Kunbi - Knowledge

378: 626:, a commentator on religious and political violence in India, the failure of political parties to consolidate OBC votes in Maharashtra, despite calls for "Kunbi-zation" of the Maratha caste, was because Maharashtra had, as early as 1967, identified 183 communities as "educationally backward classes". By 1978 there were 199 communities in this category, and the government implemented a policy of reserving 10% of educational seats and government jobs for them. The official data used by the government for the definition of the Maratha-Kunbi castes puts them between 30% and 40%, depending on whether a narrow or an inclusive definition of the caste is used. This causes the percentage of OBCs to vary between 29% and 38% of the population. According to Hansen, it is critically important for the politicians of the state to ensure a narrow definition of OBC and maximise the Maratha representation. The 1961:

to cultivators who must have given up their old appellation, Kunbi, and taken up the caste name, Maratha. In 1921 under the common heading Maratha and Kunbi, the figure 48,86,484 is given and a note added that this head includes Marathas, Cabit, Kunbi and Khandesh Kunbis. (Vol. VIII, Bombay, Part I, pages 185-189.) ...page 13: The agricultural community of the Maratha country is made up of Kunbis, Marathas and Malis. The first two are dry farmers depending solely on the monsoon rains for their crop, while the Malis work on irrigated lands working their fields all the year round on well-water or canals and growing fruit, vegetables, sugarcane and some varieties of cereals

354:(later anglicised to Scindia) were of Kunbi origin. A "Marathaisation" of the Kunbis was seen between the censuses of 1901 and 1931, which shows a gradually declining number of Kunbis resulting from more of them identifying themselves as Marathas. Lele notes in 1990 that a subset of the Maratha-Kunbi group of castes became the political elite in the state of Maharashtra in the 1960s and 1970s and have remained so to the present day. The elite Maratha-Kunbis have institutionalised their ideology of agrarian development through their control of the Congress party. The state Government of Maharashtra does not recognise a group called Maratha-Kunbi. 350:, the social mobility of the day, the origins of the Maratha-Kunbi castes, the eating habits and the living conditions of the people of Maharashtra. The author of the piece claims that only a very small circle of families, like those of Shivaji Bhonsale, can claim the Kshatriya status. He also states that these Kshatriya families have not been able to stop the inroads made by the wealthy and powerful Kunbis, who had bought their way into Kshatriya status through wealth and inter-marriages. Of the most powerful Maratha dynasties, the 391: 370: 406: 647:. An issue of candidates of the Maratha caste (a non-backward caste) running for elections in wards reserved for OBC candidates got centre-stage attention in the 2007 civic polls after the Maharashtra state government amended the OBC list on 1 June 2004 to retain the Kunbis and include Kunbi-Marathas. In 2010, the independent corporator, Malan Bhintade, who claimed to be Kunbi-Maratha but was later found to be of Maratha caste, lost her membership of the 29: 442: 723:

and over time adopted different customs like different dressing styles, employed genealogists, started identifying as Maratha, and caste boundaries solidified between them. In the nineteenth century, economic prosperity rather than marital service to the Muslims replaced the mobility into Maratha identity. Eaton gives an example of the Holkar family that originally belonged to the

154:, and the media have reported sporadic instances of violence against Dalits. Other inter-caste issues include the forgery of caste certificates by politicians, mostly in the grey Kunbi-Maratha caste area, to allow them to run for elections from wards reserved for OBC candidates. In April 2005, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the Marathas are not a sub-caste of Kunbis. 562:

seats, since they are dominant in every village of the region. The Kunbis, who are known to have a more tolerant attitude and are more secular than the Telis, prefer the Congress Party. As a result, the Party has held a dominant position in the region for several decades. However, in the last decade or so, Congress has ignored the Kunbis and other parties like the

718:. Marathas ("Assal" or true i.e. belonging to 96 clans), who were distinguished from the Kunbi, in the past claimed genealogical connections with Rajputs of Northern India. However, modern researchers demonstrate, giving examples, that these claims are not factual. Modern scholars agree that Marathas and Kunbi are the same. Anthropologist J.V.Ferreira, from the 854:

for marriage alliances. The traditional pre-British, and pre-modern, Indian society, while stationary, afforded very limited caste mobility to those from non-elite castes who could successfully wage warfare against (and seize power from) a weak ruler, or bring wooded areas under the plough to establish independent kingdoms. According to

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Together with the Marathas, the Maratha Kunbi belonged originally, says Enthoven, to the same caste; and both their exogamous kuls and exogamous devaks are identical with those of the Marathas. Enthoven opines that the totemic nature of their devak system suggests that they are largely of a non-Aryan

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and their traditional occupation is that of a labourer or a servant. While this is the general scheme all over India, it is difficult to fit all modern facts into it. These traditional social and religious divisions in the caste system have lost their significance for many contemporary Indians except

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by members of the Kunbi caste from the Khairlanji village in the Bhandara district. Two female members of the same family were paraded naked in the village and then raped. Eight villagers were sentenced to life imprisonment, with the court declaring the killings motivated by revenge and not racism or

858:, "Political fluidity in pre-British India was in the last analysis the product of a pre-modern technology and institutional system. Large kingdoms could not be ruled effectively in the absence railways, post and telegraph, paper and printing, good roads, and modern arms and techniques of warfare.". 561:

and the Mali, play a major role in the politics of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. The three groups compose 50% of the electorate and are known to influence election outcomes. The Kunbis, being landlords, hold the upper-hand in the politics of the region and can decide the outcome of at least 22

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etc., the marriage of a man to his maternal uncle's daughter is common in the Kunbi community. Maratha and Kunbis intermarried in a hypergamous way i.e. a rich Kunbi's daughter could always marry a poor Maratha. Anthropologist Donald Attwood shows giving an example of the Karekars of Ahmednagar that

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page 14: These figures as they stand are obviously wrong. The Marathas had not doubled their numbers between 1901 and 1911 nor were the Kunbis reduced by almost three- fourths. Either the recorders had made wrong entries or what is more probable, "Kunbi" as a caste-category was no longer acceptable

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quotes a saying in Maharashtra, "when a Kunbi prospers he becomes Maratha". Kunbi origin has been one of the factors on the basis of which the head of Maharashtra State Backward Class Commission (MSBCC), a Judge, M.G. Gaikwad, and some others in 2018, stated that Maratha associations have submitted

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states: "The Maratha claim to belong to the ancient 96 Kshatriya families has no foundation in fact and may have been adopted after the Marathas became with Shivaji a power to be reckoned with". Eaton shows how the Maratha caste was generated from the Kunbis who served the Muslim rulers, prospered,

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would divide the Maratha-Kunbis into Kunbis and high Marathas, took an anti-Mandal stance and tried to attract marginalised Maratha-Kunbis by propagating martial and chauvinistic myths, which in turn stigmatized Muslims and Dalits. While the organization never received success outside of Mumbai, it

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The changes implemented to land tenure policy during the colonial era led to the ascendency of the Kunbis in central Gujarat. The Kunbis and the fishermen Kolis were not too different in their socio-economic position until the end of the 19th century. With the aid of favourable policies, the Kunbis

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after it was established that she had submitted a false caste certificate, claiming to be Kunbi-Maratha in order to run for elections in wards reserved for OBC candidates. Subsequently, all candidates who lost to Kunbi-Maratha candidates registered complaints against their opponents by claiming

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Consequently, I doubt if the terms Maratha and Kunbi ever had very distinct referents, and I take this as another indication of a fluid and flexible social order. Even today, for example, there is a small, local caste of farmers known as Karekars in Ahmednagar district, who are not normally

313:. While this view of the term was common among colonial European observers of the eighteenth century, they were ignorant of the caste connotations of the term. The dividing line between the Maratha and Kunbi was obscure, but there was evidence of certain families who called themselves 1825:

origin. page202:The Kunbi cultivators are also Marathas but of a somewhat inferior social standing. The Maratha claim to belong to the ancient 96 Kshatriya families has no foundation in fact and may have been adopted after the Marathas became with Shivaji a power to be reckoned with.

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Marathas. The Assal Marathas claimed to be Kshatriyas in the Varna hierarchy and claimed lineage from the Rajput clans of north India. The rest, the Kunbi, accepted that they came lower in the Varna hierarchy. Karve says that the Maratha caste precipitated from the Kunbi through the

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Based on evidence from an old Marathi document, Karve concludes that the Tirole Kunbi differ significantly from the Kubis west of Nagpur, and that they did not formerly claim to be Kshatriyas. G. S Ghurye states that Karve's statement is either esoteric or wrong.

505:. While these two sub-communities resided in the same villages, they did not inter-dine or inter-marry. There was some confusion in the nomenclature of the community during the second half of the 19th century when colonial officials referred to elites simply as 341:

itself will not remain. Each man should stick to his own caste, but in spite of this these men are trying to spread money around in our caste. But make no mistake, all Kshatriyas will look to protect their caste in this matter." Later, in September 1965, the

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wondered if it would be enough to counter the age-old and keen Kunbi versus Teli rivalry. A closer look at local and regional leaders in the NCP revealed that almost all of them belonged to the Kunbi community. In 2009, the NCP president Sharad Pawar chose

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In the 2009 elections, resentment by the Kunbis towards the Congress candidate Wamanrao Kasawar was said to benefit Sanjay Derkar, the independent NCP rebel candidate, in a triangular contest which also included Shiv Sena's Vishvas Nandekar. In the 2004

536:) is also found in Goa, where they are believed to be descendants of the area's aboriginal inhabitants. They are largely poor agriculturalists, though some of the oldest known landowners in Goa were of this class, and claimed for themselves the 1094:

He drew his military strength mainly from the mawales, the kunbis of the Mawal region. In the north, particularly in the eighteenth century, the term 'Maratha' was used with reference to all the people of Maharashtra, irrespective of their

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district. In September of the same year, a 20-year-old Dalit woman alleged that she was raped by a Someshwar Baburao Kuthe of the Kunbi caste in the Sarandi (Bujaruk) village of Lakhandur taluka. The local police registered an offense.

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and Kunbi have the same origin - although the two are treated as two different communities currently on a social level. Most recently, the Kunbi origin of the Maratha has been explained in detail by Professor Richard Eaton from the

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began to identify themselves as Kunbi. According to Stewart Gordon, the so-called Marathas now differentiated themselves from the others such as the cultivators (Kunbi), iron-workers and tailors. At lower status levels, the term

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falsification of certificates. A similar case of forgery was reported in 2003 when the former Shiv Sena corporator, Geeta Gore, was sent to jail for falsely claiming to be a Kunbi-Maratha. Gore won in elections from ward 18 of

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By the 18th century, Gujarati Kunbis distinguished themselves by two sub-categories: those who continued their traditional occupation as agriculturists, and those who had taken up revenue collection. The former were known as

974:, p. 56 Quote: "Village studies often mention the dominance of the elite Marathas and their refusal to accept non-elite Marathas such as the Kunbis into their kinship structure (Ghurye, 1960; Karve and Damle, 1963)." 361:, the Marata-Kunbi form over 40% of the population of Western Maharashtra. Later in 1990, Lele records that the Maratha-Kunbi group of castes account for 31% of the population, distributed over the whole of Maharashtra. 134:

dynasties of the Maratha Empire are originally of Kunbi origin. In the fourteenth century and later, several Kunbis who had taken up employment as military men in the armies of various rulers underwent a process of

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considered true Marathas; yet some of the more successful Karekar families have intermarried with Marathas (Baviskar 1980; n.d.). I believe this process has occurred continuously in the "maratha country"...

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are the three main farming communities of Maharashtra - the difference being that the marathas and Kunbis were "dry farmers" whereas the Mali farmed throughout the year. Professor Cynthia Talbot from the

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lineages: Solar, Lunar, Brahma and Shesh via the Rajputs of north India. However, the list of 96 clans is highly controversial and there seems to be no consensus concerning who is included or excluded.

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in 2006 recognized them as synonymous and NCBC issued notification that the 'Kurmi' caste / community of Maharashtra is akin to the Kunbis of Maharashtra and is socially and educationally backward..

480:; marriage of cross cousins is acceptable, as is remarriage by widows. Divorce is permitted and the practice of marriage around the age of 10–12 years has been abandoned. The dead are cremated. 143:. The boundary between the Marathas and the Kunbi became obscure in the early 20th century due to the effects of colonisation, and the two groups came to form one block, the Maratha-Kunbi. 765:. The decision for giving reservation in jobs and education for Marathas based on the petitions that Marathas and Kunbis are one and the same caste was upheld by the Mumbai court in 2019. 2058: 849:. The traditional caste-based occupations are priesthood for the Brahmins, ruler or warrior for the Kshatriyas and businessman or farmer for the Vaishyas. The fourth caste is called the 2089:

The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial Industrial, and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures

469:. That particular community believes itself to be of a higher status than some other local groups due to the type of meat which they consume (for example, they believe that the 377: 297:

was applied to those who tilled the land. It was possible for outsiders to become Kunbi, an example of which was recorded by Enthoven. Enthoven observed that it was common for

3445: 337:(another powerful Maratha dynasty) had Kunbi origins. He notes further "These days, when the Kunbis and others grow wealthy, they try to pollute our caste. If this goes on, 230:

has posited that while the term may "signify the occupation of the group, viz., that of cultivation ... it is not improbable that the name may be of tribal origin."

837:(twice-born). They are called twice born on account of their education and these three castes are allowed to wear the sacred thread. These three castes are called the 3412: 2275:"Hindu castes and sects: an exposition of the origin of the Hindu caste system and the bearing of the sects towards each other and towards other religious systems" 487:) region, tilled by the Lewa Kunbis, had been well-known since the 15th century for high productivity levels which produced potentially high-revenue crops like 3478: 3343: 284:

kings started employing the local population in their military, the term Maratha acquired a martial connotation. Those who were not associated with the term

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process, the two were later consolidated due to social reforms as well as political and economic development during British rule in the early 20th century.

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who originated among the populations of the Deccani tiller-plainsmen who were known by the names Kunbi and Maratha. Professor Dhanmanjiri Sathe from the

831:) were traditionally outside of caste system and can now be said to form a fifth group of castes. The first three Varnas in the hierarchy are said to be 2400: 199:

meaning "people" and "seeds", respectively. Conjoined, the two terms mean "those who germinate more seeds from one seed". Another etymology states that

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Very little information was recorded prior to the 19th century regarding the significantly large group of Maharashtrian agricultural castes, known as

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found, after breaking away from the Congress, that it was not possible to win elections with just the Kunbi vote. In order to attract the non-Kunbi

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in Sanskrit. Each class is further sub-divided into a multitude of castes. The term 'Caste Hindu' is used to refer to these four main classes. The

309:. These men began to see themselves as Marathas too, further obscuring the boundary between the Marathas and Kunbi, giving rise to a new category: 3429: 2645: 1253:

Among Maharashtrian communities such as Marathas, Kunbis, Malis, Mahars, etc., the marriage of a brother's daughter with a sister's son is common

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and caste discrimination. The constitution gives generous privileges to the backward castes in an effort to redress injustice over the ages.

751:, showed how the Maratha caste was generated from Kunbis who simply started calling themselves "Maratha". She states that Maratha, Kunbi and 2401:

Chaudhuri, B. B.; Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture; Centre for Studies in Civilizations (Delhi, India) (2008),

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casteism. An appeal against the High Court judgement to have the crime declared as casteism is still pending in the Supreme Court of India.

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There are several communities in Maharashtra that have been trying to pass themselves off as depressed in order to reap the benefits of the

3309: 3172: 3471: 575: 175:. Both are farming communities. Both communities have deep roots in agriculture, with "Kunbi" itself meaning "farmer" in Marathi. The 226:, "husbandman" or "cultivator". Thus anyone who took up the occupation of a cultivator could be brought under the generic term Kunbi. 465:

districts. In 2003, Singh and Lal described the Kunbi of Gujarat as being non-vegetarian and consumers of alcoholic drinks such as

276:(among other meanings) referred to all speakers of the Marathi language. An example of this is the record of the Moroccan traveler 614:

over Rajendra Shingane as party candidate from the Vidarbha region because he represented the huge Kunbi-Marathi community there.

2012: 582:, the Kunbi vote was said to be the deciding vote in favour of Digambar Vishe, a BJP candidate belonging to the Kunbi community. 1936:

For Maharashtra, Karve(1968) has reported that the line between Marathas and Kunbis is thin and sometimes difficult to ascertain

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were able to transform themselves into a prosperous caste by the time of the 1931 census, in which they had renamed themselves

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of traditional farmers in Western India. These include the Dhonoje, Ghatole, Masaram, Hindre, Jadav, Jhare, Khaire, Lewa (

2621: 2495: 3238: 2472: 1984: 1929: 1902: 1875: 1848: 1121: 3334: 727:(Shepherd) caste but was given a Maratha or even an "arch-Maratha" identity. The other example, given by Professor 1139:""Kurmi" as a synonym of "Kunbi" be added at entry No.70 in the Central List of OBCs for the State of Maharashtra" 491:

and food grains. The Lewa community of the region were regarded among the most industrious by colonial officials.

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this trend continues even in recent times indicating that the social order between the two is fluid and flexible.

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According to a report in 2009, the Ghatole Kunbi community in the Akola and Washim areas of Vidarbha prefer the

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Photograph (1916) of boys with their toy animals crafted for the Pola festival celebrated by the Dhanoje Kunbis.

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The origins of industrial capitalism in India: business strategies and the working classes in Bombay, 1900–1940

525:, which implied a higher economic status due to land-ownership, comes from one who holds pieces of land called 3501: 3127:

Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India

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Singh, Kumar Suresh (2004), Bhanu, B.V.; Bhatnagar, B.R.; Bose, D.K.; Kulkarni, V.S.; Sreenath, J. (eds.),

605:(a Mali), and Pandurang Hajare (a Teli). Even though Pawar recruited other Telis like Pandurang Dhole, the 2021:

The petitioners also argued that as per the MSBCC report, Marathas and Kunbis were one and the same caste

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This self-identified group claimed to comprise 96 clans. They attempted to link themselves to the four

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Srinivas, M. N. (2007), "Mobility in the caste system", in Cohn, Bernard S; Singer, Milton (eds.),

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Villages, women, and the success of dairy cooperatives in India: making place for rural development

1482:"Suhas S/O Anantrao Dashrathe And ... vs State Of Maharashtra, Through The ... on 5 October 2001" 743:

states that "The line between Marathas and Kunbis is thin and sometimes difficult to ascertain".

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Dhar, P. (2004), Bhanu, B.V.; Bhatnagar, B.R.; Bose, D.K.; Kulkarni, V.S.; Sreenath, J. (eds.),

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Peasants and Imperial Rule: Agriculture and Agrarian Society in the Bombay Presidency 1850–1935

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whose use of the term included multiple castes who spoke Marathi. Several years later, as the

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This article is about the Kunbi community in and around Maharashtra. For other uses, see

2290: 4287: 3487: 2302: 2063: 1949: 748: 740: 623: 215:, meaning "agricultural tillage". Yet another etymology states that Kunbi derives from 390: 4275: 3820: 3774: 3288: 3261: 3234: 3207: 3151: 3131: 3113: 3103: 3004: 2986: 2976: 2949: 2922: 2856: 2819: 2809: 2784: 2774: 2732: 2722: 2695: 2675: 2600: 2573: 2546: 2519: 2499: 2468: 2428: 2408: 2381: 2354: 2327: 2231: 2204: 2177: 2150: 2123: 1980: 1925: 1898: 1871: 1844: 1272: 1242: 1117: 711: 631: 176: 56: 2306: 1526: 635:

showed that political leaders were willing to counter the rising OBC assertiveness.

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Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age

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Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age

1116:. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36. 813:

In Hinduism, communities are divided into four main social classes, also known as

509:. On other occasions the two sub-communities were collectively referred to as the 4297: 4222: 4212: 4172: 4160: 3951: 3845: 3612: 3607: 3506: 3282: 3255: 3228: 3125: 3097: 2972:

Rapt in the name: the Ramnamis, Ramnam, and untouchable religion in Central India

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The Political Economy of Land Acquisition in India: How a Village Stops Being One

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Violence in urban India: identity politics, 'Mumbai', and the postcolonial city

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Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra

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newspaper published a piece which addressed the changing meaning of the term

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Capital, interrupted: agrarian development and the politics of work in India

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Kunbi Hindu boys on stilts during the Pola festival from early 20th century.

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Elite pluralism and class rule: political development in Maharashtra, India

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Arabian Seas 1700–1763: The Western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century

333:, a descendant of Shivaji, noted in his diary in the 1820s–1830s that the 4270: 3997: 3906: 3886: 3769: 3714: 3689: 3597: 3592: 3572: 3260:, People of India. Volume XXII, Part 1, Anthropological Survey of India, 779: 728: 570:

responded by giving more opportunities to Kunbi candidates in elections.

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A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Volume 1

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India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India

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Donald W. Attwood; Milton Israel; Narendra K. Wagle (October 1988).

28: 4197: 4165: 4140: 4135: 3825: 3633: 846: 838: 828: 501: 477: 474: 399: 281: 239: 140: 76: 3446:"Commission gets over 1L petitions, proof for Maratha reservation" 3117: 2990: 2823: 2788: 961:]. Vol. 1. Yunivarsiṭī Graṁthanirmāṇa Borḍa. p. 406. 4237: 4187: 4182: 4125: 4105: 4082: 4022: 3982: 3926: 3891: 3799: 3754: 3739: 3709: 3557: 3521: 3456: 850: 794: 784: 736: 724: 702: 653: 537: 450: 351: 334: 330: 302: 272: 243: 131: 127: 123: 92: 88: 3203:

Writing caste, writing gender: reading Dalit women's testimonios

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vote, estimated to form 40% of the electorate, Pawar recruited

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of a Dalit man and Kunbi woman was suspected in Murbad of the

656:(west) by claiming to be a member of the Kunbi-Maratha caste. 473:

eat rats, and other groups eat beef). The community practices

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Political mobilization and identity in western India, 1934–47

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Wages of violence: naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay

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A social history of the Deccan, 1300–1761: eight Indian lives

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Dr Ambedkar and untouchability: analysing and fighting caste

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Family Law: Volume 1: Family Laws and Constitutional Claims

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Elementary aspects of peasant insurgency in colonial India

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Role of Elite Politics in the Employment Guarantee Scheme

1749: 1545: 1271:. University of Toronto, Centre for South Asian Studies. 270:

are equally complex. In the fourteenth century, the term

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Peasant history of late pre-colonial and colonial India

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In the Khairlanji case, justice is not seen to be done

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historical proofs and petitions to be included in the

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Kunbi communities from Vidarbha region of Maharashtra

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Tensions along caste lines between the Kunbi and the

1701: 1689: 1641: 1629: 1605: 1507: 1337: 1325: 1213: 1189: 1165: 436: 424:

Dowry is not practiced in the Leva community today.

305:, newer waves of villagers joined the armies of the 79:. The communities are largely found in the state of 2253:"Kunbis, Telis have major say in polls in Vidarbha" 2200:

Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire

1458: 1446: 1387: 1136: 1023: 1021: 1019: 989: 977: 3386: 3333: 2542:This fissured land: an ecological history of India 2377:Peasant pasts: history and memory in western India 2040:"Yavatmal administration geared up for vote count" 1653: 547: 540:(merchant) varna. According to the leaders of the 1917: 1843:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 191, 200. 1785: 1665: 696: 4322: 3233:, vol. 2, Anthropological Survey of India, 2467:, vol. 2, Anthropological Survey of India, 1836: 1797: 1773: 1016: 940:A Comparative Dictionary of Indo-Aryan Languages 638: 3099:Thoughts and philosophy of Doctor B.R. Ambedkar 1993: 1870:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15, 16. 1737: 1725: 1529:. Ministry of Women and Child Development, GOI. 922: 898:The current heir in the line of the Shindes is 542:Uttara Kannada district Kunabi Samaj Seva Sangh 3150:, University of California Press, p. 90, 2694:, University of Minnesota Press, p. 274, 2380:, University of California Press, p. 42, 1972: 1863: 381:A Kunbi in ceremonial attire, c. 1865-187 3472: 2596:Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200–1991 1479: 238:Like other Maharashtrian communities such as 3123: 3074:"Deshmukh keen to consolidate Maratha votes" 3050:"The Maratha question set to come to a head" 2433:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2346: 2319: 2269: 2056: 1755: 1440: 1428: 1411: 1381: 1358: 1304: 1268:City, countryside and society in Maharashtra 1234: 1230: 1228: 1137:Government of India, NCBC (4 October 2006). 1087: 952: 2903:, Samaj Prabodhan Patrika (Marathi Journal) 2599:, Cambridge University Press, p. 196, 2326:, Cambridge University Press, p. 221, 1951:Anthropometric measurements of the Marathas 937: 630:(All-Maratha Federation), fearing that the 589:, soon after its inception in May 1999 the 3479: 3465: 3360:"Ex-corporator remanded to police custody" 3171:Rajagopal, Balakrishnan (18 August 2007), 2948:, Columbia University Press, p. 146, 2875: 2745:"Tension grips Murbad over honour killing" 2646:"Shiv Sena has an edge in Vidarbha region" 2592: 2539:Gadgil, Madhav; Guha, Ramachandra (1993), 2538: 2373: 2353:, Cambridge University Press, p. 11, 2230:, Cambridge University Press, p. 57, 2203:, Cambridge University Press, p. 29, 1897:. Cambridge University Press. p. 57. 1767: 1587: 1575: 1241:. Oxford University Press. pp. 150–. 3331: 3307: 3170: 3024:Marpakwar, Prafulla (11 September 2009), 3023: 2941: 2914: 2441: 2143:Bary, S.N.H.W.T.D.; Bary, W.T.D. (1988), 1683: 1623: 1225: 1075: 1063: 923:Tulpule, Shankar Gopal; Feldhaus (1999). 3280: 2643: 2511: 2407:, Pearson Education India, p. 543, 2142: 2115: 1822:. Oxford University Press. p. 191. 1513: 1106: 1092:. Oxford University Press. p. 226. 1051: 1039: 440: 404: 389: 376: 368: 32:A group of Kunbis in Central India, 1916 27: 3310:"Central nod for OBC list modification" 3173:"The caste system – India's apartheid?" 2848: 2687: 2619: 2250: 2082: 2037: 1647: 1635: 1183: 1090:The State and Society in Medieval India 942:. Oxford University Press. p. 166. 67:) is a generic term applied to several 4323: 3284:Structure and Change in Indian Society 2975:, State University of New York Press, 2893: 2876:Hattangadi, Shekhar (25 August 2010), 2801: 2766: 2714: 2667: 2572:, Duke University Press, p. 141, 2096: 1707: 1695: 1659: 1551: 1539: 1501: 1467: 1396: 1331: 1219: 701:Modern research has revealed that the 532:A population of Kunbi (locally called 4351:Other Backward Classes of Maharashtra 3460: 3253: 3226: 3143: 3071: 3047: 2832:"NCP desperate to woo non-Kunbi OBCs" 2829: 2742: 2487: 2223: 2196: 1890: 1837:Richard M. Eaton (17 November 2005). 1791: 1719: 1671: 1563: 1452: 1346: 1319: 1207: 1171: 995: 902:, a member of the Indian parliament. 659: 453:, Kunbi communities are found in the 413: 3419: 3402: 3196: 3095: 2996: 2968: 2830:Haque, MOIZ MANNAN (4 August 1999), 2644:Gaikwad, Rahi (25 September 2009b), 2565: 2460: 2442:Datta-Ray, Sunanda K (13 May 2005), 2169: 2099:"What do Sena, Cong share in Thane?" 1803: 1779: 1611: 1599: 1195: 1027: 1010: 983: 971: 953:Shastri, Keshavram K. (1976–1981). 617: 139:and began to identify themselves as 75:), Lonare and Tirole communities of 3443: 3376: 3357: 3147:Peasants and monks in British India 2743:Gupta, Pradeep (24 February 2011), 2498:I – 8, Cambridge University Press, 2251:Bhagwat, Ramu (15 September 2009), 1999: 1743: 1731: 1113:The Indian Princes and their States 427: 373:Kunbis carrying out the dead, 1916. 13: 3486: 3432:from the original on 24 April 2024 3072:Menon, Meena (24 September 2008), 2496:The New Cambridge History of India 2149:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2038:Abraham, T. O. (22 October 2009), 938:Turner, Ralph Lilley (1962–1966). 684:reported in February 2011 that an 203:is believed to have come from the 14: 4362: 3379:"PMC corporator loses membership" 3048:Menon, Meena (12 February 2009), 2921:, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2320:Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan (2003), 2097:Ballal, Milind (8 October 2004), 1891:Bayly, Susan (22 February 2001). 959:Comprehensive Gujarati Dictionary 927:. Popular Prakashan. p. 163. 437:Kunbi communities in other states 329:The British installed Chatrapati 191:, the term Kunbi is derived from 3346:from the original on 5 June 2014 3181:, Chennai, India, archived from 2057:Balakrishnan, S (29 July 2010), 1948:Irawati Karmarkar Karve (1948). 1864:Stewart Gordon (February 2007). 253: 107:. Kunbis are included among the 83:but also exist in the states of 2622:"A tale of four constituencies" 2620:Gaikwad, Rahi (28 April 2009), 2176:, Cambria Press, pp. 53–, 2005: 1966: 1941: 1911: 1884: 1857: 1830: 1809: 1519: 1473: 1258: 1235:Flavia Agnes (5 January 2011). 1148: 1130: 1100: 1081: 892: 878: 861: 807: 548:Role in politics of Maharashtra 189:Anthropological Survey of India 2942:Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003), 2915:Jaffrelot, Christophe (2005), 2285:(1459), Thacker, Spink: 270–, 1816:John Vincent Ferreira (1965). 965: 946: 931: 916: 697:Marathas and Kunbi affiliation 126:came from this community. The 16:Farmer castes in Western India 1: 3502:Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu 2030: 1527:"Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961" 1491:– via Indiankanoon.org. 639:Forgery of caste certificates 150:communities were seen in the 118:serving in the armies of the 4336:Social groups of Maharashtra 3335:"Meeting of 'Kunabis' today" 3308:The Hindu (7 January 2006), 3254:Singh, Kumar Suresh (2003), 3230:People of India: Maharashtra 2802:Hansen, Thomas Blom (2005), 2767:Hansen, Thomas Blom (2001), 2464:People of India: Maharashtra 2374:Chaturvedi, Vinayak (2007), 871:of 26 January 1950 outlawed 800: 233: 182: 163:community shares links with 7: 3124:O'Hanlon, Rosalind (2002), 2347:Charlesworth, Neil (2002), 2271:Bhattacharya, Jogendra Nath 2146:Sources of Indian Tradition 1979:. Oxford University Press. 925:A Dictionary of Old Marathi 768: 669:In 2006, four members of a 664: 557:The Kunbis, along with the 552: 10: 4367: 4099:Immigrant Jain communities 3420:TNN (20 September 2011s), 3287:, Transaction Publishers, 3144:Pinch, William R. (1996), 2688:Gidwani, Vinay K. (2008), 2013:"HC upholds Maratha quota" 1918:Dhanmanjiri Sathe (2017). 1088:J. S. Grewal, ed. (2005). 649:Pune Municipal Corporation 591:Nationalist Congress Party 417: 385: 18: 4263: 4153: 4045: 3975: 3869: 3808: 3657: 3621: 3530: 3494: 3422:"20-year-old woman raped" 2488:Eaton, Richard M (2005), 673:family were tortured and 262:. Both individual terms, 3531:Agricultural communities 3332:The Hindu (6 May 2011), 2715:Gordon, Stewart (1993), 2512:Farquhar, J. N. (2008), 2170:Basu, Pratyusha (2009), 2116:Barendse, R. J. (2009), 954: 909: 521:. The etymology of term 219:("family"), or from the 2894:Jadhav, Vishal (2006), 2671:Caste and race in India 1973:Cynthia Talbot (2001). 3831:Gomantak Maratha Samaj 3622:Mercantile communities 3206:, Zubaan, p. 17, 2849:Krishan, Shri (2005), 2718:The Marathas 1600–1818 2668:Ghurye, G.S. (2008) , 2566:Guha, Ranajit (1999), 2122:, BRILL, p. 914, 1924:. Palgrave Macmillan. 1867:The Marathas 1600-1818 1480:B. Marlapalle (2002). 1156:"Order Copy By "NCBC"" 716:University of Michigan 564:Bharatiya Janata Party 446: 410: 395: 382: 374: 344:Marathi Dnyan Prasarak 111:(OBC) in Maharashtra. 109:Other Backward Classes 33: 21:Kunbi (disambiguation) 4173:Maharashtrian Muslims 3629:Gaud Saraswat Brahmin 3403:TNN (26 July 2011j), 2997:Lele, Jayant (1981), 2969:Lamb, Ramdas (2002), 2855:, SAGE, p. 207, 2674:, Popular Prakashan, 2515:The Crown of Hinduism 2224:Bayly, Susan (2001), 2197:Bayly, C. A. (1989), 1013:, pp. 1179–1239. 708:University of Arizona 444: 408: 393: 380: 372: 31: 3377:TNN (10 June 2010), 3102:, Sarup & Sons, 3096:Naik, C. D. (2003), 1108:Ramusack, Barbara N. 900:Jyotiraditya Scindia 775:List of Kunbi people 763:Other Backward Class 733:Cambridge University 720:University of Mumbai 4341:Agricultural castes 4293:Bombay East Indians 3976:Nomadic communities 3658:Artisan communities 3444:TNN (21 May 2018), 3358:TNN (15 May 2003), 3320:on 12 December 2006 2593:Sumit Guha (2006), 2291:1897Natur..56..561W 1566:, pp. 731–733. 1554:, pp. 202–203. 1322:, pp. 190–191. 1054:, pp. 189–193. 1042:, pp. 162–164. 869:Indian Constitution 758:University of Texas 445:Goan Kunbi dancers. 152:Khairlanji killings 4288:Marathi Christians 4218:Muslim Chhaparband 4154:Muslim communities 3870:Tribal communities 3809:Priest communities 3426:The Times of India 3409:The Times of India 3383:The Times of India 3364:The Times of India 3084:on 5 February 2013 3060:on 4 February 2013 3030:The Times of India 2836:The Indian Express 2749:The Times of India 2632:on 3 February 2013 2448:The New York Times 2257:The Times of India 2103:The Times of India 2092:, Bernard Quaritch 2064:The Times of India 2044:The Times of India 749:University of Pune 747:, Anthropologist, 741:University of Pune 682:The Times of India 660:Inter-caste issues 628:Maratha Mahasangha 624:Thomas Blom Hansen 499:and the latter as 447: 414:Leva or Leva Patil 411: 396: 383: 375: 331:Pratapsinh Bhonsle 34: 4318: 4317: 4276:Marathi Buddhists 4264:Other communities 4149: 4148: 4041: 4040: 3495:Hindu Communities 3415:on 3 January 2013 3294:978-0-202-36138-3 3267:978-81-7991-104-4 3213:978-81-89013-01-1 3157:978-0-520-20061-6 3137:978-0-521-52308-0 3109:978-81-7625-418-2 3010:978-0-8020-5440-1 2982:978-0-7914-5385-8 2955:978-0-231-12786-8 2928:978-1-85065-449-0 2862:978-0-7619-3342-7 2815:978-81-7824-120-3 2780:978-0-691-08840-2 2728:978-0-521-26883-7 2701:978-0-8166-4959-4 2681:978-81-7154-205-5 2606:978-0-521-02870-7 2579:978-0-8223-2348-8 2552:978-0-520-08296-0 2525:978-1-4437-2397-8 2505:978-0-521-25484-7 2414:978-81-317-1688-5 2387:978-0-520-25078-9 2360:978-0-521-52640-1 2333:978-0-521-52595-4 2237:978-0-521-79842-6 2210:978-0-521-38650-0 2183:978-1-60497-625-0 2156:978-81-208-0468-5 2129:978-90-04-17661-4 2071:on 3 January 2013 1819:Totemism in India 1756:Balakrishnan 2010 1602:, pp. 51–55. 1590:, pp. 34–35. 1361:, pp. 16–17. 1278:978-0-9692907-2-8 1248:978-0-19-908826-3 955:બૃહદ્ ગુજરાતી કોશ 632:Mandal Commission 618:OBC vote politics 585:According to the 187:According to the 177:Indian government 4358: 4096: 4095: 4046:Jain communities 3528: 3527: 3481: 3474: 3467: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3416: 3411:, archived from 3399: 3398: 3396: 3390: 3385:, archived from 3373: 3372: 3370: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3316:, archived from 3304: 3303: 3301: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3140: 3120: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3080:, archived from 3068: 3067: 3065: 3056:, archived from 3044: 3043: 3041: 3032:, archived from 3020: 3019: 3017: 2993: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2902: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2826: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2751:, archived from 2739: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2684: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2652:, archived from 2640: 2639: 2637: 2628:, archived from 2616: 2615: 2613: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2508: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2438: 2432: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2299:10.1038/056561a0 2266: 2265: 2263: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2093: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2067:, archived from 2053: 2052: 2050: 2024: 2023: 2019:. 28 June 2019. 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1722:, p. xliii. 1717: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1415: 1409: 1400: 1394: 1385: 1379: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1335: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1308: 1302: 1287: 1286: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1232: 1223: 1217: 1211: 1205: 1199: 1193: 1187: 1181: 1175: 1169: 1163: 1162: 1160: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1143: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1031: 1025: 1014: 1008: 999: 993: 987: 981: 975: 969: 963: 962: 950: 944: 943: 935: 929: 928: 920: 903: 896: 890: 882: 876: 865: 859: 811: 428:Tirole or Tirale 402:political party. 4366: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4298:Koli Christians 4259: 4223:Muslim Raj Gond 4198:Deccani Muslims 4161:Konkani Muslims 4145: 4094: 4037: 3971: 3865: 3804: 3653: 3617: 3526: 3507:Marathi Brahmin 3490: 3485: 3455: 3435: 3433: 3394: 3392: 3391:on 6 April 2012 3368: 3366: 3349: 3347: 3323: 3321: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3188: 3186: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3138: 3110: 3087: 3085: 3063: 3061: 3039: 3037: 3036:on 6 April 2012 3015: 3013: 3011: 2983: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2885: 2883: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2840: 2838: 2816: 2793: 2791: 2781: 2758: 2756: 2755:on 6 April 2012 2729: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2682: 2659: 2657: 2635: 2633: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2506: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2452: 2450: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2311: 2309: 2261: 2259: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2107: 2105: 2084:Balfour, Edward 2074: 2072: 2048: 2046: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2011: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1987: 1971: 1967: 1946: 1942: 1932: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1889: 1885: 1878: 1862: 1858: 1851: 1835: 1831: 1814: 1810: 1802: 1798: 1790: 1786: 1778: 1774: 1768:Hattangadi 2010 1766: 1762: 1754: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1682: 1678: 1670: 1666: 1658: 1654: 1646: 1642: 1634: 1630: 1622: 1618: 1614:, p. 1396. 1610: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1588:Chaturvedi 2007 1586: 1582: 1576:Chaturvedi 2007 1574: 1570: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1546: 1538: 1534: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1508: 1500: 1496: 1486: 1484: 1478: 1474: 1466: 1459: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1435: 1427: 1418: 1410: 1403: 1395: 1388: 1380: 1365: 1357: 1353: 1345: 1338: 1330: 1326: 1318: 1311: 1303: 1290: 1279: 1263: 1259: 1249: 1233: 1226: 1218: 1214: 1210:, p. 1199. 1206: 1202: 1198:, p. 1199. 1194: 1190: 1182: 1178: 1170: 1166: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1141: 1135: 1131: 1124: 1105: 1101: 1086: 1082: 1074: 1070: 1062: 1058: 1050: 1046: 1038: 1034: 1026: 1017: 1009: 1002: 994: 990: 986:, p. 1218. 982: 978: 970: 966: 956: 951: 947: 936: 932: 921: 917: 912: 907: 906: 897: 893: 883: 879: 866: 862: 823:(also known as 812: 808: 803: 771: 699: 667: 662: 641: 620: 603:Chhagan Bhujbal 555: 550: 439: 430: 422: 416: 388: 367: 324:Sanskritisation 315:Assall Marathas 256: 236: 185: 137:Sanskritisation 39:(alternatively 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4364: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4273: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4102: 4100: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3534: 3532: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3512:Pathare Prabhu 3509: 3504: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3488:Marathi people 3484: 3483: 3476: 3469: 3461: 3454: 3453: 3450:Times of India 3441: 3417: 3400: 3374: 3355: 3329: 3305: 3293: 3278: 3266: 3251: 3239: 3224: 3212: 3198:Rege, Sharmila 3194: 3168: 3156: 3141: 3136: 3121: 3108: 3093: 3069: 3045: 3021: 3009: 2994: 2981: 2966: 2954: 2939: 2927: 2912: 2891: 2873: 2861: 2846: 2827: 2814: 2799: 2779: 2764: 2740: 2727: 2712: 2700: 2685: 2680: 2665: 2656:on 5 June 2014 2641: 2617: 2605: 2590: 2578: 2563: 2551: 2536: 2524: 2518:, READ BOOKS, 2509: 2504: 2485: 2473: 2458: 2439: 2413: 2398: 2386: 2371: 2359: 2344: 2332: 2317: 2267: 2248: 2236: 2221: 2209: 2194: 2182: 2167: 2155: 2140: 2128: 2113: 2094: 2080: 2054: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2004: 1992: 1985: 1965: 1940: 1930: 1910: 1903: 1883: 1876: 1856: 1849: 1829: 1808: 1796: 1784: 1772: 1760: 1748: 1736: 1724: 1712: 1700: 1688: 1684:Marpakwar 2009 1676: 1664: 1652: 1640: 1628: 1624:The Hindu 2011 1616: 1604: 1592: 1580: 1568: 1556: 1544: 1542:, p. 202. 1532: 1518: 1506: 1504:, p. 200. 1494: 1472: 1457: 1445: 1433: 1416: 1401: 1386: 1363: 1351: 1349:, p. 191. 1336: 1324: 1309: 1288: 1277: 1257: 1247: 1224: 1212: 1200: 1188: 1186:, p. 626. 1176: 1174:, p. 731. 1164: 1147: 1129: 1122: 1099: 1080: 1076:Datta-Ray 2005 1068: 1064:Rajagopal 2007 1056: 1044: 1032: 1015: 1000: 998:, p. 734. 988: 976: 964: 945: 930: 914: 913: 911: 908: 905: 904: 891: 877: 873:untouchability 860: 856:M. N. Srinivas 805: 804: 802: 799: 798: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 770: 767: 712:Stewart Gordon 710:and Professor 698: 695: 686:honour killing 666: 663: 661: 658: 640: 637: 619: 616: 607:Indian Express 587:Indian Express 554: 551: 549: 546: 483:The Charotar ( 438: 435: 429: 426: 418:Main article: 415: 412: 387: 384: 366: 363: 307:Maratha Empire 260:Maratha-Kunbis 255: 252: 235: 232: 211:, or Sanskrit 184: 181: 120:Maratha Empire 85:Madhya Pradesh 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4363: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4346:Shudra castes 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4331:Indian castes 4329: 4328: 4326: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4053:Marathi Jains 4051: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3795:Twashta Kasar 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3695:Dhobi (Parit) 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3470: 3468: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3330: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3279: 3269: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3252: 3242: 3240:81-7991-101-2 3236: 3232: 3231: 3225: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3185:on 4 May 2012 3184: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3159: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3094: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3012: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2967: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2940: 2930: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2913: 2899: 2898: 2892: 2881: 2880: 2874: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2847: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2800: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2765: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2713: 2703: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2666: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2608: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2591: 2581: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2564: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2537: 2527: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2486: 2476: 2474:81-7991-101-2 2470: 2466: 2465: 2459: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2399: 2389: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2372: 2362: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2345: 2335: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2318: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2239: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2222: 2212: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2185: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2168: 2158: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2141: 2131: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2114: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2035: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2008: 2001: 1996: 1988: 1986:9780198031239 1982: 1978: 1977: 1969: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1944: 1937: 1933: 1931:9789811053269 1927: 1923: 1922: 1914: 1906: 1904:9780521798426 1900: 1896: 1895: 1887: 1879: 1877:9780521033169 1873: 1869: 1868: 1860: 1852: 1850:9780521254847 1846: 1842: 1841: 1833: 1826: 1821: 1820: 1812: 1805: 1800: 1793: 1788: 1781: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1733: 1728: 1721: 1716: 1710:, p. 82. 1709: 1704: 1698:, p. 81. 1697: 1692: 1685: 1680: 1673: 1668: 1661: 1656: 1649: 1644: 1637: 1632: 1625: 1620: 1613: 1608: 1601: 1596: 1589: 1584: 1578:, p. 35. 1577: 1572: 1565: 1560: 1553: 1548: 1541: 1536: 1528: 1522: 1515: 1514:Gaikwad 2009b 1510: 1503: 1498: 1483: 1476: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1455:, p. xl. 1454: 1449: 1443:, p. 21. 1442: 1441:O'Hanlon 2002 1437: 1431:, p. 42. 1430: 1429:O'Hanlon 2002 1425: 1423: 1421: 1414:, p. 38. 1413: 1412:O'Hanlon 2002 1408: 1406: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1384:, p. 17. 1383: 1382:O'Hanlon 2002 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1360: 1359:O'Hanlon 2002 1355: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1334:, p. 15. 1333: 1328: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1307:, p. 16. 1306: 1305:O'Hanlon 2002 1301: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1285: 1280: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1261: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1231: 1229: 1222:, p. 31. 1221: 1216: 1209: 1204: 1197: 1192: 1185: 1180: 1173: 1168: 1157: 1151: 1140: 1133: 1125: 1123:9781139449083 1119: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1103: 1096: 1091: 1084: 1077: 1072: 1065: 1060: 1053: 1052:Srinivas 2007 1048: 1041: 1040:Farquhar 2008 1036: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1012: 1007: 1005: 997: 992: 985: 980: 973: 968: 960: 949: 941: 934: 926: 919: 915: 901: 895: 887: 881: 874: 870: 864: 857: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 835: 830: 826: 822: 818: 817: 810: 806: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 772: 766: 764: 759: 754: 750: 746: 745:Iravati Karve 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 717: 713: 709: 704: 694: 691: 687: 683: 679: 676: 672: 657: 655: 650: 646: 636: 633: 629: 625: 622:According to 615: 613: 612:Anil Deshmukh 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 578:elections in 577: 571: 569: 565: 560: 545: 543: 539: 535: 530: 528: 524: 520: 514: 512: 508: 504: 503: 498: 492: 490: 486: 481: 479: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 443: 434: 425: 421: 407: 403: 401: 392: 379: 371: 362: 360: 359:Irawati Karve 357:According to 355: 353: 349: 345: 340: 336: 332: 327: 325: 320: 316: 312: 311:Maratha-Kunbi 308: 304: 300: 296: 291: 288:and were not 287: 283: 279: 275: 274: 269: 265: 261: 254:Maratha-Kunbi 251: 248: 245: 241: 231: 229: 225: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 180: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 159: 158:Maharashtra's 155: 153: 149: 144: 142: 138: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 112: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 30: 26: 22: 4116:Jaiswal Jain 4018:Phase Pardhi 3851:Kudaldeshkar 3649:Vaishya Vani 3577: 3449: 3434:, retrieved 3425: 3413:the original 3408: 3393:, retrieved 3388:the original 3382: 3367:, retrieved 3363: 3348:, retrieved 3339: 3322:, retrieved 3318:the original 3313: 3298:, retrieved 3283: 3271:, retrieved 3256: 3244:, retrieved 3229: 3217:, retrieved 3202: 3187:, retrieved 3183:the original 3176: 3161:, retrieved 3146: 3126: 3098: 3086:, retrieved 3082:the original 3077: 3062:, retrieved 3058:the original 3053: 3038:, retrieved 3034:the original 3029: 3014:, retrieved 2999: 2971: 2959:, retrieved 2944: 2932:, retrieved 2917: 2905:, retrieved 2896: 2884:, retrieved 2878: 2866:, retrieved 2851: 2839:, retrieved 2835: 2804: 2792:, retrieved 2769: 2757:, retrieved 2753:the original 2748: 2717: 2705:, retrieved 2690: 2670: 2658:, retrieved 2654:the original 2649: 2634:, retrieved 2630:the original 2625: 2610:, retrieved 2595: 2583:, retrieved 2568: 2556:, retrieved 2541: 2529:, retrieved 2514: 2490: 2478:, retrieved 2463: 2451:, retrieved 2447: 2418:, retrieved 2403: 2391:, retrieved 2376: 2364:, retrieved 2349: 2337:, retrieved 2322: 2310:, retrieved 2282: 2278: 2260:, retrieved 2256: 2241:, retrieved 2226: 2214:, retrieved 2199: 2187:, retrieved 2172: 2160:, retrieved 2145: 2133:, retrieved 2118: 2106:, retrieved 2102: 2088: 2073:, retrieved 2069:the original 2062: 2047:, retrieved 2043: 2020: 2016: 2007: 1995: 1975: 1968: 1959: 1950: 1943: 1935: 1920: 1913: 1893: 1886: 1866: 1859: 1839: 1832: 1823: 1818: 1811: 1799: 1787: 1775: 1770:, p. 1. 1763: 1758:, p. 1. 1751: 1739: 1727: 1715: 1703: 1691: 1686:, p. 1. 1679: 1667: 1655: 1650:, p. 1. 1648:Abraham 2009 1643: 1638:, p. 1. 1636:Bhagwat 2009 1631: 1626:, p. 1. 1619: 1607: 1595: 1583: 1571: 1559: 1547: 1535: 1521: 1509: 1497: 1485:. Retrieved 1475: 1470:, p. 1. 1448: 1436: 1399:, p. 2. 1354: 1327: 1282: 1267: 1260: 1252: 1237: 1215: 1203: 1191: 1184:Balfour 1885 1179: 1167: 1150: 1132: 1112: 1102: 1093: 1089: 1083: 1071: 1059: 1047: 1035: 1030:, p. 7. 991: 979: 967: 958: 948: 939: 933: 924: 918: 894: 880: 863: 832: 814: 809: 735:, is of the 700: 681: 680: 668: 642: 621: 606: 595:Sharad Pawar 586: 584: 572: 556: 541: 533: 531: 526: 522: 518: 515: 510: 506: 500: 496: 493: 482: 448: 431: 423: 397: 356: 347: 343: 328: 318: 314: 310: 294: 290:untouchables 285: 271: 267: 263: 259: 257: 237: 228:G. S. Ghurye 223: 216: 212: 208: 200: 196: 192: 186: 160: 156: 145: 114:Most of the 113: 91:(now called 64: 52: 40: 36: 35: 25: 4271:Bene Israel 3998:Gav-Paradhi 3690:Chhaparband 3598:Mahyavanshi 3593:Panchkalshi 3573:Koli people 2017:Pune Mirror 1708:Hansen 2001 1660:Ballal 2004 1552:Ghurye 2008 1540:Ghurye 2008 1502:Ghurye 2008 1487:22 November 1468:Jadhav 2006 1397:Jadhav 2006 1332:Gordon 1993 1220:Ghurye 2008 780:Kunabi Sena 729:Susan Bayly 645:reservation 278:Ibn Battuta 81:Maharashtra 4325:Categories 4253:Tadvi Bhil 3725:Kanjarbhat 3680:Chaukalshi 3583:Leva Patil 3219:26 October 3163:26 October 3118:2003323197 3016:10 October 2991:2002070695 2961:26 October 2868:26 October 2824:2001095813 2794:22 October 2789:2001095813 2707:26 October 2612:26 October 2585:26 October 2558:10 October 2420:26 October 2393:26 October 2366:26 October 2339:26 October 2243:26 October 2216:26 October 2189:26 October 2135:26 October 2031:References 1792:Gupta 2011 1720:Singh 2004 1696:Hansen2001 1672:Haque 1999 1564:Singh 2003 1453:Singh 2004 1347:Eaton 2005 1320:Eaton 2005 1208:Singh 2003 1172:Singh 2003 996:Singh 2003 843:Kshatriyas 790:Jat people 475:monogamous 420:Leva Patil 73:Leva Patil 4248:Saiqalgar 4088:Upajjhaya 4063:Chaturtha 4058:Bagherwal 4003:Nath Jogi 3821:Deshastha 3816:Chitpavan 3775:Padmasali 3436:5 October 3395:5 October 3369:5 October 3350:5 October 3340:The Hindu 3324:5 October 3314:The Hindu 3300:5 October 3273:5 October 3246:5 October 3189:5 October 3178:The Hindu 3088:5 October 3078:The Hindu 3064:5 October 3054:The Hindu 3040:5 October 2934:5 October 2907:5 October 2886:5 October 2841:5 October 2759:5 October 2660:5 October 2650:The Hindu 2636:5 October 2626:The Hindu 2531:5 October 2480:5 October 2453:5 October 2262:5 October 2162:5 October 2108:5 October 2075:5 October 2049:5 October 1804:TNN 2011s 1780:TNN 2011j 1612:Dhar 2004 1600:Basu 2009 1196:Dhar 2004 1028:Lamb 2002 1011:Dhar 2004 984:Dhar 2004 972:Lele 1981 886:Kshatriya 801:Footnotes 714:from the 568:Shiv Sena 234:Marriages 221:Dravidian 183:Etymology 97:Karnataka 61:ISO 15919 49:ISO 15919 4166:Nawayath 4141:Shrimali 4136:Sarawagi 4078:Panchama 3892:Binjhwar 3861:Saraswat 3826:Devrukhe 3685:Chambhar 3553:Bhandari 3430:archived 3344:archived 3200:(2006), 2737:92016525 2429:citation 2307:34913167 2273:(1896), 2086:(1885), 2000:TNN 2018 1744:TNN 2003 1732:TNN 2010 1110:(2004). 1095:caste... 847:Vaishyas 845:and the 839:Brahmins 829:Harijans 769:See also 737:Bhonsles 703:Marathas 675:murdered 665:Violence 553:Vidarbha 519:Patidars 511:Patidars 502:Patidars 478:endogamy 400:Shivsena 335:Gaekwads 282:Bahamani 244:Dhangars 240:Marathas 171:India's 141:Marathas 77:Vidarbha 57:Gujarati 4238:Pinjara 4213:Multani 4188:Bhishti 4183:Baghban 4126:Paliwal 4106:Agrawal 4083:Saitwal 4073:Kamboja 4023:Ramoshi 4013:Kaikadi 3983:Banjara 3937:Katkari 3927:Halpati 3846:Karhade 3750:Kumbhar 3740:Kolhati 3608:Maratha 3603:Mangela 3558:Dhangar 3522:Shamedi 3257:Gujarat 2287:Bibcode 851:Shudras 795:Patidar 785:Kudumbi 725:Dhangar 654:Andheri 538:Vaishya 534:Kurumbi 523:Patidar 451:Gujarat 386:Ghatole 352:Shindes 348:Maratha 303:Peshwas 286:Maratha 273:Maratha 268:Maratha 217:kutumba 209:kunbawa 205:Marathi 169:Eastern 132:Gaekwad 124:Shivaji 116:Mavalas 93:Patidar 89:Gujarat 45:Marathi 4305:Parsis 4243:Qassab 4228:Kachar 4208:Garodi 4193:Chaush 4131:Porwad 4068:Dhakad 4033:Waghri 3993:Dhiwar 3988:Charan 3962:Vasava 3957:Thakar 3932:Kanwar 3917:Gowari 3902:Dhodia 3897:Dhanka 3856:Palshi 3841:Jangam 3755:Lonari 3745:Koshti 3735:Khatik 3720:Holeya 3710:Gosavi 3665:Beldar 3639:Shimpi 3634:Khatri 3568:Kharvi 3517:Rajput 3291: 3264: 3237: 3210: 3154: 3134: 3116: 3106: 3007: 2989: 2979: 2952: 2925: 2859: 2822: 2812: 2787: 2777: 2735: 2725: 2698: 2678: 2603: 2576: 2549: 2522: 2502: 2471: 2411: 2384: 2357: 2330: 2312:13 May 2305: 2279:Nature 2234: 2207: 2180: 2153: 2126: 1983: 1928: 1901: 1874: 1847: 1275: 1245: 1120: 841:, the 825:Mahars 821:Dalits 580:Murbad 507:Kunbis 497:Kunbis 489:cotton 471:Warlis 463:Valsad 339:dharma 128:Shinde 122:under 101:Kerala 69:castes 65:Kaṇabī 53:Kuṇabī 4310:Sikhs 4281:Mahar 4233:Kadia 4203:Fakir 4178:Attar 4121:Oswal 4111:Humad 4028:Siddi 4008:Kahar 3967:Warli 3952:Nahal 3947:Korku 3942:Kokna 3922:Halba 3907:Gavit 3882:Barda 3836:Gurav 3800:Vadar 3785:Sutar 3770:Nhavi 3760:Lohar 3730:Kalal 3715:Holar 3705:Gavli 3675:Burud 3644:Sonar 3613:Powar 3578:Kunbi 3563:Gabit 2901:(PDF) 2882:, DNA 2303:S2CID 1159:(PDF) 1142:(PDF) 957:[ 910:Notes 834:dvija 816:Varna 690:Thane 671:Dalit 527:patis 485:Anand 467:mohua 459:Surat 455:Dangs 299:Kolis 295:Kunbi 264:Kunbi 247:Malis 207:word 201:Kunbi 173:Kurmi 165:North 161:Kunbi 148:Dalit 41:Kanbi 37:Kunbi 3912:Gond 3887:Bhil 3877:Andh 3790:Teli 3780:Sali 3765:Mang 3700:Dhor 3670:Bhoi 3588:Mali 3548:Bari 3543:Ahir 3538:Agri 3438:2011 3397:2011 3371:2011 3352:2011 3326:2011 3302:2010 3289:ISBN 3275:2011 3262:ISBN 3248:2011 3235:ISBN 3221:2011 3208:ISBN 3191:2010 3165:2011 3152:ISBN 3132:ISBN 3114:LCCN 3104:ISBN 3090:2011 3066:2011 3042:2011 3018:2011 3005:ISBN 2987:LCCN 2977:ISBN 2963:2011 2950:ISBN 2936:2011 2923:ISBN 2909:2011 2888:2011 2870:2011 2857:ISBN 2843:2011 2820:LCCN 2810:ISBN 2796:2011 2785:LCCN 2775:ISBN 2761:2011 2733:LCCN 2723:ISBN 2709:2011 2696:ISBN 2676:ISBN 2662:2011 2638:2011 2614:2011 2601:ISBN 2587:2011 2574:ISBN 2560:2011 2547:ISBN 2533:2010 2520:ISBN 2500:ISBN 2482:2011 2469:ISBN 2455:2010 2435:link 2422:2011 2409:ISBN 2395:2011 2382:ISBN 2368:2011 2355:ISBN 2341:2011 2328:ISBN 2314:2011 2264:2011 2245:2011 2232:ISBN 2218:2011 2205:ISBN 2191:2011 2178:ISBN 2164:2011 2151:ISBN 2137:2011 2124:ISBN 2110:2011 2077:2011 2051:2011 1981:ISBN 1926:ISBN 1899:ISBN 1872:ISBN 1845:ISBN 1489:2011 1273:ISBN 1243:ISBN 1118:ISBN 867:The 827:and 753:Mali 559:Teli 461:and 319:true 266:and 195:and 167:and 130:and 103:and 2295:doi 731:of 599:OBC 576:MLA 449:In 317:or 224:kul 213:kur 193:kun 105:Goa 95:), 43:) ( 4327:: 3448:, 3428:, 3424:, 3407:, 3381:, 3362:, 3342:, 3338:, 3312:, 3175:, 3112:, 3076:, 3052:, 3028:, 2985:, 2834:, 2818:, 2783:, 2747:, 2731:, 2648:, 2624:, 2494:, 2446:, 2431:}} 2427:{{ 2301:, 2293:, 2283:56 2281:, 2277:, 2255:, 2101:, 2061:, 2042:, 2015:. 1958:. 1956:14 1934:. 1460:^ 1419:^ 1404:^ 1389:^ 1366:^ 1339:^ 1312:^ 1291:^ 1281:. 1251:. 1227:^ 1018:^ 1003:^ 566:; 529:. 513:. 457:, 242:, 197:bi 99:, 87:, 63:: 59:: 55:, 51:: 47:: 3480:e 3473:t 3466:v 2437:) 2297:: 2289:: 2002:. 1989:. 1907:. 1880:. 1853:. 1806:. 1794:. 1782:. 1746:. 1734:. 1674:. 1662:. 1516:. 1161:. 1144:. 1126:. 1078:. 1066:. 23:.

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Index