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886:, particularly the behaviour of the Soviets and the German communists in the Soviet Zone, produced an antisocialist reaction in Germany as elsewhere. The SPD could very plausibly have won an election in 1945, but the tide had turned against it by 1949. That came even as the SPD became increasingly critical of the new East German government. Schumacher was especially critical and once called the communists "red-painted fascists". Schumacher attempted a heavy distinction in the public consciousness between his vision of "democratic socialism" and the realities in East Germany but still found his party partially damaged by association.
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762:, beginning in 1941, the Nazis summarily murdered prisoners they deemed unfit for work, but Schumacher and some other disabled veterans were spared after they proved with their war medals that they had been disabled in service of Germany during World War I. The conditions in the camps continued to worsen and by 1943, nearly half of the prisoners died, in particular in
936:
and
Adenauer's success in gaining Germany's acceptance in the international community all worked to undermine Schumacher's position. The SPD began to have serious doubts about going into another election with Schumacher as leader, particularly after he had a stroke in December 1951. They were spared
830:
provided for a federal system with a weak national government, as was favoured both by the Allies and the CDU. Schumacher refused to give way and eventually, the Allies, keen to get the new German state functioning in the face of the Soviet challenge, acceded to some of
Schumacher's demands. The new
800:
In August 1946, Schumacher called an SPD convention in
Hanover, which elected him as the Western leader of the party. In January 1946, the British and the Americans allowed the SPD to reform itself as a national party with Schumacher as leader. As the only SPD leader who had spent the whole Nazi
729:
as "a continuous appeal to the inner swine in human beings" and stated the movement had been uniquely successful in "ceaselessly mobilizing human stupidity". Schumacher was arrested in July 1933, two weeks before the SPD was banned, and was severely beaten in prison. Schumacher was given the
142:
871:. Schumacher was convinced he would win, and most observers agreed with him. But Adenauer's new CDU had several advantages over the SPD. Much of the SPD's prewar power base was now part of the Soviet Zone, and the most conservative parts of prewar Germany, such as
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924:. He saw them as devices to strengthen capitalism and to extend Allied control over Germany. That stand aroused the opposition of the other Western European socialist parties, and eventually, the SPD overruled him and sent delegates to the Council of Europe.
940:
Schumacher had formulated the preamble of SPD program for the party convention in
Dortmund in September 1952. He wrote: "Only a Germany, supported by civic consciousness and social justice, can be successful in fending off totalitarian tendencies."
838:"Like his CDU rival, Schumacher spoke out against the sweeping nature of the Allied denazification program and the shortcomings of the Allied war crimes trials. He realized the need to incorporate 'small Nazis' - especially former members of the
846:. He also supported Adenauer's Law 131' from 1951, which granted pensions and voting rights to former NSDAP bureaucrats, policemen, and other officials. He even protested the execution of the last major Nazi war criminals in Landsberg in 1951."
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In 1943, when
Schumacher was near death, his brother-in-law succeeded in persuading a Nazi official to have him released into his custody. Schumacher was re-arrested in late 1944 and was in Neuengamme when the British arrived in April 1945.
790:, who argued the SPD should merge with the KPD to form a united socialist party. Grotewohl had initially opposed the idea, but was persuaded that the rise of the Nazis would have never happened had the left presented a unified front.
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Although
Schumacher's SPD won the most seats of any single party in the election (though the CDU and its sister party, the CSU, together won more seats), the CDU was able to form a centre-right coalition government with the
1365:
Maxwell, John Allen. "Social
Democracy in a Divided Germany: Kurt Schumacher and the German Question, 1945-1952." Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, West Virginia University, Department of History, Morgantown, West Virginia,
879:, were in the new Federal Republic of Germany. In addition, the American and the French occupying powers favoured Adenauer and did all they could to assist his campaign though the British remained neutral.
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opposed his ideas, he denounced them. Adenauer opposed socialism on principle and also argued that the quickest way to get the Allies to restore self-government to
Germany was to co-operate with them.
5965:(from 15 September 1949 Nationale Rechte, from 6 September 1950 Non-attached, from 13 December 1950 WAV-Gast, from 17 January 1951 WAV, from 26 September 1951 Non-attached, until 21 February 1952)
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809:, whom the Americans, not wanting to see socialism of any kind in Germany, were grooming for leadership. Adenauer united most of the prewar German conservatives into a new party, the
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909:. Adenauer was elected chancellor, a shock for Schumacher. He refused to co-operate in parliamentary matters and denounced the CDU as agents of the capitalists and foreign powers.
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Blume, Dorlis/Zündorf, Irmgard: Biografie Kurt
Schumacher, in: LeMO-Biografien, Lebendiges Museum Online, Stiftung Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, URL:
801:
period in
Germany without collaborating, he had enormous prestige. He was certain that he had earned the right to lead the new Germany. However, Schumacher met his match in
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During the remainder of Adenauer's first term in office, Schumacher continued to oppose his government, but the rapid rise in German prosperity, the intensification of the
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Landtag in 1924. He transferred to the local republican organisation "Schwabenland" in the newly founded organisation to defend Germany's parliamentary democracy, the
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Schumacher was as ardently anti-Communist as he was anti-Nazi, and rejected the proposal. As it turned out, when the eastern SPD merged with the KPD to form the
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1261:"Kurt Schumacher, 56, Dies in Bonn; Headed Opposition to Adenauer; Leader of German Socialists Was Foe of Nazis -- Put Unity Above Ties to West"
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Schumacher wanted a new constitution with a strong national presidency, a post that he was confident he would win. The first draft of the 1949
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In all, more than 50,000 prisoners, almost half of those imprisoned in the camp during its existence, died in Neuengamme before liberation.
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713:. In August 1932, he was elected to the SPD party leadership group (Parteivorstand). At 38, he was youngest SPD member of the Reichstag.
5641:(from 29 March 1950 DRP-Gast, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached, from 30 January 1951 WAV, from 6 December 1951 DP, until 22 April 1952)
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4667:(from 21 January 1950 DRP, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached (DRP), from 6 December 1950 DP, from 27 July 1953 partei- und Non-attached)
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5933:(from 13 December 1950 WAV-Gast, from 17 January 1951 WAV, from 26 September 1951 Non-attached, am 23 October 1952 Mandatsaberkennung)
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754:. The camps were initially intended for exploitation of those deemed by the Nazis to be undesirable people, such as Jews, socialists,
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568:. After World War II, Schumacher was one of the founding fathers of postwar German democracy. Throughout his life, he opposed
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893:. Matters were further complicated by Schumacher's declining health. In September 1948, he had one of his legs amputated.
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709:, Schumacher helped organise socialist militias to oppose them. In 1930, he was elected to the national legislature, the
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Schumacher wanted to lead the SPD and bring Germany to socialism. By May 1945, he was already reorganising the SPD in
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Plener, Ulla (2002). "Kurt Schumacher 1949–1952 - Die innere Gestaltung der BRD im Schatten seines Antikommunismus".
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Plener, Ulla (2002). "Kurt Schumacher 1949–1952 - Die innere Gestaltung der BRD im Schatten seines Antikommunismus".
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813:(CDU). Schumacher campaigned throughout 1948 and 1949 for a united socialist Germany and particularly for the
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Another factor was the recovery of the German economy, mainly because of the currency reform of the CDU's
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federal government would be dominant over the states, although the president would have limited powers.
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opportunity to sign a declaration in which he renounced any political activity if released, but unlike
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Deutschland, Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum, Stiftung Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik.
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but opposed attempts by revolutionary left-wing groups to seize power. In 1920, the SPD sent him to
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Despite his speeches against Nazism, Schumacher had a mixed record on the denazification program:
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without the permission of the occupation authorities. He soon found himself in a battle with
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in Poland, he was so badly wounded that his right arm had to be amputated. After contracting
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and seven other political prisoners, he refused to sign it. He spent the next ten years in
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and deputy in the municipal assembly. The young man was a brilliant student, but when the
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of heavy industry, whose owners he blamed for funding the Nazis' rise to power. When the
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In 1928, he became the SPD leader in the state of Württemberg. To oppose the emerging
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This article is about the German politician. For other people with the same name, see
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Spell, Hartmut (2012). "Für ein neues Deutschland" [For a new Germany].
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Schumacher opposed the emerging new organisations of European co-operation: the
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having to deal with this dilemma when Schumacher died suddenly in August 1952.
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Fritz Bauer. The Jewish Prosecutor Who Brought Eichmann and Auschwitz to Trial
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The Fourth Reich: The Specter of Nazism from World War II to the Present
842:- into the state, going as far as to demand inclusion of members of the
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702:. Schumacher became chairman of the Stuttgart Branch of Reichsbanner.
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broke out in 1914, he immediately abandoned his studies and joined the
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Note: The candidate became chancellor in the marked election years.
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Totalitarismuskritik von links deutsche Diskurse im 20. Jahrhundert
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in Berlin during the revolutionary days following the fall of the
616:), the son of a small businessman who was a member of the liberal
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564:'s seizure of power, he was imprisoned for ten years in various
538:(13 October 1895 – 20 August 1952), was a German politician and
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Kurt Schumacher: A Study in Personality and Political Behavior
6037:(from 23 January 1952 FU-Gast, from 3 July 1953 Non-attached)
5250:(from 7 November 1950 Non-attached, from 19 January 1951 CSU)
867:
The Federal Republic's first national elections were held in
585:
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Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung
1195:
Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung
5633:(from 6 December 1951 Non-attached, from 29 April 1953 WAV)
5617:(from 24 April 1952, from 6 December 1951 DP, Non-attached)
725:. In a Reichstag speech on 23 February 1932, he excoriated
478:
1039:"Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Biografie: Kurt Schumacher"
5957:(from 5 October 1950 FDP-Gast, from 20 December 1950 FDP)
2350:
1657:
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in 1949; he served in both positions until his death.
1023:(in German). Vol. 44, no. 8. pp. 10–13.
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Kurt Schumacher: Patriot, Volkstribun, Sozialdemokrat
1289:
http://www.hdg.de/lemo/biografie/kurt-schumacher.html
1090:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 66.
694:
Schumacher was elected to the state legislature, the
863:
1995 postage stamp for his centenary since his birth
5242:(from 14 December 1951 FU, from 5 January 1952 CSU)
1455:
1141:"Wie die SPD nach dem Krieg wieder aufgebaut wurde"
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5689:(from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, until 16 March 1952)
5282:(from 26 September 1951, from 14 December 1951 FU)
1408:Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
5258:(from 10 November 1950, from 14 December 1951 FU)
4450:until 6 May 1952; Hermann Schäfer from 6 May 1952
644:Second class. Schumacher returned to his law and
6090:
5869:(from 26 October 1950, from 14 December 1951 FU)
5789:(from 3 November 1949, from 14 December 1951 FU)
1212:(in German). Deutscher Bundestag. 20 August 2012
6179:Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
6184:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
6099:Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
6004:
5900:
5728:
5548:
5369:
5123:
4913:
4414:
3472:
2534:
2463:
2349:
2335:
1952:
1441:
1210:"Vor 60 Jahren: Todestag von Kurt Schumacher"
4984:(from 23 January 1950, until 8 January 1952)
1236:"Der Mann mit dem leeren, flatternden Ärmel"
1062:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
584:(KPD). He described the KPD as "red-painted
1171:. Cambridge University Press. p. 153.
987:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 255.
979:
6011:
5997:
5907:
5893:
5735:
5721:
5555:
5541:
5376:
5362:
5130:
5116:
4920:
4906:
4421:
4407:
3479:
3465:
3312:(from 14 November 1952 Non-attached (GVP))
2541:
2527:
2470:
2456:
2342:
2328:
1959:
1945:
1448:
1434:
542:against the Nazis. He was chairman of the
342:7 September 1949 – 20 August 1952
280:7 September 1949 – 20 August 1952
223:7 September 1949 – 20 August 1952
140:
1377:Newspaper clippings about Kurt Schumacher
1164:
687:to edit the party's newspaper there, the
388:14 September 1930 – 22 June 1933
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
6169:Flossenbürg concentration camp survivors
2489:Members of the 1st Bundestag (1949–1953)
1230:
854:
850:
595:
591:
6174:Neuengamme concentration camp survivors
6104:Leaders of political parties in Germany
1085:
1036:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
675:(SPD). He led ex-servicemen in forming
6091:
1322:
1306:Postwar A History of Europe Since 1945
1191:
5992:
5888:
5716:
5536:
5357:
5111:
4901:
4402:
3460:
2522:
2451:
2323:
1940:
1429:
1016:
811:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
766:of 106,000 inmates almost half died.
169:10 May 1946 – 20 August 1952
157:Leader of the Social Democratic Party
6189:German Army personnel of World War I
6144:German politicians with disabilities
6114:Protestants in the German Resistance
6078:List of members of the 1st Bundestag
5181:(from 8 September 1950 Non-attached)
1303:
1165:Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. (2019-03-14).
1032:
1030:
1001:
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
6164:Dachau concentration camp survivors
6129:Candidates for President of Germany
6053:(from 5 December 1952 Non-attached)
927:
13:
1969:Social Democratic Party of Germany
1334:
696:Free People's State of Württemberg
673:Social Democratic Party of Germany
544:Social Democratic Party of Germany
14:
6200:
1370:
1027:
918:European Coal and Steel Community
660:from which he graduated in 1919.
2549:
2483:
2478:
2108:
961:(in German). Deutsche Biographie
795:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
667:, Schumacher became a dedicated
146:Schumacher between 1945 and 1948
32:
21:Kurt Schumacher (disambiguation)
5450:(from 10 May 1950 Non-attached)
1457:Chancellor Candidate of Germany
1281:
1253:
1224:
1202:
1185:
1138:
786:, the leader of the SPD in the
43:needs additional citations for
1158:
1132:
1104:
1079:
1070:
973:
951:
716:
677:workers' and soldiers councils
506:University of Halle-Wittenberg
1:
944:
700:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
16:German politician (1895–1952)
5821:(, from 14 December 1951 FU)
1344:. Stanford University Press.
7:
5805:(from 23 November 1951 CDU)
5742:
1381:20th Century Press Archives
10:
6205:
5853:(from 14 December 1951 FU)
5845:(from 14 December 1951 FU)
5837:(from 14 December 1951 FU)
5797:(from 14 December 1951 FU)
5330:(from 14 December 1951 FU)
5322:(from 14 December 1951 FU)
5298:(from 14 December 1951 FU)
5274:(from 14 December 1951 FU)
5218:(from 14 December 1951 FU)
5197:(from 14 December 1951 FU)
5173:(from 14 December 1951 FU)
4882:(from 26 November 1952 DP)
2509:from 19 October 1950 (CDU)
1354:. Munich: Pantheon, 2010,
1297:
922:European Defence Community
882:Further, the onset of the
773:
582:Communist Party of Germany
532:Curt Ernst Carl Schumacher
430:Curt Ernst Carl Schumacher
18:
6149:Leipzig University alumni
6073:
6024:
6018:
5985:
5920:
5881:
5760:
5748:
5709:
5665:(from 6 December 1951 DP)
5625:(from 6 December 1951 DP)
5580:
5568:
5529:
5401:
5389:
5350:
5314:(until 25 September 1951)
5160:
5151:until 25 September 1951;
5143:
5104:
4958:
4933:
4894:
4751:(until 30 September 1952)
4575:(until 15 September 1949)
4455:
4442:until 12 September 1949;
4434:
4395:
3509:
3492:
3453:
2980:(until 30 September 1950)
2576:
2566:until 21 September 1949;
2559:
2515:
2495:
2357:
2351:Chairmen of the SPD Group
2156:
2117:
2106:
1975:
1919:
1893:
1867:
1655:
1463:
1414:
1405:
1397:
1392:
788:Soviet Zone of Occupation
721:Schumacher was staunchly
525:
511:
499:
488:
468:
425:
420:
416:
411:Multi-member constituency
404:
399:Multi-member constituency
392:
381:
368:
358:
346:
335:
322:
310:
298:
284:
273:
261:
249:
237:
227:
216:
209:
197:
185:
173:
162:
155:
151:
139:
132:
6139:People from West Prussia
5338:(until 30 December 1949)
5041:(until 21 December 1949)
4951:Hans-Joachim von Merkatz
4945:until 21 December 1949;
4815:(until 20 February 1951)
4712:(until 18 December 1952)
4612:(from 15 September 1949)
4596:(until 9 September 1951)
4534:(from 14 September 1951)
4094:(from 28 September 1951)
3874:(until 20 February 1952)
3858:(until 21 November 1950)
3645:(until 13 November 1951)
3217:(until 25 November 1949)
3189:(until 25 February 1952)
2672:(until 31 December 1951)
1393:Party political offices
1340:Lewis J. Edinger. 1965.
736:Nazi concentration camps
618:German Free-minded Party
566:Nazi concentration camps
548:Leader of the Opposition
546:from 1946 and the first
211:Leader of the Opposition
5949:(from 29 February 1952)
5914:
5829:(until 18 October 1950)
5562:
5442:(until 26 January 1950)
5383:
5266:(from 1 September 1952)
5234:(until 27 October 1950)
4941:until 2 November 1949;
4797:(until 19 January 1953)
4725:(until 17 October 1950)
4683:(until 27 October 1949)
4646:(until 31 January 1952)
4446:until 10 January 1951;
4428:
4378:(until 21 January 1951)
4291:(until 31 January 1952)
3946:(from 28 November 1950)
3780:(until 1 December 1951)
3696:(until 21 October 1951)
3537:(from 17 November 1951)
3486:
3113:(until 21 October 1952)
2993:(from 19 November 1950)
2861:(until 20 January 1953)
2840:(until 10 October 1949)
2804:(from 24 June 1953 FDP)
2505:until 18 October 1950;
2422:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
1814:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
1086:Steinke, Ronen (2020).
671:and in 1918 joined the
604:Schumacher was born in
493:Social Democratic Party
264:Social Democratic Party
6119:German anti-communists
5773:(until 7 October 1949)
5434:(from 26 January 1950)
5189:(until 1 January 1951)
5155:from 25 September 1951
5137:
4927:
4869:(from 1 February 1952)
4733:(from 1 February 1952)
4691:(from 30 October 1950)
4628:(from 22 January 1953)
4620:(from 3 November 1949)
4604:(from 1 February 1952)
4567:(from 1 February 1952)
4365:(from 1 February 1952)
4357:(from 9 November 1952)
4273:(until 6 January 1952)
4245:(from 4 December 1951)
4237:(until 20 August 1952)
4229:(from 1 February 1952)
4188:(from 1 February 1952)
4068:(from 1 February 1952)
3887:(from 1 February 1952)
3688:(from 4 December 1951)
3499:until 20 August 1952;
3105:(from 12 January 1950)
3082:(from 24 January 1953)
3006:(from 1 February 1952)
2962:(from 1 February 1952)
2853:(from 3 November 1949)
2812:(from 21 January 1953)
2746:(from 1 February 1952)
2718:(until 4 January 1953)
2705:(from 16 January 1953)
2570:from 30 September 1949
2294:Norbert Walter-Borjans
903:Christian Social Union
864:
848:
805:, the former mayor of
601:
576:forces, including the
5476:(until 20 April 1951)
5287:Oettingen-Wallerstein
5028:(from 9 January 1952)
4949:until 15 March 1953;
4848:(from 5 January 1953)
4503:(from 3 October 1952)
3933:(until 25 March 1951)
3370:(until 16 April 1951)
3049:(from 1 January 1952)
2568:Heinrich von Brentano
899:Free Democratic Party
858:
851:1949 federal election
836:
600:Birthplace in Chełmno
599:
592:Early life and career
5813:(until 29 July 1951)
5517:(until 30 June 1952)
5007:(from 22 March 1952)
4861:(until 9 March 1952)
4675:(from 21 March 1952)
4211:(until 2 April 1950)
4127:(from 16 March 1951)
4081:(until 15 July 1953)
4002:(from 23 April 1951)
3954:(until 2 March 1952)
3866:(until 3 April 1951)
3503:from 7 October 1952
1520:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
689:Schwäbische Tagwacht
353:Constituency created
52:improve this article
6134:People from Chełmno
5468:(from 10 July 1952)
5064:(until 15 May 1953)
4759:(until 5 June 1951)
4704:(from 7 April 1952)
4583:(from 15 June 1951)
4448:August-Martin Euler
4155:(until 14 May 1951)
3905:(from 4 April 1951)
3762:(from 24 July 1953)
3161:(until 9 June 1950)
3158:Schlange-Schöningen
2879:(from 10 June 1950)
2041:Philipp Scheidemann
1304:Judt, Tony (2006).
6109:German Protestants
5504:(from 16 May 1951)
5092:(from 30 May 1953)
4953:from 17 March 1953
4329:(from 21 May 1952)
3704:(from 17 May 1951)
3416:(from 14 May 1950)
3383:(from 30 May 1951)
3199:Schulze-Pellengahr
2604:(from 13 May 1952)
1584:Franz Josef Strauß
1266:The New York Times
959:"Schumacher, Kurt"
865:
628:. In December, at
602:
540:resistance fighter
534:, better known as
305:Office established
244:Office established
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5846:
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5806:
5798:
5790:
5782:
5774:
5705:
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5690:
5682:
5674:
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5650:
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5626:
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5602:
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5525:
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5518:
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5451:
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5174:
5100:
5099:
5093:
5065:
5042:
5029:
5016:
5008:
4985:
4977:
4939:Heinrich Hellwege
4890:
4889:
4883:
4870:
4862:
4849:
4816:
4798:
4760:
4752:
4734:
4726:
4713:
4705:
4692:
4684:
4676:
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4647:
4629:
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4613:
4605:
4597:
4584:
4576:
4568:
4535:
4522:
4504:
4391:
4390:
4379:
4366:
4358:
4330:
4292:
4274:
4246:
4238:
4230:
4212:
4189:
4156:
4128:
4095:
4082:
4069:
4041:
4040:(from 4 May 1952)
4003:
3955:
3947:
3934:
3906:
3888:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3781:
3763:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3646:
3538:
3449:
3448:
3417:
3384:
3371:
3313:
3218:
3190:
3162:
3114:
3106:
3083:
3050:
3007:
2994:
2981:
2963:
2880:
2862:
2854:
2841:
2813:
2805:
2747:
2719:
2706:
2673:
2605:
2445:
2444:
2412:Franz Müntefering
2392:Hans-Ulrich Klose
2387:Hans-Jochen Vogel
2317:
2316:
2258:Franz Müntefering
2242:Matthias Platzeck
2234:Franz Müntefering
2194:Hans-Jochen Vogel
2124:(1933–1945)
1980:(1890–1933)
1934:
1933:
1904:Annalena Baerbock
1878:Guido Westerwelle
1742:Hans-Jochen Vogel
1678:Erich Ollenhauer
1424:
1423:
1415:Succeeded by
1360:978-3-570-55139-4
1348:Peter Merseburger
1315:978-0-14-303775-0
1234:(25 April 1988).
1178:978-1-108-49749-7
994:978-3-525-36910-4
981:Schmeitzner, Mike
914:Council of Europe
646:political science
529:
528:
128:
127:
120:
102:
67:"Kurt Schumacher"
6196:
6060:
6052:
6044:
6036:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5990:
5989:
5972:
5964:
5956:
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5940:
5932:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5886:
5885:
5868:
5860:
5852:
5844:
5836:
5828:
5820:
5812:
5804:
5796:
5788:
5780:
5772:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5714:
5713:
5696:
5688:
5680:
5672:
5664:
5656:
5648:
5640:
5632:
5624:
5616:
5608:
5600:
5592:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5534:
5533:
5516:
5503:
5475:
5467:
5449:
5441:
5433:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5355:
5354:
5337:
5329:
5321:
5313:
5305:
5297:
5289:
5281:
5273:
5265:
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5249:
5241:
5233:
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5217:
5209:
5196:
5188:
5180:
5172:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5109:
5108:
5091:
5063:
5040:
5027:
5014:
5006:
4983:
4975:
4943:Friedrich Klinge
4922:
4915:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4881:
4868:
4860:
4847:
4814:
4796:
4758:
4750:
4732:
4724:
4711:
4703:
4690:
4682:
4674:
4666:
4658:
4645:
4627:
4619:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4533:
4520:
4502:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4400:
4399:
4377:
4364:
4356:
4328:
4290:
4272:
4244:
4236:
4228:
4210:
4187:
4154:
4126:
4093:
4080:
4067:
4039:
4001:
3953:
3945:
3932:
3904:
3886:
3873:
3865:
3857:
3779:
3761:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3644:
3536:
3501:Erich Ollenhauer
3481:
3474:
3467:
3458:
3457:
3415:
3382:
3369:
3311:
3216:
3188:
3160:
3112:
3104:
3081:
3048:
3005:
2992:
2979:
2961:
2878:
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2803:
2745:
2717:
2704:
2671:
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2552:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2427:Thomas Oppermann
2397:Rudolf Scharping
2367:Erich Ollenhauer
2344:
2337:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2226:Gerhard Schröder
2222:
2218:Oskar Lafontaine
2214:
2210:Rudolf Scharping
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2178:Erich Ollenhauer
2174:
2163:
2162:
2149:
2141:
2126:
2125:
2112:
2101:
2085:
2073:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1982:
1981:
1967:Chairmen of the
1961:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1912:
1886:
1860:
1846:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1790:Gerhard Schröder
1786:
1778:Rudolf Scharping
1774:
1766:Oskar Lafontaine
1762:
1750:
1738:
1718:
1690:
1674:
1648:
1636:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1502:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1418:Erich Ollenhauer
1398:Preceded by
1390:
1389:
1330:
1319:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1269:. 21 August 1952
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1232:Augstein, Rudolf
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1162:
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1136:
1130:
1129:
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1108:
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1101:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1014:
999:
998:
977:
971:
970:
968:
966:
955:
928:Death and legacy
819:occupying powers
665:Eduard Bernstein
612:(now Chełmno in
475:
456:
439:
437:
421:Personal details
407:
395:
386:
361:
349:
340:
317:Erich Ollenhauer
313:
301:
289:Erich Ollenhauer
278:
256:Erich Ollenhauer
252:
240:
221:
204:Erich Ollenhauer
200:
188:
178:Erich Ollenhauer
167:
144:
130:
129:
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
36:
28:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6124:German amputees
6089:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6065:
6020:
6017:
5977:
5916:
5913:
5873:
5756:
5744:
5741:
5701:
5576:
5564:
5561:
5521:
5397:
5385:
5382:
5342:
5156:
5139:
5136:
5096:
4954:
4947:Hans Mühlenfeld
4929:
4926:
4886:
4451:
4444:Hermann Schäfer
4430:
4427:
4387:
3505:
3497:Kurt Schumacher
3488:
3485:
3445:
2572:
2564:Konrad Adenauer
2555:
2550:
2547:
2511:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2446:
2441:
2407:Ludwig Stiegler
2362:Kurt Schumacher
2353:
2348:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2170:Kurt Schumacher
2160:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2104:
2099:
2089:Arthur Crispien
2083:
2081:Arthur Crispien
2071:
2069:Arthur Crispien
2055:
2043:
2037:Friedrich Ebert
2031:
2029:Friedrich Ebert
2019:
2007:
1995:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1906:
1889:
1880:
1863:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1826:Peer Steinbrück
1816:
1792:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1724:
1696:
1680:
1668:
1666:Kurt Schumacher
1651:
1642:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1508:
1476:
1474:Konrad Adenauer
1459:
1454:
1420:
1411:
1403:
1373:
1337:
1335:Further reading
1316:
1300:
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1294:
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2309:(2021–present)
2306:Lars Klingbeil
2299:
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2266:Sigmar Gabriel
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1371:External links
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472:20 August 1952
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2432:Andrea Nahles
2430:
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2282:Andrea Nahles
2280:
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2274:Martin Schulz
2272:
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2240:
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2202:Björn Engholm
2200:
2195:
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2168:
2167:
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2155:
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2116:
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2098:
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2066:
2065:Herman Müller
2062:
2059:
2054:
2053:Herman Müller
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
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1994:
1993:Alwin Gerisch
1990:
1987:
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1984:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1955:
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1948:
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1926:
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1838:Martin Schulz
1836:
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1641:
1640:Armin Laschet
1638:
1634:
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1628:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1608:Angela Merkel
1606:
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1585:
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1574:
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1568:
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1562:
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1542:
1538:
1533:
1532:Rainer Barzel
1530:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1506:Ludwig Erhard
1504:
1500:
1499:
1494:
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1482:
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1475:
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1301:
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1262:
1256:
1241:
1238:(in German).
1237:
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1107:
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1097:9780253046895
1093:
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950:
942:
938:
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923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
894:
892:
891:Ludwig Erhard
887:
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880:
878:
874:
870:
862:
857:
847:
845:
841:
835:
832:
829:
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749:
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737:
733:
728:
724:
714:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
681:German Empire
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
598:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:revolutionary
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
524:
521:
517:
514:
510:
507:
504:
502:
498:
494:
491:
487:
484:
480:
471:
467:
463:
459:
452:
451:German Empire
448:
444:
428:
424:
419:
415:
412:
409:
403:
400:
397:
391:
385:
380:
377:
372:
367:
363:
357:
354:
351:
345:
339:
334:
331:
326:
321:
318:
315:
309:
306:
303:
297:
294:
290:
287:
283:
277:
272:
269:
265:
260:
257:
254:
248:
245:
242:
236:
233:
230:
226:
220:
215:
212:
208:
205:
202:
196:
193:
190:
184:
179:
176:
172:
166:
161:
158:
154:
150:
143:
138:
131:
122:
119:
111:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
6028:
5924:
5834:Pannenbecker
5764:
5750:
5606:Goetzendorff
5584:
5570:
5405:
5391:
5164:
5145:
4962:
4935:
4459:
4436:
4260:Steinhörster
4233:
4185:Schellenberg
4180:Schanzenbach
3884:Königswarter
3582:Bergsträsser
3513:
3496:
3494:
3309:Bodensteiner
3298:
3026:Morgenthaler
2761:Gerstenmaier
2743:Friedensburg
2580:
2561:
2503:Erich Köhler
2497:
2417:Peter Struck
2402:Peter Struck
2361:
2302:Saskia Esken
2290:Saskia Esken
2186:Willy Brandt
2169:
2161:(since 1945)
2119:SPD-in-exile
2013:August Bebel
2005:August Bebel
1924:
1854:
1800:
1794:
1754:Johannes Rau
1732:
1726:
1712:
1706:
1694:Willy Brandt
1665:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1510:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1406:
1351:
1341:
1324:
1305:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1264:
1255:
1243:. Retrieved
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1204:
1193:
1187:
1167:
1160:
1149:. Retrieved
1144:
1134:
1126:
1119:. Retrieved
1112:"Neuengamme"
1106:
1087:
1081:
1076:Judt, p. 268
1072:
1047:. Retrieved
1042:
1018:
984:
975:
963:. Retrieved
953:
939:
931:
911:
907:German Party
895:
888:
881:
866:
840:Hitler Youth
837:
833:
825:
823:
799:
792:
777:
768:
760:Action 14f13
720:
704:
693:
688:
663:Inspired by
662:
610:West Prussia
603:
562:Adolf Hitler
559:
535:
531:
530:
483:West Germany
474:(1952-08-20)
447:West Prussia
410:
406:Succeeded by
398:
383:
364:Ernst Winter
360:Succeeded by
352:
337:
312:Succeeded by
304:
293:Carlo Schmid
275:
251:Succeeded by
243:
218:
199:Succeeded by
164:
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
6159:1952 deaths
6154:1895 births
6050:Freudenberg
5590:Bieganowski
5395:Max Reimann
5247:Fürstenberg
5186:Baumgartner
5153:Hugo Decker
4807:Revenstorff
4722:Middelhauve
4688:Luchtenberg
4022:Meyer-Laule
3897:Krahnstöver
3287:Winkelheide
3102:Pferdmenges
2649:Brökelschen
2554:CDU and CSU
2372:Fritz Erler
2229:(1999–2004)
2008:(1892–1911)
2001:Paul Singer
1989:Paul Singer
1850:Olaf Scholz
1544:Helmut Kohl
1308:. Penguin.
1240:Der Spiegel
1147:(in German)
1045:(in German)
869:August 1949
827:Grundgesetz
748:Flossenbürg
732:Fritz Bauer
717:Nazi regime
626:German Army
570:reactionary
552:West German
495:(from 1918)
394:Preceded by
376:Württemberg
348:Preceded by
300:Preceded by
239:Preceded by
187:Preceded by
6093:Categories
5866:Willenberg
5850:Ribbeheger
5460:Niebergall
5271:Mayerhofer
5084:Wittenburg
5061:Mühlenfeld
4858:Wildermuth
4853:Wellhausen
4794:Rechenberg
4784:Rademacher
4769:Pfleiderer
4664:Leuchtgens
4544:Golitschek
4513:Fassbender
4270:Stopperich
4234:Schumacher
4104:Ollenhauer
3910:Kriedemann
3863:Knoeringen
3850:Kipp-Kaule
3719:Geritzmann
3607:Blachstein
3602:Birkelbach
3357:Kleindinst
3304:Bauereisen
3292:Wuermeling
3262:Wackerzapp
3148:Scharnberg
3074:Niggemeyer
3036:Mühlenberg
3031:Muckermann
2634:Brauksiepe
2145:Hans Vogel
2137:Hans Vogel
2097:Hans Vogel
2025:Hugo Haase
2017:Hugo Haase
1412:1946–1952
1401:Hans Vogel
1151:2023-11-02
1145:www.ndr.de
1121:11 October
1049:2023-11-02
1043:www.hdg.de
945:References
905:, and the
764:Neuengamme
756:communists
707:Nazi Party
642:Iron Cross
578:Nazi Party
520:politician
512:Occupation
501:Alma mater
436:1895-10-13
228:Chancellor
192:Hans Vogel
78:newspapers
5938:Frommhold
5802:Glasmeyer
5794:Determann
5770:Amelunxen
5501:Strohbach
5439:Leibbrand
5421:Gundelach
5295:Parzinger
5279:Meitinger
5207:Donhauser
5046:Kuhlemann
4840:Trischler
4825:Schneider
4696:Margulies
4549:Grundmann
4518:Friedrich
4495:Dirscherl
4485:Dannemann
4465:Atzenroth
4278:Striebeck
4221:Schroeder
4208:Schönauer
4203:Schoettle
3951:Lohmüller
3892:Korspeter
3830:Kalbitzer
3729:Görlinger
3495:Speaker:
3332:Horlacher
3247:Tillmanns
3204:Schüttler
3176:Schmücker
3069:Neuburger
2954:Leibfried
2939:Kuntscher
2914:Kiesinger
2858:Holzapfel
2723:Etzenbach
2659:Brookmann
2609:Bauknecht
2562:Speaker:
2499:President
2297:(2019–21)
2285:(2018–19)
2277:(2017–18)
2269:(2009–17)
2261:(2008–09)
2253:(2006–08)
2250:Kurt Beck
2245:(2005–06)
2237:(2004–05)
2221:(1995–99)
2213:(1993–95)
2197:(1987–91)
2189:(1964–87)
2181:(1953–63)
2173:(1945–52)
2148:(1939–45)
2140:(1933–39)
2133:Otto Wels
2100:(1931–33)
2093:Otto Wels
2084:(1928–31)
2077:Otto Wels
2072:(1922–28)
2061:Otto Wels
2056:(1919–22)
2049:Otto Wels
2044:(1917–19)
2032:(1913–16)
2020:(1911–13)
1996:(1890–92)
877:Rhineland
844:Waffen-SS
723:anti-Nazi
711:Reichstag
685:Stuttgart
669:socialist
638:dysentery
555:Bundestag
384:In office
371:Reichstag
338:In office
325:Bundestag
276:In office
268:Bundestag
219:In office
165:In office
108:July 2020
6029:Members:
5954:Miessner
5925:Members:
5842:Reismann
5818:Hoffmann
5810:Hamacher
5765:Members:
5751:Speaker:
5694:Wittmann
5686:Weickert
5662:Schuster
5598:Fröhlich
5585:Members:
5571:Speaker:
5406:Members:
5392:Speaker:
5319:Volkholz
5165:Members:
5146:Speaker:
5020:Hellwege
4989:Eickhoff
4973:Bahlburg
4963:Members:
4936:Speaker:
4779:Preusker
4738:Neumayer
4588:Hoffmann
4580:Hoffmann
4559:Hasemann
4526:Frühwald
4500:Eberhard
4460:Members:
4437:Speaker:
4334:Weinhold
4306:Troppenz
4301:Tenhagen
4250:Seuffert
4226:Schröter
4175:Sassnick
4137:Reitzner
4091:Odenthal
4065:Neubauer
4037:Moosdorf
4027:Missmahl
3984:Meitmann
3943:Lockmann
3915:Kurlbaum
3902:Kreyssig
3855:Klabunde
3835:Keilhack
3825:Kalbfell
3785:Herrmann
3724:Gleisner
3709:Freidhof
3675:Ekstrand
3655:Dannebom
3577:Bergmann
3572:Behrisch
3529:Altmaier
3524:Albrecht
3514:Members:
3441:Stücklen
3421:Solleder
3398:Schäffer
3388:Oesterle
3232:Steinbiß
3186:Schröter
3181:Schröder
3123:Raestrup
2990:Majonica
2972:Leonhard
2733:Feldmann
2687:Eckstein
2682:Dresbach
2664:Bucerius
2639:Brentano
2586:Adenauer
2205:(1991–93
1058:cite web
983:(2007).
934:Cold War
920:and the
884:Cold War
875:and the
861:pfennigs
632:west of
580:and the
6034:Clausen
5970:Thadden
5786:Bertram
5743:ZENTRUM
5710:ZENTRUM
5678:Wallner
5654:Schmidt
5638:Paschek
5622:Löfflad
5486:Reimann
5335:Ziegler
5327:Wartner
5231:Falkner
5215:Eichner
5074:Tobaben
5069:Seebohm
5056:Merkatz
5051:Matthes
5033:Kalinke
4879:Zawadil
4835:Stegner
4820:Schäfer
4812:Rüdiger
4756:Oellers
4680:Linnert
4633:Juncker
4480:Blücher
4344:Weltner
4283:Strobel
4265:Stierle
4198:Schmidt
4142:Richter
4124:Preller
4078:Nölting
4073:Neumann
4007:Mertins
3989:Mellies
3974:Matzner
3964:Lütkens
3840:Keuning
3772:Henßler
3754:Heiland
3714:Freitag
3693:Fischer
3670:Eichler
3665:Döhring
3642:Brunner
3567:Bazille
3547:Arnholz
3534:Ansorge
3519:Albertz
3436:Strauss
3362:Laforet
3194:Schuler
3171:Schmitz
3166:Schmitt
3138:Rümmele
3128:Rehling
3097:Pfender
3092:Pelster
3021:Mensing
3003:Maxsein
2998:Massoth
2934:Kühling
2889:Junglas
2837:Hilpert
2832:Hilbert
2796:Günther
2781:Gockeln
2776:Glüsing
2771:Giencke
2766:Gibbert
2751:Gengler
2669:Degener
2654:Brönner
2601:Bartram
2596:Arndgen
2516:CDU/CSU
1466:CDU/CSU
1383:of the
1379:in the
1298:Sources
873:Bavaria
807:Cologne
780:Hanover
774:Postwar
744:Kuhberg
740:Heuberg
654:Leipzig
630:Bielawy
550:in the
458:Chełmno
266:in the
92:scholar
5962:Rößler
5946:Jaeger
5858:Wessel
5826:Krause
5778:Arnold
5646:Reindl
5630:Loritz
5614:Keller
5514:Vesper
5509:Thiele
5496:Rische
5491:Renner
5473:Nuding
5465:Niebes
5455:Müller
5447:Müller
5311:Seelos
5263:Maerkl
5202:Decker
5194:Besold
5170:Aretin
5089:Woltje
5079:Walter
5038:Klinge
5012:Hedler
5004:Fricke
4968:Ahrens
4874:Wirths
4748:Nowack
4730:Mulert
4656:Langer
4638:Kneipp
4625:Jaeger
4609:Hütter
4601:Hübner
4554:Hammer
4531:Funcke
4490:Dehler
4470:Becker
4383:Zühlke
4370:Wönner
4354:Winter
4349:Wenzel
4321:Wehner
4316:Wagner
4296:Temmen
4242:Segitz
4216:Schöne
4193:Schmid
4170:Sander
4160:Ruhnke
4147:Ritzel
4132:Priebe
4114:Peters
4086:Nowack
4055:Müller
4050:Müller
4032:Mommer
3999:Merten
3994:Menzel
3959:Ludwig
3930:Leddin
3925:Lausen
3871:Knothe
3815:Jacobs
3810:Jacobi
3800:Hubert
3790:Höcker
3777:Herbig
3767:Hennig
3759:Heinen
3744:Gülich
3701:Franke
3685:Faller
3650:Cramer
3637:Brünen
3632:Bromme
3622:Brandt
3597:Bielig
3587:Berlin
3557:Bärsch
3431:Spreti
3413:Semler
3408:Schütz
3403:Schatz
3393:Probst
3380:Niklas
3352:Kemmer
3337:Jaeger
3322:Fugger
3257:Wacker
3242:Struve
3237:Storch
3227:Stauch
3222:Siebel
3214:Sewald
3209:Serres
3153:Schill
3118:Pünder
3079:Oetzel
3064:Nellen
3054:Naegel
3041:Müller
2959:Lemmer
2919:Köhler
2904:Kemper
2899:Kather
2894:Kaiser
2866:Hoogen
2845:Höfler
2817:Heiler
2791:Gröwel
2710:Erhard
2692:Ehlers
2624:Becker
2619:Bausch
2591:Albers
2304:&
2292:&
2135:&
2095:&
2091:&
2079:&
2067:&
2063:&
2051:&
2027:&
2015:&
2003:&
1991:&
1896:Greens
1358:
1312:
1273:8 July
1245:8 July
1216:8 July
1175:
1094:
1020:Damals
991:
965:8 July
916:, the
901:, the
752:Dachau
750:, and
727:Nazism
658:Berlin
634:Łowicz
614:Poland
516:Jurist
462:Poland
285:Deputy
174:Deputy
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
6042:Edert
6019:OTHER
5986:OTHER
5930:Dorls
5670:Tichi
5426:Harig
5416:Fisch
5411:Agatz
5255:Lampl
5223:Etzel
5178:Aumer
5025:Jaffé
4999:Farke
4994:Ewers
4981:Campe
4845:Vries
4830:Stahl
4774:Preiß
4764:Onnen
4717:Mende
4709:Mayer
4672:Leuze
4572:Heuss
4508:Euler
4475:Blank
4362:Wolff
4339:Welke
4255:Stech
4165:Runge
4119:Pohle
4099:Ohlig
4060:Nadig
4045:Mücke
4017:Meyer
4012:Meyer
3979:Mayer
3920:Lange
3845:Kinat
3795:Höhne
3749:Happe
3739:Greve
3680:Erler
3627:Brill
3612:Bleiß
3552:Baade
3542:Arndt
3426:Spies
3375:Nickl
3367:Loibl
3347:Karpf
3317:Fuchs
3277:Weber
3272:Weber
3252:Vogel
3143:Sabel
3133:Rösch
3110:Povel
3059:Neber
3011:Mayer
2985:Lücke
2977:Lübke
2944:Kunze
2929:Krone
2871:Hoppe
2827:Henle
2801:Hagge
2756:Gerns
2715:Etzel
2702:Eplée
2697:Ehren
2677:Dietz
2644:Brese
2629:Blank
1366:1969.
1139:NDR.
1116:USHMM
650:Halle
586:Nazis
560:Upon
99:JSTOR
85:books
5481:Paul
5431:Kohl
5303:Rahn
5239:Fink
4866:Will
4802:Reif
4789:Rath
4743:Nöll
4701:Mauk
4651:Kühn
4643:Kohl
4564:Henn
4539:Gaul
4375:Zinn
4326:Wehr
4311:Veit
4288:Suhr
4152:Roth
4109:Paul
3969:Marx
3938:Löbe
3879:Koch
3820:Jahn
3805:Imig
3734:Graf
3660:Diel
3617:Böhm
3562:Baur
3342:Kahn
3327:Funk
3299:CSU:
3282:Weiß
3267:Wahl
3087:Orth
3016:Mehs
2967:Lenz
2949:Lehr
2924:Kopf
2909:Kern
2884:Huth
2876:Horn
2850:Hohl
2822:Heix
2786:Götz
2738:Frey
2728:Even
2614:Baur
2581:CDU:
1909:2021
1894:For
1883:2002
1868:For
1856:2021
1843:2017
1831:2013
1819:2009
1807:2005
1802:2002
1796:1998
1783:1994
1771:1990
1759:1987
1747:1983
1734:1980
1728:1976
1714:1972
1708:1969
1703:1965
1699:1961
1687:1957
1683:1953
1671:1949
1656:For
1645:2021
1632:2017
1626:2013
1620:2009
1614:2005
1601:2002
1589:1980
1577:1998
1572:1994
1566:1990
1560:1987
1554:1983
1549:1976
1537:1972
1525:1969
1512:1965
1498:1961
1492:1957
1486:1953
1480:1949
1464:For
1356:ISBN
1329:(3).
1310:ISBN
1275:2020
1247:2020
1218:2020
1198:(3).
1173:ISBN
1123:2021
1092:ISBN
1064:link
989:ISBN
967:2020
859:100
656:and
606:Kulm
588:".
572:and
479:Bonn
469:Died
443:Kulm
426:Born
374:for
328:for
71:news
6058:Ott
5915:DRP
5882:DRP
5563:WAV
5530:WAV
5384:KPD
5351:KPD
4617:Ilk
4429:FDP
4396:FDP
3487:SPD
3454:SPD
2157:SPD
1976:SPD
1870:FDP
1658:SPD
1385:ZBW
738:at
648:in
608:in
455:now
54:by
6095::
5138:BP
5105:BP
4928:DP
4895:DP
2501::
2039:/
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1799:,
1731:,
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