timuri 6503:Aimaqs 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