447:
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144:
2021:
54:
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1748:. Baer cabled the plan to Washington but did not hear anything back. After three weeks, the plan was revised, calling for an attack by Kurdish forces in northern Iraq while rebel Iraqi troops leveled one of Saddam's houses with tank fire in order to kill the Iraqi leader. Baer again cabled the plan to Washington and received no response. On 28 February, the
1913:. The PUK accused the IMK of attempting to undermine its authority, while the IMK sought to challenge the PUK's control and assert its influence among Kurdish populations. The clashes were intense, leading to significant casualties on both sides. it's mentioned that over 2,500 IMK members were killed during this period, By
1870:
Despite the cease-fire, renewed fighting broke out along the armistice line between the KDP and PUK in
October and November. In this round of fighting, 1,200 combatants were killed on both sides and 10,000 civilians fled their homes. On 24 November 1997, the KDP declared a unilateral cease-fire. The
1866:
On 25 September 1997, Turkish forces re-entered Iraqi
Kurdistan and attacked PUK and PKK positions in an attempt to force the PKK to leave Iraqi Kurdistan. However, according to Turkish sources, it was an attempt to bring a cease-fire between the factions. The operation resulted in heavy PKK and PUK
1760:
The Iraqi Army officers planning to kill Saddam with tank fire were compromised, arrested and executed before they could carry out the operation. The PUK's offensive was still launched as planned, and within days they managed to destroy three Iraqi Army divisions and capture 5,000 prisoners. Despite
2063:
into law, providing for military assistance to Iraqi opposition groups, including the PUK and KDP. The KDP estimated that 58,000 of its supporters had been expelled from PUK-controlled regions from
October 1996 to October 1997. The PUK says 49,000 of its supporters were expelled from KDP-controlled
1858:
Fighting continued throughout the winter between the KDP and PUK. Complicating matters, PKK was present in Iraq. PKK was allied with the PUK which later led KDP attack the PKK. According to some sources, the PKK began to fight against all who supported KDP, including some
Assyrian and Arab groups.
1621:. This led to a further series of bloody clashes between Iraqi government forces and Kurdish troops. Shortly thereafter, an uneasy balance of power was reached, and Iraq withdrew its military and government officials from the region in October 1991. From that point on, Iraqi Kurdistan had achieved
1839:
troops withdrew from the
Kurdish region back to their initial positions. The KDP drove the PUK from its other strongholds, and with additional Iraqi Army help, captured Sulaymaniyah on 9 September. Jalal Talabani and the PUK retreated to the Iranian border, and American forces evacuated 700 Iraqi
1683:
After withdrawing its forces from
Kurdistan in October 1991, the Iraqi government imposed an economic blockade over the region, restricting its oil and food supplies. The United Nations embargo on Iraq also significantly affected the Kurdish economy, preventing trade between the Kurds and other
1780:
basin for the transportation of illegal petroleum exports. Barzani and his associates seized the opportunity to impose taxation on this trade, giving them an income of several million dollars per week. This led to a dispute with the PUK over who should benefit from this money. Although the two
1823:
bombers launched 27 cruise missiles at air defense sites in southern Iraq. The next day, 17 more cruise missiles were launched from
American ships against Iraqi air defense sites. The United States also deployed strike aircraft and an aircraft carrier to the
1775:
Although the
Kurdish parliament ceased to meet in May 1996, the fragile cease-fire between the PUK and KDP held until the summer of 1996. During this period, the Iraqi government was permitted by the KDP to establish a smuggling route through the
1761:
Baer's pleas for
American support of the offensive, none was forthcoming, and the Kurdish troops were forced to withdraw. Baer was immediately recalled from Iraq, briefly investigated for the attempted murder of Saddam Hussein, but exonerated.
1756:
telling him his operation was compromised. This warning was passed on Baer's
Kurdish and Iraqi contacts. Upon learning this, Barzani backed out of the planned offensive, leaving Talabani's PUK forces to carry it out alone.
1977:
1788:
on 28 July. In response, Barzani asked for assistance from the Iraqi government who, seeing an opportunity to retake northern Iraq, accepted. On 31 August, 30,000 Iraqi troops, spearheaded by an armored division of the
1613:, a US-led multinational military operation that ensured the security of the Iraqi Kurdish region through the use of air power while simultaneously providing humanitarian aid to refugees fleeing persecution. While the
1781:
parties reached an agreement where the Iraqi–Turkish smuggling routes would be divided evenly between them, the KDP continued its attempts to exert greater control over the movement of goods through Iraqi Kurdistan.
2235:
690:
1444:
1439:
1424:
1419:
1930:
due to the PUK's military strength and strategic advantages. The PUK's victories effectively weakened the IMK's position in the region, resulting in a reorganization of power dynamics within
1871:
PUK, although not declaring a cease-fire officially, said their group would respect the truce, despite alleging that the KDP had violated the truce by attacking PUK positions on 25 November.
1566:, as well as Iranian, Iraqi and Turkish forces, were drawn into the fighting, with additional involvement from American forces. Between 35,000 and 40,000 fighters and civilians were killed.
1863:
in May, in a violent attempt to force the PKK to leave Iraqi Kurdistan. This operation caused heavy PKK casualties but was unsuccessful. PKK succeeded to keep their camps in Northern Iraq.
2036:
signed the U.S.-mediated Washington Agreement establishing a formal peace treaty. In the agreement, the parties agreed to share revenue, share power, deny the use of northern Iraq to the
2052:
entered the Halabja region in December 2001, bringing renewed conflict that would end in 2003 immediately prior to start of Iraq war, which mainly affected non-Kurdish areas of Iraq.
905:
1449:
519:
1737:
traveled to northern Iraq with a five-man team to set up a CIA station. He made contact with the Kurdish leadership and managed to negotiate a truce between Barzani and Talabani.
1454:
1429:
754:
927:
1721:
Fighting broke out between the two factions in May 1994. The initial clashes left around 300 people dead and over the next year, around 2,000 people were killed on both sides.
651:
2239:
1752:
was placed on full alert. In response, the Iranian and Turkish militaries were also placed on high alert. Baer received a message directly from National Security Advisor
1840:
National Congress personnel and 6,000 PUK members out of northern Iraq. On 13 October, Sulaymaniyah was recaptured by the PUK, allegedly with support of Iranian forces.
2196:
1505:
2048:
brought revenue to northern Iraq, allowing for increased standards of living. Iraqi Kurdistan became a relatively peaceful region, before the small terrorist group
973:
3321:
3062:
1797:, which was defended by 3,000 PUK Peshmerga led by Korsat Rasul Ali, in conjunction with KDP forces. Erbil was captured, and Iraqi troops executed 700 PUK and
898:
2643:
1957:), which advocated for political participation but remained deeply Islamist in its ideology. Mullah Krekar, meanwhile, became the leader of the more radical
512:
3912:
3812:
747:
685:
3872:
1482:
821:
2040:, and not allow Iraqi troops into the Kurdish regions. The United States pledged to use military force to protect the Kurds from possible aggression by
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3174:
3111:
3106:
2009:
1082:
1707:. On May 3 a delegation from the KDP agreed to not allow the PKK to have a base in northern Iraq. On May 4, Turkish Armed Forces left northern Iraq.
891:
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983:
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1342:
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1996:
were part of broader military efforts aimed at dismantling groups perceived as threats to stability in the region. Regions Bombed Include
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community. A Legislative Assembly was established in the city of Erbil with nominal authority over the Kurdish-populated governorates of
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1941:. This move sparked further divisions within the IMK, as hardliners opposed cooperation with secular forces. Two prominent figures,
1147:
3852:
1807:
This attack stoked Kurdish fears that Saddam intended to launch a genocidal campaign against the Kurds similar to the campaigns of
1464:
1459:
826:
4235:
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3248:
2194:
Willing to face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces – the Peshmerga – from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq (p. 63)
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611:
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2213:
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1142:
1784:
Talabani established an alliance with Iran, permitting it to conduct a military incursion into northern Iraq aimed at the
4185:
4104:
3477:
2702:
2071:, routing Iraqi forces with the help of American air power and overrunning much of northern Iraq including the cities of
1404:
1367:
1327:
1193:
705:
575:
564:
3591:
3503:
3010:
2853:
2744:
2712:
2537:
1626:
2079:. After the invasion, Massoud Barzani was later elected president of Iraqi Kurdistan while Jalal Talabani was elected
1077:
4058:
4025:
3819:
3513:
3461:
3376:
2970:
2262:
1867:
casualties. Later a cease-fire was negotiated between the PUK and KDP after the US decision to support a cease-fire.
17:
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3862:
3584:
3579:
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1210:
1092:
1815:. The Clinton administration, unwilling to allow the Iraqi government to regain control of Iraqi Kurdistan, began
1235:
3763:
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1603:
1347:
1272:
860:
604:
557:
1307:
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3907:
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3719:
3614:
3519:
3232:
3133:
2947:
2924:
2577:
1886:(PUK) engaged in significant armed clashes throughout the 1990s, particularly following the establishment of a
1434:
1917:
a Notable Poem in the IMK who was also killed shortly after , highlighting the brutal nature of the conflict.
3128:
2352:
1267:
1684:
nations. As such, all economic dealings between Iraqi Kurdistan and the outside world were done through the
943:
4245:
4240:
4079:
3780:
1883:
1716:
1630:
1551:
1247:
1176:
811:
675:
208:
193:
1188:
4230:
4048:
4043:
3867:
3724:
3143:
3138:
2092:
2049:
2037:
1744:. The plan was to use a unit of 100 renegade Iraqi troops to kill Saddam as he passed over a bridge near
1704:
1614:
1181:
806:
529:
100:
45:
2532:(The Case for Invading Iraq: An Excerpt from The Threatening Storm ed.). Random House. p. 81.
1352:
1117:
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4220:
4215:
4210:
4149:
3835:
3758:
3714:
3349:
3285:
1961:, which rejected any form of collaboration with secular authorities and took control of regions around
1879:
1555:
1337:
1292:
1262:
1230:
764:
583:
133:
41:
1582:
following the agreement of an Autonomy Accord between the government of Iraq and leaders of the Iraqi
1097:
3709:
3487:
3482:
3456:
3196:
3075:
2651:
1922:
By the mid-1990s, the IMK was forced to retreat from areas where it had previously held power Mostly
1610:
1252:
543:
1112:
4099:
3976:
3971:
3900:
2301:
1985:
1657:
1595:
1332:
1282:
616:
590:
550:
1297:
4074:
2890:
1954:
1905:
Tensions escalated in 1993 when armed conflicts erupted between IMK and PUK forces in areas like
1860:
1849:
1816:
1798:
1043:
998:
993:
988:
865:
782:
712:
212:
204:
1469:
1166:
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3768:
3742:
3635:
2617:
2569:
2045:
1812:
1790:
1599:
1357:
1317:
1220:
1198:
1058:
963:
695:
2449:
1984:
and surrounding areas. Komal was also targeted due to Ali Bapir’s previous involvement in the
1937:
In 1997, after years of conflict, the IMK made the controversial decision to join the PUK-led
1598:. As various battles between separatist Kurds and Iraqi government forces continued until the
1132:
3945:
3940:
3656:
3402:
3222:
2594:
2527:
2068:
1853:
1384:
1152:
1122:
1048:
978:
872:
855:
719:
2679:
2561:
2480:
3227:
1692:
1645:
1389:
1302:
1215:
1063:
1028:
836:
787:
597:
3033:
2993:
2876:
2767:
1107:
968:
8:
3295:
3258:
3206:
2060:
1894:
in 1991. The IMK, which had grown in power and influence, sought to impose its vision of
1887:
1829:
1820:
1399:
1377:
1372:
1225:
1087:
792:
2959:
2509:
2012:, leading to an ongoing struggle for influence among various factions, including Komal.
953:
3508:
3397:
3253:
3020:
2980:
2863:
2754:
2154:
1938:
1895:
1859:
Turkey which saw the Kurdish Civil war as an opportunity, allied with KDP and launched
1777:
1661:
1287:
1257:
1171:
680:
322:
2781:
1625:
independence under the leadership of the region's two principal Kurdish parties – the
344:
4164:
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3006:
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2849:
2740:
2708:
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2533:
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2119:
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1808:
1740:
Within days, Baer made contact with an Iraqi general who was plotting to assassinate
1669:
1649:
1591:
1587:
148:
411:
4128:
4020:
3935:
3807:
3682:
3677:
3630:
3534:
3418:
3164:
3096:
2529:
The Threatening Storm: What Every American Needs to Know Before an Invasion in Iraq
2005:
1801:
1522:
1137:
938:
333:
104:
79:
3040:
3966:
3895:
3566:
3428:
3316:
2200:
2029:
2020:
1931:
1700:
1696:
1677:
1575:
1547:
1322:
1053:
1018:
1013:
288:
53:
2173:
2008:.The attacks significantly weakened Ansar al-Islam and altered the landscape of
3999:
3847:
3790:
3423:
3392:
2139:
2041:
2033:
1958:
1828:
region, and the extent of the southern no-fly zone was moved northwards to the
1770:
1741:
1673:
1665:
1653:
1543:
1023:
831:
816:
700:
355:
311:
2803:
Massoud Barzani (1998). "The Impact of the Gulf War on the Kurdish Movement".
2333:. Atimes.com. 20 February 2010. Archived from the original on 22 February 2010
497:
4179:
4144:
4094:
3526:
2917:
See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA's War on Terrorism
1973:
1946:
1914:
1038:
1003:
266:
2056:
1825:
1685:
883:
108:
629:
4159:
4154:
2641:
2283:
1989:
1906:
1734:
1672:). As a result of the election, the Kurdish parliament was split between
732:
377:
299:
2961:
Michael M. Gunter, The Kurdish Predicament in Iraq: A Political Analysis
2331:"Asia Times Online :: Middle East News, Iraq, Iran current affairs"
1949:, emerged as key leaders of splinter groups. Ali Bapir went on to found
3184:
3116:
2158:
1993:
1836:
1749:
2381:
L. Fawcett, "Down but not out? The Kurds in International Politics",
2302:"Turkey and Iran Face off in Kurdistan :: Middle East Quarterly"
1942:
1753:
1539:
1412:
3857:
3072:
2107:
1966:
1927:
1891:
2893:. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 29 September 1998
2067:
The PUK and KDP later co-operated with American forces during the
2704:
The State of the Middle East: An Atlas of Conflict and Resolution
1997:
1981:
1962:
1923:
1899:
1644:
in 1992. The KDP gained an absolute majority of the votes in the
1634:
2403:
2072:
1910:
1745:
1618:
1563:
163:
2823:"Iraq's Kurdish Spring: The Struggle for Power in the Region"
2076:
2001:
1950:
1794:
1583:
479:
254:
223:
2428:, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4–5, June 2005, p. 636
1637:. The region then adopted its own flag and national anthem.
2284:"Unsafe Haven: Iranian Kurdish Refugees in Iraqi Kurdistan"
1559:
464:
400:
239:
178:
143:
83:
1724:
2564:
The Future of Iraq: Dictatorship, Democracy, or Division?
1730:
1558:. Over the course of the conflict, Kurdish factions from
1602:, the safety of Kurdish refugees led to the adoption of
58:
Military situation in Iraqi Kurdistan after the conflict
1617:
covered Dahuk and Erbil, it left out Sulaymaniyah and
2737:
The Kurdish Predicament in Iraq: A Political Analysis
2474:
2472:
2470:
2426:
Iraqi Kurdistan: contours of a post-civil war society
1533:
2500:
2498:
1656:, whereas the PUK garnered the broad support of the
3070:
2958:
2935:
2559:
2467:
1978:airstrikes against Ansar al-Islam in northern Iraq
3000:
2938:The Threatening Storm: The Case for Invading Iraq
2843:
2734:
2495:
2214:"Persian Gulf War and Aftermath – History – Iraq"
1972:In 2003, the conflict escalated further when the
4177:
3820:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)
3403:East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)
2236:"Events Leading Up to the 2003 Invasion of Iraq"
2172:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
3995:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)
3786:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)
3202:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)
2891:"Kurdish Agreement Signals New U.S. Commitment"
2802:
2642:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
2506:"Robert Baer speech at World Media Association"
2044:. At the same time, implementation of the U.N.
1660:governorate as well as the Kurdish portions of
1609:which was used as a justification to implement
527:
2174:"Refworld | Chronology for Kurds in Iraq"
1835:After installing the KDP in control of Erbil,
3056:
2673:
2671:
2669:
899:
748:
645:
513:
3180:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)
3175:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)
3129:Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
913:
3190:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
3122:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
2796:
2774:
2103:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
2064:regions from August 1996 to December 1997.
1483:1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives
659:
3662:Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)
3112:2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
3107:2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
3063:
3049:
2837:
2728:
2666:
2364:
2362:
1578:was originally established in 1970 as the
906:
892:
762:
755:
741:
652:
638:
520:
506:
52:
3462:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)
3377:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)
3134:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)
2644:"Refworld – Chronology for Kurds in Iraq"
2595:"Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI)"
2388:
2024:Division of Kurdistan after the civil war
1764:
1699:, a cross-border military incursion into
1550:during the mid-1990s, mostly between the
3781:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
3514:Philippine civil conflict (1969–present)
3457:South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)
3197:Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)
2637:
2635:
2568:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p.
2325:
2323:
2019:
1819:on 3 September, when American ships and
27:Kurdish internecine conflict (1994–1997)
2933:
2815:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2372:(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012)
2359:
2140:"The KDP-PUK Conflict in Northern Iraq"
1843:
1725:Planned assassination of Saddam Hussein
1710:
1488:1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire
14:
4251:Wars involving Kurdistan Region (Iraq)
4178:
3562:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
3160:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
2956:
2401:
2299:
2137:
2098:List of wars involving Iraqi Kurdistan
3710:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)
3249:Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)
3170:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
3102:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
3044:
2700:
2677:
2632:
2615:
2592:
2560:Stansfield, G.; Anderson, L. (2004).
2478:
2320:
2260:
2216:. Countriesquest.com. 15 January 1991
2189:
2187:
2153:(2). Middle East Institute: 224–241.
2120:The KDP-PUK Conflict in Northern Iraq
2055:Around a month later, U.S. President
1874:
887:
736:
633:
501:
3853:Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)
3641:2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes
2914:
2680:"Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK)"
2516:
2402:Politi, Daniel (28 September 1996).
2171:
1676:'s Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and
3941:Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)
3774:Western Iran clashes (2016–present)
1526:
396:KDP: 25,000 active, 30,000 reserves
24:
3962:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
3931:South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)
3891:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
3841:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997
3836:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)
3207:Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)
2481:"Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP)"
2184:
2113:
437:PUK: 13,500 active, 6,000 reserves
25:
4277:
3657:Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)
3478:Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
3291:Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)
2300:Gunter, Michael M. (March 1998).
4256:Wars involving the United States
3977:Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)
3327:1994 North Korean nuclear crisis
3228:Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)
3144:Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)
2782:"Khider Kosari Reading His Poem"
2383:Reviews of International Studies
1793:, attacked the PUK-held city of
1786:Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran
1363:Claw-Lightning & Thunderbolt
473:
457:
445:
431:
399:
390:
371:
360:
349:
338:
327:
316:
305:
293:
282:
259:
247:
232:
217:
198:
187:
171:
156:
142:
127:
4129:Sinai insurgency (2011–present)
4021:Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
4004:Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021)
3419:Myanmar conflict (1948–present)
3165:Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
3097:Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
2908:
2883:
2694:
2609:
2586:
2553:
2431:
2418:
2375:
2370:Iraqi Kurds and Nation-building
1604:United Nations Security Council
1477:Peace process and peace efforts
4236:Civil wars of the 20th century
3873:ISIL insurgency (2017–present)
3769:Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)
3509:Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)
3504:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)
3398:Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)
3254:Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)
2293:
2276:
2254:
2228:
2206:
2165:
2131:
1542:that took place between rival
1313:Airstrikes in Syria & Iraq
13:
1:
3393:Papua conflict (1969–present)
2125:
1980:targeting its strongholds in
1804:in a field outside the city.
1680:'s Kurdish Democratic Party.
1569:
612:Kurdistan Islamist insurgency
70:1 May 1994 – 24 November 1997
4095:Yemeni crisis (2011–present)
3863:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
3535:FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)
3233:JVP insurrection (1987–1989)
2825:. International Crisis Group
2015:
1884:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
1631:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
1552:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
827:1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions
7:
4266:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
4100:Houthi takeover (2014–2015)
3967:Second Intifada (2000–2005)
3913:Syrian arena (2012–present)
3896:Second Intifada (2000–2005)
3813:Syrian arena (2012–present)
3764:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
3350:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
3286:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
3139:Religious violence in India
3003:The Kurds: A Modern History
2846:The Kurds: A Modern History
2138:Gunter, Michael M. (1996).
2093:List of wars involving Iraq
2086:
1633:– free from the control of
1538:, 'fratricidal war') was a
1534:
1348:Claw-Eagle & Claw-Tiger
861:2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
531:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
46:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
10:
4282:
4150:Operation Inherent Resolve
3972:Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
3908:Iran–Israel (1985–present)
3901:Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
3798:Iran–Israel (1985–present)
3759:Kurdish separatism in Iran
3001:Michael M. Gunter (2006).
2844:Michael M. Gunter (2006).
2735:Michael M. Gunter (2011).
1898:, clashing with the PUK's
1880:Kurdistan Islamic Movement
1847:
1768:
1714:
1556:Kurdistan Democratic Party
1493:2013–2015 Solution process
4137:
4119:
4067:
4036:
4013:
3987:
3954:
3923:
3883:
3828:
3803:South Lebanon (1985–2000)
3751:
3735:
3702:
3695:
3670:
3649:
3623:
3607:
3554:
3547:
3496:
3470:
3449:
3411:
3385:
3369:
3362:
3342:
3322:Maritime border incidents
3304:
3278:
3271:
3241:
3215:
3152:
3089:
3082:
2934:Pollack, Kenneth (2002).
2618:"Operation Desert Strike"
2526:Pollack, Kenneth (2003).
2351:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1988:which drew scrutiny from
1611:Operation Provide Comfort
1580:Kurdish Autonomous Region
925:
774:
671:
539:
491:
486:
383:
275:
120:
62:
51:
39:
34:
4105:Civil War (2014–present)
4054:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
3743:Bahraini uprising (2011)
3439:Civil war (2021–present)
2957:Gunter, Michael (2011).
1986:Islamic Emirate of Byara
1717:May 1994 PUK–KDP clashes
1627:Kurdish Democratic Party
917:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
812:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
412:"Iraqi Insurgent Groups"
4206:1997 in Iraqi Kurdistan
4201:1996 in Iraqi Kurdistan
4196:1995 in Iraqi Kurdistan
4191:1994 in Iraqi Kurdistan
4090:South Yemen (2009–2015)
3946:Lebanon conflict (2008)
3868:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
3683:Andijan massacre (2005)
3678:Fergana massacre (1989)
3223:JVP insurrection (1971)
2965:. Hurst & Company.
2739:. Hurst & Company.
2199:29 October 2013 at the
1955:Kurdistan Islamic Group
1850:Operation Hammer (1997)
1817:Operation Desert Strike
1799:Iraqi National Congress
1642:parliamentary elections
1519:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
807:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
783:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
663:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
213:Iraqi National Congress
35:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
4186:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
3636:2010 Kyrgyz Revolution
3005:. St. Martin's Press.
2919:. Three Rivers Press.
2848:. St. Martin's Press.
2805:Middle Eastern Studies
2385:, Vol. 27, 2001 p. 117
2046:Oil-for-Food Programme
2025:
1791:Iraqi Republican Guard
1765:Battle of Erbil (1996)
1600:1991 uprisings in Iraq
766:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
276:Commanders and leaders
42:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
4261:Wars involving Turkey
3597:Republican insurgency
3296:Tibetan unrest (2008)
2915:Baer, Robert (2003).
2306:Middle East Quarterly
2069:2003 invasion of Iraq
2023:
1854:Operation Dawn (1997)
1640:Iraqi Kurdistan held
873:2023 Makhmour clashes
856:2003 invasion of Iraq
822:Arabization campaigns
487:Casualties and losses
96:Washington Agreement
4080:al-Qaeda (1998–2015)
4059:Turkey–ISIL conflict
3858:Iraq War (2003–2011)
2682:. Globalsecurity.org
2620:. Globalsecurity.org
2597:. Globalsecurity.org
2483:. Globalsecurity.org
2263:"Kurdistan – Turkey"
1844:Turkish intervention
1711:1994 PUK–KDP clashes
1693:Turkish Armed Forces
1243:2015 airport bombing
788:Ahmed Barzani revolt
82:(nominally northern
4246:Wars involving Iraq
4241:Wars involving Iran
3259:Operation All Clear
2701:Smith, Dan (2014).
2242:on 16 November 2018
2147:Middle East Journal
2061:Iraq Liberation Act
2028:In September 1998,
1888:Regional Government
1821:B-52 Stratofortress
1273:Istanbul (Dec 2016)
1268:Istanbul (Oct 2016)
1263:Istanbul (Jun 2016)
793:1943 Barzani revolt
4231:Civil wars in Iraq
4165:Colour revolutions
4085:Houthi (2004–2015)
4026:Regional spillover
3936:Lebanon War (2006)
3808:Lebanon War (2006)
2654:on 17 October 2012
2512:on 16 August 2007.
2203:, Michael G. Lortz
2026:
1939:secular government
1896:Islamic governance
1875:IMK - PUK conflict
1670:Khanaqin Districts
1664:(specifically the
566:Strikes (June '93)
492:5,000–8,000 killed
451:PKK: 5,000–12,000
323:Nawshirwan Mustafa
4226:Conflicts in 1997
4221:Conflicts in 1996
4216:Conflicts in 1995
4211:Conflicts in 1994
4173:
4172:
4120:Inter-continental
4115:
4114:
4049:DHKP/C insurgency
4044:Maoist insurgency
3691:
3690:
3543:
3542:
3434:Rohingya conflict
3358:
3357:
3267:
3266:
3185:Kargil War (1999)
3117:Kargil War (1999)
3076:conflicts in Asia
3032:value: checksum (
2992:value: checksum (
2875:value: checksum (
2766:value: checksum (
2439:"Kurds in Turkey"
2081:President of Iraq
1729:In January 1995,
1532:
1514:
1513:
1395:Syria (2023 June)
1253:Ankara (Mar 2016)
1248:Ankara (Feb 2016)
1072:Second insurgency
881:
880:
851:1994–97 Civil War
730:
729:
691:1996 Iranian raid
627:
626:
606:Strikes (Feb '01)
572:Kurdish Civil War
559:Strikes (Jan '93)
496:
495:
470:
454:
442:
408:
271:
244:
183:
168:
153:
116:
115:
18:Kurdish Civil War
16:(Redirected from
4273:
4075:Civil war (1994)
3700:
3699:
3631:1990 Osh clashes
3615:Ethnic conflicts
3552:
3551:
3529:
3522:
3367:
3366:
3332:2017–2018 crisis
3310:
3276:
3275:
3087:
3086:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3016:
2997:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2976:
2964:
2953:
2942:. Random House.
2941:
2930:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2859:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2675:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2650:. Archived from
2639:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2567:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2508:. Archived from
2502:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2476:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2448:. Archived from
2443:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2399:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2368:Mohammed Ahmed,
2366:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2238:. Archived from
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2210:
2204:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2144:
2135:
2010:Kurdish politics
2006:Qandil Mountains
1861:Operation Hammer
1802:prisoners of war
1537:
1531:romanized:
1530:
1528:
1405:Syria (2023 Oct)
1293:Euphrates Shield
1160:Third insurgency
1128:2011 border raid
933:First insurgency
920:
918:
908:
901:
894:
885:
884:
769:
767:
757:
750:
743:
734:
733:
676:May 1994 clashes
666:
664:
654:
647:
640:
631:
630:
585:Vigilant Warrior
534:
532:
522:
515:
508:
499:
498:
478:
477:
476:
468:
463:
461:
460:
452:
450:
449:
448:
440:
436:
435:
434:
426:
424:
422:
406:
404:
403:
395:
394:
393:
376:
375:
374:
365:
364:
363:
354:
353:
352:
343:
342:
341:
334:Kosrat Rasul Ali
332:
331:
330:
321:
320:
319:
310:
309:
308:
298:
297:
296:
287:
286:
285:
269:
265:
263:
262:
253:
251:
250:
242:
238:
236:
235:
222:
221:
220:
203:
202:
201:
192:
191:
190:
181:
177:
175:
174:
166:
162:
160:
159:
151:
147:
146:
132:
131:
130:
105:Qandil mountains
64:
63:
56:
32:
31:
21:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4133:
4121:
4111:
4063:
4032:
4009:
3983:
3950:
3919:
3879:
3824:
3747:
3731:
3687:
3666:
3645:
3619:
3603:
3567:Afghan conflict
3539:
3525:
3518:
3492:
3466:
3445:
3429:Kachin conflict
3407:
3381:
3354:
3338:
3317:Korean conflict
3308:
3306:
3300:
3263:
3237:
3211:
3148:
3078:
3069:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2989:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2950:
2927:
2911:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2872:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2676:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2524:
2517:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2477:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2455:on 16 July 2011
2452:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2424:M. Leezenberg,
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2400:
2389:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2360:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2201:Wayback Machine
2192:
2185:
2170:
2166:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2116:
2114:Further reading
2089:
2018:
1932:Iraqi Kurdistan
1877:
1856:
1848:Main articles:
1846:
1773:
1767:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1697:Operation Steel
1678:Massoud Barzani
1576:Iraqi Kurdistan
1572:
1548:Iraqi Kurdistan
1515:
1510:
1497:
1474:
1409:
1385:Istanbul (2022)
1189:Arslan Kulaksız
1009:Winter campaign
930:
921:
916:
914:
912:
882:
877:
846:
841:
802:
797:
779:
777:Early conflicts
770:
765:
763:
761:
731:
726:
667:
662:
660:
658:
628:
623:
545:Provide Comfort
535:
530:
528:
526:
474:
472:
471:
458:
456:
455:
446:
444:
443:
438:
432:
430:
420:
418:
410:
398:
397:
391:
389:
372:
370:
369:
361:
359:
358:
350:
348:
347:
345:Abdullah Öcalan
339:
337:
336:
328:
326:
325:
317:
315:
314:
306:
304:
294:
292:
291:
289:Massoud Barzani
283:
281:
260:
258:
257:
248:
246:
245:
233:
231:
230:
226:
218:
216:
215:
211:
207:
199:
197:
196:
188:
186:
172:
170:
169:
157:
155:
154:
141:
140:
136:
128:
126:
87:
80:Iraqi Kurdistan
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4279:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4138:Related topics
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4000:Qatif conflict
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3848:Iraqi conflict
3845:
3844:
3843:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3791:Qatif conflict
3783:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3706:
3704:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3424:Karen conflict
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3364:
3363:Southeast Asia
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3313:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3093:
3091:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3068:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3012:978-0312289184
3011:
2998:
2971:
2954:
2948:
2931:
2925:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2882:
2855:978-0312289184
2854:
2836:
2814:
2795:
2773:
2746:978-1850659950
2745:
2727:
2714:978-1134039227
2713:
2707:. p. 92.
2693:
2665:
2631:
2608:
2585:
2578:
2552:
2539:978-1588363411
2538:
2515:
2494:
2466:
2430:
2417:
2387:
2374:
2358:
2319:
2292:
2275:
2253:
2227:
2205:
2183:
2164:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2050:Ansar al-Islam
2042:Saddam Hussein
2017:
2014:
1959:Ansar al-Islam
1876:
1873:
1845:
1842:
1771:Erbil massacre
1766:
1763:
1742:Saddam Hussein
1726:
1723:
1715:Main article:
1712:
1709:
1691:In March 1994
1674:Jalal Talabani
1607:Resolution 688
1571:
1568:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1506:Assassinations
1502:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
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1078:Hakkâri (2007)
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837:1991 uprisings
834:
832:Anfal campaign
829:
824:
819:
817:PUK insurgency
814:
809:
796:
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790:
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728:
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701:Erbil massacre
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686:1995 offensive
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618:Southern Focus
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312:Jalal Talabani
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4145:War on terror
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3720:2016 conflict
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3592:2001–2021 War
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2308:. Meforum.org
2307:
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2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
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1974:United States
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:Mullah Krekar
1944:
1940:
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1933:
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1925:
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1918:
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1915:Khider Kosari
1912:
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1830:33rd parallel
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1733:case officer
1732:
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1701:northern Iraq
1698:
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1535:Şerî birakujî
1524:
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1400:Ankara (2023)
1398:
1396:
1393:
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1388:
1386:
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1371:
1369:
1368:Sinjar (2021)
1366:
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1328:Sinjar (2018)
1326:
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1278:N Iraq (2016)
1276:
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1190:
1187:
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1179:
1178:
1177:Martyr Yalçın
1175:
1173:
1172:Siirt bombing
1170:
1168:
1165:
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1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
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1111:
1109:
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1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
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1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:N Iraq (2007)
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1055:
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1020:
1017:
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1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
989:N Iraq (1992)
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
959:N Iraq (1987)
957:
955:
952:
950:
949:N Iraq (1986)
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
932:
931:
929:
924:
919:
909:
904:
902:
897:
895:
890:
889:
886:
874:
871:
867:
864:
863:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
845:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
801:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
778:
773:
768:
758:
753:
751:
746:
744:
739:
738:
735:
723:
722:
718:
716:
715:
711:
709:
708:
707:Desert Strike
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
670:
665:
655:
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648:
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641:
636:
635:
632:
620:
619:
615:
613:
610:
608:
607:
603:
601:
600:
596:
594:
593:
589:
587:
586:
582:
579:
578:
577:Desert Strike
573:
570:
568:
567:
563:
561:
560:
556:
554:
553:
549:
547:
546:
542:
541:
538:
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523:
518:
516:
511:
509:
504:
503:
500:
490:
485:
481:
466:
429:
417:
413:
405:Iraq: 30,000
402:
388:
387:
382:
379:
368:
357:
346:
335:
324:
313:
303:
301:
290:
280:
279:
274:
268:
267:United States
256:
241:
229:
228:Supported by:
225:
214:
210:
206:
195:
185:
182:(before 1995)
180:
165:
150:
145:
139:
138:Supported by:
135:
125:
124:
119:
110:
106:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
91:
90:
85:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
55:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3988:Saudi Arabia
3840:
3696:Western Asia
3548:Central Asia
3002:
2960:
2937:
2916:
2909:Bibliography
2895:. Retrieved
2885:
2845:
2839:
2827:. Retrieved
2817:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2788:28 September
2786:. Retrieved
2776:
2736:
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2703:
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2656:. Retrieved
2652:the original
2647:
2622:. Retrieved
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2588:
2563:
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2528:
2510:the original
2485:. Retrieved
2457:. Retrieved
2450:the original
2445:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2408:. Retrieved
2382:
2377:
2369:
2335:. Retrieved
2310:. Retrieved
2305:
2295:
2289:. p. 1.
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2240:the original
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2208:
2177:
2167:
2150:
2146:
2133:
2066:
2057:Bill Clinton
2054:
2027:
1971:
1936:
1921:
1919:
1904:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1834:
1826:Persian Gulf
1806:
1783:
1778:Khabur River
1774:
1759:
1739:
1728:
1720:
1703:against the
1690:
1686:black market
1682:
1658:Sulaymaniyah
1646:governorates
1639:
1622:
1596:Sulaymaniyah
1579:
1574:Autonomy in
1573:
1546:factions in
1527:شەڕی براکوژی
1518:
1516:
1358:Claw-Eagle 2
1343:Peace Spring
1318:Olive Branch
1204:Cizre (2016)
1199:Cizre (2015)
1182:Police raids
850:
843:
842:
799:
798:
776:
720:
713:
706:
661:
617:
605:
598:
591:
584:
576:
571:
565:
558:
551:
544:
427:</ref>
419:. Retrieved
415:
227:
137:
121:Belligerents
109:Bekaa Valley
95:
40:Part of the
29:
4160:Arab Winter
4155:Arab Spring
3555:Afghanistan
3488:2006 crisis
3483:1999 crisis
3030:|isbn=
2990:|isbn=
2873:|isbn=
2811:(3): 75–90.
2764:|isbn=
2720:27 February
2678:John Pike.
2616:John Pike.
2593:John Pike.
2479:John Pike.
2406:. Slate.com
2404:"The Kurds"
2261:John Pike.
2059:signed the
1990:U.S. forces
1907:Sulaimaniya
1735:Robert Baer
1615:no-fly zone
1167:Ceylanpınar
1148:Beytüşşebap
1064:Blue Market
844:Later phase
439:INC: 1,000
378:Cemil Bayik
367:Kani Yilmaz
300:Roj Shaweis
243:(from 1995)
167:(from 1997)
152:(from 1995)
4180:Categories
3725:Second War
3703:Azerbaijan
3671:Uzbekistan
3650:Tajikistan
3624:Kyrgyzstan
3608:Kazakhstan
3571:Civil War
3471:East Timor
3309:and South)
3083:South Asia
2949:0375509283
2926:140004684X
2897:28 January
2686:28 January
2624:28 January
2601:28 January
2579:1403963541
2487:28 January
2459:19 January
2446:Asylum Law
2410:28 January
2337:28 January
2312:28 January
2220:28 January
2126:References
1994:airstrikes
1890:after the
1882:(IMK) and
1837:Iraqi Army
1769:See also:
1750:Iraqi Army
1570:Background
1390:Claw-Sword
1353:İskenderun
1323:Siirt raid
1113:İskenderun
1098:Diyarbakır
800:Main phase
599:Desert Fox
3955:Palestine
3715:First War
3585:1996–2001
3580:1992–1996
3575:1989–1992
3386:Indonesia
3272:East Asia
3216:Sri Lanka
3021:cite book
2981:cite book
2864:cite book
2829:1 January
2784:. YouTube
2755:cite book
2016:Aftermath
1976:launched
1943:Ali Bapir
1754:Tony Lake
1540:civil war
1465:2011–2012
1413:Serhildan
1373:Claw-Lock
999:Başbağlar
944:Karageçit
103:moved to
4122:conflict
3450:Thailand
3370:Cambodia
3153:Pakistan
3073:Cold War
2648:Refworld
2347:cite web
2197:Archived
2178:Refworld
2108:Iraq war
2087:See also
2034:Talabani
1992:. These
1967:Hawraman
1928:Sharazur
1902:agenda.
1892:Gulf War
1629:and the
1623:de facto
1554:and the
1298:Şemdinli
1153:Şemdinli
1123:Istanbul
1108:Reşadiye
1059:Istanbul
974:Taşdelen
969:Yeşilova
964:Pınarcık
928:Timeline
467:: 2,000
416:Fox News
384:Strength
75:Location
44:and the
3924:Lebanon
3736:Bahrain
3412:Myanmar
2545:25 June
2159:4328927
2030:Barzani
1998:Halabja
1982:Halabja
1963:Halabja
1924:Halabja
1900:Secular
1635:Baghdad
1584:Kurdish
1544:Kurdish
1523:Kurdish
1303:Kayseri
1236:Dürümlü
1216:Hakkari
1138:Roboski
1118:Hakkâri
1093:Aktütün
1029:Tunceli
954:Ortabağ
482:: 5,000
409:<br
4037:Turkey
3884:Israel
3497:Others
3343:Taiwan
3307:(North
3305:Korea
3242:Others
3028:Check
3009:
2988:Check
2969:
2946:
2923:
2871:Check
2852:
2762:Check
2743:
2711:
2576:
2536:
2157:
2073:Kirkuk
1911:Kirkuk
1746:Tikrit
1695:began
1662:Diyala
1619:Kirkuk
1564:Turkey
1500:Others
1333:Gercüş
1283:Elazığ
1221:Silvan
1211:Kandil
1194:Şırnak
1088:Ankara
1044:Hammer
994:Bingöl
979:Şırnak
866:Kirkuk
714:Hammer
469:(1996)
462:
453:(1994)
441:(1995)
407:(1996)
270:(1996)
264:
252:
237:
176:
164:Turkey
161:
92:Result
4068:Yemen
4014:Syria
3279:China
3090:India
3071:Post–
2658:1 May
2453:(PDF)
2442:(PDF)
2287:(PDF)
2268:1 May
2246:1 May
2155:JSTOR
2143:(PDF)
2077:Mosul
2002:Kalar
1953:(the
1951:Komal
1795:Erbil
1666:Kifri
1654:Arbil
1650:Dohuk
1592:Duhok
1588:Erbil
1378:Zakho
1308:İzmir
1288:Cizre
1258:Bursa
1054:Murat
1039:Sazak
1034:Varto
1019:Tokat
1014:Steel
696:Erbil
681:Zakho
480:SCIRI
421:1 May
255:Syria
224:SCIRI
107:from
3829:Iraq
3752:Iran
3527:Moro
3034:help
3007:ISBN
2994:help
2967:ISBN
2944:ISBN
2921:ISBN
2899:2013
2877:help
2850:ISBN
2831:2024
2790:2024
2768:help
2741:ISBN
2722:2016
2709:ISBN
2688:2013
2660:2016
2626:2013
2603:2013
2574:ISBN
2547:2014
2534:ISBN
2489:2013
2461:2019
2412:2013
2353:link
2339:2013
2314:2013
2270:2016
2248:2016
2222:2013
2075:and
2032:and
2004:and
1965:and
1945:and
1934:. .
1926:and
1909:and
1852:and
1813:1991
1811:and
1809:1988
1668:and
1652:and
1594:and
1562:and
1560:Iran
1517:The
1470:2014
1460:2009
1455:2008
1450:2006
1445:2005
1440:2001
1435:1999
1430:1992
1425:1991
1420:1990
1338:Claw
1231:Lice
1049:Dawn
1024:Hawk
1004:Lice
984:Kulp
939:1984
721:Dawn
465:Iran
423:2016
240:Iran
179:Iran
149:Iraq
84:Iraq
67:Date
3520:NPA
2570:174
2038:PKK
1731:CIA
1705:PKK
1648:of
1226:Sur
1103:Sun
209:KCP
205:PKK
194:PUK
134:KDP
101:PKK
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