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A metabolic acidosis soon produces hyperventilation, but at first it will tend to be rapid and relatively shallow. Kussmaul breathing develops as the acidosis grows more severe. Indeed, Kussmaul originally identified this type of breathing as a sign of coma and imminent death in diabetic patients.
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referred to breathing when metabolic acidosis was sufficiently severe for the respiratory rate to be normal or reduced. This definition is also followed by several other sources, including for instance
Merriam-Webster, which defines Kussmaul breathing as "abnormally slow deep respiration
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Kussmaul breathing occurs only in advanced stages of acidosis, and is not commonly seen. Rapid, shallow breathing may be observed in less severe cases but
Kussmaul breathing is a characteristic deep, gasping - even desperate - manner of respiratory distress.
60:, breathing is first rapid and shallow but as acidosis worsens, breathing gradually becomes deep, labored and gasping. It is this latter type of breathing pattern that is referred to as Kussmaul breathing.
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characteristic of air hunger and occurring especially in acidotic states". Other sources, however, use the term
Kussmaul respiration also when acidosis is less severe, in which case breathing is rapid.
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Zur Lehre vom
Diabetes mellitus. Über eine eigenthümliche Todesart bei Diabetischen, über Acetonämie, Glycerin-Behandlung des Diabetes und Einspritzungen von Diastase in’s Blut bei dieser Krankheit.
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319:, 1874, 14: 1–46. English translation in Ralph Hermon Major (1884–1970), Classic Descriptions of Disease. Springfield, C. C. Thomas, 1932. 2nd edition, 1939, 3rd edition, 1945.
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53:, which is any breathing pattern that reduces carbon dioxide in the blood due to increased rate or depth of respiration.
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Graph showing
Kussmaul breathing (second from bottom) and other pathological breathing patterns
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Current
Diagnosis and Treatment in Pediatrics (Current Pediatric Diagnosis and Treatment)
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120:. Blood gases of a patient with Kussmaul breathing will show a low partial pressure of
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Robin R Deterding; Hay, William Winn; Myron J. Levin; Judith M. Sondheimer (2006).
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is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe
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deeply, an "air hunger", and it appears almost involuntary.
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Hyperventilation associated with metabolic acidosis
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92:who first noted it among patients with advanced
317:Deutsches Archiv fĂĽr klinische Medicin, Leipzig
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154:and Kussmaul breathing provide clues to the
150:Duration of fasting, presence or absence of
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333:. McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 989.
271:Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary
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84:Kussmaul breathing is named for
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131:because of a forced increased
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112:, most commonly occurring in
300:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
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164:inborn errors of metabolism
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88:, the 19th century German
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676:Precordial catch syndrome
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576:Cheyne–Stokes respiration
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127:in conjunction with low
19:Not to be confused with
858:Breathing abnormalities
759:Charcot–Leyden crystals
247:. thefreedictionary.com
476:Whispered pectoriloquy
295:"Kussmaul respiration"
203:Kussmaul's respiration
156:differential diagnosis
104:Kussmaul breathing is
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118:diabetic ketoacidosis
43:diabetic ketoacidosis
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754:Curschmann's spirals
602:Respiratory distress
441:Pleural friction rub
267:"Kussmaul breathing"
245:"Kussmaul breathing"
220:"Kussmaul breathing"
108:compensation for a
795:pulmonary embolism
767:chronic bronchitis
607:Respiratory arrest
586:Ataxic respiration
581:Kussmaul breathing
571:Biot's respiration
566:Agonal respiration
462:Elicited findings
406:Respiratory sounds
385:respiratory system
381:Signs and symptoms
222:. encyclopedia.com
183:Metabolic Acidosis
110:metabolic acidosis
58:metabolic acidosis
49:. It is a form of
39:metabolic acidosis
35:Kussmaul breathing
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47:kidney failure
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311:A. Kussmaul:
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277:on 2008-09-23
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208:Who Named It?
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820:Kerley lines
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471:Pectoriloquy
456:Death rattle
451:Bronchophony
393:Auscultation
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279:. Retrieved
275:the original
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249:. Retrieved
224:. Retrieved
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781:sarcoidosis
671:In children
513:Prematurity
401:Stethoscope
133:respiration
129:bicarbonate
106:respiratory
64:Terminology
847:Categories
787:Kveim test
773:Reid index
708:Hemoptysis
666:Chest pain
626:Aerophagia
466:Percussion
281:2008-12-06
170:References
713:Epistaxis
621:Trepopnea
616:Platypnea
612:Orthopnea
550:Bradypnea
540:Tachypnea
535:Hyperpnea
493:Breathing
188:eMedicine
114:diabetics
100:Mechanism
90:physician
693:Cyanosis
681:Pleurisy
631:Asphyxia
545:Hypopnea
481:Egophony
446:Fremitus
421:Crackles
251:11 March
226:11 March
646:Snoring
559:Pattern
520:Dyspnea
431:Stertor
426:Rhonchi
411:Stridor
162:in the
80:History
748:asthma
728:Hiccup
703:Sputum
436:Squawk
416:Wheeze
337:
698:Cough
659:Other
595:Other
508:Apnea
734:COPD
501:Rate
335:ISBN
253:2010
228:2010
297:at
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158:of
116:in
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56:In
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122:CO
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124:2
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